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UNIT – I
Overview of Java Language
Introduction :- Java ,d General purpose Object Oriented Progtamming (Opps) language
gSa A bls James Gosling, palricle mounghtoh, Chris warth, Ed Frack, Make Sheridon ds }kjk
Sun Micro System, USA eas 1991 eas Develop fd;k x;k Fkk A ;g Java dk igyk Version Fkk
ftls ,d B-Version ds :i eas use fd;k x;k Fkk A Java ds bl Version dks developing eas 18th
month dk le; yxk A Java language dks starting eas Cak language ds :i eas tkuk x;k A ysfdu
ckn eas bls "Java" ds Name ls tkuk x;k A Java dk Complete Version lcls igys January 1996 eas
Office anownce fd;k x;k Fkk A
Java dks okLro eas Internet Programming ds fy, ugha cuk;k x;k Fkk A cfYd Java dks
consumer electronic devices (Home Application) ds fy, iz;qDr gksus ckys S\W development ds
fy, design fd;k x;k A
Java development dh team eas ;g ik;k x;k fd igys ls fLFkr language tSls c, c++ eas
relibility portability ds lacas/k eas dbZ dimitation gksrs gSa A blfy, ;|fi Java development team eas
Java language dk model C,C++ ds base ij cuk;k ysfdu bueas ls C++ ds mu feature dks gVk fn;k
tks problem dj ldrs Fks A vkSj bUgh lc dkj.kksa ls o ,d simple reliable portable powerful
language cu xbZ A Java dk lcls egRoiw.kZ feature ;g gksrk gS fd ;g fdlh particular H/W ;k OS
ij depend ugha gksrh gSa A Java eas develop fd;k x;k program fdlh Hkh System ij execute djk;k
tk ldrk gS A Java dks ,d revaluationary technology Hkh dgk tkrk gS A
D;ksafd blds igys dksbZ Hkh ,slh language develop ugha dh xbZ Fkh fd fdlh Hkh H/W
Operating System ij py lds A

Some Facts about Java

1- Java dks lcls igys Dak name ls develop fd;k x;k Fkk A bldk name cnydj ‘Java’ dj
fn;k x;k A
2- Java dk first version 18 month eas develop fd;k x;k Fkk A tks fd Java dk Bita Version Fkk]
1991 eas complete version 1996 eas officially recteare fd;k x;k Fkk A
3- 1992 eas Sun micro System dh ,d development team green project team lcls igys ;g
demo fn;k x;k Fkk fd touch sensitive screen dk use djrs gq, different name application
dk use fd;k tk ldrk gS A
4- Jave eas develop fd, x, applets dks execute djus ds fy, 1994 eas Sun micro System }
kjk ,d web browser dks develop fd;k x;k ftls “Hot Java” uke ls tkuk x;k A

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Cheracterestics at Java:-
1. Simple:- Java dh command dk architecture C/C++ ls cuk;k x;k gS A bleas C/C++ ds dqN
feature dks gVk fn;s x;s gSa A tks internet ij security ds fy, vuqdwy ugha Fks A mnk- pointer bl izdkj
Java C/C++ ds structure dk use djrs gq, cukbZ xbZ gS A ftlds dkj.k ;g programmer ds fy, ,d
familiar language gS A blfy, Java dks a++ dk simplified version Hkh dgk tkrk gS A

2. Secure:- ;|fi Java C/C++ ds command structure dk use djrk gS A ijarq bleas ls C++ ds
vusd feature gVk fn, x;s gSa tks fd security ds fy, vuqdwy ugha Fks tSls %& use of pointer blds lkFk
gh Java esa csgrj Encryption dh method dk use fd;k tk ldrk gS A ftlds dkj.k Java ,d secure
language gS A Internet eas Java dk use djrs gq, fofHkUu security provide dh tk ldrh gS A

3. Portable:- Java ,d portable language gS A blfy, bleas cuk;k x;k program fdlh Hkh H/W
;k Operating System ij pyk;k tk ldrk gS A Java nks dkj.kksas ls portable gS A
1. Java compiler source file dks compile dj byte code intruction Generate djrk gS ftlds
ckn eas fdlh Hkh H/W ;k O.S. ij pyk;k tk ldrk gS A
2. Java eas Binary data type dk size fdlh H/W machine ij depend ugha djrk A

4. Object oriented:- Java ,d true object oriented language gS A Java esa cuk, x, fdlh Hkh
program eas iwjk program code ,d class eas vkSj ,d object ds :i esa gksrk gS A Java ds lkFk library
file ds :i esa vusd classes izkIr gksrh gS A ftUgas inheritance ds }kjk vius program eas use dj ldrs
gSa A Java eas object dks module cukuk easy gksrk gS A

5. Robust:- Java ,d Robust language gS A ;g Reliable coding ds fy, several sayeguaral

provide djrh gS A Java eas data type ds fy, compile time o Runtime ij Stick checking dh tkrh
gS A Java eas memory management ls lacaf/kr problem dks nwj djus ds fy, automatic garbage
collection gksrk gS A Java eas eq[; feature expiation handling dk gkrk gS A ftlds dkj.k
programmers exequiction ds nkSjku gksus okys laHkkfor error dks Vkyk tk ldrk gS A bl izdkj System
dks crash gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gS A

6. Multithreaded:- Java multithreaded programming dks support djrk gS A ;gkaW

multithreaded means multiple task dks simultaneously handle djuk gS A Java eas bls program
cuk, tk ldrs gSa A tks ,d lkFk dbZ process dj ldrs gSa A vFkkZr~ fdlh other program ds Run djus
ds fy, igys program ds end gksus dk wait ugha djuk iM+sxk A But nksukas program simultaneously Run
gksxh A ;g feature dbZ xquk c<+k nsrk gS A
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7. Architecture Natural :- Java ,d ,slh language gS ftldks fdlh Hkh H/W ;k O.S. ij Run
fd;s tk ldrs gS A Java eas cuk, x;s program dks easily cuk;k tk ldrk gS A bl ij O.S. ds change
gksus upgrade gksus ls processor & system resource dk Java ds program ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

8. Interpreter :- Java eas program dk competation nks step eas gksrk gS 1st step eas Java ds
source dks compile fd;k tkrk gS A tks bls byte code es change dj nsrk gS A ckn eas virtual
machines ds }kjk fofHkUu machine ds fglkc ls Interpreter dj fn;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj Java dks ,d
compile Interpreted language dgk tkrk gS A

9. High Performence :- Java language eas cus program dh performance other interpreted
language program dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gS A bu program dh performance vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k
byte code dk use fd;k tkrk gS A Java ds Architecture bl izdkj design fd;k x;k gS fd ;g
Runtime ij System dh Overhead dks dkQh de dj nsrk gS A blds lkFk gh Java ds program eas
multithreading dk use bldh execution dh speed dks dkQh c<+k nsrh gS A

10. Distributed: - Java ,d distributed language ds :i eas develop fd;k x;k gS A ftldk use
Network ls related application dks develop djus es fd;k tk ldrk gS A Java eas ;g ability gksrh gS
fd ;g Network eas data ;k programes dks share dj ldrk gS A Java application internet ;k fLFkr
remote object dks local machine ij fLFkr object dh rjg access dj ldrs gS A

11. Dynamic :- Java ,d dynamic language gS A Java eas ;g capability gksrh gS A fd ;g new
class libraries, method & object dks dynamically link dj ldrk gS A

Java & Internet

Java Internet ls strongly associate gksrk gS D;ksafd Java eas develop fd;k x;k igyk
program not Java ;k tks fd ,d web browser ;k ftldk eq[; use internet ij applets dks
execute djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk A Internet ds use applets program cukus ds fy, Java dk use
dj ldrs Fks vkSj mUgas local machine ij fdlh Java enabled browsers dh help ls execute djk
ldrs Fks A bl Java enabled dk use Internet ds }kjk fdUgha Hkh fLFkrh fdlh Hkh comp ls applet dks
down compile ij Run fd;k tk ldrk gS A
www ,d open ended information retrieval gsS ftls internet ds distrubuted
environment ds design fd;k x;k gS A bl System eas web pages gksrs gSa tks information and
control nksuksa provide djrs gSa A web System ds open ended gkus ds dkj.k internet ij information

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dh fdlh Hkh direction ls search fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g lc HTML ds dkj.k laHko gqvk gS A web pages
eas HTML text gksrs gS A ftlds }kjk internet ij fofHkUu izdkj dh information dks search fd;k tk
ldrk gS A Java eq[;r% distributed environment ls lacf/kr programming djus ds fy, design
fd;k x;k Fkk A tSls %& internet D;ksafd web and Java same dks concept dks share djrs gSa A blfy,
Java dks easily web System ls incorporate fd;k tk ldrk gS A Java ds development ds igys
www state image vkSj text ds display ds lkFk Java ds incorporation ds lkFk web pages ds }kjk
fofHkUu animation special effects dk support fd;k tkus yxk A web pages ds lkFk Java dk use
djus ls web pages dkQh interactive ,oa dynamic cu x;s A nwljh rjg internet ds use ds lkFk Java
ds programs dks internet ds use ds lkFk Java ds programs dk internet ij fdlh other person ds
computer ij pykuk laHko gks x;kA

H/W & S/W Requirement

Java dks Current eas yxHkx lHkh operating System dks support djrk gS tSls Linux,
microsoft windows, salaries vkSj fofHkUu H/W dks support djrk gS tSls %& Internet based
machine, IBM compitable, macintosh.
Java ds win95 ds fy, cuk;s x;s version ds fy, fuEufyf[kr minimum requirement gksrh gS A
1. IBM Comperete 486 System.
2. 8 MB RAM.
3. Windows 95 System.
4. 500 MB Hard Disk.
5. CD- ROM drive.
6. Sound card.
7. Mouse.

Java Environment
Java Environment ds varxZr fofHkUu development tools vkSj lSdM+ksa classes ,oa
method include jgrh gSa A Java ds bu develop tools dks lfEefyr :i ls Java development kit
(JDK) ;k S/W development kit (SDK) dgk tkrk gS A vkSj blds lkFk vkus okyh fofHkUu classes vkSj
method dks lfEefyr :i ls Java slandered library ;k API (Application Programming &
Interface ) Hkh dgrs gSa A JDK ds varxZr fofHkUu tools Programmes vkrs gSsa A ftudk iz;ksx Java
Program dks development djus execute djkus debugging vkSj documentation ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS A

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Java Environment:- ;g nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA
1. JDK (Java Develoment Kit)
2. JAVA API (Application Program Inter Face)

1. JDK:- bleas java file dks compile djus run djus ds fy, class vkSj method gksrh gSA
 Javac:- ;g java dk compiler gksrk gS tks java ds source code dks byte code eas
convert djrk gSA ftls java inter prater le> ldrk gSA
 Java:- ;g java dk interpreter gksrk gS] tks byte code dks read djds machine code
eas convert djrk gS rFkk interprete gq, application dks run djrk gSA
 AppletViewer:- blds }kjk java dh applet run fd;s tkrs gSaA
 Javadoc:- blls java dk documentation HTML formate eas create gks tkrk gSA
 Jdb (Java Debugger):- ;g java dk debugger gksrk gSA blds }kjk gekjs programs
eas errors find dj ldrs gSaA
 Javah:- bleas native methods dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, heeder file cukbZ tkrh gSA
 Javap:- Java disassembler, tks bytes code files dks program discription eas
convert dj nsrk gSA

JAVA (API) = (Application Program Interface):- ;g igys ls define fd xbZ classes vkSj
interface dk lewg gksrk gS] dqN predefine packages fuEu gS:-
o Langage Support Package : java.lang : bleas language dks support djus dh fofHkUu
classes gksrh gSA ftls compiler automatcaly import dj ysrk gSA bleas primitive types,
string, math funcation, threads and exception dh class jgrh gSA

o Utility Package : java.util : :- bleas utilty class tSls vector, hesh tables, random
number date efc. jgrh gSA
 Networking Package: java.net : bleas networking vkSj soket programming ls related class
jgrh gSA
o Applet Package: java.applet : bleas applet create djus o implement djus dh
fofHkUu class jgrh gSA

o Java..io:- bleas input output dks support djus okyh class jgrh gSA

General Structure of a Java Program

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 Documentation Section
 Package Statement
 Import Statement
 Interface Statement & Definition
 Class Definition
 Main Method Class Definition

JVM (Java Virtual Machine):

Java eas cuk;s x;s fdlh Hkh program dks fdlh Hkh platform, H/W ;k O.S ij pyk;k tk
ldrk gS A bl izdkj Java ,d platform independent language gsS Java ,slh igyh programming
language gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k H/W ;k O.S rd lhfer ugha gksrk gS A Java dk ;gh feature bls vU;
language ls vyx djrk gS A
Java ds vykok lHkh language ds compiler source code dks fdlh fo'ks"k comp.
Machine ds fy, machine code es cnyrs gSa A Java compiler Hkh ;gh work djrk gS A ijarq nks steps
eas first step eas Java compiler JavaC, program ds source code dks compile djrk gS vkSj ,d
intermediate code produce djrk gS A ftls byte code dgk tkrk gS A ;g byte code Hkh machine
code dh rjg gksrs gSa iajarq ;g ,d ,slh machine ds fy, cuk, x;s gksrs gSa tks okLrfodrk eas exit ugha gS A
bl rjg dh machine dks Java virtual machine dgk tkrk gS A vkSj ;g computer dh memory eas gkrh
gS A physically ugha gksrh gS A
Second step eas Java dk interpreter Java bu byte codes dks okLro eas fLFkr intermitted ds
fy, machine code eas cnydj execute djk nsrk gS A
Virtual machine ds fy, cuk;k x;k code (byte code) machine code dh rjg fdlh
fo'ks"k machine ds fy, ugha gksrs gS A ;gkaW ij Java Interpreter virtual machine ds fy, mRiUu fd, x,
byte code dks real machine dss fy, machine code eas cnyrk gS vkSj execute djkrk gS A vkSj ;g
Java Interpreter vyx&vyx machine ds fy, vyx&vyx gksrk gS A
bl izdkj virtual machine ds fy, cuk;s x;s codes dks fdlh Hkh machine ij
execute djk;k tk ldrk gS A
Java dk compiler ,d intermediate code cukuk gS] ftls byte code dgrs gSa] ;g byte code
,slh machine ds fy, gksrs gSa tks physically ugha gksrh gSA bl machine dks JVM dgrs gSa] ;g
computer dh memory eas jgrh gSA
Byte code optimized instruction ds lewg gksrs gSa tks java runtime system ds }kjk execute
gksrs gSaA

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 Java dk compiler java eas fy[kk x;k gSA
 Interperter “C” language eas fy[kk x;k gSA

Java Program Compiler Virtual Machine

Source Code Byte Code

Byte Code Inter Perter Machine Code

Virtual Machine Real Machine

Note:-
1. Plateform:- tgk¡ program run gksrk gS ogk¡ ds hardware vkSj software background dks
plateform dgrs gSaA
2. Plateform Independent Appliction:- ,slh application tks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds operation
system plateform ij mi;ksx gks ldrh gSA

API (Application Programming Interface):

Text Editor

Java Source Code Java doc HTML Files

Javac

Java Class File Java Header File

Java Jdb

Java Program Output

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Java Support System

Java ds fofHkUu application programs ,oa applets programs cukus ds fy, dwN support
system dh vko';drk gksrh gS A tks fuEu gS %&

1. Internet cannection:- Local computer dks internet ls connect djus ds fy, internet
connection t:jh gS A

2. Web Server:- ;g ,d program gksrk gS tks internet ij fdlh information ds fy, Hksth
request dks accept djrk gS vkSj mlds vuqlkj vko';d document Hkstrk gS A

3. Web Browser:- ;g ,d program gksrk gS ftlds }kjk www dks access fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
applet dks Run fd;k tk ldrk gS A

4. HTML:- ;g ,d language ftldk iz;ksx web page cukus eas fd;k tkrk gS blds }kjk
Hyperlink dk iz;ksx dj fofHkUu web pages dks link fd;k tk ldrk gS A

5. Applet Tag:- Java eas cuk, x;s applet program dks HTML eas embedded djus ds fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gS A
6. Java Code:- (Java source code ) bldk iz;ksx Java language eas Java application vkSj
Java program cukus es fd;k tkrk gS A

7. Byte Code:- ;g compile Java source code gksrk gS A ftUgsa fdlh Hkh Java virtual machine
}kjk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A budk iz;ksx Internet ij applet program dks run djus eas fd;k
tkrk gS A

Java Program Structure

,d Java dk program fofHkUu section ls feydj cuk gksrk gS tks fuEu gS %&
1. Documentation.
2. Package Section.
3. Import Section.
4. Interface Statement.
5. Class definition.
6. Main class.
7. Main Function.

1. Documentation :- Documentation Senction eas program ls lacaf/kr details comments

ds :i eas gksrh gS A program dk uke author name late lime vkSj vU; details,
documentation section eas document ds fy, mater dks fy[kus ds fy, special type ds

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comment dk use fd;k tk ldrk gS A [ 1** *1 ] bl comment dks documentation
comment dgk tkrk gS A

2. Package Section :- Java Program eas lcls igyk statement package statement use
fd;k tkrk gS A ;g statement computer dks ;g crkrk gS fd package dk D;k uke gS vkSj bl
package ds varxZr vkrh gS A

Ex. :- Package <package name>;

3. Import statement :- Javaa ds program eas fdlh vU; class dh methods ;k datatype
member dks access djus ds fy, bl class dks include djuk vko';d gksrk gS blds fy,
Import keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ;g command C++ ds # include command ds
leku gh gksrh gS A
4. Interface Section :- Interface section eas interface dks declare fd;k tk ldrk gS
;g ,d operational section gksrk gS A
5. Class Defection :- bl section eas ml class dks define fd;k tkrk gS ftUgas main class,
main function eas use fd;k tkuk gksrk gS A

6. Main class :- izR;sd Java program eas dsoy ,d gh main method gks ldrh gS A ftlls
program execution ds object declare fd, tkus gsS vkSj bu object ds }kjk bu classes dh
method dks execute djk;k tkrk gS A

Tokens
Java eas fdlh Hkh program dks develop djrs le; bl program eas fofHkUu izdkj ds
declaration, statement, special word ,oa expression dk use fd;k tkrk gS A Java ds program eas
use gksus okyh bu individual units dks tokens dgk tkrk gS A Java ds compiler }kjk bu tokens dks
expression o statement cukus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gS A

Java program eas fuEu 5 izdkj ds tokens gksrs gS %&

1. Reserved keyword :- abstract, Null, else, float, if, int, for,
2. Identifires :- Uppercase, Lowercase, Underscore.
3. Literals:- Integer, character, Float, String, Boder.
4. Operator :- lHkh Operator.
5. Separators :- ( ) Parenthesis, Braces { }, Brackets [ ], Semi
Colon ; , Comma ( , ) , Period ( . )

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Statements
Java ds Stement fdlh Hkh language bldk use comp. dks fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy,
interaction nsus eas fd;k tkrk gS A Java eas fuEu fyf[kr statements gksrs gSa %&
1. Empty Statements:- Comments etc.
2. Labled Statements :- Lables
3. Expression Statement:- Declaration statement, post or pre
increment mathematical expre.
4. Selection statement:- of, else switch.
5. Iteration:- loops
6. Jump:- Break, Contibue, Throw,
7. Synchronisation:- Syn, keyword (Multhreaded pro. eas )
8. Guarding:- Try, Catch, tionnly

Constants & Variable

Constants ls rkRi;Z fixed values ls gksrk gS A tks program ds execution ds le;
change ugh gksrh gS A
Value ls rkRi;Z mu lHkh value ls gksrk gS A tks program ds execution ds le;
change gks ldrh gS A ,d variable pro. Execution ds le; vyx&vyx le; vyxz&vyx value
store djrk gS A

Data Type
Computer eas fofHkUu izdkj ds values dks store djk;k tk ldrk gS A bu value dks
vyx&vyx rjg ds variables ;k constant value ds :i eas store djk;k tk ldrk gS A ftUgas data type
dgk tkrk gS A
Java eas fuEu fyf[kr data type gksrs gS A

Int :-
1. byte - -128 +127
2. short - -32768 + 32767
3. int - +2 x 109
4. long - +9 x 1018

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float :-
1. float - -3.4 x 10-38 to +3.4 x 10-38
2. Double - -1.7 x 10-308 to +1.7 x 10-308

Char :- 1 Char
String :- Group of Char
Boolean :- True or False

Declaration of Variables:
Java eas cus program eas computer eas fdlh Hkh value dks store djus ds fy, variable
dk use fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh Hkh program eas fdlh Hkh variable dks use djus ds fy, bls declare
djuk vko';d gS a Java eas variable fofHkUu storage location ds uke gS A ftleas value dks store fd;k
tk;sxk Java ds program eas variable computer dks fuEufyf[kr ckrs declare djrs gS A
1. Name & variable
2. Variable fdl rjg ds data type dk gS \
3. Program eas variable ds declaration dk LFkku bl variable dk scope decide djrk gS A

Declaration:-
Syamex :- Data type variable1, variable2, ---------
Example :- int x,y,z;

Initialization: -
Syamex :- Data type variable1=value, variable2=vlaue;
Example :- int x=10, y=20;

Symbolic Constant: - Symbolic Constant ,d constant value gksrh gS A tks program ds

execution ds nkSjku change ugh gksrh gS A bl value dks fdlh Hkh Symbol ;k word (PI, max) ds }kjk
iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS A Symbolic constant declare djus ds fy, final keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA Java dk ;g feature C++ ds leku gh gS A vkSj final keyword C/C++ ds # define vkSj const
keyword dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A

Declaration of Symbolic Constant

Syamex :- final datatype symbol=value;
Example :- final int max=10;
Java conversion ¼ijaijk½ ds vuqlkj symbolic constant capital letter eas fy, tkrs gS A ijarq
,slk djuk t:jh ugha gS A

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Type Casting
Java eas programer dh commands ds fy, stong type chacking dh tkrh gS A fdlh ,d
data type dh value dks cM+s data type eas store djk;k tk ldrk gS A ysfdu cM+s type dh value dks
NksVs data type eas store ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc dHkh fdlh cM+s data type dh value dks NksVs data
type eas store djuk gksrk gS explicitly type conversion djuk gS A ugha rks bl expression eas java ,d
error generate djrk gS A Java dk ;g feature C, C++ dh rqyuk eas vyx gS ftleas explicity type
conversion t:jh ugh agS A vkSj bl fLFkrh eas error produce ugha gksrh gS A type costing djus ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr Syntax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A Veriable=(datatype of Varuable1, variable2;
Ex- :- int x;
float y=10.50;
x=(int)y;
Rule of type conversion:-
1. tc dHkh NksVs data type dh value dks cM+s data type eas store djk;k tkrk gS rks implicit ;k
automatic type conversion gksrk gS A vkSj type costing dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS A

2. tc cM+s data type dh value dks NksVs data type eas store djk;k tkrk gS rks ;gkaW explicity type
conversion djuk gksrk gS A ugha rks Java ,d error produce djrk gS A

class typecast
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
byte b;
int i =257;
double d=323.142;
b=(byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b=" +i + " " +b);
i=(int)d;
System.out.println("d and b=" +i +" "+d);
b=(byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b=" +d +" "+b);
byte c=45;
c=(byte)(c*2);
System.out.println("c=" +c);
}
}

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Operator:-
Java language ds structure C, C++ ds vk/kkj ij gh cus gS a A ,d operator og
symbol gS] tks izksxzke eas fof'k"V esFksesfVdy ;k ykWftdy esfuI;wys'ku djrk gS A C eas ,d fof'k"V dk;Z ds
fy;s dqN fo'ks"k Operators gSa A
Operators Type
Arithmetic +,-,*,/,%
Relatinal > , < , >= , <= , == , !=
Logical && , || , !
Conditional ?:
Asignment =
Shorthand Assignment += , -= , *= , /= , %=
Unary ++ , --
Special ,omma
,
Bitwise | , & , ~ , ! , << , >> , ^

1. Arithmetic Operators:- Arithmetic Operators dk iz;ksx vkafdd x.kukvksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
Arithmetic Operators eq[;r% ikap izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
OPERATORS MEANING

+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus Operator
Modulas Operator dk mi;ksx division izfØ;k dk fjes.Mj (remender) n'kkZus ds fy;s gksrk gS A %
Operator dk iz;ksx real numbers ds lkFk ugha djuk pkfg, A
;fn ge % operator dh x.kuk eas _.kkRed ¼&½ o /kukRed ¼$½ fpUg dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks Qy ges'kk igyh
la[;k eas iz;ksx fpUg tSlk vkrk gS A
eg :-
-10%3 = -1
10%3 =1
2. Relational Operator:- tc nks la[;kvksa eas vlekurk ,oa lekurk izdV djrs gq, fy[kuk gksrk gS rc ge
Relational operator dk iz;ksx djrs gS A ‘C’ eas N% vkWijsVlZ gS tks compare djus eas dke vkrs gSa A nks
fHkUu expression dh osY;w ls cus expression dh osY;w dks relational expression dgk tkrk gS A
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OPERATOR MEANING

< is less than

<= is less than or equal to
> is greater than
>= is greater or equal to
= = is equal to
!= is not equal to
bu operators dk order of precedence leku gksrk gS vkSj Associativity ck,a ls nk,a gksrh gS A bu
N% operators dk mi;ksx logical expression eas gksrk gS tks ;g crkrs gS fd logical expression eas
condition lgh gS ;k xyr A vxj condition lgh gS rks output 1 gksxk ;fn xyr gS rks 0 gksxk A
;fn ge ,d statement eas Arithmetic operator o relational operator nksuksa dk gh iz;ksx djrs gS rks
igys Arithmetic operator viuk dk;Z djrk gS mlds ckn relational operator viuk dk;Z djrk gS A
eg:- a=6, b=4
if (a==b)
“true”
else
“false”
Output 0
3. Logical Operators:-,d ls T;knk vuqikfrd operators dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, geas logical operator
gksrs gS %&
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
! logical NOT
&& → ;s nks expression dks combine djus ds dke vkrs gSa A
Syntax :- exp1 && exp2
;fn igyh condition xyr gS rks ywi dk execution terminate gks tk,xk vkSj ;fn igyh condition lgh vkSj
nwljh condition xyr gS rks Hkh execution terminate gks tk,xk A vFkkZr~ tc rd nksuksa condition lgh ugha
gksrh gS rc rd execution ugha gksxk A
|| → ;g Hkh nks operators dks combine djrk gS ijUrq bleas vxj ,d condition gh lgh gks rc Hkh ywi
dk execution gksxk A
Syntax :- exp1 || exp2
! → tc ge bl operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks igyh voLFkk lR; rFkk f}rh; voLFkk xyr gksus ij gh
blls lEcfU/kr statement run gksxk A

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Syntax :- exp1 ! exp2

4. Conditional Operator :- Conditional Operator ls rkRi;Z ?: ls gS ;g if statement dk
laf{kIr :i gS A tks statement if ........ else statement }kjk dbZ ykbuksa dk gksrk gS bl operator ds
iz;ksx ls og statement ,d ykbu eas fy[kk tk ldrk gS A
Syntax :- (condition)?true statement:false statement;
Example:-
if (x!=y)
x=a;
else
x=b;

bl statement dks conditional Operation dh enn ls bl izdkj fy[ksaxs %&

x= (x!=y)?a:b;
Example :-
int a=15, b=9, c;
c=(a>b)?a:b;
Printf(“Greater no. %d”,c);

Output 15

5. Assignment Operators:- Assignment Operator ls rkRi;Z ‘=’ ls gS A ;g Operator fdlh

variable es dqN assign djus ds dke vkrk gS A Compiler tc value evaluate djrk gS rks og right ls
left tkrk gS A ges'kk geas fdlh Hkh value dk calculation djuk gS rks mleas dksbZ value u gksus ij mleas 0
fy[kuk t:jh gS ugha rks og garbage value ys ysxk A bl dkj.k Assignment Operators dk iz;ksx
fdlh Hkh izksxzke eas cgqr t:jh gS A
eg:- int a=0,b=0,c=0,d=0;

6. Shorthand Operator:- Shorthand Operator ls vk'k; ;g gS fd bleas ge expression dks

shortly ;k compound djrs gaS A shorthand operator eas ge nks expressions dks ,d gh statement
es ,d lkFk iz;ksx eas ysrs gS A
lHkh shorthand assignment operator ds leku precedence gksrs gS A tks lk/kkj.k assignment
operators (=) ds leku gksrs gS ijUrq Arithmetic Operators ls de gksrs gS A
eg :-

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Simple Assignment Shorthand Assignment

a=5,b=3 a=5, b=3
a=a+10 a+=10
a=a-b a-=b
a=a*10 a*=10
a=a/b a/=b
a=a%b a%=b

7. Unary Operator:- tks operator single operant ls py tkrk gS og Unary operator dgykrk gS A
tc geas fdlh variable eas ls ,d ?kVkuk ;k c<+kuk gks rks ge Unary Operator dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A
‘Java’ eas ;s operator nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
1. – Decrement
2. ++ Increment
;s nks izdkj ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa Prefix rFkk postfix . Prefix eas operators, operant ds igys vkrs gS
rFkk postfix eas operators ds ckn eas A
++ variable variable ++
-- variable variable –
bl operator eas ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd ;g Operator variable ds nk;sa vksj iz;ksx djuk gS vFkok ck;sa
vksj D;ksafd fn'kk cnyus ls budk LoHkko cny tkrk gS A
;fn ge variable ds ck;sa vksj bl operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSA rks ;g igys variable eas ,d tksM+rk ;k ?
kVkrk gS A ;fn ge ;g operator variable ds nk;sa vksj iz;ksx djrs gS rks ;g operator ckn eas ?kVkrk vFkok
tksM+rk gS A
eg:- 1. int c=0, a=5; 2. int c=0, a=5;
c=++a; c=a++;
System.our.println(a,c); System.our.printlnf(a,c);
Output → 6,6 Output → 6,5
igys example eas geus a variable eas ++ dk increment igys djk;k mlds ckn mls C eas store djk;k
ftlls nksuksa dh value eas 1 dk increment gks x;k A nwljs example eas a eas increment ckn eas gqvk gS
ftlls c eas rks igys a store gks x;k mlds ckn a esas 1 dk increment gqvk A
8. Special Operators:- ;s operators fdlh special condition dks fulfill djus ds fy;s gh iz;ksx eas
yk, tkrs gS A special Operators fuEu gSa A
1. Comma Operator :-bl operator dk iz;ksx ,d tSls statement dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA blds iz;ksx ls ge dbZ statements dks ,d ykbu eas fy[kdj izksxzke dks vR;f/kd laf{kIr cuk
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ldrs gSa A tc Hkh geas izksxzke dks vf/kd compact cukus ds fy, nks lEcfU/kr expressions dks
tksM+uk gksrk gS rc comma operator dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A bldh otg ls expression dks ck;s ls
nk;s association feyrh gS A
eg:- int res,a,b;
res=(a=5,b=10,a+b);
System.out.println(res);
9. Bitwise Operator:- bl operator dk iz;ksx Bit dks tkapus vkSj fcV dks nk;sas vksSj ck;sa gVkus ds fy,
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bl operator dk iz;ksx Integer& character type ds variable ij gh fd;k tkrk gS
A Bitwise operators fuEu gSa -
~ One's complement
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise or
^ Bitwise exclusive or
<< shift left
>> shift right

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE: -
1- Arithmetic Operators:- vFkZesfVd vkWijsVlZ *, /,%,+,-,= dk Øe ;k precedence
fuEufyf[kr gS -
Order of Precedence Operators
1st *,/,/%
2nd +,-
3rd =

bu vkWijsVlZ dh ,lksfl,fVfoVh ck,aW ls nk,aW gksrh gS A

1- A/B*C leku gS (A/B)*C ds vFkkZr~ gkykaWfd / * dh izk;ksfjVh leku gS] ijUrq dkSu lk igys vk,xk ogh
igys evalute gksrk gS A
2- vxj ,Dlizs'ku eas isjsUFksfll Hkh Iysl fd;k x;k gS rks isjsUFksfll ds vUnj dk ,Dlizs'ku Hkh mlh
izk;ksfjVh vkMZj eas jgsxk tks Åij le>k;k x;k gS vkSj lcls Hkhrj ds isjsUFksfll okys ,Dlizs'ku dh
x.kuk igys dh tk,xh ;kfu 2*(xx(y+3) eas (y+3) dh x.kuk igys gksxh blds ckn (x(y+3) dh vksj
vUr eas 2*(xx(y+3) dh x.kuk gksxh A
3- ges'kk isjsafFkfll dks tksM+ksa eas iz;ksx djsa] vxj vku Dyksftax isjsafFkfll yxkuk Hkwy x, rks ,jj gks
tkrh gS A

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bleas igys lcls vUnj okyk czsdsV fQj * vkWijs'ku vkSj fQj ,fM'ku gksxk A rc ;g vkWijs'ku
gksrk gS ftldh T;knk priority gksrh gS A vxj ,d ls vf/kd vkWijsVj dh leku izk;ksfjVh gS rks igys vkus
okys vkWijsVj dh x.kuk igys gksxh A
2- Relational Operator:- vkWijsVj <,>,<=,>=, dh izk;ksfjVh leku gksxh vkSj vkWijsVj !=,==
dh izk;ksfjVh bu ls de gksxh A

Type casting
From To
Byte Char, short, int, long, float, double.
Short int, long, float, double.
int long, float, double .
char int, long, float, double.
long float, double.
float double.
double float.

CONTROL STATEMENTS/CONTROL STRUCTURE:

Statements computer dks fdlh izdkj dk dk;Z djus ds fy, fn;s x;s instructions gksrk gS ;g dk;Z
data dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkuk gks ldrk gS ;k fdlh izdkj ds fu.kZ; dks ysuk gks ldrk gS ;k
fdlh action dks nksgjkuk gks ldrk gS bl izdkj ls C Program esa statement dk Lo:i lcls NksVh executable
unit gksrk gSA
Decision Making/Branching Statement:- Decision Making Statement dk mi;ksx condition check
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
i. If Statement:- ;g nks rjhds ls fu.kZ; ysus okyk statement gSA bleas execution ds nkSjku lcls igys
condition dks check fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn condistion true gS rc statement true excuate gksrk gSA
czsdsV { } dk use statement true gksus ksus ij ,d ls T;knk statement fy[kokus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
conadition false gksus ij fafalse statement true excuate gksrk gSA
Syntax:: if (text expression)
{
statement blocks;
}
statement x;
Note:- vxj condition ds true gksus ij ,d ls vf/kd statements executed dj ckus gS gks rks mu dks { } eas nsuk
vko';d gSA

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ii. If else:- if else statement eas nh xbZ condition ds true gksus ij if ds uhps fy[ks x;s statement ds
block excute gksrs gS vU;Fkk else ds uhps fn;s x; statement ds block execute gksrs gSaA if else eas
condition ds true gksus ij vxj gea ,d ls vf/kd statement executed djokus gS rks mudks { } eas nsuk
vko';d gS ugha syntax error vk;sxhA
Syntax: if (test expression)
{
true block statement (s);
}
else
{
false block statement (s);
}
statement x;

iii. Switch Statement:- blsk mi;ksx ,d ls vf/kd fodYi eas ls fdlh ,d dks select djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Rules:-
a. Switch eas fn;k x;k exprestion intezor ;k character gksuk pkfg,A
b. Cause value ges”kk ,d constant gksuk pkfg,A
c. Case statement ds ckn break dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
Note:- default statement dk excuation fdlh Hkh cause ds matich uk gksus ij gksrk gSA

Syntax:switch (expression)
{
case value 1:
block 1
break;
case value 2:
block 1
break;
case value n:
block 3
break;

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default:
false statement;
}
statement x;

Looping statement:- Program eas fdlh condition ds vk/kkj ij fdlh block dks ckj&ckj excute djus ds
fy, loping statement dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
Looping statement rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
i. While Loop
ii. Do While Loop
iii. For Loop
i. While Loop:- bl loop eas igys condition check dh tkrh gS] ;fn condition true gS rks loop dh
body dks excute fd;k tkrk gS rFkk excution ds ckn condition dks nqckjk check fd;k tkrk gSA vxj fQj
Hkh condition true gksrh gS rks loop pyrk jgrk gS] tSls gh condition false gks tkrh gS rc ;g process :d
tkrh gSA
vxj ge { } ugha nsrs gS rks loop dh body eas while ds uhps okyk statement mldh body dgykrk gS
Initialization;
Syntax: while (test condition)
{
body of the loop
}
ii. do while Loop:- bl loop eas igys statement excute gksrs gS fQj condition check gksrh gSA vxj
condition true gS rks loop fQj ls excute gksxk ugh arks loop :d tk,xkA bl izdkj ls condition ds
false gksus ij Hkh ;g loop ,d ckj execute gksrk gSA
Syntax:do
{
body of loop
}
while (test condition);
iii. for Loop:- For loop dk mi;ksx fdlh loop dks fixed time rd pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl loop
eas ,d line eas 3 statement fn;s tkrs gSaA
a. initialize a value
b. to check the candistion
c. counter dks c<+kus ds sating dh tkrh gSA
Note:- ,d ls vf/kd statement nsus ds fy, { } eas statement nsrs gSaA
for (initialization; test condition; increment)

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{
body of loop
}

Nested Loop:- tc fdlh ,d loop ds vanj nwljs loop dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks og nested loop dgykrk
gSA

Note:- Quter loop dk counter tc rd ugh cnyrk tc rd inhor loop iwjk uk gks tk;sA

JUMPING STATEMENT:
a. Break
b. Continue
c. Return
a. Break:- Break dk ;wt fdlh ywi ls ckgj vkus ;k switch statement ls ckgj vkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
b. Continue:- bldk use fdlh loop ds dqN Hkkx dks NksM+dj mlh loop dks vkxs ls execut djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
c. Return:- Return key word fdlh fuction ls value return djokus ds fy;s djrs gSaA

Labelled Loop:- vxj geas nested loop ls ckgj vkus ;k nested loop dks continue djuk gS] rc
ge tublkd break vkSj lablelded continue dk mi;ksx djrs gSa ;gk¡ ij lablelded ,d valid identifier
gSA
Ex: Labelled continue
outer:
for (int m=1; m<11; m++)
{
for (int n=1; n<=11; n++)
{
System.out.print(“ “ + max);
if (n==m)
continue outer;
system.out.print(“ Hello );
} }
Ex: Labelled break:
outer:
for (int m=1; m<11; m++)
{
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for (int n=1; n<=11; n++)
{
System.out.print(“ “ + max);
if (n==m)
break outer;
System.out.print(“ Hello );
}
}

UNIT – II
CLASS, OBJECT AND METHOD:-
Java ,d object oriented programming language gS ftleas fofHkUu data dks store
djus ds fy, basis data types ds lkFk user Lo;a dk u;k data type Hkh cuk ldrk gS blds fy, ,d
fo'ks"k machanism class dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj class ds user (program), input fd, tkus
okys data ds nature ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh u;k data type cuk ldrk gS A ,d ckj vko';drkuqlkj dbZ
leku izdkj ds data type cuk, tk ldrs gS A bl izdkj clas ,d object ds fy, template dh rjg gksrh gS
A vkSj ,d object ,d class dk instence gksrk gS A

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tc Hkh class declare dh tkrh gS A rks og fuf'pr format o nature ds vuqlkj

declare dh tkrh gS A tc class dks declare djus ds fy, mu class ds vanj dkSu&dkSu ls data type
vk,saxs vkSj bl data ij apply fd;k tkus okyk code, method specify fd;k tkrk gS fdlh Hkh class
declaration eas dsoy data ;k dsoy code vFkok nksuksa Hkh gks ldrs gS A class dks declare djus ds fy,
class keyword dk use fd;k tk ldrk gS A

General form of class:-

class classname
{
data type instancevariable1;
data type instancevariable 2;
---------------------
Return datatype methodname (parameter list)
{
//some comand
}
}

Characterestics / Some Facts of Class:-

1. dksbZ Hkh class ges'kk clas keyword ds }kjk declare dh tkrh gS A
2. class definatin ges'kk brackets { } }kjk close jgrh gS A vkSj class defination ds var eas semi
colon dk use ugha fd;k tkrk gS A [C,C++ ls vyx feature gS ]
3. class defination eas iz;ksx fd, x, data ;k variable bl class ds instance variable dgykrs gSA
4. bu instance varible ij apply gksus okys programming code dks clas defination ds vanj gh
lkekU; function dh rjg gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vkSj bUgsa class dh method dgk tkrk gS A
5. class essa define fd, x, fofHkUu instance variable vkSj method dks lfEefyr :i eas class
member dgk tkrk gS A
6. vf/kdka'k classes eas instance variable dks method eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ;k method ds }
kjk use fd;k tkrk gS blfy, method ;g fu/kkZfjr djrh gsS fd fdlh class ds instance
variable fdl izdkj use fd, tk;saxs A
7. class ds }kjk declare fd, x, u, data type ds izR;sd variable dks object dgk tkrk gS A
8. izR;sd object eas instance variable dh viuh Lo;a dh copy gksrh gS A vFkkZr~ izR;sd object eas
leku izdkj ds instance variable use fd, tkrs gSa A ijarq izR;sd object eas bu instance
variable dh value vyx&vyx vFkok leku gks ldrh gS A

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Adding variable & method

fdlh Hkh class eas iz;ksx fd, tkus okys intence vkSj variable dks clas scope eas declare fd;k
tkrk gS A class ds vanj fofHkUu instence vkSj variable dks lkekU; fumciton & variable dh rjg gh
fofHkUu modifiers dk iz;ksx dj declare fd;k tkrk gS A

Defination of variable :-
class abc
{
type variable1;
type variable2;
-----------
-----------
type variabeln;
}

Defination of method:-
class abc
{
type method name (parameter list)
{}
----------
----------
}

Declaration of object:- tc fdlh class dks declare fd;k tkrk gS A rks og class data trype
dks iznf'kZr djrh gS A bl u, datatype dk iz;ksx blh type ds u, object data declare djus eas fd;k
tkrk gS A bl izdkj ogject user }kjk cuk, x, u;s data type ds variable gh gksrs gSa A
object dk declaration vkSj iz;ksx nks steps eas gksrk gS A igyh step eas object dks declare fd;k tkrk gSA
nwljh step eas bl object ds fy, memory allocate dh tkrh gsS A vkSj bls initialize fd;k tkrk gS A

Statement Effects
I. rectengle rect; rect
Nul
II. rect=new rectengle(10,15); rect width hight

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100 10 15
50

Accessing class member:- class eas define fd, x, fofHkUu instence varibale vkSj method
bl class ds member dgykrs gS A bu fofHkUu member dks bl class ds object ds lkFk dot (.)
operator dk iz;ksx dj access fd;k tk ldrk gS A

Syntax:- object name.Intence-variable;

object name.methodname (parameter);

Constructuors
^^fdlh class esa declare fd, x, instance dks initialize djkus ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k method dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ftls constructor dgrs gS A fdlh object ds cuus ij constructor bls default
values ;k constructor eas pass dh xbZ value }kjk initilize djkrk g S A tc fdlh object dks cuk;k
tkrk gS rks constructor call fd;k tkrk gS A vkSj bl constructor ds }kjk object dk type, memory
allocation ,oa initilization fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS A conmstructor ,d lkekU; method ls vyx gksrk gSA

D;ksafd constroctor dk declaration djrs le; dksbZ Hkh return type spacify ugha fd;k tkrk [void
Hkh ugha fy[kk tkrk gS ] blds lkFk gh constructor dk uke class name ds leku gksrk gS A fdlh Hkh
class esa ,d vFkok vf/kd constructor declare fd, tk ldrs gS A bu lHkh constructor ds
parameters dh la[;k type vyx&vyx gksuk pkfg, A bu lHkh constroctors dks lfEefyr :i ls
multiple constructor dgk tkrk gS A vkSj bl izdkj fdlh class eas ,d ls vf/kd constructor declare
djus dh izfØ;k dks constructor overloading dgk tkrk gS A
Types of constructor:-
fdlh class es fofHkUu constructor muds parameters dh la[;k vkSj type ds vk/kkj ij vyx&
vyx rjg ls declare fd, tk ldrs gS A bl izdkj fdlh class eas fuEufyf[kr constructor gks ldrs gSA
1. Default constructor:- Default constructor eas class ds instence variable ds fy,
default value assign dh tkrh gS A bl izdkj constructor }kjk tks Hkh object cuk, tkrs gS A mu
lHkh eas ;gh default constructor gksrh gS A
2. Parameterized constructor:- bl constructor dk iz;ksx program execution ds le;

dqN value dks pass djkdj object dks initiating fd;k tk ldrk gS A bl izdkj ds

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constroctor dks declare djrs le; cons. Definition eas parameter dks Hkh declare fd;k tkrk
gS A
3. Copy constructor:- bl constroctor dk iz;ksx blh class ds igys ls cus fdlh object ds
instence variable dh value ds }kjk u, cuk, tk jgs object dks initialize djokus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gs A bl idkj bl constructor eas tks u;k object dh exact ¼oSlh dh oSlh½ copy gksrh gS A

Method Overloading
fdlh class eas leku uke dh nks method gks ldrh gS A tc fdlh dk;Z dks fofHkUu data type ij
tkuk gksrk gS A rks izR;sd data type ds fy, vyx& vyx uke ls method declare ugha dh tkrh gS A
ysfdu bl method eas pass fd, tkus okys Argument dk type vyx& vyx j[kk tkrk gS A bl izdkj
compiler }kjk bu method dks leku uke gksus ij Hkh vyx& vyx identity dj fy;k tkrk gS A
program execution ds nkSjku ftl datatype ds Argument bu method dks pass fd, tkrs gS A mlds
vk/kkj ij compileres mi;qDr method dks call dj ysark gS A
bl izdkj ,d gh dk;Z dks vyx& vyx data type ij djus ds fy, leku uke dh dbZ method
overloading dh tkrh gS rks bls method overloading dgk tkrk gS A
Method overloading djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrs ;kn j[kuk t:jh gS %&
1. Method ds uke leku gksuk pkfg, A
2. bu fofHkUu methods eas pass fd, tkus okys arguments ds datarype vyx&vyx gksuk pkfg, A
3. Method overloading eas fdl method dks call fd;k tk, compiler methgod ds return type
dks /;ku ugha j[krk gS A

//Example of Method Overloading

class methodover
{
int a,b;
methodover()
{
a=4;
}
methodover(int x,int y)

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{
a=x;
b=y;
}
methodover(int t)
{
a=b=t;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println(a+ " " + b );
}
}
class methodoverload
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
methodover obj=new methodover(5);
methodover obj1=new methodover(5,4);
obj.show();
obj1.show();
}
}

Static Members:
lkekU;r% class eas tks variable declare fd, tkrs gSa os bl class ds izR;sd object ds lkFk
memory eas curs gS A bl izdkj bl classs ds ftrus Hkh object cuk, tk;saxs A instence variable ds Hkh
mrus gh group gksaxs A ysfdu class eas bl izdkj variable Hkh declare fd, tk ldrs gS tks memory eas
dsoy ,d ckj curs gsS A vkSj bUgas class ds fofHkUu object }kjk share fd;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj ds
variable dks class dk static variable dgk tkrk gsS A vkSj bls lkekU; variable dh rjg gh declare
fd;k tkrk gS A ysfdu blds lkFk static variable dks lkekU;r% static method }kjk access fd;k tkrk
gS A static variable dks call djus ds fy, fdlh object dh vko';rk ugha gksrh gS A

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Static Method:
Class eas declare fd, x, static variable dks access djus ds fy, methods vU; lkekU;
methods dh rjg gh declare dh tkrh gS A ysfdu declaration ds le; bleas static keyword dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS A static method dks call djus ds fy, fdlh object dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS cfYd bls
class name ds lkFk dot (.) operator dk use djrs gq, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
class eas declare fd, x, static variable vkSj static methods dks lfEefyr :i ls class ds
static member dgk tkrk gS A

declaration of static member:-

class abc
{
------------------
static datatype variable name
-----------------
static void show()
{
-------------
-------------
}
}
calling of static methods:-
classname.methodname (Argument)
//Example
class staticblock
{
int a=4;
static int x=4;
static int y;

static void statfun(int r)

{
System.out.println("x=" +x);
System.out.println("y=" +y);

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System.out.println("r=" +r);
}

static //Static block

{
System.out.println("In Static Block");
y=x+4;
}
}
class examplestatic
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
staticblock.statfun(100);
}
}
Nesting of Methods:- fdlh methods ds method dks call fd;k tk ldrk gS A bls nesting of
method dgrs gS A methods dh nesting dbZ level rd gks ldrh gS A eryc ,d method ds vanj

nwljh o nwljh method ds vanj rhljh method

dks blh izdkj ds vanj fdlh nwljh methods dks call fd;k tk ldrk gS A

INHERITENCE
Java ras cukbZ xbZ fdlh class vkSj intence variable vkSj blds source code ds }kjk fdlh vU;

class eas Hkh use fd;k tk ldrk gS A blds fy, Java dk ,d fo'ks"k feature iz;Dq r gksrk gS A
tc fdlh nwljs program eas igys ls cuk, x, program ds source code dh vko';drk gksrh
gS A rks blds }kjk cukdj inherit dj fy;k tkrk gS A Inherit djus ij igys ls fLFkr fdlh class dh
fofHkUu method ,oa variables muds lkFk iz;ksx fd, x, access specifire (modifire) ds vk/kkj ij ubZ
class eas acces eas acessabile gks tkrs gS A bl izdkj fdlh igys ls fLFkr clas ds source codes dks ubZ
class eas access djus dh izfØ;k dks inharitence dgk tkrk gS A
Java eas igys ls fLFkr clas dks ubZ class es access djus ds fy, extends dgk tkrk gS A
ftl class dks inherit fd;k tkrk gS mls supper class dgk tkrk gS A ftl class eas super
class ds member dks access fd;k tkrk gS mls sub class dgk tkrk gS A

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class abc
{
-------------------------
------------------------
------------------------
}
class two extends one
{
-------------------------
------------------------
------------------------
}

Types Of Inheritence
1. Single .

2. Multilevel.

3. Multiple.

4. Hairarical.

5. Hybrid.

1. Single Inheritence:- tc ,d supper class dks ,d sub class ds }kjk Inherit fd;k tkrk
gS rks bl izdkj dk inheritence single inheritence gksrk gS A
2. Multilevel Inheritence :- tc ,d supper class dks ,d sub class ds }kjk Inherit fd;k
tkrk gS A vkSj ckn eas bl sub class dks Øe'k% fofHkUu sub class ds }kjk inherit fd;k tkrk gS A
rks bl izdkj dk inheritence multilevel inheritence gksrk gS A

Super Class

Super Class

Super Class

3. Multiple Inheritience :- Java C,C++ dh rjg nks supper class dks ,d sub class eas
inherit ugha dj ldrk gS blfy, Java eas multiple inheritence iwjh rjg C++ ds leku use u

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dj dqN vyx rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gS A Java eas tc fdlh sub class eas fdlh base class dks
inherit fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckn eas fdlh interface ds }kjk fdlh vU; class dh methods ds
declaration dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A rks bls multiple inheritence dgras gS A

Class A Interface XYZ

{ {
void display() void show()
{ {
--------------------
}
}
class B implements XYZ
{
void show ()
{
----------------------
----------------------
}
}

4. Hieriarchical Inhertence :- tc fdlh clas eas fdlh supper class dks inharit fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj fofHkUu declaration dks interface }kjk implement djk;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj ds
inharitence dks Heirarchical inharitence dgk tkrk gS A

5. Hybrid Inharitence :- tc fofHkUu levels ij fofHkUu classes multilevel inharitence vkSj

multiple inharitence nksuksa gh izdkj ls dh tkrh gS A rks bl izdkj dk inharitence hybrid
inhetirence dgk tkrk gS A

supper class interface XYZ

{
sub class ---------------------
----------------------
sub-sub implements XYZ }
Overriding Methods
tc fdlh super class dks fdlh sub class eas inherit fd;k tkrk gS vkSj sub class o super
class eas dksbZ leku method gksrh gS rc sub class eas super vkSj sub class dh common mehod nksuksa
gh accessible jgrh gS A sub class dh method dks allrady sub class eas define jgrh gS blds lkFk gh
super classs dh common method dks sub clas eas inherit dj fy;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj sub class eas
nksuksa methods accessible jgrh gS A tc sub class ds object ds }kjk bl method dks call fd;k tkrk
gS rks ges'kk sub class dh method call gksrh gS super class dh ugha A bl izfØ;k dks method
overriding dgk tkrk gS A c

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super class dh method dks call djus ds fy, sub class ess gh ,d method cuk th tkrh gS vkSj
bueas indirectly super leyword ds lkFk dot operator dk use djrs gq, super class method dks call
dj fy;k tkrk gS A
Syntax :- super.methodname ();
Super Key Word:- Super key word dk mi;ksx inheritance eas fdlh sub class eas fd;k tkrk gSA
blds }kjk ge super class ds constructor dks call dj ldrs gSaA
vxj super class vkSj sub class eas instance variable vkSj instance methods ds uke ,d
leku gS] rc sub class eas Super class ds member dks access djus ds fy, super key word dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vxj super class eas constructor gS rks sub class eas contractor gksuk vko”;d gS rc ml
contractor eas super class ds constructor dks call djus ds fy, igyk statement super gksuk pkfg,A
Ex:
//Example of Method Overriding and super keyword
class base
{
int a,b;
base (int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("A=" +a +"b="+b);
}
}
class der extends base
{
int s;
der(int a,int b,int c)
{
super(a,b);
s=c;
}

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void show ()
{
System.out.println("S="+s);
}
}
class inherid
{
public static void main(String args[])
Output
{
der object=new der (1,2,4); S=4
object.show();
}
}

Final variable, methods, classes

Final Variable :- lkekU; vatiables dh value prg. execution ds leku change gks ldrh gS A ijarq
dqN condition eas dqN values program ds execution ds le; fix j[kuk vko';d gksrk gS rc bu
variable declaration ds fy, lkekU; variable declaration ds lkFk&lkFk final keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A ,d ckj fdlh variable dks final declare djus ds ckn bldh value dks prog. execution ds
le; change ugha fd;k tk ldrk A ;fn fd;k command eas bl final variable ds value dks change
fd;k tk jgk gksrk gS rks compiler ,d error generate djrk gS A final variable dks symbol constant
;k constraints ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS A

Final Method:- tc fdlh super class method dks sub class eas override ugha djk;k tkuk gksrk gS
rks bl method dks final keyword ds lkFk declare fd;k tkrk gS bl izdkj dh method dks final
method dgk tkrk gS A final method dks bldh sub class eas override ughaa fd;k tk ldrk eryc fdlh
sub class eas bldh super class dh final method dh rjg ubZ method declare ugha dh tk ldrh A

Final Class:- tc fdlh class dks ,d separate class ds :i eas gh use fd;k tkuk gksrk gS vksj
blls fdlh ubZ class eas inharit ugha fd;k tkuk gksrk gS rks bls final keyword ds lkFk declare fd;k
tkrk gS rks bls class dks final class dgk tkrk gS A ,d ckj fdlh class dks final declares djus ds ckn
bleas dksbZ ubZ class inharit ugha dh tk ldrh ysfdu blds object cukdj bldh method call dh tk
ldrh gS A bl izdkj dksbZ Hkh final class super class ugha cu ldrh A

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Finalize Method:- Java eaas memory management ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k method garbage
collection dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS blds varxZr tc Hkh memory eas dksbZ ,slk object gksrk gS ftldh
program execution areas vkxs dksbZ vko';drk ugha gS rks mls memory ls gVk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj bl
object ds program ds iz;ksx ds fy, free dj fn tkrh gS A
dqN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas dqN commands garbage collection ds le; pykuk vko';d gkrh gS A
rc bu commands dks classes es ,d fo'ks"k method declare djds bl methods eas fy[kk tkrk gS bl
izdkj dh method dks tks geas'kk fdlh object ds fy, garbage collection ds le; automatically
execute gksrh gS A finalize method () dgk tkrk gS A bl method dk uke ges'kk finalizer () gksrk gS
vkSj return type void gksrk gS A
Syntax: protected void finalize()
{
// Object and resources release code
}
Abstract class
tc fdlh class dks bl izdkj ls use fd;k tkuk gksrk gS fd blds object u cuk, tk lds yfdu
inherit fd;k tk lds rks bl izdkj dh clas dks abstract keyword ds lkFk declare fd;k tkrk gS bl

izdkj dh classs dks abstract class dgk tkrk gS A ;fn fdlh class dks abstract class declare dj
fn;k tkrk gS rks bl class ds object ugha cuk, tk ldrs A bl izdkj bl class dh method instance
variable dk directly acess ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A abstract class dh method o instance
variable dks access djus ds fy, bl class dks fdlh sub class eas inherit dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj
bl sub class ds object ds }kjk indirectly abstract dks access fd;k tk ldrk gS A
declaration :- abstract class ABC
{
---------------------
---------------------
}

Abstract method:- Abstract class eas declare dh xbZ method abstract method dgykrk gS A
bu method dks abstract class dk object cukdj call ugha fd;k tk ldrk A
Ex: abstract class mlcr
{

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protected int code;

abstract void getcode(int c);
void show()
{
System.out.println(code);
}

}
class bca extends mlcr
{
void getcode(int x)
{
code=x;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println(" bca code is "+code);
}
}
class msc extends mlcr
{
void getcode(int x)
{
code=x;
}
/* void show()
{
System.out.println(" msc code is "+code);
} */
}

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class myclass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
mlcr ref; //It creates reference
// mlcr on=new mlcr(); //Compilation error
bca ob1=new bca();
msc ob2=new msc();
ref=ob1;
ref.getcode(101);
ref.show();
ref=ob2;
ref.getcode(102);
ref.show();
}
}

UNIT – III
Array, String and Vectors
Array:- ,d leku datatype ds variables dk group array dgykrk gS A ,d array es fofHkUu variables
constinues memory location in store jgrs gS A vkSj bUgas lfEefyr :i ls fdlh ,d uke ls igpkuk tkrk
gS A bls array name dgrs gS array eas fLFkr fofHkUu variable dks indivisualy fofHkUu number }kjk access
fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls bl array dh subscription dgk tkrk gS A fdlh Hkh array eas ;g subscript
(zero) ls start gksrh gS vkSj array eas ftrus elements gS mlls ,d de gksrh gS A
Types of Array:- array nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

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1. Single Dimensional Array:- tc dksbZ ,d sub script j[krk gSA vFkkZr bleas data dks ,d row
vkSj ,d ls vf/kd colums eas O;ofLFkr djds j[kk tkrk gSA rc bl izdkj ds array dks single
dimensional array dgk tkrk gSA
Initialization of an array:- fdlh array dks initialize djrs le; mldk size nsuk vko”;d ugha gSA

declaration :- Systax: datatype identifier [];

or datatype [ ] identifier ;
Ex: int n[];
or
int [ ]n;
Memory allocation :- identifier []=new datatype[size];
Ex: int n[ ]=new int size];
Initialization :- Systax: datatype identifier []= {value1, value2,…..};
Or datatype []identifier = {value1, value2,…..};
Ex: int n[ []={1,2,3,4};
2. Two Dimentional array:- Double dimensional array eas row vksj columns eas data dks O;ofLFkr
djds j[kk tkrk gS bleas array dh ,d ls vf/kd subscript gksrh gSA
Declaration :- Systax: datatype identifier [][];
or datatype [ ][ ] identifier ;
Ex; int n[ ] [ ]= new int [5] [2];
Memory allocation :- identifier [][]=new datatype[Rows][Columns];
Ex: n= new int [5] [2];
Declaration :- int n[ ] [ ]= new int [5] [2];
Initialization:- int n[ ][]= {{1,2,3}; { 4,5,6}, { 7,8,9} };
int n[0] [0]=4;
int n[1] [1]=5;

String:- fofHkUu characters dk group string dgykrk gS A strings form eas information dks store
djkus ds fy, Java eas ,d ,d builtin class gS ftls Java.lang eas define gS A tc fdlh string dks
comp. eas store fd;k tkuk gksrk gS A rks string type ds object dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A blds lkFk gh
fofHkUu string manupulation dk dke string class eas eas define fofHkUu method }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A
string clas dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, bls expilicity import djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS A D;ksafd ;g
Java.lang eas define gksrk gS A vkSj Java.lang izR;sd Java program es implicitly import gksrk gS A
Declaration :- String str;
memory allocation:- str=new String();

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Initialization:- str=new String (“Hello”);
all in one :- String str=new String(“Hello”);

String method
methods Task procedure
S2=S1.tolowerCase → convert. the string S1 to lower.
S2=S1.toupperCase → convert. the string S1 to upper.
S2=S1.replace (‘x’,’y’)→ replace all apprence of x with y.
S2=S1.trim→ Remove while space at the bugging $ and of the string.
S1.length () → Gives the length of S1
S1.chartAt (n) → Gives the char of S1
S1.compair to (S2) → Return (-) if S1<S2, (+) if S1>S2 (0) if S1=S2
S1. substring (n) → nh xbZ position ds ckn ds iwjs char.

S2. substring (n,m) → Ashish eas “ish” nsxk 2-6=4 2 position ls 4 character nsxk A

String Value of (p)

P. to string →
S1. index (‘x’)→
S1.Index of (‘x’,n)→
String.value of (Variable)

String Buffer Class:- String Buffer Class ds }kjk string dks run time ij add o edit fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bleas character o substring dks append o nidil eas insert fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i. setChar At (n,x):- bleas n position ds character dks x character ls modify dj ldrs
gSaA
ii. append (S2):- bleas string S2, S1 end eas append gks tk,xkA
iii. Insert (n, S2):- bleas string S2 string S1 eas N position ij insert gks tk,xkA

Vector:
Java eas cuk, x, fdlh program ds }kjk comp. memory eas fofHkUu dataype ds data dks ,d
group ds :i es store djkus ds fy, Java ds ,d builtin data type vector dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
Vecter data type okLro eas ,d data type dk object gS ftls Vector class }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS A
Vector class Java package ds d sub package Util eas declare ,d class gS ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; run
time ij user ds requirement ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu datatype dks ,d group ds :i eas store djkuk gksrk
gS A ,d Vector o array esas ;g difference gksrk gS fd Vecter vyx&vyx datatype ds object dks ,d

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group ds :i eas store djk;k tk ldrk gS A ftleas ls izR;sd object dks individual mlds index No. }kjk
access fd;k tk ldrk gS A tcfd array eas leku data type dh values dks gh store djk;k tk ldrk
gS A mnk- ;fn int data type dk array cuk;k tkrk gS A rks bles dsoy int data type dh value dks gh
store djk;k tk ldrk gS vU; fdlh datatype dh ugha A tcfd vector eas fofHkUu object ds :i fofHkUu
data type dh value dks store djk;k tk ldrk gS A

Declaration of vector variable:- Vector ds fofHkUu object dks vector keyword ds }kjk
declare fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh vector ds object dks dsoy declare djds use ugha fd;k tk ldrk mldk
memory allocation vko';d gS A
Import Java Util. *;
Vector V;
Vector obj-name;

Memory Allocation:- igys declare fd, x, object ds fy, memory alloction ds ckn gh vector
object dks iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A fdlh vector object ds fy, memory allocation djkus ds fy,
new keyword ds lkFk vector class ds fdlh Hkh constroctor dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A
Vector V=new Vector (1,1);

Syntax :-
object name=new constructor ();
DEclaration & memory allocation:-
Vector V=new vector(1,1);

Ex: import java.util.*;

class vecfunction
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Vector v=new Vector();
for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
{
v.addElement(args[i]);
}
v.removeElement("bca");

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System.out.println("After Deleting bca");
for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++)
{
System.out.println(v.elementAt(i));
}

// v.insertElementAt("BCA",6);
v.addElement("Surya");
System.out.println(" In Display All Elemnt ");
for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++)
{
System.out.println(v.elementAt(i));
}
v.removeElementAt(2);
System.out.println(" In Show after Deletion ");
for (int j=0;j<v.size();j++)
{
System.out.println(v.elementAt(j));
}
v.removeAllElements();
if(v.isEmpty());
{
System.out.println("Vector is Empty");
}
}
}

Wrapper Class:- Java eas primitive data type fdlh method eas call by value ds }kjk pass gksrk gSA
tcfd object call by reffrance ds }kjk pass gksrs gSaA Primitive data types dks call by refrance ds }kjk pass
djus ds fy, igys object eas cnyuk gksrk gSA ftlds fy, java eas wrapper class eas gksrh gSA
dqN wrapper class fuEu gS%&
Builtin Datatype Equivalent wrapper class
int Integer
char Character

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float Float
long Long
Methods

1. Primery datatype dks object eas cnyuk [use of constructor]

float x=2.3f;
1. Integer obj=new Integer(20);
2. Float f=new float(x);
2. object to primery data type
1. int i=obj.intvalue();
2. float t= f.floatvalue();
3. Number to string:-
String str = Integer.toString(30);
String s = Float.tostring(x);
4. String to Numeric object:-
Integer in =Integer.valueOf(str);
Float obj.=Float.valueof(s);
5. Numeric String to Primary data type:-
int x=Integer.perseInt (str);
long l= long. perseLong (args[0]);

Interface
Java eas S/W development ds fy, fofHkUu classes esa ,d :irk ykus ds fy, class dh rjg
gh ,d entity interface dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh Hkh method eas vkSj symbolic constraints dks
declare dj fn;k tkrk gS A tks fofHkUu classes es iz;ksx fd, tkus gksrs gS A fdlh Hkh interface eas ges'kk
final variable ;k symbolic constraints gh declare fd, tkus gS variable ugha A vkSj interface eas
declare dh xbZ izRlsd method dsoy prototype ds :i eas use dh tkrh gS A Interface dh fdlh
method eas commands dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS cfYd bUgsa dsoy declare fd;k tkrk gS A define
ugha fd;k tkrk A ,d gh interface dks iz;ksx djus okyh fofHkUu classes eas bl interface eas declare dh
xbZ method common gksrh gS A

Defining a interface :- ,d interface dks define djus ds fy, interfaace dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
,d interface dh defination class tSlh gh gksrh gS A ysfdu varj dsoy class o interface keyword
dk gksrk gS A

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General Form:
access identifier interface name
{
return type method name (parameter list);
type final var=value;
----------------------------
----------------------------}
Implimenting Interface
fdlh Interface dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, fofHkUu classes ds }kjk bls implement fd;k tkuk
vko';d gksrk gS A fdlh interface dk implementation djus ij bl class ds }kjk bl implimentaion
ds variable dks access fd;k tk ldrk gS A vkSj bldh method dk declaration iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gS A fdlh interface dk implementatoion djus ds fy, implements keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
class ClassName implements InterfaceName
{
Statements;
Statements;
Statements;
---------------
---------------
}
Extending an interface:
Syntax: class className extends superclass implements interface1, interface2
{
-------------
-----------------
}
Example:
// multiple inheritace
interface myinter1
{ static final int code=101;
void fun1();
}

interface myinter2 extends myinter1

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{
void fun2();
void fun3();
}
class msc implements myinter2
{
public void fun2()
{
System.out.println(" Hello");
}
public void fun1()
{
System.out.println(" M.Sc");
}
public void fun3()
{
System.out.println(" Students");
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
msc ob=new msc();
ob.fun1();
ob.fun2();
ob.fun3();
System.out.println(" a is "+ob.code);
}
}
Various Forms of interfaces

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Packages:- Packages eas fofHkUu class vkSj interfaces dks define fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls same name ds
classes dk result disorder ugha gksrk gSA
TYPES OF PACKAGES:
1. Java API Packages:- bleas fofHkUu functionality ds vuqlkj classes group eas j[kh xbZ gSA
b. Java.jang:- bleas language dks support djus dh fofHkUu classes gksrh gSA ftls compiler
automatcaly import dj ysrk gSA bleas primitive types, string, math funcation, threads and
exception dh class jgrh gSA
c. Java.util:- bleas utilty class tSls vector, hesh tables, random number date efc.
d. Java.io:- bleas input output dks support djus okyh class jgrh gSA
e. Java.net:- bleas networking vkSj soket programming ls related class jgrh gSA
f. Java.applet:- bleas applet create djus o implement djus dh fofHkUu class jgrh gSA
2. User Define Package:- User viuh vko';drkuqlkj Lo;a dk package Hkh cuk ldrk gSA

Step1 :ftl uke dk package gS ml uke dh directory create djxsaA

Step 2: program eas igyk statement package <packgename> fyf[kxsA
Step 3: Classes dks define djsxsaA
Step 4: Directory eas file dks save djsxsA
Step 5 : Java ds }kjk file dks compile djxsA
Importing Package:- ,d packages dh classes dks nwljs package eas mi;ksx djus ds fy, import
statement dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

Syntax: import package.[subpackage.*]classname;

Classpath Variable:- ;g java dk environmental variable gksrk gS] ftl mi;ksx class files dks path dks
difine djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Java dk compiler vkSj interpreter class path enviremental variable eas
define fd;s x;s path eas class files dks search djrk gSA By default java dk compiler vkSj interpreter class
file dks current directory eas search djrk gSA Class path eas package dh parent directory rd dk path fn;k
tkrk gSA
package pack1;

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public class pro

{
int x=5;
private int x_pri = 10;
protected int x_pro = 15;
public int x_pub = 20;
public pro()
{
System.out.println(" Base class ");
System.out.println(" x= "+ x + " x+pri " + x_pri + " x_pro " + x_pro + " x_pub " +
x_pub);
}
}

UNIT-IV
MULTITHREADING:- Multithreaded program eas nks ;k nks ls vf/kd part gksrs gSa] tks
concurrently ¼,d lkFk½ run gksrs gSaA Program dk izR;sd part dks thread dgykrk gSA

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 izR;sd thread dk execution ds fty vyx ls path gksrk gS] ;s thread ,d address space dks
share djrs gSa] bl fy, ;s light wight ds gksrs gSaA
 Multitasking ds special ds :i dks multithreading dgrs gSaA
 Multithreading ds }kjk efficient program fy[k ldrs gSa] ftleas CPU dk vf/kdre mi;ksx gks
ldrk gS vkSj mldk idle time minimum gks tkrk gSA tks network environment ds fy, cgqr
vko’;d gSA
 lHkh thread ,d lkFk Run gksrs gSa vkSj resowise dks ,d lkFk share djrs gSaA Java dk
interpreter threads ds chp ds switching dks control djrk gSA ftlls lHkh thread ,d lkFk
run gksrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA
 fdlh program eas Multithreading nks izdkj ls fd tk ldrh gSA

Main Thread

Thread A Switching Thread B Switching Thread C

Multithreaded Java Program

i. To Extend the Thread Class

ii. To Implement the Runnable Infer face.

LIFE CYCLE OF A THREAD or Thread Model :- ,d thread dh fuEu state gksrh gSA
i. New Born State
ii. Runnable State
iii. Running State
iv. Blocked State
v. Dead State

New Thread New Born

Start () Stop ()

Stop () Dead
Running Runnable
Active Thread State
Yield ()

Wait Suspend Notify Stop

Sleep Resume
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Idle Thread
Blocked
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THREAD CLASS:- Thread class jaiva.lang dks handle djus dh fofHkUu methods gksrh gSA
THREAD CLASS METHODS:
 start ():- blds }kjk thread new born state eas vkrk gSA
 run ():- ;g thread dk entry point gksrk gSA
 sleep ():- blds }kjk thread fn;s x;s time rd block (Suspends) gks tkrk gSA
 getperiorty ():- fdlh thread dh priority tkuus ds fy, bl methods dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
 get name ():- ;g current thread dk uke return djrk gSA
 stop ():- bldk mi;ksx thread dks terminate djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 is alive ():- vxj dksbZ thread running state eas gS] rc ;g method true return djrh gSA
 join ():- bl methods ds }kjk current thread ds terminate gksus rd thread wait djrk gSA

RUNNABLE INTERFACE:- Runnable interface ls thread create djus fd fuEu step gSA
Step1:- Runnable interface dks implement djds ,d class cuk;sxsA
Step2:- run () method dks implement djsxsA
Step3:- Thread class dk ,d object cuk;s ftleas ml class dk object pass djsxs tks runnable
interface dks implement djds cuk;k x;k gSA
Step4:- Thread dks run djus ds fy, thread class dh start () methods dks call djsxsA
Example:- class my extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my : "+i);

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}
System.out.println(" Exit from My");
}
}
class my1 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my1 : "+i);
}
System.out.println(" Exit from my1 ");
}
}
class my2 implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my2 : "+i);
}
System.out.println(" Exit from my2");
}
}

class thr
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
my obj1=new my();
my1 obj2=new my1();
my2 obj3=new my2();
Thread t=new Thread(my2);

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obj2.start();
obj1.start();

t.start();
}
}

THREADS PRIORITY :- Threads priority dk mi;kssx thread scheduler ds }kjk gksrk gS tks ;s
decide djrk gS fd dkSu lk thread dc run gksxkA
 izR;sd thread ds fy, CPU ds }kjk fn;k x;k time fofHkUu factors ij depened djrk gSA
 High priority dk thread lower priority ds thread dks preempt dj ldrk gSA
 fdlh thread dh priority set djus ds fy, setPriority () method dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] tks
thread class dh member gSA
Syntax:- final void setPriority (int level);
Level:- MIN_PRIORITY or MAX_PRIORITY ds e/; gksuh pkfg,A
 Currently ;g values 1 to 10 gSA
 Threads dh default priority NORM_PRIORITY eas specify jgrh gSaA tks currently 5 gSA
 ;s lHkh priority threads class eas find variables ds :i eas store gSA
 fdlh threats fd current priority ekywe djus ds fy, getPriority () method dks call fd;k
tkrk gSA
Syntax:- final int getPriority ();
Example in Thread Priority:- class pr extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my : "+i);
}
System.out.println(" Exit from My");
}
}
class pr1 extends Thread
{
public void run()

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{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my1 : "+i);
}
System.out.println(" Exit from my1 ");
}
}
class pr2 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(" \n From thred my2 : "+i);
}
System.out.println(" Exit from my2");
}
}

class prithr
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
pr obj1=new pr();
pr1 obj2=new pr1();
pr2 obj3=new pr2();
obj2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
obj3.setPriority(obj1.getPriority()+1);
obj1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
obj1.start();
obj2.start();
obj3.start();
System.out.println(" Exit from Main " );

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}
}

THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION:
tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd thread ,d sheared resources dks access djrs gSaA rc gekjh
resquirment ;g gS fd ,d ckj eas ,d thread gh ml sheared resources dks ,d le; eas mi;ksx dj
ik;s r cog process ftlds }kjk ;g izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] mls synchronization dgrs gSaA
synchronization dh key monitor gksrh gSA Monitor ,d object gksrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx ,d
manuldy tack ;k mute ds :i eas fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls fn;s x;s le; eas ,d thread gh shared
resources dks use dj ikrk gSA
Object dks monitor eas enter gkssus ds fy, synchronized methods dks call djrs gS] tc rd
thread synchronized methods eas jgrk gS rc nwljs thread ml instance ds fy, wait djrs gSaA
Synchronization ds fy, nks methods dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. fdlh methods dks synchronized cuk fn;k tk,A
Example:-
//Example of Synchronized Statement
class mycl
{
void call(String s) {
System.out.print(" * " + s);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(" Interrupted ");
}
System.out.println(" * " );
}
}
class caller implements Runnable {
String s1;
mycl obj1;
Thread t;
public caller(mycl obj2,String s)
{

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obj1=obj2;s1=s;
t=new Thread(this);
t.start();
}
public void run()
{
synchronized(obj1) //To synchronized block
{ obj1.call(s1);
}
}
}
class synchthr {
public static void main(String args[])
{
mycl obj1=new mycl();
caller obj2=new caller(obj1,"Hello");
caller obj3=new caller(obj1,"BCA");
caller obj4=new caller(obj1,"Students");
}
}
Exception in Java
 Exception ,d object gksrk gS] tks program ds code eas vkus okyh error dks discribe djrk gSA
 Program ds oks statement ftUgas gedks exception ds fy, moniter djuk gSA try blolck eas fy[ks tkrs
gSaA
 tc dksbZ exception vkrk gS rc og throw gks tkrk gS rc catch block dj ysrk gS vkSj viuh coding
ds vuqlkj handle djrk gSA
 Java dk runtime system, system ds }kjk generated exception dks automatically handle dj ysrk
gSA
Syntax:
try {
// code
}
catch(exceptionclass obj1)
{

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}
catch(exceptionclass obj2)
{
}
finally Block:- Finally block try/catch ds execute gksus ds ckn execute gks tkrk gSA try block eas run time
error gks ;k uk gks finally block ges'kk execute gksrk gSA finally block dks try block ds ckn eas ;k last catch
block ds ckn add fd;k tkrk gSA
Uses of finally block:
1. Closing File
2. Releasing System Resources
Syntax:
(1) try {
// code
}
catch(exceptionclass obj1)
{
}
catch(exceptionclass obj2)
{
}
finally
{ }
(2) try {
// code
}
finally
{ }
Ex.: //Example and demo. of finally block
class myexc
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10,b=5,c=5,x;
try{
x=a/0;

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}
catch(ArithmeticException p)
{
System.out.println(" Division by zero" + p );
x=b/0;
}
finally
{
int y=a/(b+c);
System.out.println(" y= " +y);
}
System.out.println(" End of Program ");
}
}
COMMON JAVA EXCEPTION
 Arithmetic Exception:- bldk mi;ksx arithimatic ls lEcaf/kr exception ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls 2/0
 Array Store Exception:- tc fdlh array eas wrang type dk data store fd;k tkrk gSA
 Array Index Out of Bounds Exception:- tc fdlh array dk wrong index fn;k tkrk gSA
 File Not Found Exception:- tc fdlh ,slh file dks access fd;k tkrk gS tks igys ls cuh ugha gSA
 Null Pointer Exception:- tc string vkSj number ds chp dk conversion fail gks tkrk gSA

Thread Exception:- Interrupted Exception:- tc dksbZ ,d thread nwljs thread ds }kjk

interrupted gksrk gSA
 Illegal Thread State Exception:- tc request fd;k x;k operation thread dh current
state ds lkFk compatible ugha gksrkA
 Thread Death:- tc thread dks killed fd;k tkrk gSA
 Illegal Argument Exception:- tc fdlh methods dks call djrs le; wrong argument
pass fd;s tkrs gSaA

UNIT - V
Applet:- Applet internet ij transmit gksus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ application gksrh gSA tks fdlh java
compatible web browser ij execute gksrh gSA ;s fdlh web document ds }kjk execute gksrh gS
vkSj internet server ij access o transport gksrh gSA

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
Ph: Office: 0755-2575678, 2557611. E-Mail: surya_academy@rediffmail.com
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 Applet ds }kjk asthmatic operation, graphics display djuk] sound dks play djuk user ds
}kjk input ysuk] animation create djuk vkSj game play djuk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 Applet nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Local Applet
2. Remote Applet
1. Local Applet:- ,slh applet tks local system ij store jgrh gS] local applet dgykrh gSA
blfy, internet dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA

Local Applet

Local Computer

2. Remote Applet:- Remote applet fdlh vkSj ds }kjk developed fd tkrh gS vkSj internet ds
through fdlh remote computer ij store jgrh gS] blds fy, internet connection dh
vko’;drk gksrh gS vkSj HTML page ij applet dk address nsus ds fy, codebase attribute
dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

Local Computer Server

Applet Vs Application:
 Applet eas main method ugha gksrh gSA
 Applets independnet run ugha gks ldrs ;s fdlh web page ds }kjk run gksrs gSaA
 Applets fdlh local computer ls file dks read vkSj write ugha dj ldrs gSaA
 Applets network ij fdlh nwljs sever ls communicate ugha dj ldrh gSA
 Applet ds }kjk local computer dk dksbZ program run ugha gks ldrkA
 Applets nwljh languages tSls C ;k C++ dh librares dks mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA
Applet Life Cycle:- ,d applect fd fuEu state gksrh gSA
 Born or Initialization
 Running
 Idle

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
Ph: Office: 0755-2575678, 2557611. E-Mail: surya_academy@rediffmail.com
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 Dead or Distroyed

Begi Bor Initializatio

n n n
Start () Stop ()

Display Running Idle Stopped

Paint Destroy ()
Start ()

Destroyed Dead End

1. Initialization State:- bl state dk mi;ksx applet ds fy, obejct create djus ds fy, value
dks initialize djus ds fy,] font vkSj images dks load djus ds fy, rFkk coloar dks set djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Running State:- tc system applet class fd start () method dks call djrk gS rc applet
running state eas enter gksrh gS] bl method dks ckj&ckj Hkh call fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd init
() dks ,d ckj gh call fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3. Display State:- tc Applet eas dqN output operation scrren ij perform fd;s tkrs gSaA
rc ;g state running state ds ckn call gks tkrh gS] bld fy, paint () method dk mi;ksx gksrk
gSA
4. Idle State:- tc fdlh applet dks running state eas dqN le; ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rc
og mldh idle state gksrh gSA
5. Dead State:- tc fdlh applet dks memory ls gVk fn;k tkrk gS] rc og dead state eas pyh
tkrh gSA tc ge fdlh webbrowser ls quit djrs gSa rc destory () method automacticaly call
gks tkrh gSA
Creating an Exceuting Applet:
Step 1:- Create a class which extends applet class
Ex : import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class myapp1 extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("Hello BCA.",120,30);
}
}

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
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Step 2:- Applet dks compile djus ds ckn ges myapp1.class exceutable applet izkIr gksxhA
Step 3:- Create a web page
<html>
<body>
<applet code="myapp1" width=500 height=200>
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Appletviewer ;k fdlh java ds compatable web browser ls .html file dks run djsxsaA
HTML TAG :-

1. <Head>:- bl tag dk use heading nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS] blds vanj title tag dk use fd;k
tkrk gSA
<head> heading </head>
2. Heading Tags:- Heading ds format eas text nsus ds fy;s H1 ls H6 text dk use djrs gSaA
Syntax: <H1> Text </H1>
<H2> Text </H2>
EX: <H1 Align= “Center”> Hello </H1>
3. <BR>:- bldk use fdlh web page eas ,d blank line insent djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax: <BR>
Surya
Ex: <Body>
Academy
Surya <BR>Academy
</Body>

4. Body Tag:- Body tag dk use fofHkUu tags and text nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Attributes of <Body>

alink: specify the color of active link.

rgb (X,X ,X) / XXXXXXX / color name.
Background: Give the file name of an image for background.
Link: Specify the color of all links in the document.
Text: Specify the color of text in the document.
vlink: Specify the color of visited link in the document.
5. Text Style Tags:- HTML ds text dks fofHkUu formate eas nsus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds tag use gksrs
gSa] tks fuEu gS%&

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
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i. <B> - - - </B> Tag:- blds n~okjk text dks blod dj ldrs gSaA
ii. <I> Italic Tag:- blds n~okjk text dks itelic dj ldrs gSaA
iii. <U> Underline Tag:- blds n~okjk text dks underline dj ldrs gSaA
6. <Font>:- bldk use text dk size colur and font name nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax: <Font Face = “Font name” Size = “Num” Color = “Set color “> Text </Font>
Ex: <Font Face = “arial” size = “4’ color =”No”> Hello M.sc < /Font>
 A size of font can be up to 1 to 7 or – 7 to1
 Default size is 3
7. Center Tag:- bldk use text dk center alignment set djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax: <center> Text </center>
8. Link Tag:- nks ;k mlls vf/kd web pages dks link djus ds fy;s <a> anchor tag dk use djrs gSaA
bl tag dks “Hyper link tag” Hkh dgrs gSaA
EX: <a href = “~\bca.html”> Click here </a>
Full path
For hyperlink with image:
<a href = “~\msc.Html”> MSc course <img src =”~\msc.gif” Border = “1”> </a>

Getting input from the User

Event Delegation Model:
 Applet event driven program gksrs gSaA
 Command event mouse, keyboard vkSj pusb button vkSj fext field ds }kjk generate gksrs
gSaA
 Java eas events java.awt.event package ds }kjk support fd;s tkrs gSaA
 Event ,d object gksrk gS] tks sources dh state eas gq, cnyko dks describe djrk gSA izR;sd
event dh viuh registered methods gksrh gSA
 Source ,d object gksrk gS tks event generate djrk gSA ,d source ,d ls vf/kd type ds
event generate dj ldrk gSA
 Sources event generate djds listeners ij Hkstrk gSA
Syntax:- Public void addtypelsitener (Typelistener)
;gk¡ ij type event dk uke gS rFkk e eventlistener dk reference gSA

Event Listener:

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
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 Listener ,d object gksrk gS tks event ds gksus ij notification crkrk gS] bldh nks
requirement gksrh gSA
1. First:- ;g specific type ds event ds fy, registered gksuk pkfg,A
2. Second:- bleas event dks relieve djus dh process implement gksuh pkfg,A
dqN event listener interface fuEu gS%&
Interfaces Description
 ActionListener blds action event ds fy, ,d method define gksrh gSA
 ComponentListener bleas pkj method gksrh gS] tks component dks hide, move,
show vkSj resized dj ldrs gSaA
 Itemlistener bleas ,d methods gksrs gSa tks item eas changes djus dks
recognized djrh gSA
 MouseListener bleas five methods gksrh gS tks mouse ds click, pressed,
released, move, component eas enter gksus dks recognized
djrh gSaA
Event Class:
 lHkh events ds fy, event object ,d super class gksrk gSA
 lHkh AWT events ds fy, awtevent super class gksrh gSA tks delegation model dks handle
djrh gSA
 Java.awt.event package eas fofHkUu event defined gS tks user interfaces ds }kjk generate
gksrs gSaA
Java.awt.evnet dh fofHkUu event class fuEu gS%&
Event Class Description
 Actionevent tc fdlh button dks press fd;k tkrk gS ;k list item dks
double click ;k fdlh menu item dks select fd;k tkrk
gS] rc ;g event jenrate gksrk gSA
 AdjustmentEvent tc fdlh scrollbar dks manipulate fd;k tkrk gSA rc
;g event janrate gksrk gSA
 ComponentEvent tc fdlh component dks hide, move, resize ;k visible
fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;g event janrate gksrk gSA
 ContainerEvent tc fdlh component dks container ls add ;k remove
fd;k tkrk gSA rc ;g event junrate gksrh gSA
 FocusEvent tc fdlh component ij focus vkrk gS ;k tkrk gSA rc
;g event junrate gksrk gSA

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
Ph: Office: 0755-2575678, 2557611. E-Mail: surya_academy@rediffmail.com
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 ItemEvent tc fdlh check box ;k list ds item dks click fd;k tkrk
gS rc ;g event junrate gksrk gSA
 KeyEvent Key bord ds }kjk tc input recive gksrk gS rc ;g event
junrate gksrk gSA
 MouseEvent tc mouse dks orage, move, click, press ;k release
fd;k tkrk gS rc ;g event junrate gksrk gSA
 TextEvent tc fdlh text field ;k text area eas dksbZ changes ;k
cnyko fd;s tkrs gSaA rc ;g event junrate gksrh gSA
 WindowEvent tc fdlh window dks activated, close, open,
deactivated ;k Quit fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;g event
junrate gksrk gSA

User Interface:
 Textfield:- Textfield class ds }kjk single line text dh entry ds object create fd;s tkrs gSaA
bleas arrow key, cut/past key ds }kjk editing fd tk ldrh gSA
Ex.: TextField Txt1 = new TextField ();
TextField Txt2 = new TextField (25);
Textfield Method:
1. gettext ():- ;g textfield ds text (string) dks return djrk gSA
Syntax:- String text.gettext ();
2. Set Text ():- To set the text.
Syntax:- void tst.set text (string);
3. Setechochar ():- ;gk¡ oks character fn;k tkrk gS tks textfield eas character nsrs le;
display gksA
Syntax:- SetEchochar (char ch);
SetEchochar (‘*’);

Text Area ():- Textarea control dk mi;ksx multiline values dks nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Label:- Label ,d object gksrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx string dks display djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Font Class:- Font class dk mi;ksx font dk uke nsus mldk style vkSj size nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

Ex : //Getting input from the user

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
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import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class appinput extends Applet implements ActionListener {
TextField num1,num2;
Button ok,ex;
String msg="";
public void init()
{
Label no1=new Label("Number I : ");
Label no2=new Label("Number II : ");
num1=new TextField(4);
num2=new TextField(2);
ok=new Button("Calc");
ex=new Button("Exit");
add(no1);
add(num1);
add(no2);
add(num2);
add(ok);
add(ex);
ok.addActionListener(this);
ex.addActionListener(this);

}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
String s=e.getActionCommand();
String s1,s2,s3;
int a=0,b=0,c=0;
if (s.equals("Calc"))
{
s1=num1.getText();
s2=num2.getText();
a=Integer.parseInt(s1);

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
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b=Integer.parseInt(s2);
c=a+b;
s3=String.valueOf(c);
msg=" sum is " + s3;

}
else
msg=" Sorry";

repaint();
}

public void paint(Graphics g)

{
g.drawString(msg,30,80);
}

}
Passing parameters in an applet
fdlh HTML page eas param tag }kjk applet ds fy, argument fn;s tk ldrs gSaA Applet bl tag ds
attributes dks get parameters method ds }kjk access dj ysrk gSA ;g method parameter dh
value dks string object ds :i eas return djrk gSA bu value dks numeric ds :i eas mi;ksx djus ds
fy, geas convest djuk gksrk gSA
Syntax: <Param Name = <Attribute name> value = Attributevalue>
Ex: import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class appparam extends Applet {
String fname;
float lead;
int fsize;
boolean avail;
public void start()
{
String x;
fname=getParameter("fname");
if (fname==null)
fname="Courier";

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
Ph: Office: 0755-2575678, 2557611. E-Mail: surya_academy@rediffmail.com
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x=getParameter("fsize");
try{
if (x!=null)
fsize=Integer.parseInt(x);
else
fsize=0;
}
catch(NumberFormatException e)
{
fsize=-1;
}
x=getParameter("lead");
try{
if (x!=null)
lead=Float.valueOf(x).floatValue();
else
lead=0;
}
catch(NumberFormatException e)
{
fsize=-1;
}
x=getParameter("available");
if(x!=null)
avail=Boolean.valueOf(x).booleanValue();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(" Font Name: " +fname,0,10);
g.drawString(" Font size :"+fsize,0,40);
g.drawString(" Leading :" +lead,0,60);
g.drawString(" Font :"+avail,0,85);
}
}
//Html file
<applet code=appparam width=400 height=300 >
<param name=fname value=Helvetica>
<param name=fsize value=16>
<param name=available value=true>

</applet>

124, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Behind Pragati Petrol Pump, Near State Bank of India, Bhopal- 462011
Ph: Office: 0755-2575678, 2557611. E-Mail: surya_academy@rediffmail.com
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