Final Project

University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering and Architecture

Summer 2021
COMPILATION OF ALL LEARNING ACTIVITIES,

EXERCISES, QUIZZES, EXAM AND OUTPUT
Submitted to the College of Engineering and Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Engineering Management Subject
Submitted by:
Pardiñas, Rhea M.
Engr. Edwin Badiola, MSCM RMEE, Assistant Professor III

Instructor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NUMBER
LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES
LESSON 1: Introduction to Management Organization
Learning Activity 1.1 1
Exercise 1.1 7
LESSON 2: Historical Background of Management
Exercise 2.1 20
LESSON 3: Constraints and Challenges of Management
Exercise 3.1
LESSON 4: Management Functions
iii
Exercise 4.1 38
LESSON 5: Management Functions
Exercise 5.1 49
LESSON 6: Productions and Operations Management
Exercise 6.1 59
LESSON 7: Marketing Management
LESSON 8: Financial Management
iii
Exercise 8.1 72
QUIZZES
Quiz for Lesson 1 74
Quiz for Lessons 4 & 5 77
MIDTERM EXAM 80
MIND MAP OUTPUT 85
Explanation Video Link 86
Essay Rubrics 87
References
Lesson 1 88
Lesson 2 88
Lesson 3 89
Lesson 4 89
Lesson 5 90
Lesson 6 90
Lesson 7 91
Lesson 8 92
iii
LESSON 1:
Introduction to Management
Organization
(Learning Activities and Exercise)

Learning Activity 1.1
Answer the following questions:
1. How do managers differ from non-managerial employees? (Explain in not less than 100
words)
We know that when we used the word non, we are referring to a negation or absence of
something which is why using it as prefix for managerial employees already suggest the difference
of the two classifications. Furthermore, managers and non-managerial employees differs in their
own duties and responsibilities. Managers are those individuals who give or designate workloads
for other employees while non-managerial employees are those solely responsible for their own
designated tasks and do not have the authority to give commands to his/her coworkers. We can
also take into consideration the difference of their salaries, whereas, managers draw higher pay
because of their critical roles compared to non-managerial employees. Another thing we can
differentiate the two is by its educational attainment requirement, usually managerial positions
require professional degrees while in non-managerial positions accepts a lower range of
qualification.
2. “The manager’s most basic responsibility is to focus people toward performance of

work activities to achieve desired outcomes.” What’s your interpretation of this
statement? Do you agree with it? Why or why not? (Explain in not less than 200 words)
The statement is about the essence of a manager where he/she uses his/her people to
achieve the desired outcomes. Personally, I agree with the first and last part of the statement but
I beg to disagree in the middle part. As you can notice in the statement, “manager’s most basic
responsibility is to focus people toward performance of work activities to achieve desired
outcomes”, it emphasizes the fixation to the people alone. I firmly believed that the most basic
responsibility of a manager is to lead his/her people toward quality performances to attain best
1
results. The statement is somehow implying that managers are there just to point people where
they need to go but it should be more than that. I believed that being a manager is not only about
focusing to people, as a manager, you also have to deal with the environment and the materials
needed by these people. Let’s say, yes, you did focus on boosting your workers moral and working
capacity but you disregarded the state of their place of work and the quality of the materials they
are using, so eventually you will not really going to have the desired outcome. Honestly, the
statement is subjective, it’s understanding lies within the reader but I will still stick with my stand
above. Moreover, managers should be always holistic at all times.
2
1. Is your course instructor a manager? Discuss in terms of managerial functions,

managerial roles, and skills. (Explain in not less than 250 words, give situational examples if
possible)
Indeed, my course instructor was/is a manager. I can still remember his stories about his
previous work-related experiences. He told us that it was never easy climbing up the ladder but it
was worth the effort and hard work. He is a manager because there were opportunities that were
given to him to oversee and facilitate certain groups to achieve its goals. He told us that when he
was in other countries he experienced the challenge of planning, organizing, leading, and making
sure the flow of the works is in lined. The pressure of dealing with a lot of people makes it even
harder. He told us that if we wanted to be someone, we must learn how to standout in a way that
people will acknowledge you as a person capable of leading. He shared that how the planning
sessions happen during meetings, they brainstormed and presented ideas that would benefit the
entire body. The organization and the controlling of workloads were also vital when he was
appointed as manager. He said that the communication barriers and culture differences should
always be considered. I literally can imagine how things were when my instructor was telling his
story, given that his managerial roles can also be discerned. These include his interpersonal,
informational, and decisional roles. I remembered that he told us that managers must know all
sides of the stories whether it’s his personal view, workers’ view, or the customers’ view. A
manager must not make any decisions based on things that do not favor the masses. Being
flexible is a key to being a good manager. You do not only communicate but you also gather
related data and then you decide. Apart from the functions and roles, my instructor’s technical
and conceptual skills were visible. I also admire his interpersonal skills whereas a manager should
really possess. He has this ability to interact with people effectively. I believe the things I’ve said
above supports my claim that my course instructor was/is a manager.
3
2. In today’s environment, which is more important to organizations—efficiency or
effectiveness? (Explain in not less than 150 words)
I think both qualities must be present in all organizations especially in this time. People
are not settling for less anymore. Many industries are also being established through time so
having only one of these two will really have a huge setback. An organization without efficiency
or effectiveness will fall down in the competition. We cannot always say that being effective is fine
eventhough we were not efficient and we cannot always say that it’s fine being efficient
eventhough we were not effective. These two are like partners in crime where one affects the
other. The best example of efficiency and effectiveness is the reduction of labor and material
costs of a certain company but still provide quality services to its consumers. The use of solar
energy to power machines and the whole working environment entails efficiency and also
maintains its effectiveness. This generation is already a battle of diversity and creativity. No one
can be left standing having only one bullet.
4
1. Is business management a profession? Why or why not? Do some external research in

answering this question. (Explain your answer in not less than 150 words)
According to some sources, an occupation is considered a profession if it has a common
body of knowledge, a system of certifying individuals who possessed such knowledge before
being able to practiced, a commitment to use specialize knowledge for the common good, and a
code of ethics. These characteristics must be present for us to be able to categorized an
occupation as a profession. Considering the above statements, I can say that business
management is not a full-pledged profession. It means that although it has a well-defined body of
knowledge, it still just needs a minimum number of qualifications, meaning there are fewer stages
to reach the title, no board exam, distinct number of formative years, and many more. Moreover,
a certain article pointed that business management is just a term that overlays a wide range of
professions but it is not impossible for it to be reformed and become a true profession, it would
be good if the higher ups will to something about it.
2. Is there one best “style” of management? Why or why not? (Explain your answer in not
less than 150 words)
Definitely no, I always believed that there is no superiority when it comes to style because
I think it’s a subjective matter. We cannot always stick with a single common style but not all the
time we are facing the same situation, people, and problems. We should always bear in mind that
the key factors of being an effective manager are adaptability and flexibility. Personally, I see
management styles as part of an individual’s personality. It differs among people. We can have a
results-based style, autocratic, authoritative, participative, coaching, transformational,
collaborative, visionary, and many more. It can also be a combination of the different styles. This
is mainly the reason why a manager should have enough skills to foresee and read the entire
5
body. If you think authoritative style works with the first group you handled, what are the chances
that it might not in the next. The way how the clock’s hands change its positions should also be
the way you adjust your perceptions not just for you but for everyone around you.
3. Researchers at Harvard Business School found that the most important managerial
behaviors involve two fundamental things: enabling people to move forward in their work
and treating them decently as human beings. What do you think of these two managerial
behaviors? What are the implications for someone, like yourself, who is studying
management? (Explain your answer in not less than 150 words)
These two managerial behaviors show common decency. A manager who tries his/her
best to transform his/her people by means of organizing team building activities, seminars, and
trainings indicate care and support. The idea of inhibiting improvements for each and everyone is
one of the essences of being the point person in a certain organization. The second idea here is
that a manager treats people decently as what a normal human being should do. This is a basic
concept that everyone must know. A manager that exhibits respect, understanding, and
compassion to others will eventually improve the whole workforce not just the bond but so is the
trust. Both of them entails a wholesome result. As a student who is studying engineering
management, I see these as an advantage in the future. Knowing the two most important
managerial behaviors can help me comprehend and handle things in the future effectively.
6
Exercise 1.1: Case Study
Read the case study on page 15 – “Lesson 1: Introduction to Management and
Organization”.
Questions:
1. As the top managers of their company, what types of issues might Bert and John have
to deal with? Be as specific as possible. Which management functions might be most
important to them? Why?
Even though Bert and John already have a good management style today, they can still
face some challenges in the future given the fact that one of the principles of business
management is continual improvements.
Being the top managers, we can expect that they may face issues about consistency in
leadership, communication, diversity, and competitions. The thing about the consistency in
leadership is that being together for a long time will somehow develop personal greed and desire,
one may feel dominant over the other, and this may be a serious issue in the future. They should
be able to set terms and agreement in order to ensure both of their rights. Another issue is about
communication, given the fact that their revenue is increasing annually, it is expected that their
workplace will also be expanding so the faster their business grows the bigger their network will
be and will eventually pose threat in the bridge of information dissemination. Moreover, the issue
about communication may also be about being over the boundary’s situations. Based on the
description of Bert and John they seem to have a pleasing and kind personalities which made me
assumed that they can be easily attached to their employees making it a little bit harder because
they may develop unintentionally special treatments to some that may initiate misunderstandings
between the employees. Next issue is about diversity, since their business was mainly established
in Boston, doing partnerships and collaboration will be a big step for both of them. This may be
challenging because they should be wiser than anyone else who they open their doors for, after
7
all, business is a game. One wrong move, everything that they’ve worked on may go to someone
else’s possession. The last issue that I can think of is about competitions. Being the top managers
will make their decisions more democratic. They always need to think of everyone else before
indulging to a whole new path. As I’ve said a while ago, the bigger their business becomes, the
bigger their competitors will be. They should always think of more improvements in order to stay
in trend.
Apart from these issues, they also need to focus on the different management functions
to be able to at least lessen the chance to face the different issues I’ve stated above. Since we
already discussed that there are five management functions which include planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling, this already gave me an idea to what Bert and John must focused on.
The nature of business of the two is customer-centered, meaning their business is dependent on
their customers so this made me think that the most important factors are maintaining and
satisfying their recipients. In short, controlling is the most important management functions for
them. They already have a good plan, a good flow of their business as well as a good cause, and
they are already good leaders what left is controlling what they already have. I think their business
will continue to prosper if they can sustain the good management style they already have.
2. Using descriptions from the case, describe Bert and John’s managerial style. Would this
approach work for other organizations? Why or why not?
Bert and John’s statements about life is good with conviction and about the fact they look
for people who possess optimistic outlook on life like Jake both suggest a visionary management
style. They lead through inspiring their employees. I’d say that this approach may or may not work
on other organizations. It actually depends on a lot of factors. The personality of the managers,
the nature of business, and the size of the organization. As I’ve said in the previous learning
activities, managerial style is a personality. It’s still worth a try to use this approach after all there
will be no regrets.
8
3. How do you think the company’s motto “Do what you like. Like what you do” might affect
how managers manage? Be specific.
As I’ve said before, Bert and John’s business is a vision-driven one, having something to
look into is a good way to keep the body united. This will affect them in a sense that they will set
their standards on what their company believed on. Moreover, having this vision will create a good
environment for all the staffs because they will be easily reminded of their purpose in the
company. This will give them identity and pride. It can also be said that this motto will be the one
to facilitate growth and improvement not just with the company but with its people as well.
4. What managerial challenges might there be in having friends work for your business?
How could these challenges be kept inconsequential?
Having friends work for your business can be both beneficial and challenging. Beneficial
in a sense that communicating will be a lot easier but challenging enough when it comes to
confrontations and failures. Having someone you personally know is truly relaxing and comforting
but deeper emotional connections can be very delicate when you mixed personal attachments
and work. Sometimes people are so bad identifying which one should matter in situations.
Additionally, there are people who feel liberated when they know that they have someone above
them that they thought they are with, making them feel that they are somehow above others and
this may initiate jealousy and misunderstandings. In order to avoid consequences, both parties
can talk this specific issue intimately and set terms and conditions. In this way, they can officially
set boundaries and limitations that they may use as reference to their future feelings and
decisions. This will help them clear things up so that there will be no regrets in the future. You
should also be knowledgeable enough to know if it’s worth a try to let someone you think is close
to you in a world full of unexpected situations.
9
5. Would you want to work for a company like this? Why or why not?
Definitely I would want to work for a company like this because I am always a fan of vision-
oriented people or environment. I am a kind of person who likes assurance and reliance. I bet it
will be awesome if Bert and John will be my managers. Another factor is the story of how their
business started, it makes me wanted to be with people who knows the feeling of having nothing
to having everything. Their involvement with Project Joy is also a factor. Having a company that
cares about others is a big turn on, if they can care about others that do not work in their company
how much more they care to people within their reach.
6. In what ways would the life is good managers (corporate and retail store) have to deal
with the challenges of customer service, innovation, and sustainability? Be specific in your
description.
There are many possible ways the managers can deal with the challenges about customer
service, innovation, and sustainability. The fast growth of the company also demands a faster
response to customers who needs help and assist them with their queries and this call for the
improvement of the customer service interventions. Creating a specific department for customer
service can be an option for the managers to address the concern or they can also hire a BPO
company to at least help them cater the concerns that exceeds their number of agents in the
company. These options can help them minimize or manage the issue about their customers
seeking answers for their queries. Of course, it does not end here, having a good and functional
receiver will also give the company a good and credible feedbacks. These can help them
accumulate the responses of their customers and help them plan their next interventions. A good
customer service will also pave way in dealing with the different challenges about innovation and
sustainability. Innovation can be handled using enough credible data and creative ideas.
Managers can host open forums from all levels of employees in the company to gather inputs
from different point of views. They can also create competitions within the company that exhibits
new ideas which is open for everyone so that those brilliant staffs can also be acknowledged and
10
rewarded. The challenges about sustainability can be handled if the managers will facilitate based
on their people. Selfish managers will never attain sustainability. Attaining sustainability requires
patience, understanding, and versatility. In this world full of what ifs make sure to be the it is. A
positive outlook within the company will help everyone to do the same. Moreover, sustainability
can only be attained with change. You change but you maintain. Managers should be able to
cater all sides of situations and come up with a universal decision. Improving the products by
means of knowing the trends of the customers, continuously conducting trainings to staffs to
maintain performance-quality, and connecting with possible business partners will help them
achieve sustainability.
11
LESSON 2:
Historical Background of
Management

1. Explain why studying management history is important. (Explain your answer in not less
than 100 words).
Knowing history is a basic standard when we’re dealing with someone or something that
we are greatly affected. The main purpose of doing so is, it makes us aware and can explain why
things are like these in the present. Studying management history is important so that future
managers may be wary of what are the dos and don’ts they may consider or encounter in the
future. In short, studying management history is an advantage. It gives us a huge head start on
how we can take things differently from the previous ones but effective enough to not experience
again failures. Moreover, just by knowing what happened in the past can make you even wiser in
the future.
2. What early evidence of management practice can you describe? (Explain your answer in
not less than 100 words)
Upon reading and understanding the learning module, some early evidences of
management practice include the construction of the Great Wall of China, Egyptian Pyramids,
and the port transactions in the City of Venice. The famous Great Wall of China shows a great
division of labor and dexterity which we can do conclude that there was someone above every
worker that facilitate instructions and work divisions. The same thing with the different pyramids
in Egypt, given their traditional methods and tremendous workloads, the workers managed to
complete these phenomenal structures. The organized assembly line at the arsenal of Venice
also suggests that people work on a certain instruction from someone or from a group of people.
These things are indeed evidences of early management practices. These structures and
methods wouldn’t be possible without managers.
12
Answer the following question:
1. Describe the important contributions made by the classical theorists. (Explain your
answer in not less than 150 words)
The classical theorists include Frederick Taylor, Frank Gilbreth, Lillian Gilbreth, Henri
Fayol and Max Weber. Frederick Taylor was known to be the father of scientific management
where he believed that we can use scientific methods to determine one best way to do a job. He
conducted experiments to prove his theory and soon established his own four principles about
scientific management. His idea became popular to a lot of different countries which also inspired
other people to conduct their own researches. This is where Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth
decided to devote their lives with. They studied the variation of work to eliminate inefficient hand
and body movements. They also devised their own classification scheme called therbligs to label
the different basic hand motions. Another phenomenal theorist was Henri Fayol where he
identified the different functions that a manager must perform. These include planning, organizing,
commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He also developed his own principles of management
which are widely used by many organizational institutions. Lastly, we have the German
sociologist, Max Weber. He developed his own theory of an ideal type of an organization which
he called bureaucracy. He described this as a form of organization which venture to equal division
of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.
These classical theorists greatly contributed with today’s concept of management and these will
for surely continue to impact the next generations of managerial state.
13
1. What did the early advocates of OB contribute to our understanding of management?

(Explain your answer in not less than 150 words)
To name a few, we have Robert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and
Chester Barnard as the early advocates of organizational behavior. These people contributed in
our understanding of management differently providing us varied and distinct concepts. In the
late 1700s, Robert Owen studied about the deplorable working conditions of the employees and
he proposed an idealistic workplace to improve their performance. He was also able to argued
that when an organization invest in improving labor quality, they can expect to have better results.
After him, it was Hugo Munsterberg who established his name in early 1900s by being one of the
scientists pioneering the scientific study of people at work. He theorized using psychological tests
for selecting employees as well as establishing good employee trainings. He was with the same
time with Mary Parker Follett who also was one of the first who recognized that organizations
could be viewed from varying perspectives whether an individual or group behavior. She was also
the one who proposed more about people-oriented ideas than focusing on scientific management
schemes. Another early advocate of organizational behavior is Chester Barnard. It was in 1930s
where he thought that organizations were social systems that requires in-depth cooperation. He
was an actual manager and believed that it was a manager’s job to stimulate employees’ effort to
its maximum. He was also the first one to argued that organizations were an open system. These
people had contemplated deeply to come up with something that may help the field of
management prosper. They established theories and principles to at least provide the world a
foundation of what management can be if we try to look at its behaviors intimately. Some of them
were the pioneering people of the concepts we’re using today and also in the future. They are as
important as their contributions were, without them we might be still doing some digging until now.
14
2. Why were the Hawthorne Studies so critical to management history? (Explain your answer
in not less than 100 words)
Based on our discussion about the Hawthorne Studies, this is so critical to management
history because it opened a whole new path for a new management belief where social norms
greatly affects individual behaviors. These was composed of a series of researches that studied
a lot of factors that can affect the performance of the employees at the Western Electric Company.
The discoveries of these studies were used to come up with a conclusion that people’s behavior
and attitudes are closely linked. Factors like incentives, workplace, security and many more are
subjective to the characteristics of each individual. Experts believed that human behavior is a
huge factor that needs to be considered in managing organizations. These studies provided us
the foundation of today’s theories about employees’ motivation, leadership, development, and
behavioral approaches.
15
1. Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management.
(Explain your answer in not less than 100 words)
Quantitative approach or also called the operations research contributed a lot to the field
of management. This approach uses statistics, optimization models, information models, and
computer simulations to improve managerial decision-making process. It was believed that this
approach evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions that were developed during World
War II to solve military logistics and quality control problems. Having quantitative approach made
the whole planning process even better. Managers now have certain statistical methods to use in
order to make sure that their products are being guided with numbers and figures. The
development of this approach vastly transformed the traditional techniques to a more efficient
one, work scheduling, data analysis, optimum inventory levels, and many more are linked with
this one.
2. Describe total quality management. (Explain your answer in not less than 100 words)
Total quality management was defined as a management philosophy to continually
improve and respond to customer needs and expectations. This mainly means that the
organizational growth depends on what and how their customers react. The philosophy that this
approach promotes is a good way to establish holistic managerial planning and controlling where
it targets a long-term success through customer satisfaction and feedbacks. It also includes the
relationship of inputs and outputs of the company throughout the chain reaction. Managers should
always come up with a way to base their decisions that evenly favors the customers and its own
staffs. This can also be used to detect and reduce errors that the organization may encounter in
16
the near future. It is expected that all members of the organizations are included in improving as
well as planning processes to have the best possible solution.
17
1. How do systems theory and the contingency approach make managers better at what
they do? (Explain your answer in not less than 100 words)
Systems theory and contingency approach make managers better at what they do in a
sense that they provide a set of interrelated ideas and stages arranged in a manner that anyone
can easily keep track with. We know that systems theory suggests that an organization functions
as cooperative system which can either be an open or a close system. This guides the managers
that an organization always takes its inputs from the outside and then transformed it to achieve
their desired outputs. With this coordinated flow, managers can have an assurance if things are
going well or an idea that things are not going well. Also, this theory can be able to provide
managers a blueprint of processes to at least have an idea where to do the troubleshooting when
problems occur. Similarly, with its benefits to fellow managers, contingency approach also
provides a method to make sure that the organization maintains its functionality throughout its
journey. It laid down facts that management is subjective and organizations require different ways
of managing. This will help managers come up with something that suits their own companies.
The assurance of there’s no universal rules for managers to follow is already a good way to
establish their own managerial identities.
2. How do societal trends influence the practice of management? What are the implications
for someone studying management? (Explain your answer in not less than 150 words)
The fact that management let us deal with people, the tendency to continuously adapt is
already given. These societal trends are mainly the catalyst of discoveries and improvements,
may it be in the field of management or not. The diversity of the society forces the behavior of its
constituents to change making it a huge factor in managing. Trends that involve new likes and
18
dislikes, urgent needs, fashion, industry, and many more must be able to withstand by the different
organizations in a sense that they can accommodate abrupt changes. As a student studying
management, I can say that these trends will help me decipher the essence of the different
principles that we’ve studied. I think these will help me develop my versatility and enhance my
perspectives in almost any aspect of life. I come to realized that there’s so much more about
management. It’s not static or stagnant and it should not settle for less.
19
Exercise 2.1
1. Pick one historical event from this century and do some research on it. Write a paper
describing the impact that this event might be having or has had on how workplaces are
managed. (Minimum of 600 words, based your paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
The most evident historical event in this century would be our battle against coronavirus
pandemic. As we can all see, this occurrence has transformed the whole world permanently. The
novel coronavirus was believed to be a new strain of coronavirus that has been previously
identified in humans. This causes severed pneumonia and has infected the entire world. It was
last February 12, 2020 when the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced to call it
Coronavirus Disease 19 or as we all know COVID-19. Although this battle is far enough to be
over with, its toll on economic, population, and lifestyle is taking effect in a very fast rate. The
number of infected people and deaths are way higher than we thought it would be. Its unexpected
appearance surprised the entire humanity reinforcing changes specifically in the workforce
management field.
As we can see, the gradual change from face-to-face setup to virtual setup, wearing of
facemasks and face shields, frequent usage of disinfectants, and social distancing has limited the
reach of every individual but with these new enforced protocols, COVID-19 can be acknowledged
as the catalyst of reinvention. The way we responded from its risks resulted the transformation of
some workplaces to cater the basic safety protocols and help prevent the spread of the virus. The
new normal enables a lot of managerial positions to digitize work processes from planning to
controlling stages. The occurrence of this pandemic has pushed governing individuals to create
a whole new approach to managed their people and work processes remotely. Aside from the
transformation of workplaces, COVID-19 also calls for the rapid reskilling of employees whereas
they need to be refreshed or reeducated to build a stronger mindset and keep their sanity with
the abrupt changes in the environment. Their technological skills are expected to be challenged
20
and the change in their workloads may also affect the allocation of resources. Another major
impact of this pandemic is about the changes in leadership and management competencies. It’s
quite challenging because no one knows how to handle things smoothly in situations like these
especially in business industry. There were already a lot of businesses who decided to shut down
for good because of either bankruptcy or they just became hopeless. Pandemic has also opened
a lot of doors to even develop a culture of trust, transparency, and openness with one another.
Workplaces nowadays are surely not utilized 100% of the time because of the different restrictions
laid by the IATF but little did we know that it’s actually a good way to develop one’s ability to
believe to other people as we all face uncertainty. This venture will eventually enhance both
managerial and non-managerial positions to stay connected not just virtually but also behind the
screen. Another point to state is about how business leaders find simpler and less expensive
ways to still operate despite of the ongoing fight with the virus. A lot of leaders chose doing
partnerships with delivery companies to minimize expense in resources and some tried investing
on commercials and digital posters instead of tarpaulins and brochures to boosts their businesses’
publicity. These things are some examples of the noticeable changes this pandemic has brought
to us and indeed, the role of managers in today’s era become extra challenging.
Nevertheless, COVID-19 has its own unexpected benefits especially to standard and
traditional practices of everyone. It’s like it’s somehow saying that “it’s time”, it’s time to do
something, it’s time to change, and it’s time to manifest good deeds for the greater good. The
change in today’s workplaces has open for more rooms of improvements. It’s time to reassess
everyone’s mental and physical health. Maybe this is the time to remember that there might be
things we’re missing. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 is so lethal that it made us immune to adapt
rapid changes.
21
2. Choose an organization with which you are familiar and describe the job specialization
used there. Is it efficient and effective? Why or why not? How could it be improved? (Write
a paper report with minimum of 800 words, based your paper content on the rubric which will be
provided)
McDonald’s is a business organization I’m quite familiar with because of its popularity and
maintained image. It was founded in 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino,
California. It was said that for every five hours, a new McDonald’s is being opened somewhere in
the world and there’s no doubt that I see it as one of my favorite fast-food chains at all times. I
like how they present themselves as a whole and manage to capture my palate until now. There
are a lot of things that makes McDonald’s a good example of a successful business organization.
One outstanding characteristics of McDonald’s is that they integrate job specialization into the
next level. Job specialization is defined as the process where employees gain enough knowledge
and experience in a specific area. Their main expertise is in food service and retail level. Although
there was an abrupt success for the company, it was also bombarded with a lot of criticisms may
it be about the conservation of the environment and health. It’s amazing to see how the company
survived its ups and downs.
Apart from providing delicious food, the company’s organizational structure utilizes
different job specializations to attain maximum efficiency and effectiveness. The designation
starts from the managerial positions, cashier, chefs, pantry employees, server, and security. The
cashiers are there to use computers to take and compute for the total amount the customer has
to pay, the chefs are there to make sure that there are enough supplies for the incoming order
demands, the pantry employees that make sure the inventory of the ingredients and resources
are right and enough, the servers which mainly interacts with the customers, and the security
guard which make sure that peace and order are always maintain at all times. There are other
duties a certain worker can do and apply on but the positions I’ve mentioned a while ago are the
ones that we often see as we visit their physical stores. We know that the nature of the company
22
mainly depends on its customers, so the longer they can maintain a longer streak of fast delivery
and processing of orders to their customers, the bigger the trust of their recipients will be. As we
can see, there are different work designations present in the organizations which makes it easier
to facilitate smooth workflow.
I can say that they have an effective job specialization because the tasks of each
employee are clearly designated but what makes McDonald’s a good example for an effective
work designation is that they make sure to have a rotation of work responsibilities. For example,
if you’re a server now you can be a cashier after a week or a month, meaning, the organization
makes sure that each employee fulfills their duties efficiently but can also be trained to take other
duties if situation permits. This is efficient in a way that workers will become proficient at their own
tasks because it’s simple and easy to grasp because the narrower the task is defined the easier
a person can work. In this sense, they already narrowed their employees’ segment and have them
develop versatility. The job specialization of the company breaks down tasks to its lowest level
which makes it a lot easier and this will eventually develop mastery. It’s also a good thing that
non-managerial positions does not involve complex processes so it can be easily taught to new
workers in just a short period of time. It is believed that this approach can lower the quality control
costs and improves its production efficiency. I think the only improvement that McDonalds’ can
consider is about maintaining the drive of their employees. I’ve noticed that most of McDonalds’
employees doesn’t stay for too long and we can’t blame them because job specializations can
lead workers to boredom and dissatisfaction. There are studies that shows there are people who
sees repetitive tasks so draining and a dead-end. Things like these can increase workers’
absenteeism or resignations and may lower the quality of their work although McDonalds’ already
have the rotation of tasks which I’ve mentioned a while ago, planning and executing activities that
can boosts workers’ mental being can help them lower the risks of employment decreased.
23
Overall, McDonald’s as a company is a phenomenal one. Of course, they also did face a
lot challenges when it comes to establishing their company’s workflow but throughout their
existence in the business industry, they manage to have a long-term approach for their
employees. I believed it’s safe to assume that this company uses societal trends to design their
own strategic book. The studies about what the masses wanted and executing it by doing various
experiments to redesign the designation of duties are all part of continual improvement. Venturing
to job specializations is not applicable to all companies, some instances it’s already just fine to
stick with the traditional all-around field of expertise. Furthermore, this is subjective, we decide on
what the situation needs.
24
LESSON 3:
Constraints and Challenges of
Management

1. Describe the two perspectives on how much impact managers have on an organization’s
success or failure. (Explain in not less than 100 words).
The two perspectives differ in a sense that they have their own point where to blame
specific outcomes. Based on our discussion, omnipotent view states that managers are directly
responsible for an organization’s success or failure but the symbolic view blames the external
factors outside the manager’s control. The first perspective can be seen as a more specific view
being the manager is solely responsible for the future of the organization, with this thought,
managers should be a well-rounded person that can withstand lethal effects of the decisions for
the majority. It doesn’t matter if employees had their own lapses or mistakes, the managers will
always be blamed or they’ll be the absorber of everything that happened under their custody. On
the other hand, the impact of managers in the symbolic view is not much of a focused. It’s not the
managers’ fault if the company or organization failed or succeed.
25
1. Why is it important for managers to understand the external environmental

components? (Explain in not less than 100 words).
ROOM 2
From the discussion a while ago, we’ve learned that these external environmental
components include specific and general factors which are the broad economic, socio-cultural,
political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions. It was also stated that these
factors affect the performance of an organization. It is important for the managers to understand
the external environmental components because it can help them to look beyond what’s in front
of them to avoid conflict that may result to failure. If a manager can be able to understand these
external environmental components, then he/she can analyze the organization's strategies and
actions thoroughly that will greatly help to improve their performances. Aside from that, it can also
help them to recognize qualitative information in advance, which can then be use in the planning
process of the organization. Moreover, we should bear in mind that these external environmental
components are the lifeline of any organizations that exists because of the demand and inclusivity.
In summary, the importance of understanding these components serves as the key factor for long
term planning and survival.
26
1. Classrooms have cultures. Describe your classroom culture using the seven
dimensions of organizational culture. Does the culture constrain your instructor? How?
Does it constrain you as a student? How? (Explain in not less than 300 words)
The culture that we have includes a lot of rules and regulations that ought to be followed.
Whenever we’re inside our classrooms we are expected to participate and provide adequate
attention to facilitate effective learning and this fall under the first dimension of the organizational
culture which is the attention to details. The second dimension is the outcome orientation. It’s a
fact the we are being evaluated by series of tests and performance tasks. Our future somehow
depends on what numerical grade we’re going to have and most of the time it what matters the
most rather than how we go through the process. It’s the determining factor if we did learn or not.
The third dimension is called people orientation, in a typical classroom culture, our instructors
always first do their own assessment to the level of the students so that somehow, they will be
able to provide suitable intervention on how will they handle the whole class effectively. I can still
remember how Engr. Badiola told us in our first meeting that he’s going to observe how we answer
our learning activities to somehow have an idea on what level where in and he’ll be the one to do
the adjustment on his approach. The fourth dimension is about team orientation, group activities
are very much practiced inside the classrooms because classroom culture suggests that all the
students must be united. This dimension is followed by aggressiveness, this is where class
rankings or standings fall. Students are geared to have their own competitiveness inside to survive
in the academe. We have our usual top ten students, awards, and contests that initiate
competitions among students. The sixth dimension is stability, educators always make sure that
their learners are continuously learning. They always try to maintain a dynamic environment
towards their students to have an effective and stable progress. The last dimension is about
27
innovation and risk tasking, these are my favorite stages when dealing with classroom culture.
Teachers that encourage students to dream more and try things out are the best ones. I can still
remember some of my remarkable teachers that made a huge impact on who am I today. These
are the different classroom cultures that we often encounter in our day-to-day journey inside our
classrooms.
To answer the first question, I would say that yes it can constrain my instructor in a sense
that he will of course, only be doing things that he’s expected to do. Best example of this one is
the school calendar. It’s a culture that instructors are expected to do their lessons on the time
frame they were given. He is constrained to do everything in a very short period of time even
though it can compromise the learning progress of the students. He is then obliged to do things
only from the time he has and nothing more and nothing less. These statements will support my
answer with the second question. Yes, it also constrains me as a student. This culture is
sometimes too much. It constrained me in a sense that it’s unconsciously telling me that I can’t
be someone out of their context of a good student. The feeling of constantly thinking that I can’t
be a failure, a quitter, or even a lowkey student. There are moments where pressure and anxiety
are just way too much to handle because culture is most of the time became expectations but
nevertheless, it’s good that I can still manage to reflect on things and regain my purpose as a
student.
2. Can culture be a liability to an organization? (Explain in not less than 100 words)
ROOM 2
Since culture is regarded as a fundamental base of an organization it can be said that it’s
a huge asset but at the same time it becomes a liability when it starts to prevent the growth and
improvement of the body. Knowing that culture can sometimes be exclusive and dictates
limitations, the challenge mostly lies on how the organization will encapsulate it to genuinely serve
its purpose. One of these limitations is that culture can hinder some changes necessary in
28
businesses due to the demand in today's dynamic environment. If the required changes do not
conform to its existing organizational culture, then it's the time that culture can become a
drawback. Another point is that it limits the organization's function by the means of its continual
practice or adapting its framework, plan of activities, and scope of audience. Liability is not only
about owing but also about acknowledging responsibilities it may have contributed. The fact that
sometimes culture can limit the organization’s capabilities to develop and adapt to unfamiliar
changes suggests that it must be subjected to reevaluation. The beauty of creativity and
innovations will be compromised, for culture may consider it as taboos or out of the line concepts.
To answer the question above, yes, culture can be a liability to an organization but let’s bear in
mind that there are many factors that need first to be considered before concluding that it’s now
more of a liability than an asset.
3. Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organizations and managers. (Explain in not
Strong culture affects the different organizations and managers positively. Specifically, it
can create a stable commitment of its employees to the organization. Apart from establishing
commitment, it can also help in attracting potential staffs and facilitate dynamic interaction within
each other. Moreover, having a strong culture promotes proactive performances to every sector
in the organization. Managers are guided on how to handle situations because they can use
culture as their main basis for contemplating solutions and innovations. The organization itself
can establish their values and norms for a more determined management. According to Amy
Xiong, a research leader, your culture has to be yours and you need to be loyal to it. She
emphasized that we must recognized that one culture won’t fit for everyone but despite of having
this lapse, having a strong culture is necessary for an organization to be successful and maintain
its own identity.
29
1. Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern. (Explain your

answer in not less than 100 words)
Workplace spirituality is an important concern because in workplaces, we are dealing with
people and these people both have their own inner and outer beings. Given the fact that workplace
spirituality is defined as the compassion towards others while practicing inner consciousness to
have an effective transcendence is already enough to explain its importance. According to a study
of Misbah Hassan, where he determines the impact of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction
suggests that there is a positive relationship between the two and the trust between staffs are
subjected for improvement. The results of this study can be good support to claim why workplace
spirituality is an important concern. Apart from improving the well-being of everyone in the
organization, we can also see noticeable effects on the workers productivity, commitment, job
satisfaction, stress management, and performances if we invest on improving workplace
spirituality. This philosophy became popular when corporations started to realized that when their
employees have a clearer understanding and context of what they do, they can achieve optimum
performances within and outside their jobs.
30
Exercise 3.1:
1. Choose an organization with which you’re familiar or one that you would like to know
more about. Create a table identifying potential stakeholders of this organization. Then,
indicate what particular interests or concerns these stakeholders might have. (Based your
paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
I chose McDonald’s as the organization I’m familiar with and would like to know more
about because of its continuous growth but at the same time faces a lot of criticisms especially
when it comes to their impact in today’s generation as well as on the next. There are various
potential stakeholders that comprises this company some of which are listed in the table. I’ve also
included the particular interests and concerns of each stakeholder.
Potential Stakeholders Interests or Concerns
Employees It is believed that the main concern of these stakeholders are their
career development and enough compensation. The company
makes sure to provide different training programs to continuously
improve their employees but the thing about enough compensation
is not well addressed by the company which make these
stakeholders partially satisfied.
Customers The main interest of the customers as potential stakeholder is about
having affordable and healthy food options. The company ensures
lower prices of their products by standardization. However, the issue
about healthy food options is not much considered by McDonalds’
making also these stakeholders partially satisfied.
Investors This is the main group where McDonald’s really work hard to fulfill
their demands. The main interests of these people are profits and
31
growing revenues. The company is effectively fulfilling the concerns
of their investors being the major stakeholder group.
Communities The main interests of these stakeholders include community
development and effective environmental programs. There are
various programs that the company manages to satisfy their
concerns.
2. If you belong to a student organization, evaluate its culture by answering the following:
How would you describe the culture? How do members learn the culture? How is the
culture maintained? If you don’t belong to a student organization, talk to another student
who does and evaluate it using the same questions. (Write a paper report with minimum of
500 words, based your paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers - UNC Chapter or also known as PICE-UNC is the
student organization I considered myself belong to for now. Honestly, I’m not much familiar with
the culture of PICE-UNC given the fact that I’ve recently transferred here last August but I’m
familiar with how PICE as an organization and how it works because of my previous school. The
culture of the student organization I belong to right now is not that far to the culture I had in my
formative years. We elect officers, we gather members, we plan activities, we execute and we
reach out. The only difference that I can think of is the level of extent things are now in. I can still
remember how we as high school students are being bounded by school-based activities to avoid
unexpected happenings but being part of an organization now, with this age, is better than before.
The scope is wider and the drive to facilitate change not just with its members but also with the
extended communities are very evident
Being a certified member of this organization, I was required to submit my membership
forms together with my identification card to be acknowledged and accepted. I’m quite amazed
how this student organization can cater internal and external affairs simultaneously. The elected
32
officers of the body last school year would always conduct orientation for the new members,
usually first year students, and explain everything about the things a member must know about
his/her chosen organization. The most evident culture of being a member of this organization is
the paying of the organizational fees or what we called the PICE fee, these are used to finance
the different activities planned and prepared by the officers that will surely benefit its club
members, us. Monthly meeting is also practiced to make sure that everyone will stay connected
and updated. The planning as well as the reports of each activity or projects are disseminated to
everyone to ensure transparency. There were also unique activities or happenings that only CE
students can experience, just like what we had on our first general assembly where new members
were gathered in the middle and instructed to pose for a picture taking but after a moment all the
seniors threw some flour and some vinegar, it’s gross but it’s funny and unforgettable. We we’re
told that it’s part of being a CE student in my previous school, all the sophomores, juniors, and
seniors experienced the same thing they did to us. This led me to a realization that it’s part of the
culture of the organization I belong to and the only way that they can teach us that culture is to let
us experienced it. Another good thing of being in this organization is that officers yearly organized
different team building activities and make sure that new and old members can interact with each
other so they can foster teamwork and long-term bonds to everyone.
Moreover, the culture of my student organization is maintained because the students in
charge make sure to do things repetitively. In a sense that the established environment, rituals,
activities, and responsibilities are not gradually changed but instead they only do some
improvements and manage to implement it over and over again. I’m happy how organizations are
now, this is the only time I felt like being a member is just as important as the students in charge.
I felt valued and accepted. This is what I truly envisioned about student organizations.
33
LESSON 4:
Management Functions

1. Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process. (Explain in not less than 200
words)
Decision making is the process of effectively choosing a stand from various choices with
the aid of adequate information and assessment. The decision-making process is composed of a
total of eight stages, we have the identification of the problem, identification of the decision criteria,
weighing of the criteria, developing the alternatives, alternatives analyzation, alternatives
selection, alternative implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the decision. The first
step is the identification of the problem. Here, we are expected to determine the problem we have
that needs to be addressed. Problems are commonly those things that call for the presence of
authority to facilitate. The next step is the identification of the decision criteria whereas we identify
the different standards to judge the alternatives that we’re about to have in the next steps. The
third step is about the weighing of these criteria. We need to provide each criterion their own value
and importance to have the best and correct prioritization. The next step is the development of
alternatives, here, we list down all the possible options we can have without evaluating them first.
The fifth step is the analyzation of alternatives, this is now the step where we will use the decision
criteria we setup in the second and third steps to evaluate the alternatives we listed in the fourth
step. We are also expected to understand and be able to identify the different strengths and
weaknesses of the alternatives to effectively demonstrate fair analysis. The sixth step is now the
selection of the alternatives, we need to choose the alternative with the highest total score in the
criteria we’ve made. This is then followed by its implementation where we put our decision to
action and we ensure commitment to what we have decided. The last step is to evaluate the
effectiveness of the decision, we analyze the different outcomes of the decision we’ve made so
that we can conclude if we did the right thing or not.
34
In summary, decision making process is similar with the basic research process we’ve
been doing since Junior and Senior High School. These things must be always followed to always
have an informed action. Carelessness has no room here. Standard operating procedures are
there to guide everyone about how to achieve results with higher probability of success and at
the same time maintains integrity.
35
1. Explain the four ways manager's makes decisions. (Explain in not less than 200 words).
There are four ways managers can make their decisions. It can be by rational decision
making, bounded rationality decision making, intuitive decision making, or by evidence-based
management. The first way is by rational decision making. Here, the managers faced the problem
with clear and specific goal by means of knowing all the possible alternatives they have and doing
necessary analysis of its strengths and weaknesses. Thinking things rationally will help them
maximize the possibility of achieving their goals successfully. The next way to make decisions is
the bounded rationality in which the thinking process is rational but is limited by the capabilities of
the person to process the different information present. Most of the managers that resort in this
way settle for good not with the best. They are already satisfied with any alternative that they think
will get them through the day. The third way is the intuitive decision making where managers
based their decisions on their experiences, feelings, and built perceptions. There are five different
aspects of intuition discussed in the module, the experience-based, affect-initiated, values or
ethics-based, subconscious mental processing, and cognitive-based. These aspects contribute
on how managers can choose to rely on their previous experiences and accumulated knowledge.
The last way managers can make decisions is the evidence-based management. This is a
systematic way of using evidences to improve decision making processes. There are also some
essential elements of this method that helps them come up with an effective settlement, we have
the expertise and judgement, external proofs, opinions and preferences, and relevant
organizational internal factors. These four ways paves way in accommodating different
managerial styles and personalities.
36
1. What does it take to become a good decision maker? (Explain in not less than 200 words)
A good decision maker for me, is something we refer to someone who can always
effectively execute the different steps we’ve described in the first learning activity. Being a good
decision maker takes a holistic view in almost every aspect of life to always maximize every
opportunity he/she has. He/she must also know how to understand cultural differences in a sense
that his/her view is not bounded from what he/she is only aware of. A good decision maker fairly
acknowledges the different alternatives he/she might have within the situation that challenges
his/her managerial capabilities. It also makes you a good decision maker if you know how to admit
failure and can restart without being discouraged and distracted by the previous decisions you’ve
made. A good decision maker is someone who can decipher based on what the situation is
actually calling for. You should never settle for less if you are given the chance to decide for
something that will affect a lot of things and people. Being a good decision maker is not being
selfish but it’s about being open. In short, it takes a lot of things to become a good decision maker
which makes it an honor to be called as one.
37
Exercise 4.1
1. For one week, pay close attention to the decisions you make and how you make them.
Write a description of five of those decisions using the steps in the decision-making
process as your guide. Also, describe whether you relied on external or internal sources
of information to help you make the decision and whether you think you were more linear
or nonlinear in how you processed that information. (Based your paper content on the rubric
which will be provided)
These were the five major and frequent decisions I’ve done in the past week. Some were
personal but some were just a typical dilemma. It was nice that I to rethink about the decisions
I’ve made in the recent week.
• Deciding if I’m going to do grocery alone or with a family member.
This is quite a dilemma for me given the fact that we’re in MECQ and the movement
of everyone is being limited. I’m aware that bringing another family member with me to
buy some supplies will just increase the possibility of exposure to the virus but I’m also
aware that going alone will surely give me a hard time holding and pushing the cart
wherever I go. This is where I take things slowly and analyze every aspect of my dilemma.
Since I already stated the problem and its risks, I shall now gather alternatives to decide
what’s the most feasible and safe decision. There were no other alternatives but I created
conditions that alleviate my burden. I made up my mind that I’ll do the grocery alone but I
told my mother that I’ll do it in the nearest grocery store not with the usual store we go to.
Second, I told her that I will only buy things that I can carry and is appropriate with my
physical power. These conditions help me decide as well as realize that if two equally
choices we’re given we can still choose one and set conditions to at least lessen its
impacts. After deciding that I will go alone, I did go alone and it turned out just fine because
38
I managed to bought all the needed supplies at home and we also managed to lessen the
possibility of exposing more family members outside. I believed that I’ve relied on both
internal and external resources because I recognized the risks of my family members
going outside and knowing the nearest grocery store. I also think that I used both linear
and nonlinear thinking style in the processing of information in front of me because I used
both internal and external resources that I have and processed this information through
rationalizing it and at the same time I relied on my personal insights to be able to come up
with a good decision. In summary, I think I did the right thing and will do the same decision
if ever I’ll face this dilemma again.
• Deciding if I’ll continue to play mobile games or will take a rest.
This is surely a typical dilemma but I honestly faced this a lot in the past week. I’m
torn if I’m going to continue playing mobile games or will now take a rest. The decision-
making process here was very fast. I didn’t think about this much because I have no class
or incoming dues that will be affected. I only think about what time I might wake up in the
next day if I’m going to play more. In the end, I chose to continue playing more mobile
games rather than taking a rest. I did wake up late the next day but my mother was not
mad because she knows that I only play games all night once in a while. The only
consequence is that my body clock was adjusted making my day, my night and vice versa.
I’ll admit that I only relied on my internal resources here because I only think about myself
and my schedule. I could have just used the time doing some household chores. Also, I
think I’ve use more of the nonlinear thinking style for I, again, have used internal resources
and personal insights only. I think I’m going to this again in the future and I know it’s not
wise but somehow, I find peace in choosing fun rather than progress sometimes.
39
• Deciding if I’m going to do the dishes this evening or not.
The same with the previous one, this is also a typical dilemma most of us may
encounter. Recently, I’ve been stuck if I’m going to delay my responsibilities because of
laziness and mood swings. I did first think about the consequences if I’m going to the
dishes tomorrow or some other time. The fact that my mother will get angry if I will not do
it and my siblings will pester me are already enough to convinced me that I should do the
dishes this evening. I’m glad that I really did because we ordered some food outside and
there were only few utensils used. I’m happy that I did my responsibility and at the same
time did not get too tired while doing it. I’ll say that I used both internal and external
resources because I thought about first the consequences and that my family, we’re
convinced that we ordered food for dinner. I think I both used linear and nonlinear thinking
style because of the resources I’ve incorporated and of course the personal factor of
processing my personal preference in as a person in that very situation.
• Deciding if I’m going to exercise or not.
This dilemma always keeps me awake at night, and yes, I’ve been thinking about
this every single day. The idea of losing weight excites me but the idea of waking up early
to sweat out discouraged me. I’m quite lost if health or morning hassle-free. I decided to
list down all the possible benefits of doing morning exercises to me and also the negative
effects that may arise. It’s quite hard because I honestly do not have any motivation to do
it as of the moment. I reflected and realized that I should start maintaining a healthy
lifestyle for I’m becoming older day by day and I need to live longer. I also listed down the
different alternatives, I could do exercises maybe in the afternoon or in the evening so that
I can find the best time I’m comfortable with, I could also do it before taking a bath for the
day so that I can get rid of the sweat as soon as possible after working out, and I could
just earn money and go on a surgery if I got too fat in the future. In the end I chose doing
40
it anyway but I did it in the morning so that I can lighten up my entire day and it was the
most feasible thing I can do. The things I wrote down were really helpful in deciding in
situations that somehow, I’m not that much motivated doing. I can say that I used only my
internal resources to decide, my schedule and my own mood. I think I’m more nonlinear
in processing the information I have for I have decided based on my internal feelings and
insights in that very moment.
• Deciding if I’ll buy my longtime dream bicycle or a new battery for my broken laptop.
This is really a dilemma, recently I’ve been struggling in using my phone and my
brother’s personal computer to do academic tasks because the battery of my laptop gave
up but at the same time the idea of me having my own bike excites me throughout the
previous months. These two options were calling me to decide as soon as possible so
what I did was, I surveyed a lot of shops if how much a battery laptop costs and then listed
all the pros and cons of the different shops. Unfortunately, there were only two shops that
said that they will get me one with the brand I’m looking for if I’m going to pre-order it first,
but it was too expensive. On the other hand, thinking about the idea that I might not get
my dream bicycle this month makes me so sad. So, I did list down again the pros and
cons of having my dream bike. After I did that, I also listed down my budget for this month
as well my savings in the previous months. Upon doing all that, I decided to set up some
criterion in order to determine what should I prioritized the most, though many would say
that it’s the laptop battery because I’m doing online activities most of the time but little did
they know, having my long-term dream bike would save me mentally and physically. Since
I can’t still decide, I talked about my dilemma with my parents. I’m glad that I’ve reached
out because they promised to help me with the costs of the laptop battery and I can use
my savings to buy what I want. I was so happy hearing those words. I honestly afraid of
telling things like this to them because I know they are already struggling with finances
41
especially this pandemic but I guess, parents are parents. I’m just thankful for having them.
In the end, I bought a bicycle and I’ll order my laptop battery next week. Moreover, I think
I relied on both internal and external resources in deciding. I go out and gather information
about the laptop battery at the same time look for alternatives. It can also be said that I
used both linear and nonlinear thinking style here because of the resources I’ve use as
well as relying on my insights and feelings. My adaptive way of processing information is
under the nonlinear thinking style while thinking about the importance of the two
alternatives is being rational and logical which is under the linear thinking style.
2. When you feel you haven't made a good decision, assess how you could have made a
better decision. (Based your paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
When I felt that I haven’t made a good decision I always take a step back and
reassess every single thing I did before coming up with that certain decision. I’ll think about
it for about a hundred times and sometimes imagine scenarios where I could have done it
better.
In order to reassess my actions, I usually ask first other people’s opinion to what
I did. Upon hearing all the feedbacks, I will now start contemplating about my mistakes. It
seems that most of my bad decisions roots in deciding hastily and skipping steps in the
decision-making process. I will definitely take all the blame here, there were really times
that I felt confident so just tossing a coin is already enough as basis for my decision. I also
often rely on ‘bahala na si batman’ when doing some of my important life changing
decisions. The repetitive occurrence of this feeling ought me do something about it, so I
did something about it. After doing the regathering of information, I will try to reenact the
moment in my mind and imagine the different alternatives that I can resort to. Repetition
will help me get used to not skipping steps in the decision-making process and at the same
time when the same situation caught me again, I will be able to do it right.
42
Asking for advices and guidance is also a big yes for me. If there’s a chance, I
talked about this kind of things to my trusted acquaintances so that at least I’ll have some
assurance that I’m doing it right. Assessing your own bad decision is quite hard because
the disappointment is very evident and sometimes you just don’t want to think about it ever
again but it’s what makes it challenging. I’ve also said in my answer in the third learning
activity that a good decision maker is someone who can start all over again without being
discouraged and distracted by negative thoughts. Being a good decision maker is a
process and people who are called by this title also experienced a lot of failures and may
even face massive consequences. In summary, in order for me to make better decisions
next time, I will make sure to give it some time. The longer thinking process we give to a
certain decision, the better the outcome it will be because we have enough time to think
about everything that concerns it. I’m happy that I can talk about real life issues here
because I know things like this are subjective, we have our own coping mechanisms to
regain our own egos after committing a not so good decision. I will make sure to improve
and to always do better.
43
LESSON 5:
Management Functions

1. Explain the nature and purpose of planning. (Explain in not less than 200 words)
Planning is one of the most important part when dealing with actions that could affect
someone’s well-being. Its nature mainly involves a systematic and well-thought processing of
information to make decisions about the different activities or goals in the future. Its main essence
is to provide us some blueprint, for us to be guided all the way through the journey of our
organization. Based on our discussion, planning can be formal and informal depending on the
nature of the organization. The concept of planning caters the establishment of the organization’s
goals, strategy, and comprehensive plans to have an effective work flow. There are steps that we
can use as guide in planning our own organizational strategy. We can first identify our objectives,
conduct further observations, gather information, identify the problems, create feasible strategic
plans, implement, and then analyze the outcomes. I’m sure we already experienced the need of
planning in our everyday lives. Planning is there because there’s a demand for its existence. This
helps us in establishing and defining our future goals, may it be in business or in life. It was also
stated in the learning module that it reduces uncertainty which I also believed to be true. Planning
can somehow lessen the pressure of overthinking and can provide us assurance. It is one of the
most important management functions because it serves as the foundation of the succeeding
steps. Poor planning will eventually lead to poor organizing and will soon lead to poor controlling.
Planning is dynamic and continuous. It does not end only in the start of your management career
but it goes along with your progress. In short, planning is a part of your preparation. It identifies
the risks, alternatives, resources, and possibilities that we may encounter in the future which can
gives us ample time to get ready and this increases the probability of our success. Absence of
this one will lead to failure.
44
2. Define strategic management and explain why it's important. (Explain in not less than
200 words).
Room 2
Strategic management is defined as the overall act of planning, observing, monitoring,
analyzing and assessing all necessities in order to meet all goals and objectives set by the
organization (Tucci, n.d.). It assists a decision-maker in acquiring management tools to predict
changes and steer the organizational operations in the right direction (Mausumi, n.d.) Looking
closer at how it works inside the organization, we could see that it will encourage the best way to
deploy staff and resources to attain the specified objectives. In short, it’s what gives an
organization the sense of direction to further develop the plans that could help the organization in
the future.
It’s considered important because it sets the parameter of the entire organization on how
the body will maintain its integrity and focus. Some changes in business climate will need firms to
reevaluate their success methods on a regular basis. In such situations, strategic management is
crucial because it will offer a direct path for formulating plans and policies for the intended better
outcome and then assigning resources to implement the strategies efficiently. The importance of
this management method can also be seen through one of its basic purposes which is to maintain
competitive advantage. To achieve this purpose, the organization is to assess the opportunities
and threats of decisions while considering their strengths and weaknesses before proceeding. In
conclusion, strategic management is a continual process that is critical to the organization's
growth and success. Organizations must ensure that they engage in strategic management
because the success and survival of the firm is dependent on it.
45
1. What is the purpose of Organizing? (Explain in not less than 200 words)
We have a lot of definitions of organizing so are its purposes. According to Theo Haimann,
organizing is the process of defining and grouping activities to establish connections between
them. This definition is almost the same with the description of Lows Allen and Oliver Sheldon
that it’s the process of combining workloads to necessary perform at specific time and extract the
most efficient way to reduce unnecessary work repetitions. These definitions highlight the main
essence of the process, to provide us a systematic management of our people, works to be done,
and resources. Its main purpose is to create a methodical approach to attain the organization’s
goals and objectives. There are some articles that specified some of the importance of organizing
in an organization. It said that having a good organizing technique will foster efficient
management, optimization of resources, promotes effective communication, builds transparency,
and initiate growth. I agree with all the statements in the article because it’s true and even I
personally experienced why there’s a need to organize, not only in organizations but also with our
lives. We do not only organize to show arrangement and order. We organize because it’s what
we need to do to effectively reduce the stress and burden of the future. I am happy because at
such a young age, my parents and my mentors successfully taught me how to organize my tasks
and responsibilities. I even considered it now as one of the most essential skill a person should
have. Nevertheless, organizing is there because there’s a need for it. It keeps us ordered and
logical.
46
1. What does it take to become a good leader? (Explain in not less than 200 words)
Being a leader is easy but being a good one is a process. I firmly believed that being a
leader is a title anyone can have. You lead a group of people, you’re already a leader but when
we talked about being a good leader, we deal with how well you lead these people. To be honest,
the question above is quite hard to answer because I myself doesn’t have one firm answer that
would represent the different rays of leadership. Our definition of being a good leader is subjective,
my kind of good may not be your kind of good but nevertheless we can still meet in the middle by
talking about what qualities an individual should have so that he/she can earn the title of being an
effective leader. I personally believe that in order to become a good leader, one should know
his/her self first. A person who’s having trouble understanding and knowing oneself will not have
any consistency. A good leader is capable of convincing people to believe him/her without much
effort because it comes naturally. If you’re a good leader, you attract trust and credibility. I would
also like to mention the things I’ve read at a certain website that a good leader must also have
the ability to effectively communicate with a lot of different people, he/she should have a strong
and firm goals, must be passionate, sees the importance of the different values, and it’s a huge
head start if you have a lot of positive adjectives that you can describe yourself.
As you can see it takes a lot of things to be a good leader, it’s not an overnight
transformation, it’s a long-term process. It’s funny how I was able to decipher by reading some
articles that the most important asset to become a good leader is patience. If one cannot wait and
endure, he/she will never settle for he/she will always choose an easier route which most of the
time, a trap. Additionally, being a leader is natural, we’re born to be one, but being a good leader
is a choice. If you can take that choice, you have what it takes to be one. A good leader is someone
that knows how to be one.
47
1. Describe how control compliments all the other management functions. (Explain in not
Control is about our dominance to ensure that the different activities within our strategic
thorough planning are being followed. It can also be defined as the process of monitoring activities
to ensure the accomplishment of the different goals and objectives of the organization. Given
these definitions, control greatly suggests that it plays a significant role in the management
functions. It reflects commitment and stability of a well-thought plan.
Control compliments planning, organizing, and leading by providing adequate linkages
between the beginning and at the end of the managerial journey and without it, success is
nowhere to be found. Control compliments planning in a way that planning serves as the basis of
what control function must be implemented. Its existence shows that if there is the act of
controlling, there is a plan. On the other hand, control compliments organizing by being its support
system. Control is there to oversee if the management is performing in a pace where the
organization agreed upon. It provides corrective actions to problems and mishaps that may
arrived in the future. It emphasizes the different alternatives to limit or to avoid failures and
unnecessary expenses. Control affects leading in a way that it provides power to the managers
to execute necessary actions to maintain and improve the performances of its body. Having
responsibilities is not enough to establish identity and sustainable management. It requires
authority to facilitate change and progress. As we can see, control is an integral part in
management functions because it establishes a stronger bond that connects each function to be
a constructive method of the organization’s survival.
48
Exercise 5.1
1. Write down three people that you consider to be effective leaders. Make a bulleted list
of the characteristics these individuals exhibit that you think make them effective leaders.
(Based your paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
1. Miriam Defensor Santiago
• Academic excellence
I personally think that a person’s academic awards and distinctions are one
of the standards that can show a person’s credibility to become an effective leader.
The late senator Miriam Defensor Santiago had earned her degrees (Bachelor of
Arts and Bachelor of Laws) at the University of the Philippines and another degree
(Doctor of Juridical Science) in the United States. She exemplified her capabilities
worldwide. She received a lot of awards and honor not just for herself but also for
the Philippines. She was described as the symbol of humor and bravery in her
time. She was a consistent valedictorian from elementary to college. Her wit and
dedication are something that I personally admired. These academic standings
alone are way more than above the required characteristics for a person to be
considered as an effective leader.
• Professional excellence
Apart from her academic excellence, the way she practiced her career
makes a huge advantage and may contributed as to why she’s an effective leader.
Her experiences molded her to become an icon and a woman of her words. She
was a law professor for 10 years at her alma mater and had written for over 30
books, many of which are academic textbooks about social sciences and law.
Moreover, she was the one who filed the greatest number of bills addressing real
49
problems and issues in the Philippines. These movements are evidences that
she’s indeed a remarkable and effective leader.
• Moral excellence
Because of her academic and professional achievements her moral and
values were also a big part as to why she was able to manage and fight for what
is right. In fact, there were articles that described her as a person with
unquestioned honesty. I firmly believed that as Dr. Santiago possessed these three
major characteristics, being well-educated, legit experiences and viscous woman
makes her a very effective leader. Moreover, her ideologies and arguments still
live which also an integral characteristic of an effective leader, having legacies and
can instill permanent change.
2. Nelson Mandela
• Sense of Humor and Identity
Former President Nelson Mandela was known for his continuous battle for
equality. His sense of humor and identity helped him to lead and protect the civil
rights of the masses. He fought the oppressive racist system during his time and
advocated for democracy. These characteristics made him a mindful and effective
leader as he was.
• Firsthand Experiences
He was imprisoned for 27 years where he experienced the poor treatment
of the government to black races. He then knew what he had to do, anyway
experience is the best teacher. He knows how sad, depressing, and unsafe it was
during his time so he used his experiences to be his motivation and drive to save
his countrymen from going through the same thing and I think this is also one of
his characteristics that made him an effective leader.
50
• Strategic, Brave, and Compassionate
These are the few of the dominant characteristics of Mr. Mandela where he
displayed during his term as the president and as a person. He leads with a strong
will but at the same sensitive enough to acknowledged cultural differences.
• Beacon of hope
As a political leader, Mr. Mandela became a beacon of hope not just in
South Africa but in the whole wide world. I can still read his name and contributions
in improving civil rights in textbooks which continues to inspire a lot people
including me. As I’ve said a while ago, an effective leader is someone who can
leave legacies and can be remembered by his/her rightful actions.
3. Jack Ma Yun
• Determination
Mr. Jack Ma Yun is very popular in business industry. As you can see, he’s
different from the two effective leaders I’ve mentioned above. The thing that I think
made him an effective leader is his determination. I’ve watched a lot of interviews
and documentaries about him where he talked about rejections and hardships,
he’s been through. It makes me wanted to follow his lead by not giving up. His
determination brought him to where he is now. He started leading only a few people
but now he’s leading hundreds or thousands of people.
• Values Attitude
Another trait the Mr. Jack Ma exhibits which made him an effective leader
is that he always values attitude. I can always notice this one in all his talks, he
often emphasized what’s he’s been looking for his employees and potential
51
business partners. He’s not after the revenue alone but he’s more of a charismatic
leader. He was able to show his leadership by doing his responsibilities efficiently.
• Goal-centered and Tenacious
This is one of my favorite characteristics he has. He’s goal-oriented at the
same time tenacious. He takes commitments seriously and do everything to reach
the objectives.
2. Pretend you're the manager of a customer call center for timeshare vacations. What
types of control measures would you use to see how efficient and effective an employee
is? How about measures for evaluating the entire call center? (Based your paper content on
the rubric which will be provided)
Before anything else, timeshare vacation is an ownership of a vacation product in a certain
period of time that lets you share the property cost to guarantee your future stay. As the manager
of a customer call center, it’s my job to make sure that my agents are doing well in receiving calls
and assisting customers with their concerns. I myself also experienced being an agent and I’d
say that it’s hard and challenging. The night shifts and the queuing of calls are just exhausting.
Being the manager of a call center account that deals with bookings and selling for timeshare
vacations, I must provide interventions to maintain our sales as well as clients. In order to do
these, control measures such as providing continuous training to my agents to enhance their
communication and technical skills. Doing team building activities every month would also help to
ensure that they stay motivated and will minimize the chance of them resigning. I could also do
some reward system to whoever performs the best within the week to again make sure that they
stay high-spirited. After doing these trainings and activities, I can now do some monthly
assessment with every agent based on their skills and call statistics. I will conduct some live test
where they will answer calls in front of me and will rate them based on their performance. I could
52
also do random checking with one of their calls in the last month given the fact that all incoming
and outgoing calls are recorded and, in that sense, I could really make sure their consistency.
Using these control measures will let me know who among my employees needs more help and
that’s the time I could do some special trainings intended for their improvements.
There are a lot of things that a manager should first consider when it comes to assessing
his/her governing body. In this situation, the way I can evaluate the entire call center and come
up with a credible conclusion is through statistics. I will let the technical department to design a
survey over the phone so that my agents can just ask the customer if they wanted to answer and
they will be just connected to the survey. This can also be observed in PLDT customer service
and I think this will help me gather numbers to see what level is the company’s customer
satisfaction is at. Another way is to get the average handling time of all the agents in all the
accounts to see how fast agents can answer the incoming calls and to see if our resources are
enough to cater all the incoming calls and if not it’s where I will do some improvements. Abandon
and transfer calls are also one of the factors I can use to assessed the company’s performance.
The number of calls being ignored or passed to other department will show how frequent my
agents denied their responsibilities, maybe they want to rest a little or just don’t want to answer
calls that’s why they are dropping them. I can do a lot of observing and calculating to see how the
entire call center is performing but it’s good if I’ll first make sure that we have a good and strategic
management to at least increase the probability that we’ll also have good results. Being a
manager is challenging but it’s a privileged to be one.
53
LESSON 6:
Productions and Operations
Management

1. Explain the importance of production and operation management. (Explain in not less
than 200 words)
Video Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BCCebxZRR47_ox92Y_tElNPZi-nh-
Gep/view?usp=sharing
2. Identify the factors involved in a plant location decision. (Explain in not less than 150
words)
Based on our discussion, determining the plant location is one of the most important stage
a company will have to go through. It is what the company decided to be their geographic site for
their entire operations. It’s like choosing a camp base or a comfortable haven for growth and
survival. There are three major factors that may affect the plant location’s decision-making
process. These are the transportation, physical, and human factors. Transportation affects the
plant location’s decision in a sense that it establishes the time constraints the company will have
to obtain its raw materials. The cost of distribution will also be an important factor to consider to
foresee additional expenses that’s why it is advisable to locate your place of business near the
source of your company’s needed raw materials. Another aspect that needs to be considered is
the physical factors which include the water and energy supplies, garbage disposal, and
equipment maintenance. These factors must be first considered to avoid or just reduced the
unnecessary expenses. Having a location that’s far from the basic commodities will give your
business additional burdens and challenges. A company should also make sure to create a well-
thought plan of their garbage disposal to avoid community disputes and at least lessen its
environmental impacts. The last major influence that we should consider are the human factors.
These includes the labor supply, local zoning regulations, and the community’s living conditions.
54
The company should be aware of the challenges that they may face in securing the right number
of employees with basic skills to attain efficiency and effectivity. Considering the wage pattern,
the cost of living, and the relationship of the members of the community will give a company a
good understanding to where they need to put up their business.
55
1. Compare alternative layouts for production facilities. (Discuss in not less than 200 words)
ROOM 1
Based on our previous discussion, there are four different alternative layouts for
production facilities. We have the process layout, product layout, fixed position layout, and
customer-oriented layout. When we say process layout, we’re talking about an operation that
establishes a workflow divided by the different workstations. The machines and equipment are
then grouped based on their functions and importance. The process layout is best for firms that
produce small numbers of a wide variety of products, typically using general-purpose machines
that can be changed rapidly to new operations for different product designs. On the other hand,
when we say product layout, we’re talking about a setup where the workloads are organized in a
systematic manner passing the different workstations. This is said to be a very efficient way of
producing large numbers of similar items. Fixed position layouts are known for being stable and
firm with their locations. In this type of layout, the major component remains in place permanently,
while other materials, parts, tools, machines, labor, and other supporting equipment are brought
to the site. In short, it attracts the different services and resources to execute the plan of
production. Moreover, this layout is common in building subdivisions, bridges, and other public or
private infrastructures. Finally, the customer-oriented layout, this layout prioritized the interactions
of the company with their consumers. A good distinctive feature of this layout is by putting
information desks on the frontline of the place of business in a sense that there is a designated
place for the different services. This further helps the customers to be guided on where to go and
what to do for a specific transaction. In summary, these four alternative layouts all differ from each
other in their usage and specialties. It’s advisable to do thorough researches and analysis to
identify what suits your production process.
56
1. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of maintaining large inventories. (Explain in not
Making inventories are very important to ensure the financial integrity of the company as
well as to manage the quantity of the materials to avoid shortage and excess. These inventories
can be done in small scales or large scales, mostly large companies also have large inventories.
However, based on a certain website, having a large inventory is a risk. It’s understandable that
business owners would just prefer to keep supplies just enough to serve certain number of the
demands of their customers to a specific time frame. Some believed that having more will just
give them additional expenses and possible losses in the future but little did we know that carrying
excess supplies and materials can also be beneficial. The main advantage of maintaining large
inventories is that it can help a company easily replenish supplies that are being compromised
during their operating hours. Keeping extra supplies will lessen the time the company will have to
restock and could also avail discounts for having a larger number of bought stocks. It could also
be an asset in promoting the availability of the products to the customers if the company has a
fully stocked shelves and has an effective layout display. Although it’s a win to always have
something more than you need, it’s still advisable to understand and analyze the nature of your
business as well as your company’s financial capabilities.
2. Explain the benefits of quality control. (Discuss in not less than 200 words).
Quality control is an integral part in maintaining the amount of resources needed to
produce enough products of a company. There are a lot of benefits we can get by simply
establishing quality product or services control. One of which is that it reduces the production
costs. If the workflow and workloads are being manage correctly, you can expect to have a better
57
inspection and control operations to all the manufactured products which can reduced production
costs by eliminating the defective ones in an early stage. Quality control can also inculcate quality
consciousness to the employees as well as to its customers. A company that establishes a
consistent standard can gain trust and commitment which also increases the customers
satisfaction. Moreover, if a good quality control is already established, it can affect the overall
status of the entire production process, the employees, and its resources. Companies that can
produce quality products often have a firm and effective promotional advertisement. They can
foster greater influence with their consumers and thereby attracting them to buy more of their
products and increase their sales. See how quality control initiates a domino effect, from the
manufacturing process to its consumers. It is something that needs to be maintained and retained
because it shows who and what your company truly is.
58
Exercise 6.1
1. Interview the school custodian or the laboratory custodian of your college regarding
his/her work. How does the custodian perform inventory? Is the system effective? (Based
your paper content on the rubric which will be provided)
Reference Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31EkBL3O0A8
Due to some serious risks and restrictions, I wasn’t able to conduct a face-to-face interview
with our school custodian or with our laboratory custodian however I’ve attached here the link of
the video I’ve used to accomplished this task as well as I will incorporate my past experiences.
The video was about Mr. Robert Brooks doing a review session on some important topics
for head custodians in Wichita Public Schools in Kansas, United States. His speech does not
directly elaborate the specific steps how a head custodian performs his/her inventorying
responsibilities but he emphasized their essence as part of the school community. He reiterated
that as head custodians, they are responsible for the school’s facilities and ground maintenance
as well as making sure that their staffs are doing their respective tasks. They need to follow strict
procedures in cleaning and managing school’s equipment to avoid additional expenses in case
of loss and misplaced cases. In the middle of his talk, he mentioned about the preparation of the
summer supplies and work orders. These made me understand what a head school custodian
does. He/She must always keep his/her record updated and complete to ensure accuracy as to
how much and how many are the school’s facilities and equipment needed to replenish and to
improve. This led me to an understanding how custodians are backed up with documents, log
books, receipts, and numerical data to easily track the status of the school’s capabilities to
accommodate and perform their services. I’m quite familiar with how a custodian manage his/her
inventories because I personally witnessed it before. I was in my senior high school year where
we happened to borrow some gym and laboratory equipment and we we’re asked to fill out a form
59
and let our overseeing adviser signed it for verification purposes. We were also asked to returned
the borrowed equipment on the day we’ve stated in the form. As you can see, the thing I’ve
mentioned above is a good representation as to how custodians systematically process
procurements and services. Going back to Mr. Brooks, he then generally explained how important
time is to them. They always need to arrive early to cater the needs of the teachers and students.
I am well aware that the video I’ve decided to use as basis to effectively support my answer in
this task is quite broad but this only proves that custodians are not just for doing inventories and
making sure that our school’s possessions are safe and secure. They do more than enough to
keep everyone coordinated and functioning. My answer to the second question will be subjective,
I will base my answer to what I’ve experienced and watched. For me, yes, it was an effective
system, being able to prepare work orders, log books, reports, and agreement forms all
contributes to my claim. The custodian in my previous school as well as Mr. Brooks and his
company are all doing a good job. Honestly, I’m lucky that I’ve found this video. It’s overwhelming
to see how custodians do their work seriously and systematically.
2. In your respective school canteen. How the menu is decided for the week and how is
food prepared? List down the entire process from market to plate. (Based your paper content
on the rubric which will be provided)
In my own experiences, the way how food is chosen and prepared depends on what kind
of students they are going to serve. Food for elementary, high school, and college students differ
because of some health issues, trends, and school policies. The fact that University of Nueva
Caceres is a huge institution, it is obvious that it has a lot of food providers inside its vicinity.
Generally, a canteen always takes first into consideration their clientele before deciding
what will be the menu for the incoming days. Aside from the suggested menu that the department
of education or the school provided. They can also observe and gather feedbacks to students
60
what food and beverages they want often to be available. Usually the staffs and the head of the
canteen conducts a meeting before the start of the week or month. They then plan and raise
suggestions to what could possibly be the trend for their customers. After a thorough
brainstorming of the menu, the persons assigned to order supplies are next to do their jobs. All
ingredients and restocking of supplies are listed down so that they will have a clear tracking of
their outgoing cash flows. Fresh goods are then bought on the day they are needed to ensure
quality and safety. If the supplies and ingredients are already available, food preparation can now
be started. The head cook can now start preparing and cooking the meal few hours earlier to
finished it before the rush hours. The typical layout of a canteen whereas students will directly
choose their own food and pay to the cashier and look for a table to settle can also be observed
in the university. As you can see food preparation is not as easy as it seems. School canteen is
a business. Employees also plan, organize, lead, and control. They also follow a systematic
procedure to bring food in our plates.
61
LESSON 7:
Marketing Management
(Learning Activities)
1. Describe what are products and how does it affect a business enterprise. (Explain in not
Video Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zp-
bKKUEm48CEhiGiwAR0ilpYsBdB_cW/view?usp=sharing
62
1. Explain the Product Life Cycle and how it affects decisions. (Discuss in not less than 150
words)
ROOM 2
Based on our previous discussion, product life cycle is defined as the track of a product’s
sales starting from its launching up to its cessation. The cycle is composed of five distinct stages
namely the product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The first stage is all
about the development of the product. This is the process of introducing or improving an idea
regarding a product for a more effective and innovative strategy. This is also described as the
continuous undertaking for developing new products or upgrading existing ones. This is then
followed by the introduction stage whereas the sales are expected to be at its lowest that’s why
market positioning are very much encouraged. The third stage is about the growth stage whereas
there is a rapid acceptance of the proposed products, this basically means that there is a
considerable increased in its market exposure with the inclusion of its fresh characteristics and
stronger focus on its competitive positioning. The fourth stage is called the maturity stage. This is
where the sales of the products will be at its peak because of the acceptance by most potential
buyers. In this stage, the product has already reached widespread acceptance in the market that
is why sales growth will start to slow down. It is believed that in order to avoid product decline,
companies might want to modify their product by changing its characteristics from time to time.
The final stage is about the declination of the product's popularity and economic uses. This is the
point in which sales begin to diminish and production eventually ceases. The profitability of the
product will dwindle until it is no longer profitable to produce. All these product life cycle stages
affect the company’s decisions by providing data to aid the company’s decision-making
processes, starting from the product’s pricing and promotion to expansion up until proposing new
63
product improvements. This also helps in how successful products can be positioned and
maintained by making sure that the older ones can now be repudiate.
64
1. Describe the importance of pricing strategy. (Explain in not less than 200 words)
According to Moira McCormick, a blogger, strategic pricing is about proactively
constructing conditions that can improved and generate revenues effectively. I agree with Ms.
McCormick’s statement, indeed pricing strategy is an integral part in businesses to continuously
adapt with the society where it belongs. The fact that consumers will not patronize a product with
an unfair price already suggests that pricing needs an in-depth research and considerations to
effectively achieve a more holistic approach which can satisfy, if not all, a huge number of
customers. Additionally, pricing strategy is mainly a plan of action designed to achieve pricing
decisions successfully. This is very important because it ensures that a company’s analytics and
processes are in-lined with the company’s business standing. Some websites stated that pricing
strategy is important because it increases the company’s competitiveness, market shares, and
success rate. It also provides an avenue to attract new and more customers by creating a demand
of satisfactory amount for a certain product. It’s also used to establish branding when there’s a
need to get rid of the old stocks and introducing new ones. As we can see pricing strategy is what
business owners used to manipulate and facilitate their profits. If they have a bad pricing strategy,
they are more likely going to face failure. In summary, pricing strategy is important because it
navigates companies subsequent. It’s as important as any other factors present in businesses
and without it, success, again, can nowhere to be found.
65
1. Explain the three methods of promotion. (Discuss in not less than 150 words)
Based on our previous discussion, promotion is the stage where a company
communicates with its consumers as well as its potential partners. This is an important part
because it sets where your business stands in the industry. It helps your products to be known
and to be acknowledge by the masses. Furthermore, I’ve also learned that there are three
methods of doing promotion which are used by companies to aggrandized their products. They
are called personal selling, mass selling, and sales promotion. Personal selling is a direct method
of communicating to a customer about a certain product. This method is very evident in
manufacturing companies of cars, computer systems, high-end bags, life insurances, and many
more. Another method of promotion is what we call the mass selling. This is a method where
business communicate in a larger range of customers using a larger and advanced platform. This
includes TV commercials, billboards, news articles, blogs, and many more. The last broad
classification is called the sales promotion. This includes ideas and techniques that can further
increase the company’s sales. It includes the creation of catalogues, product displays,
demonstrations, free samples, discounts, coupons, and hosting contests. As we can see, all
these methods are helpful in creating a broader and effective marketing system. Companies are
free to incorporate one or more strategy to effectively gain the attention of its consumers in a
positive manner.
66
1. Describe the importance of distribution. (Discuss in not less than 150 words)
Video Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IdFmL-

bvq_Z9sd015Rf3HwG0a6AfJDRc/view?usp=sharing
67
LESSON 8:
Financial Management

1. Explain the function of a financial manager. (Explain in not less than 150 words)
Nowadays, companies are investing more in scouting remarkable and talented financial
managers to handle their finances. These are supported by articles which stated that financial
managers do not only produce financial reports but they now also do data analysis and generate
financial strategies to improve and maximize the company’s profits. According to the article of
Niharika, the functions of financial managers are divided into two which are the primary and the
subsidiaries functions. The primary functions include the estimation of the required and source of
funds, determination of the needed capital for certain projects, giving advice where to invest the
company’s assets, managing the company’s cashflows, and ensuring that there is financial
control. The subsidiaries functions include doing some financial liquidation, evaluation of financial
performances, and establishing connections with the other departments such as the human
resource and the planning departments. During our discussion it was emphasized that a financial
manager requires a holistic awareness in terms of the company’s financial capabilities so that
they can quantify and project the impact of the company’s financial decisions. There are also a
lot of specific functions a financial manager must do that were mentioned in the module. These
include the responsibilities to process disbursements funds, review invoices, approve purchase
orders, oversee the company’s employees’ salaries, grant permissions to execute proposals, and
many more. As we can see financial managers are not limited in just recording finances that goes
in and out of a company but they are essential in making sure that the company they belong to is
coordinated and backed up with numerical evidences in making impactful decisions. They are
there to secure the company’s future by not going over and below the company’s capabilities. In
short, financial managers are the comptroller of today’s generation of business trade, without
them, company’s success is nonviable.
68
1. Explain the scope of financial management. (Explain in not less than 150 words)
Financial management has a wide range of scope in terms of its core functions. These
include economics, accounting, mathematics, production management, marketing, and human
resource. Financial management is link to economics because it uses economic concepts like
monetary values and discount factors to effectively create a strategic financial plan. The same
with the idea of economics, financial management also encompass accounting and mathematics
by dealing with financial information to understand the different business situations. It’s quite
obvious that without these two, financial management will not expedite. Understanding these two
will enable a financial manager to come up with the most feasible decisions supported by
computations and mathematical analyses. Another scope of financial management includes
production management. Managing the finances will be more effective if it is in lined with how
much the production process costs. Factors like machines’ maintenance, operating expenses,
employees’ salaries, and raw materials will greatly help in making accurate financial planning.
Marketing is also one of the scopes of financial management because this is where financial
managers depends their calculations as to how much profit was generated and use it to determine
the adequate funding and allocation for the different departments. The last scope of financial
management is the human resource. This is where the financial manager evaluates and makes
sure that the allocated budget for manpower is correct and exact to avoid contract breaching and
legal liabilities. These include the workers’ salaries, bonuses, pensions, and some benefits. As
we can see financial management is an obviously linked to subareas to function effectively. These
scopes are important to keep financial management grounded and realistic.
69
1. Differentiate profit and wealth maximization. (Explain in not less than 200 words)
Profit and wealth maximization differ in terms of its definitions, aims, priorities, and uses.
Profit maximization focuses on establishing short-term plans to improve the company’s earnings
in a short period of time. It makes sure that the company can generate an income which can help
them finance expansions or other projects in the near future. Although it neglects risks and
uncertainties when planning because it only focuses on raising the financial resources of the
company alone this is still necessary for the company’s survival and growth in the existing
competitive market environment. Wealth maximization on the other hand, is the opposite of profit
maximization because it deals with long-term plans which focuses on improving the overall value
of the company’s share over time. Unlike with the profit maximization, this process considers the
risks and uncertainties of the company in order to project an efficient model of how it can increase
its own value. It also takes into consideration the different shareholders and stakeholders before
deciding what actions to make. There are articles that argued that these two are just the same,
it’s just that there are people who prefer to use a more formal description for earning more money.
In summary, these two are both part of the objectives of financial management. They differ in a
lot of aspects but both of them envisions to maintain the company’s financial health.
70
1. Explain the significance of risks in financial decisions. (Explain in not less than 150 words)
Considering the negative meaning of risk already makes it an important factor when doing
decisions. This is formally defined by the business dictionary as the probability of occurrence of
a defined threat or damage that is caused by vulnerabilities and that may also be avoided through
preemptive actions. This general definition is vital in understanding what are the different financial
risks and how does it affect the decision-making process of a company. There are a lot of specific
risks stated in our module which includes the credit or default risks, interest rate risks, market
risks, political risks, systematic risks, and many more but I would like to use the two broad
classifications of risks discussed by Mr. Jack Maverick, an active stock trader, in his article where
he differentiates financial risks and business risks. He said that these two are both warning signs
that a company must anticipate and prepare for to avoid or to at least lessen the impact if it
happens. He said that financial risks are those risks that may arise on how a company uses its
financial leverage and debt while business risks relate to how a company can keep up with the
needed revenue to sustain its production expenses. These two are an integral part in evaluating
and making sure that when the company makes its decisions, it is supported by facts and
researches. Knowing what are the possible things that can happen after making a certain decision
is very helpful to have a clearer and wider view on the situation. It can save the company in
committing bad decisions and compromising its future. These risks also serve as a reminder that
business decisions, not just financial decisions, should always undergo thorough and in-depth
analyses. In summary, risks are there to balance the equation. Financial managers should know
how to determine these risks and weigh its impacts before doing something that can change the
whole passage of the firm.
71
Exercise 8.1
1. Group yourselves into two, interview two finance manager in a local business in your
locale. Ask about his/her function and what do they think is their role in the over-all
success of the business. Submit an individual narrative report. (Based your paper content
on the rubric which will be provided)
Reference Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKRic51HzPA
Due to some serious risks and restrictions, I wasn’t able to conduct a face-to-face interview
with two finance managers however I’ve attached here the link of the video I’ve used to
accomplished this task.
The video runs for about seven minutes where Mr. Cody Turner asked some important
questions to Mr. Morial Vallot, a chief financial officer of Quality Companies in Youngsville,
Louisiana. The different functions, processes, and techniques of a financial manager were all
discussed in the video. According to Mr. Vallot, as the chief financial manager, he is accountable
for all the cash burns that their company is experiencing whether it’s a good or a bad one. He also
said that as financial manager, he has the responsibility of handling all the company’s
subdepartments indirectly, lowkey supporting the budgeting office. He made it clear that he’s not
responsible for the company to meet its profit quota because it’s the sales department duty but
he’s the one held responsible to manage what the sales department has generated.
Aside from the primary functions of a financial manager, Mr. Vallot said that he reports
directly to the owners of the company to discussed financial concerns and dilemmas. He
emphasized that being a financial manager, having the accuracy as well as the flexibility is a must.
You should be able to project financial reports as accurate as possible. He also said that he
always makes sure that the data he’s been using to generate analyses and evaluations are
updated and true. Additionally, he has to be flexible enough to adapt to abrupt changes in their
company’s financial status. He also explained as to how they allocate funds to the different
72
departments in their company. He said that the amount a department will have depends on its
size and its functions. Another part of his job is that he needs to determine what is the appropriate
budgeting time frame their company should have together with the sales department. He must
know to coordinate with the other divisions to effectively execute the company’s financial plans.
Apart from discussing the different responsibilities and functions of a financial manager,
Mr. Vallot also mentioned the different software applications he’s been using to help him do his
works. These include their common company’s software and Microsoft applications specifically
Microsoft Excel. He emphasized how powerful and helpful this application is in doing their
finances.
Upon reading all the things I’ve mentioned above, I think it’s already quite obvious how
financial managers contributes to the success of a company. As the person being held
responsible for the company’s financial decisions, it can also be said that he/she is the same
person who took a huge part for the success of the company. Mr. Vallot studies all the possibilities
that concerns their company’s financial health as well as propose suggestions to further improve
or sustain their company’s growth in the future. In short, his existence is necessary for their
company’s survival.
73
QUIZZES
(Kahoot and Quizizz)
Quiz Result
LESSON 1
• Final Score
• Summary
74
Quiz Result
LESSON 2
• Final Score
• Summary
75
Quiz Result
LESSON 3
• Final Score
• Summary
76
Quiz Result
LESSON 4 & 5
• Final Score
• Summary
77
Quiz Result
LESSON 6
• Final Score
• Summary
78
Quiz Result
LESSON 7
• Final Score
• Summary
79
MIDTERM EXAM
(Blackboard)
80
81
82
83
84
MIND MAP
(Output)
RHEA M. PARDIÑAS (20-20519)
(
(
manager
Decision roles
Early practices making
process planning
Great wall of view environment layouts responsibilities
China 1. process layout
omnipotent
Four ways purposes 2. product layout scope
Pyramids in 1. rational 1. economics
Egypt symbolic 3. fixed position 2. accounting
2. bounded elements layout 3. mathematics
Trading in 4. customer-oriented
Venice specific rationality strategic 4. production management
layout 5. marketing
3. intuitive management 6. human resource
general 4. evidence-
Classical
Approach based organizing
Frederick Taylor Organizational effectivity structure
inventory profit
Lillian Gilbreth culture 1. perpetual maximization
frank Gilbreth 2. vendor-managed
Henri Fayol leading Wealth
Max weber benefits maximization
Current approaches:
Organizational 1. transitional leadership risks
behavior effects 2. transformational leadership
Robert Owen 3. charismatic leadership dispatching
Hugo Munsterberg 4. visionary leadership
Mary parker Follet trends
Chester Barnard control
Hawthorne studies Spirituality Follow-up
quantitative and culture purposes Stage 1: Product
Approach importance Visual tools development
W. Edwards Deming
process Gantt chart Stage 2: introduction
Joseph m. Duran
contemporary tools Stage 3: growth
Pert diagram
Approach Stage 4: maturity
Open systems
Close systems Stage 5: decline
85
MIND MAP OUTPUT:
Explanation Video Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1659gOe483R7Qf_noNSNV4jxlMvLLf0o8/view?usp=sharing
86
ESSAY RUBRICS
100% 85% 75% 60% 50%

Presents
Presents ideas
ideas in an Ideas are too Ideas are vague or
Ideas in a consistent No Answer
original general unclear
manner
manner
Some
Strong and
Organized organization; No organization; lack
Organization organized No Answer
beg/mid/end attempt at a beg/mid/end
beg/mid/end
beg/mid/end
Writing shows Writing shows Writing shows
Writing shows little
Understanding strong a clear adequate No Answer
understanding
understanding understanding understanding
Sentence
structure Sentence
Sentence
enhances structure is
Sentence structure is No sense of sentence
meaning; evident; No Answer
Structure limited; sentences structure or flow
flows sentences
need to flow
throughout the mostly flow
piece
Mechanics
Essay should
observe proper
conventions of Few (if any)
writing such as Few errors Several errors Numerous errors No Answer
errors
grammar,
punctuations,
capitalizations,
and others.
87
REFERENCES
LESSON 1
• https://www.termscompared.com/managerial-vs-non-managerial-employees/
• https://www.slideshare.net/sajjadhaider106902/robbins-fom7-ch01
• https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/a-manager-s-most-basic-responsibility-is-to
focus-340012
• https://www.quora.com/Is-business-management-a-profession
• https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Management_as_a_profession
• https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/is-business-management-a-profession
• https://www.thesuccessfactory.co.uk/blog/best-management-styles-in-extraordinary-
leaders
• https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/management/question-145841
• https://www.valamis.com/hub/management-styles#visionary
LESSON 2
• https://www.quora.com/Why-is-studying-management-history-important
• https://asq.org/quality-resources/total-quality-management
• https://www.slideshare.net/NardiinObada/chapter-2-management-history
• https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/covid-homeworking-symptom-of-changing-
face-of-workforce-management/
• Adeyoyin, Samuel Olu; Agbeze-Unazi, Florence; Oyewunmi, Olatundun Oluwatoyin;
Adegun, Adewale Isau; and Ayodele, Rafiu Olabamiji, “Effects of Job Specialization and
Departmentalization on Job Satisfaction among the Staff of a Nigerian University Library"
(2015). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1295.
88
• https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Would-You-Describe-Mcdonalds-Business-
Strategy-FK5QXSDK8RTS
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/McDonalds
• https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/job-specialization
LESSON 3
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/dysfunction-in-organizational-culture-
institutionalization-
barriers.html#:~:text=The%20culture%20of%20an%20organization%20provides%20bou
ndaries%20and%20guidelines,behavior%20of%20the%20organizational%20members.&
text=Culture%20is%20usually%20an%20asset,adapting%20to%20an%20unfamiliar%20
environment.
• http://www.mediaspacesolutions.com/blog/bid/122890/The-importance-of-a-strong-
organizational-culture
• https://blog.vantagecircle.com/workplace-spirituality/
• http://panmore.com/mcdonalds-stakeholders-csr-analysis
LESSON 4
• https://d4htechnologies.com/blog/20150811-crisis-management-8-steps-for-formulating-
your-decisions
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/10051213/
• https://www.slideshare.net/tigerblueeyes/decision-making-32717330
89
LESSON 5
• Tucci, L. (n.d.) Strategic management.TechTarget. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from
https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/strategic-management
• Mausumi, P. (n.d) Importance of strategic management. Business management
ideas. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from
https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/strategic-management/importance-of-
strategic-management/2
• http://studylecturenotes.com/organizing-function-of-management-steps-purpose-of-
organizing/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_principles/management_principles_im
portance_organizing.htm
• https://blog.hubspot.com/agency/great-leader?toc-variant-a=
• https://www.ilearnlot.com/relationship-of-controlling-with-other-functions-of-
management/59629/
• https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen_bio/santiago_bio.asp
• https://raywilliams.ca/why-nelson-mandela-was-a-great-leader/
• https://www.nice.com/engage/wfo-guide/agent-performance-metrics/
LESSON 6
• https://www.scribd.com/document/98988923/What-is-the-Importance-of-
Production-and-Operation-
Management#:~:text=What%20Is%20The%20Importance%20Of%20Production%
20And%20Operation%20Management%3F,and%20services%20to%20be%20crea
ted.
90
• https://www.mrpeasy.com/production-management/
• https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/production-and-operations-management-
tutorial-295/factors-influencing-plant-location-facility-location-9458.html
• https://smallbusiness.chron.com/buying-bulk-resell-74795.html
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/production-management/12-importance-or-
benefits-of-quality-control-production-management/26173
• https://www.openbusinesscouncil.org/benefits-of-quality-control/
LESSON 7
• https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/product
• https://www.business.com/articles/5-reasons-why-product-quality-matters/
• http://bxtvisuals.com/product-important-part-marketing-mix/
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-marketing/chapter/product-life-
cycles/
• https://www.fasttrac.org/blog/4-stages-of-the-product-life-cycle-how-it-affects-
your-marketing-strategy/
• https://cxl.com/blog/product-lifecycle-
marketing/#:~:text=2.,positioning%20relative%20to%20the%20competition.
• https://uxplanet.org/product-life-cycle-product-development-cycle-revisited-
a70cff118c7c?fbclid=IwAR1dCekVap71-
zS01WKbGn9TzX6pTUMC86ciG2xNi5R2SPBlrQRCOnpKFN8&gi=7944ba1978d
• https://blog.blackcurve.com/what-is-strategic-pricing-and-why-is-it-important
• https://commercemates.com/importance-of-pricing-strategies-in-marketing/
• https://www.revsd.com/the-importance-of-pricing-strategy/
91
• https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/sales/sales-promotion-methods/31862
• https://www.repsly.com/blog/consumer-goods/everything-you-need-to-know-
about-product-distribution
LESSON 8
• https://www.accountingnotes.net/financial-management/functions-of-a-financial-
manager/functions-of-financial-manager/17491
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-business/chapter/introduction-to-
financial-management/
• https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/wealth-maximization-vs-profit-maximization/
• https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-profit-maximization-and-wealth-
maximization.html\
• https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/profit-maximization-vs-wealth-
maximization.html
• https://www.stakeholdermap.com/risk/risk-definition.html
• https://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53889/
• https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbmaverick
• https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/062315/what-are-key-differences-
between-financial-risk-and-business-risk-company.asp#
92

Final Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Nueva Caceres

College of Engineering and Architecture

COMPILATION OF ALL LEARNING ACTIVITIES,

Submitted to the College of Engineering and Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Engineering Management Subject

Engr. Edwin Badiola, MSCM RMEE, Assistant Professor III

LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES

LESSON 1: Introduction to Management Organization

Learning Activity 1.1 1

Learning Activity 1.2 3

Learning Activity 1.3 5

LESSON 2: Historical Background of Management

Learning Activity 2.1 12

Learning Activity 2.2 13

Learning Activity 2.3 14

Learning Activity 2.4 16

Learning Activity 2.5 18

LESSON 3: Constraints and Challenges of Management

Learning Activity 3.1 25

Learning Activity 3.2 26

Learning Activity 3.3 27

Learning Activity 3.4 30

LESSON 4: Management Functions

Learning Activity 4.1 34

Learning Activity 4.2 36

LESSON 5: Management Functions

Learning Activity 5.1 44

Learning Activity 5.2 46

Learning Activity 5.3 47

Learning Activity 5.4 48

LESSON 6: Productions and Operations Management

Learning Activity 6.1 54

Learning Activity 6.2 56

Learning Activity 6.3 57

LESSON 7: Marketing Management

Learning Activity 7.1 62

Learning Activity 7.2 63

Learning Activity 7.3 65

Learning Activity 7.4 66

Learning Activity 7.5 67

LESSON 8: Financial Management

Learning Activity 8.1 68

Learning Activity 8.2 69

Learning Activity 8.3 70

Learning Activity 8.4 71

Quiz for Lesson 1 74

Quiz for Lesson 2 75

Quiz for Lesson 3 76

Quiz for Lessons 4 & 5 77

Quiz for Lesson 6 78

Quiz for Lesson 7 79

MIND MAP OUTPUT 85

Explanation Video Link 86

(Learning Activities and Exercise)

require professional degrees while in non-managerial positions accepts a lower range of

2. “The manager’s most basic responsibility is to focus people toward performance of

responsibility is to focus people toward performance of work activities to achieve desired

above. Moreover, managers should be always holistic at all times.

1. Is your course instructor a manager? Discuss in terms of managerial functions,