CCD Manual

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CCD

Aim: - To calibrate the prism spectrometer using mercury (Hg) lamp, using Hartmann
equations and measure absorption band of KMNO4.
Theory:-
1. Calibrating spectrometer with low pressure Hg
Every element emits a characteristic spectrum of its own. To find the wavelength of
light emitted usually the spectrum of a standard source is measured and
compared. The unknown wavelength is determined by using Hartmann
equations.
The wavelength of the prominent lines in the arc spectrum of different substances are
studied by using the Hartmann’s formula,
C
λ ( d ) =λ0 +
d−d 0
Where λ, C and d0 are the Hartmann’s constant that must be evaluated experimentally.
This is done by substituting the comparator scale readings d of three known
lines (in mercury spectrum) from an arbitrary point and their wavelengths λ in
the above equation and solving the three equations. If we could find three lines
with scale readings d1, d2, and d3 corresponding to known wavelengths λ1, λ2
and λ3 respectively, then we can find Hartmann’s constant using the following
relations:
A=( λ 2−λ 1)/( λ3−λ 1)
B=(d 2−d 1 )/(d 3−d 1)
λ 0=(( A × λ 3)−(B × λ 2))/( A−B)
d 0 =((B × d 3)−( A ×d 2 ))/(B− A)
C=(( λ 2−λ1 )×(d0 −d 1)×(d 0−d2 ))/(d 2−d 1 )

Procedure:
a. Place the spectrometer on a rigid table.
b. Connect CCD detector to the PC via provided USB cable.
c. Now click on the software icon and open the software. On the screen you could
find a window for logging into the software. Login as a user.
d. Switch on the mercury lamp and place it in front of the spectrometer. To observe
the discrete spectrum of mercury click on the run icon, to start live spectrum view.
(Adjust the slit width using the micrometre screw provided to get a precise
accurate spectrum.) You will have a plot with pixel values on X-axis and Y- axis
shows intensity. Graph icon give you the graph mode of spectrum, you can change
it to table mode by clicking table icon. Also you can record live spectrum by
clicking the next icon on tool bar. View the spectrum image at the bottom of the
window by clicking image icon.
e. Now to acquire data click stop and click on acquire single spectrum icon and have
a stable spectrum. Save the spectrum in your desired location using the save icon
provided in the window.
f. Find the pixel values of the peaks obtained by zooming the graph. To zoom right
click on the graph and drag a rectangle around the point whose values need to be
measured.
g. Using the values obtained and the known wavelength find the Hartmann’s
constant. (To ensure that the obtained constants are correct try to find out the
wavelength in the mercury spectrum itself and compare it with the theoretical
values).

Observations:

Colour of spectral Known Wavelength Corresponding Pixel


lines (nm) values
(X-axis)
Violet λ1 = 404.656 P1 =
Blue λ2 = 435.833 P2 =
Green λ3 = 546.096 P3 =
Yellow λ4 = 579.066 P4 =
2. Measuring absorption band of KMNO4 using Hartmann’s constants.
After calibrating the spectrometer replace the mercury lamp with the halogen lamp and its
power supply. You will see a continuous spectrum on your PC now (As you run the live
spectrum as before).
Now prepare KMNO4 solution, at a particular concentration, take it in a cuvette provided and
place it on the cuvette holder on the spectrometer. Then you will have 3 or 4 dark bands in
the continuous spectrum. Measure the pixel values of the band from the graph. (Measure the
pixel value at the starting point of the band and the ending point).
Use Hartmann’s constant obtained before to find out the wavelength of absorption bands of
KMNO4.
Observations:

Width of the absorption band Calculated wavelength


C
λ ( d ) =λ0 +
d−d 0
nm

Result
Absorption spectrum of the KMNO4 solution is recorded.

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