EXPLORING WORKS OF ART

- Leonardo Da Vinci first ventured into human anatomy with the purpose of depicting the human body more accurately in his artwork. Although there is some evidence
of his intentions to do so, Leonardo never published his work.
 Fetus in the Womb / Leonardo Da Vinci 1510

 VISUAL ARTS
 Includes art such as drawing, painting, printmaking, pathography, and sculpture.
 Further sub-categorized into 2d and 3d
 Oblation / Guillermo E. Tolentino
 FILM
 Revolves around the attention to details and how films convey meaning by cinematic means.
 Involves looking and appreciating the full impact of aesthetic choices made within the film.
 Patay na si Jesus
 PERFORMANCE ARTS
 Solo group performance of artists which is contingent on the presence or absence of the body.
 Live presence of the artists and the focus on the artist's body
 Noh / Sado Noh VIllage
 POETRY
 This static use of language inflating notions and semantic content.
 Poems are interactive layers of words which generate meaning.
 ARCHITECTURE
 Creative foundation of buildings and innovative structures.
 Design and execution become references of how human thinks creatively through physical materials.
 Torre Pendente di Pisa
 DANCE
 Human expression through movement.
 BALLROOM - includes waltz, viennese, tango, cha-cha, rumba, samba, mambo, quickstep, jive, and bolero
 AFRICAN-AMERICAN and TRADITIONAL JAZZ - includes Charleston, swing, tap dance, moonwalk, and boogie-woogie.
 LATIN - salsa, flamenco, argentine tango, Lambada, Polka, East cost swing, Country, folk dance, and belly dance.
 PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE - ballet, contemporary dance, concert dance, modern dance, and tap dance.
 MODERN - house, rave, disco, and bollywood
 HIP HOP AND FUNK - breaking, bounce, electric boogaloo, street jazz, jookin, locking and popping.
 Represents the conscious way of rhythmic movements of the body in defined bounded space.
 LITERATURE
 Written works which are considered to have lasting artistic merit.
 Includes books novels and other published material which arouses emotional and intellectual consciousness from the readers.
 The cask of Amontillado // Edgar Allan Poe
 THEATER ARTS
 Human expression and exploration which delves deeper in understanding the human condition.
 combination of entertainment and instruction.
 Les Miserables // Victor Hugo
 APPLIED ARTS
 Concerned with making objects with functional purposes, but which aesthetic concerns are significant.
 includes interior design, manufactured items, ceramics, metal work, jewelry, fashion, and furniture.
 Francis Libiran

LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS OF ART AND PHILISOPHY

BEAUTY IN ART
- Beauty is what gives special when seen (St. Thomas Aquinas).
- beauty should not be limited to visual appeal alone.
- BIRTH OF VENUS // SANDRO BOTTICELLI

FUNCTIONS OF ART
• Physical
- Artwork which were created to perform some service have physical functions
 Raku Japanese Bowl
• Social
- Art has social function when it addresses aspects of life
- Ex: Migrant Mother / Dorothea Lange
• PERSONAL
- Artists create artwork for the need for self-expression or gratification.
- Artists create artwork to communicate a thorough point or provide aesthetic experience.
• AESTHETIC PLEASURE
- "The value of arts lies in the pleasure that humans derive from them" (Graham 2005), Philosophy of the Arts)
- Pleasure accompanies human's perception of beauty
- Natural sight of beauty sensationalizes the sense
 The Starry Night (Vincent Van Gogh)
• AESTHETIC
- Derives from Greek word "aesthesis" which means "sense of perception"
- In medieval times, it was defined as the "philosophical study of art"

REASONS WHY PEOPLE PURSUE ART

1. Audience seek art for aesthetic experience; they expect artworks to function as such
2. Artists are interested in having audiences
3. Artists inherently work to function as sources of aesthetic experience

ACCORDING TO MORRIS WEITZ

- Art can be expansive
- Art must be open to the permanent possibility of radical change, expansion, and novelty
- Art cannot be defined
SUBJECT MATTER
- Artwork may resemble original artwork in terms of expression
- Artwork may remind audiences of another aspect of another existing artwork
- Art is art for art's sake - even if it mimics existing work.

SUBJECT AND CONTENT

• REPRESENTATIONAL ART
- People or objects look as close as possible to their real-world counterparts.
- They can be clearly identified

• ABSTRACTION
- Images are made to look less like the object they are based although they may still be recognizable

• NON- OBJECTIVE IMAGING

- Creates objects which are nonrepresentational images-they do not refer to any existing forms in real life
- Subjects may be difficult for the observer to identify since they are based solely on element of art rather than real-life objects or people

• The content of the art refers to its emotional or intellectual message. Thus may be a statement, expression, or mood developed by the artist and interpreted by the
observer and audience.
 DEFORMATIONS// Can Pekdimir//

SOURCE: Aesthetics Defined (What is Aesthetics, Aesthetics Explained, Definition of Aesthetics)

Aesthetics
- Theory of beauty
- and discipline concerned with the appreciation of beauty.

• In SCIENCE, it is the study of sensory or sensory-emotional values.

 Which is sometimes understood as judgements of sentiment and taste
• In SOCIAL SCIENCES, it is a critical reflection on art, culture, and nature
• In ART DISCIPLINE, it relates to particular branches of art, such as art theory, literarary theory…

- Came from the word "AISTHETIKOS" "aesthetic" or "pertaining to sense perception" branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of beauty and art.

AESTHETICS vs. PHILOSOPHY OF ART

Aesthetics is generally understood as the study of beauty
Philosophy of art is the study of the works of art.

AESTHETICS encompasses both questions about beauty and art.

- The line that divides the fields of aesthetic and philosophy of art is blurred.
- Also asks questions about meaning, nature, and dynamics of beauty.
- Also addresses questions regarding taste.
- Covers both natural and artificial sources of aesthetic experience and judgement.
- Examines topics such as aesthetic objects, experiences and judgements
- It also considers what happens in the person's mind when engages with aesthetic object.

SOURCE: How Edvard Munch's The Scream Became an Icon

EDWARD MUNCH's The SCREAM

- Born on Dec 12, 1863 in Norway
- Tragedy fell early when his mother and older sister died due to tubercolosis.
- He needed an outlet to express his troubled yearning emotions, he needed art
- He painted the "Sick Child' revisiting the grief of losing his sister.
- He was 26 when he lost his father.
- He checked himself into a sanitarium where he successfully regained a measure of control over his drinking.
- IN 1999, he returned as a changed man, his works are more vibrant and colorful, less bleak and pessimistic than before.
- His paintings were donated to the Norwegian government which defined his commitment to art rather than monetary gain.

- Conceived the scream as a part of the epic series known as the Frieze of Life, which explored the progression of modern emotional life through themes of love, anxiety,
and death.
- The scream doesn't emanate from the figure as one might initially. Instead, the figure is blocking out the harrowing scream of nature
- Turned out to be remarkably prescient after the terrors of world war 2.
- Sold for nearly 120 million dollars, after 15 mins bidding between 7 bidders.
- Ultimate portrait of Human soul.

LESSON 4: ESSENCE OF DIGGING INTO ART HISTORY

• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, as a painter, is made famous by the "Sistene Chapel" frescoes. It took him about four years to finish the ceiling.

ART HISTORY
- As a discipline, with seeks to understand different culture and times through the study and analysis of art as a means of communication.
- Evaluation and interpretation of people works of art based on their viewpoints.
 (The creation of Adam/ Michelangelo)

BENEFITS OF STUDYING ART HISTORY

- Offers guide to recognize and understand artifacts, architecture, painting, and sculpture among others.
- Provides knowledge and understanding of the past, and through it of the present.
- Encourages humanity and sympathy by learning about other people and societies through artistic expressions.
(Recreation of Christina's World / Andrew Wyeth)
APPRECIATING ARTWORK
• Ask yourself what you see
- Create a specific emotional reaction for what you see.
- Engage in appreciating a work of art and find beauty in its creation.

• Study the history behind the piece

- Getting better impression and perception of our through researching.

 Mothman // Bob Roach 2003

Civilization developed
Pots, temples, warriors on pots, pot cats,

Middle ages,
Cave man, pre-histotoric people, CRO-MAGNON

Michealangleo
- Noah going backwards in time, Plato's theories,
- Backward path towards humanitys origin

LESSON 5: CREATORS OF ART

ARTIST
- A person who makes tangible or intangible products as an expression of creativity and imagination.
- More like paintings

ARTISAN
- Spurred by the same impulses as that in an artist
- Produces crafts which may be acquired only for decoration or for practical use

MICHAELANGELO MERIST DA CARAVAGGIO could be said to have holly identified himself as an artist.
- Boasts of a collection of painting which are mostly influenced by realistic observation and presence of lights and sceneries.
Intense and unsetting realism of his large-scale religious works as well as for his violent exploits - he committed murder- and volatile character.

London eye // Barfield and Marks represents a practical structure which provides a high view of the entirety of London.
In this case, Barfield and Marks are considered as artisan because of the practicality of their work

• In "Living with Art", Mark Getlein proposes 6 activities of contemporary artists

1. Create places for some human purpose.
2. Create extraordinary versions of ordinary versions of ordinary objects.
3. Record and commemorate
4. Give tangible form to the unknown
5. Give tangible form to feelings.
6. Refresh our vision and help see the world in new ways.

PRE-PRODUCTION
- The artist focuses mainly on the intellectual or emotional message of the art
- The artist decides on the form which will be used to create the art

PRODUCTION
- Involves the actual "creation" of the art piece
- The artist utilizes available material in order to produce the desired result

POST-PRODUCTION
- Requires the artist to add finishing touches on the art piece in order to come up with your desired appearance

TYPES OF MEDIUM

MEDIUM
- Materials used by an artist to express his feelings or thoughts
VISUAL ARTS
- Mediums which can be seen and which occupy space
 DIMENSIONAL OR TWO-DIMENSION
 It includes painting, drawing, print making, and photography
 THREE DIMENSIONAL
 Sculpture, architecture, landscape, industrial designs, and crafts like furniture

AUDITORY ART
- Mediums which can be heard and which are expressed in time

COMBINED ARTS
- Mediums which can be both seen and heard and which exist both in space and time

TECHNIQUE
- Determines the artist's control over the medium
- Manner in which the artist controls the medium to achieve the desired effect
- Ability which the artist fulfills as a technical requirement of the particular work of art.

EXPRESSIONS OF ART PRODUCTION ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN

EXPRESSIONS OF ART PRODUCTION ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN

• REALISM DESIGN
○ Attempts to portray the subject as it is - A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or working of art.
○ Describes accurately and honestly as possible what is observed - The look of the art piece itself
through the senses
○ The woman with a rake/ Nicolas Poussin LINE
• ABSTRACTION - The path of a moving point
○ Used when the artist becomes interested in one phase of a scene or - Has two specific behaviors: static and dynamic
a situation ○ STATIC - usually straight vertical or horizontal directions
○ Does not show the subject as an objective reality: only the idea or ○ DYNAMIC - curving, slanted, zigzag, contorted or meandering directions.
feelings about it - Has two specific 'existence': actual and implied
 UNTITLED / Wassily Kandinsky ○ ACTUAL - physically and virtually present
□ Painted in 1910 and is considered by art historians to be ○ IMPLIED - created with visual links
the first purely abstract painting
□ The bold portrayal of vibrantly colored spots smears and SHAPE
lines foregoes all visual reference to objective reality. - Two-dimensional area that is defined in some way, perhaps with an outline or solid area
• ABSTRACTION - DISTORTION of color
○ Manifested when the subject is misshapened or the regular shape is - May also be implied
twisted
 UNTITLED / Henrieatta Harris FORM
• ABSTRACTION -- ELONGATION - Objects that have three dimensions: length, width, and depth
○ Achieved by lengthening, protracting, or extending an aspect or - The configuration of an individual component of the overall, geometric shapes.
feature of a subject
 The Portrait of Lunia Czechiuwska / Amadeo Modigliani SPACE
• ABSTRACTION - MANGLING - The area where the shapes and forms exist
○ subjects are hacked and cut with repeated blows. - Area in, around, and between the components of the design
○ Rarely used by artists today; the subject is either cut or mutilated. ○ Negative space - within a design that is void of materials.
 The Floopy Boot Stomp / Gina Litherland  Ex: Albino Dear / Josh Keyes
• ABSTRACTION / CUBISM
○ Uses clones, cylinders, or sphere at the expense of other pictorial TEXTURE
elements - The way things feel or how they look and feel if a person touches it
 CONNECTED / Thomas C. Fedro - The surface quality of a material, as perceived by the sense
• SYMBOLISM ○ Ex: Girl with Pearl Earring / Jano Perkins
○ Subjects represent an idea or concept devoid in the image but
rather expressed through the various elements in the piece COLOR
○ In painting, it represents a mixture of form and feelings or reality and - appeals directly to the audience's emotions and stands for ideas and feelings
the artist's inner subjectivity. - Categorized based on degree: primary, secondary, and tertiary colors.
 Isle of the Dead / Arnold Bocklin ○ Ex: Marilyn Diptych / Andy Warhol
• FAUVISM
○ Originated from Les Fauves (french: The wild beasts)
○ Subjects are typically of comfort; joy; and pleasure
 L'Estaque / Andre Derain PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
□ Oil canvas painting considered as a major work of art - Fundamental guidelines to aesthetic design
which features virant colors through the flame colored
trees burnt red, orange, and blue
• DADAISM Elements of art design help audience identify the basic building components of an art
○ Came from a french word DADA, means horse hobby work.
○ A protest movement in Zurich Switzerland
○ Formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich, Switzerland Principle of design help figure out the visual appeal and aesthetics employed the artist.
○ Reject logic, reason, and aesthetics of capitalist societies.
 Indian Dancer / Hannah Hoch
• BALANCE
• FUTURISM (holistic)
- The way are elements are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work; also
○ Originated in Italy in the early 20th century, refers to artistic and social
called as symmetry
movement
- Visual balance causes an audience to feel that the elements have been arranged
○ Emphasizes on speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects
appropriately.
ads cars, airplanes, and industrial cities.
- Arranging elements so that no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier
 Haycutters / Nathalia Goncharova
than any other part.
• SURREALISM
○ Petronas Towers / Cesar Pelli
○ Founded in Paris in 1924 by French poet Andre Breton
-------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES-------------------------------------
○ An art movement where artists gathered inspiration from the depths
COLOR AND VALUE: Bright color and dark value can add weight to an object.
of the subconscious mind
TEXTURE: Adding texture can add weight to an object
○ Known for its visual artworks which sought to express the imaginings
SIZE AND QUANTITY: Larger objects feel heavier. Multiple objects can balance
of the unconscious mind
larger object.
 Persistence of Memory/ Salvador Dali
SHAPE: More complex shape will appear heavier
• OP ART
ORIENTATION: A diagonal object will have more visual weight than a horizontal or
○ Using studies of science, color, and optics to produce images that
vertical object.
seemed to move, swell, or change forms
POSITION AND ISOLATION: An isolated object will appear heavier. The further out
• POINTILLIST
from the center, the heavier an object will feel.
○ Artists used only small dots of pure color to make an entire ASSYMETRICAL: Informal balance.
composition
• PERFORMANCE ART
○ Refers to artworks that are produced through actions performed by EMPHASIS
the artist or any other participants, which may be live or recorded, - The way in which the artist combines the art elements to stress the differences
spontaneous or scripted. between those elements and create more centers of interest in a work
• POP ART - Makes one part of a work dominant over other parts
○ Art movement that is centered on, or inspired from familiar images of ○ Afghan Girl / Steve McCury
popular culture, such as advertisements, comics, and commercial  Named SHARBAT GULA / SHARBAT BIBI "sweet-water flower girl"
products.
--------------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES--------------------------------------
MATERIALS FOR ART PRODUCTION A part of a design that catches the viewer's eye and brings it to the focal point of
• Watercolor the design. Is created by using contract in a design.
○ Pigments mixed with water and applied to fin white paper • SHAPE: Create emphasis by adding a variety of shapes to your design
 products.
--------------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES--------------------------------------
MATERIALS FOR ART PRODUCTION A part of a design that catches the viewer's eye and brings it to the focal point of
• Watercolor the design. Is created by using contract in a design.
○ Pigments mixed with water and applied to fin white paper • SHAPE: Create emphasis by adding a variety of shapes to your design
• GOUACHE • LINE: Adding variety of lines. Lines used to direct the viewer's eye tp the focal
○ An opaque watercolor point
• FRESCO • VALUE: Adding range of value. Add darks to your focal point if its surrounded
○ Painting done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water by light.
or limewater mixture. • COLOR: Adding a pop of color to your design. Make your focal point a bright
• TEMPERA color if its surrounded by black and white.
○ Mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and ore • SPACE: By focusing on the rule of thirds.
○ A fast-drying medium which is pigment mixed with a glutinous • Texture: Adding contrasting textures.
material (usually egg yolk)
• PASTEL
○ Stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and GRADATION
compounded with gum and water. - Combining art elements by using a series of gradual changes in those elements
• OIL ○ Festival La Tirana / John Burton
○ Oil paintings appear glossy and last long
○ Oil paint - consists of pigment mixed with oil (linseed oil) as its binder. CONTRAST
It dries slowly but lasts long. - To show difference and diversity in an artwork by combining elements to create
○ Most costly material to use for painters interest. To provide an artwork with something interesting to break the repetitions.
• MOSAIC
○ Small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called tesserae to HARMONY
create and image - Accenting the similarities of art elements and binding the design parts into a whole
• STAINED GLASS - The appearance of congruency
○ Small pieces of colored glass held together by bands of lead - The arrangement of elements and principles to create a feeling of completeness.
• TAPESTRY ○ Ribbed Mobius Mace / Charles O. Perry
○ Fabric produced by handweaving colored threads upon a wap;
hung on walls RHYTHM
• BISTRE - Indicates movement by the repetition of elements
○ Brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood and often used in - Can make an artwork seem active; some types of rhythm in art includes:
pen and wash drawing ○ Regular Rhythm - a repetition of elements that are evenly spaced
 Similar or identical elements repeating at regular intervals. Steady beat
○ Irregular Rhythm - elements that are repeated but not exactly
○ Progressive Rhythm - as elements repeat, they increase or decrease in size
 An element slowly changes while maintaining a steady rhythm.
 The Great Wave off Kanagawa / Katsushika Hokusai
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS ---------------------------------------extra notes--------------------------------
Can help unify a work of art by repeating LINES, SHAPES, COLORS, or other
ELEMENTS of ART. An element may repeat once or multiple times to create
BLUE - loyalty, trust, relaxed, calmer, but if overused, depression rhythm or pattern.
BLACK - powerful effect, power, authority, sinister, evil, slimming effects,  Random Rhythm - repeating similar elements with no pattern
RED - strength, power, energy, attract attention, causes their breathing speed  Alternating Rhythm - two or more different elements that alternate. A
up more interesting and complex version of reg rhythm.
- Too much red can cause irritation  Flowing Rhythm - created using organic shaped elements that change
- Danger direction, twist, and bend in a natural feeling pattern.
WHITE - innocence, purity,
GREEN - relaxing, clearer vision, calm, MOVEMENT
YELLOW - irritation, flashy. It can increase heart rate and metabolism - Creates the illusion of action or physical change in position
Feeling of optimism - Leads viewers to sense of action or a follow through an artwork
PURPLE - mixture or blue and red, causes people to feel calm and powerful, - Used in art to give the feeling of action and to guide the viewers eye throughout
wealth, elegance, authority the artwork
○ The Rehearsal / Edgar Degas
PINK - reflects kindness and innocence, -----------------------------------------EXTRQA NOTES------------------------------
• In two dimensional art, it occurs when objects appear to be moving.
• Creates a sense of excitement and helps direct the viewer's eye around the
UNITY image.
- The quality of wholeness or oneness of the art piece  You can create movement using diagonal or curvy lines.
- Achieved through deliberate or intuitive balancing of harmony  You can create movement by blurring objects.
and variety  You can create movement by creating illusion of space.
- Used to maintain order  By changing directions
○ Massive Chair Tower / Tadashai Kawamata  Using repeat similar shapes or objects
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Using energetic mark making
Is a connection between elements that create a sense of  Create a sense of movement through a progression of images, like a
organization or harmony in the work of art. comic strip.

Unity helps create a sense of completeness. PROPORTION

- The relationship of art elements to the whole and to each other
• Proximity - the closer elements are to each other, the more likely - Highlights the comparative relationships in size, quantity, and degree of emphasis
the viewer will see them as a group. among the components of the art piece
• Similar elements repeated will appear to to related ○ The Art of Animation / John Brosio
• Similarity - will cause the viewer to group them together ------------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES -------------------------
• Alignment - lining up the edges of elements will cause the Good proportion creates HARMONY and BALANCE in a work of art.
viewer to group them • Golden Ration (1:1.618) Leonardo Da Vinci
• Continuation - visually connect them together • The Golden Spiral
 STANDARD PROPORTION
- Objects appear to be the correct size in comparison to its surroundings.
• ALTERED PROPORTION
ANCIENT ARTS - Proportions of objects have been changed, or appear unrealistic
• MINIATURE PROPORTION
ART, RELIGION, AND POLITICAL ORDERS - Objects are smaller than normal
- Thrived between 5000 BC and 300 AD • MONUMENTAL PROPORTION
- Means to enforce religious and political order - Objects are larger than normal
- Ancient art - those created from 30,000 BCE to 400 AD VARIETY
• Code of Hammurabi - Obtained through the use of diversity and change in increasing the visual interest
of the work.
EMERGENCE OF ART --------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES -------------------------
 Means to enforce religious and political order - Objects are larger than normal
- Ancient art - those created from 30,000 BCE to 400 AD VARIETY
• Code of Hammurabi - Obtained through the use of diversity and change in increasing the visual interest
of the work.
EMERGENCE OF ART --------------------------------------EXTRA NOTES -------------------------
- Covered periods such as Paleolithic, Neolithic, the Bronze age, Iron Age Using different versions of elements in one work of art.
- No uniformity emerged from any sources nor any art movement, most Used to maintain interest.
were used as social archieves • Shape and Form
- Characterized as stiff, explicit, and direct representation of life - Vary size, type, color and direction to add interest
○ Mask of Agamemnon, 15000 BC • Line
- Vary direction, angle, thickness, and length
• Texture
EGYPT - Vary value, color, rough vs. Smooth
- Depict Gods, Goddesses, and Pharaohs • Color
- Characterized by the idea of order • Value
- Used symmetry to create sense of order and balance (static lines) - Shades, tints, shadow
KHAFRE ENTHRONED
- Pharaoh Khafre of the fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt

ROSETTA STONE
- Contains three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt

GREECE
- Include much pottery, sculpture (contrapposto), and architecture
- Periods: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic
- Also include coin design and gem engraving
○ David / Michaleangelo

HERMES AND INFANT DIONYSUS

- Gods of Trade and Travel and Harvest

ATHENA PARTHENOS
- Housed in the Parthenon

INDIA
- Date back to the Indus Valley civilization some 5000 years ago
- Produced intricate bronzes as well as temple carvings, and shrines
- Reflect Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
○ Ajanta Caves

KING CHANDRAGUPTA I
- Issued gold coin during Gupta Period

ROME
- Strongly influenced by Greek and Etruscan Art
- Commemorate and glorify past emperors
- Express ideas of beauty and nobility
○ Roman Sarcophagus

COLOSSEUM IN ROME
- used to gladiator show
- An amphitheater built in rome under the Flavian emperors of the Roman
Empire, it is also called the Flavian Amphitheater
- An elliptical structure made of stone, concrete, and tuff, and it stands
four stories tall at its highest point.

JAPAN
- Correspond to locations of government
- Strongly influenced by religion
- Flourished during the Jomon and Yayoitimme periods

NAGOYA CASTLE
- Used to prevent fire
- Was Japan's first castle to be designed a National Treasure. Even after
wartime air raid destruction, it was deemed historically important enough
to be designated a national historic site. Restoration work being carried
out is returning Nagoya castle to original condition
- Important position on the tokaido highway to ward off attackers and thus
ensuring continued social and economic prosperity.

CHINA
- Produced multiple classes of bronzeware vessels for practical purposes as
well as for religious and geomancy
- Date back to the Warring States Period (silk)
- Show more continuity between ancient and modern periods

GIANT PANDA
- Common chinese painting subject
- Pandas have become the symbol of China and they are really significant
to the chinese culture
- In addition to symbolizing strength, they also symbolizes peace and
friendship because they have a gentle temperament and aren't known
for attacking others.