CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1

1) Carbon is considered to be unique in the periodic table, what property

of the carbon atom makes it unique?

ANS: Carbon has four bonding electrons that are capable of being localized or delocalized
Carbon can therefore form strong single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms
in long chains, rings or chains with branches
2) What is the difference between sp, sp2, and sp3hybridization?

ANS: SP is a combination of one s and one p level electrons.

SP2 is a combination of one s and two p level electrons.
SP3 is a combination of one s and three p level electrons.

3) Which of the following are allotropes of carbon?

(a) Diamond (b) Buckminsterfullerene (c) Graphite (d) all of the above

ANS: (d) all of the above

4) The type of bonding in the carbon bonds of ethane (below) are:

(a) sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 (d) dsp3 ANS : (c)sp3

5) The types of bonding in the first two carbon bonds of 1-propene are below:

(a)sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 (d) dsp3 ANS : (b) sp2
6) The types of bonding in the first two carbon bonds of 1-propyne (below) are:
H - C ≡ C - CH3 (a) sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 ANS = (c) sp3

7) What characteristic is responsible for the lubrication property of graphite

and Bucky ball?
(a) localized electrons (b) delocalized electrons (c) large molecular weight
(d) carbon bonding ANS = (b) delocalized electrons

8) Define the terms alkane, alkene and alkyne.

ANS = Alkanes are saturated compounds meaning that the carbon bonds are all involved in
Single bonding. Alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2.

Alkenes are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon but contain at least one double bonded
Carbon atom. Alkenes have a general formula of CnH2n.

Alkynes are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and at least one triple bond.
Alkyneshae a general formula of CnH2n-2

9) What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated compound?

ANS = Saturated compounds are those that contain only single bonds whereas unsaturated
Compounds contain double and triple bonds

10) What is the structural formula of a compound?

ANS: The structural formula is the formula showing all of the atomism the molecule and how the
Bonded atoms are arranged in the molecule.

11) Which of the following organic compounds is unsaturated?

(a) Ethylcyclobutane
(b) 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene
(c) 2-bromobutane
(d) 2-methyl-1-chlorohexane ANS = (b) 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene

12) What is the name of the compound having the following structural formula?
(a) 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
(b) 4-methyl-3-ethylhexane
(c) 4-ethyl-3-methylhexane
(d) 3-methyl-4-ethylhexene ANS = (a) ethyl-4-methylhexane

13) which compound is a structural isomer of the compound shown below?

(a) Butane (b) methane (c) pentane (d) hexane ANS = (c) pentane

14) Which structures are isomers of the other structures?

(a) I, II, III (b) II, III (c) I, II, IV (d) They are all isomers. ANS = (c) I, II, IV

15) . Which of the following structures has the shortest parent chain?
ANS = ii iii

16) Draw each of the following compounds

a. 2,3,4-trimethylpentane
b. 2-chloro-1-propene
c. 1-bromo-2-methylbutane
d. Ethyne
e. 1-bromo-5,5-dimethylheptane

ANS = (A)

(b)

(c)

(d)

e)

17) Name each of the following structures.

a.
 b.

c.

ANS = a.) 3,3-dimethylpentane

b.)2,2,3,5tetramethylheptane
c.) 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene
d.) 5,6-dimethyl-3-heptyne

18) Name the isomers for C6H14

ANS = Hexane 2-methylpentane3-methylpentane2,2-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane

19) Define aromaticity?

ANS :In chemistry, aromaticity is defined as an unsaturated compound containing at least one benzene ring

20) When is the benzene ring referred to as a phenyl group?

ANS: When there are more than two carbon atoms in the alkyl branch attached to a benzenering,
The alkane becomes the parent chain, and the benzene ring becomes the branch and
is called a phenyl group

21) Name the following structure.

(a) Dibromocyclohexene
 (b) (b) 1,3-dibromocyclohexatriene
(c) (c) 1,3-dibromobenzene
(d) 2,4-dibromobenzene ANS = (c) 1,3-dibromobenzene

22) Which formula represents an aromatic compound?

(a) C2H2
(b) C6H6
(c) C6H8
(d) C6H1 ANS = ( b) C6H6

23) How many different possible structures of trichlorobenzene exist?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 ANS = (c) 3

24) Name the following structures.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

ANS: (a)1,2,5–trimethylbenzene

(b) 1,3,5- tribromobenzene

(c) m-dinitobenzene

(d) ethylbenzene

25) Draw the following structures.

 (a) fluorobenzene

(b) p-diethylbenzene

(c) 3-phenylhexane

(d) 2-methyl-1,4-diethylbenzene

ANS

END

CHAPTER 2

1) Complete the following chart.

Group DistinguishingFeature Draw Example(with name)

Alcohol
Aldehyd
e
Ketone
Ether
Organi c
Acid
Ester
 Distinguishingfeature Draw Example(with name)

ANS

Group
Alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Ether

Organi c
Acid

Ester

2) .Whatisthedifferencebetweenthecarbonylgroupinthealdehydesandthec
arbonylgroupintheketones? Give an example to illustrate your answer.

ANS: The difference between the aldehydes and the ketones is that with aldehydes, the carbonyl
group must haveonehydrogen atom attached tothe carbon atom, with ketones; both groups attached
to the carbon atom are alkyl groups.

3) . Which of the following compounds is an alcohol?

(a)CH3COOCH3
(b)CH3CH2OH
(c) CH3COOH
(d) CH3COCH3 ANS: (b)

4) To which family of organic compounds does CH3 COCH2 CH3

 belong?

(a)alcohol
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) carboxylic acid ANS: (C)

5) Which class of organic compounds contains a carbon-oxygen

double bond?

I. Alcohols
II.Aldehyes
III.Ketones
IV. Ethers
V. Organic acids
VI. Esters

(a) I, III,IV only

(b) II, IV, VI only
(c) I, III,IV, V only
(d) II, III,V, VI only ANS: (D)

6).What is the name of the compound represented below?

(a) heptanone
(b) 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanone
(c) 2,3-dimethylpentanone
(d) Diisopropyl ketone ANS: (b)

7). Name the following compounds

(a)

(e)

(c)
 (b)

(d)

(f)

ANS:
(a) 1-methyl -1-propanol

(b) 3-methyl pentanal

(c) 2-butanone

(d) Dipropyl ether

(e) Pentanoic acid

(f) propylpropanoate

8). (3) Draw the following compounds.

(a) 3-ethyl – 2 - hexanol

(b) 2,2-dimethylpropanal
(c) 2-propanone
(d) Dibutyl ether
(e) methanoic acid
(f)methylbutanoate
ANS:

(a)

(b)
(c) (d)

(e)
(f)

END
 CHAPTER 3
1) Fill the following table

Compound main purpose

Carbohy-
Drate
Lipid
Protein
Enzyme
DNA

ANS:

Compound main purpose

C a r b o h y Drate - supply the necessary energy living systems need to survive
Lipid produced for the purpose of storing energy
Protein essential functioning to every process within the cells
Enzyme function to speed up chemical reactions
DNA to direct the body in the synthesis of proteins

2) For which biochemical molecule do the triglycerides belong?

(a) carbohydrates

(b) lipids

(c) proteins

(d) enzymes ANS. (b)

3) A primary structure Is most likely part of what biochemical molecular classification?

(a) carbohydrates

(b) lipids

(c) proteins

(d).enzymes ANS. ((c) proteins

 4) This biochemical molecule is considered a subset of a larger group of molecules?

(a) carbohydrates

(b) lipids

(c) proteins
(d) enzymes ANS. d) enzymes

5) Starch is a member of what biochemical molecular group?

(a) carbohydrates

(b) lipids

(c) proteins
(d) enzymes ANS. (a) carbohydrates

6) The structure for ribose is shown below .What is the difference between this and that in the DNA
molecule?

ANS.DNA contains deoxyribose having the structure shown below. If you look at this structure below it has
one less hydroxyl group (hence deoxy).

END
Chapter 4
1) Indicate the oxidation numbers for each of the following atoms

2+
a) Mn
b) Al
c) Al in Al2O3
d) Br in NaBr
e) Fe in Fe203
3
f) Arsenic in ASO4
g) Chlorine in ClO4
h) Sulfur in H2SO3

ANS:
A. 2+
B. 0
C. 3+
D. 1-
E. 3+
F. 5+
G. 7+
H. 4+

2) In the following reaction, identify the element that is being oxidized and the element that is being
reduced.

MnO2+ 4 HClMnCl2+ Cl2+ 2 H2O

ANS: Some of the chlorine atoms in 4HCl are changing their oxidation state from1-to 0 and are
therefore being oxidized. The manganese is changing its oxidation state from 4 + to 2 + and is
therefore being reduced

3) Balance the following equation using the oxidation number method

HNO3+ Br2 HBrO3+ NO2+ H2O

ANS: 10 HNO3+ Br2 2 HBrO3+ 10 NO2+ 4 H2O

4) . Balance the following equation using the oxidation number method.

Zn + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2+ NO2+ H2O

ANS: Zn + 4 HNO3 Zn(NO3)2+ 2 NO2+ 2 H2O

5) In terms of electron gain and loss, explain why chlorine undergoes both oxidation and reduction In
the following unbalanced reaction

Cl2+ KOH KCl + KClO3+ H2O

ANS: Some of the chlorine in Cl2 changes it oxidation state to1-in the KCl and is therefore reduced.
 Some of the chlorine in Cl2changes its oxidation state to 5+ in KClO3 and is therefore oxidized.

6) Balance the equation in the previous problem

ANS: 3 Cl2+ 6 KOH 5 KCl + KClO3+ 3 H2O

END
Chapter 5
1) For the reaction PCl5(g) PCl3(g) +Cl2(g), describe what is happening to make this an equilibrium
reaction.

ANS: There is both a forward and reverse reaction that are equal in rate and opposite in direction.

2) What does the term dynamic equilibrium mean?

ANS: .Equilibrium is considered dynamic when the forward and reverse reactions continue to take
place. Therefore for the reaction N2(g)+O2(g) NO(g),The forward reaction of N2(g)and O2(g)forming
NO(g)is happening
in a closed system as well as the reaction of NO(g) decomposing to form N2(g) and O2(g).The term
"dynamic" is used because the two reactions continue after equilibrium is reached

3) List all of the conditions of a dynamic equilibrium?

ANS: .

 The reaction must be in a closed

system.

 The reaction must occur at constant temperature

 The reaction can be reached from either direction (double arrow)

 The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

 There is no change in concentration of the reactants or products once chemical equilibrium is

established (inferred by the equilibrium state).

4) Of the following conditions, which do you think would not be required for a dynamic equilibrium?

. a) rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
b) reaction occurs in an open system
 c) reaction occurs at a constant temperature
d) reaction occurs in a closed system
ANS: d) reaction occurs in a closed system

5) Whichofthefollowingsystems,atroomtemperatureandpressure,canbedescribedasadynamic
equilibrium
a) an open flask containing air, water and water vapor
b) a glass of water containing ice cube cubes and cold water
c) a closed bottle of soda pop
d) an open flask containing solid naphthalene
ANS: c) a closed bottle of soda pop

6) Is each of the following in a state of equilibrium? Explain.

a) ice cubes are melting in a glass of water with a lid on it

b) Crystals of potassium dichromate are dissolved in water until the water becomes a uniform orange color and
a small amount of crystal remains in the closed container.
c) An apple that is left on the counter for a few days, it dries out and turns brown

ANS:
(a) Not in equilibrium. The system is closed because it has a lid on the glass but the rate of the forward reaction
is not equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. Ice cubes will melt to form water but water will not freeze at
room temperature to form ice cubes.

(b) In Equilibrium. When crystals of K2Cr2O7 dissolve in water, the reaction is in equilibrium where as some
dissolves to produce the orange color and some remains out of solution as crystals on the bottom of the
container.

(c)NotinEquilibrium.Theappleisonthecountersoitisanopensystem.Themoistureintheappleis drawn out and the

apple is decomposing

7) If the following table of concentration vs. time was provided to you for the ionization of acetic acid. How would
you know when equilibrium was reached?

Tim e [H C2H3O2]
(min) mol/L

0 0.100
 0.5 0.099
1.0 0.098
1.5 0.097
2.0 0.096
2.5 0.095
3.0 0.095
3.5 0.095
4.0 0.095
4.5 0.095
5.0 0.095

ANS:
You could tell when equilibrium was reached because there is not net change in the concentration of the acid.
Acetic acid is a weak acid and the ionization of acetic acid is an equilibrium reaction

HC2H3 O2 (aq) (aq) + C2 H3 O 2 aq)

8) Chemical equilibrium is defined as astate where the reversible process shows that the rate of the forward
reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.What does the term equal mean in this definition?

ANS: Equal here means that the rate at which the reactants are reacting to yield products is the same
as the rate at which the products are reacting to yield reactants.

9) Why are solids and liquids not included in the equilibrium constant expression?

ANS: Solids and liquids are not included in the equilibrium expression because their concentrations
can’t change to any great degree in an equilibrium situation.

10) What does the value of K mean in terms of the amount of reactants and products?

ANS: If the numerator and the denominator are close to being the same, then K = 1 and the
reaction is in equilibrium. If the denominator isgreater than the numerator, the reactant concentrations
are greater than the product concentrations and therefore the reactants are favored. The reverse is
true for K>1.If the nu- merator is less than the denominator, most of the reactants have reacted into
products and the value of K is large.

11) What is the correct equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction?

2 SO2(g)+ O2(g 2 SO2(g

(a) K =
K= (b)

K= (c)

K= (d)

ANS: K= (b)

11) What is the correct equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction?

2+ -
Cu(OH)2(s) Cu (aq) + 2 OH(aq)

a) K= b) k =

2+ - 2
c). K = d) K = [Cu ][OH ]

ANS: 2+
d) K = [Cu ][OH ]
- 2

12) Consider the following equilibrium system:

2 NO(g)+ Cl2(g 2 NOCl(g)

At a certain temperature, the equilibrium concentrations are as follows: [NO] = 0.184mol / L,[Cl2] = 0.165 mol/L,
and [NOCl]= 0.060 mol/L. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction?

(a) 0.506
(b) 0.648
(c) 1.55
(d) 1.97

ANS: (b) 0.648

13) For the reaction

MgCl2(s)+ O2(g) MgO(s)+ Cl2(g)

The equilibrium constant was found to be 3.86 at a certain temperature. If 0.560 molO 2(g) is placed in a1.00
L container, what is the concentration of Cl2(g)at equilibrium?

(a) 0.560 mol/L

(b) 2.16 mol/L
(c) 2.88 mol/L
(d) Not enough information is available
 ANS: (c) 2.88 mol/L

14) Write the equilibrium constant expressions for each of the following equations:

(a) CH3NH2(aq)+ H2O(L ) CH3NH3 + (aq) + OH(aq)

(b) ) 2 CaSO4(s) 2 CaO(s)+ 2 SO2(g)+ O2(g)

(c). 2 Fe3+ + 3 S2 FeS

(aq (aq 2 3(s)

(d). Hg(L)+ H2S(g HgS(s)+ H2(g)

ANS:

(a) K =

2
(b) K = [SO] [O]

(c) K=

(d) K =

15) What is the effect on the equilibrium position if the [reactants] is increased?

ANS: Increasing the concentration of the reactant causes the equilibrium to shift right producing more
products.

16) What is the effect on the equilibrium position if the [reactants]is decreased?

ANS: Decreasing the concentration of the reactant causes the equilibrium therefore shifts to the
left producing more reactants.

17) Which of the following will cause a shift in the equilibrium position of the equation?

2 C8H18(L)+ 25 O2(g 18 H2O(L)+ 16 CO2(g)

I. increase [C8H18]
 II. increase [O2]
III. decrease [CO2]
IV. decrease [H2O]
a) II and I only
b) II and III only
c) II and IV only
d) I, II, III and IV only

ANS: (b) II and III only

18) For the reaction: N2O5(s)

NO2(g)+O2(g),what would be the effect on the equilibrium if:
(a) [N2O5] increases
(b) [NO2] decreases
(c) [NO2] increases
(d) [O2] increases

ANS: (a) [N2O5] increases will have no effect because [N2O5] is a solid.

(b) [NO2] decreases, there action shifts right because NO2 is a product. The equilibrium position must shift right
to remove the stress. The result is that more NO2and O2being produced

(c) [NO2] increases, the reaction shifts left because NO 2 is a product. The equilibrium position must shift left to
remove the stress.

(d) [O2] increases, the reaction shifts left because O 2 is a product. The equilibrium position must shift left to
remove the stress

19) Answer the following questions when [CO] is increased in the following system at equilibrium.

Fe2O3(s)+ 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s)+ 3 CO2(g)

a) Write the equilibrium constant expression.

b) Which direction will this equilibrium shift?
c) What effect will this stress have on [CO2]?

ANS:
a) Ke=

b) Forward

c) Increase

20) For the reaction: C(s) +H2O(g) CO(g) +H2(g),what would be the effect on the equilibrium system if:
 (a) [H2O] increases
(b) mass of C decreases
(c) [CO] increases
(d) [H2] decreases

ANS:
a) Equilibrium will shift in the forward direction
b) No effect on equilibrium
c) Equilibrium will shift in the reverse direction
d) Equilibrium will shift in the reverse direction

21) What is the effect on the equilibrium position if the pressure is increased?

ANS: An increase in pressure (decrease in volume) will cause the equilibrium to shift to the side with the least
number of moles (molecules/particles) of gas.

22) What is the effect on the equilibrium position if the pressure is decreased?

ANS: An decrease in pressure (increase in volume) will cause the equilibrium to shift to the side with the
greatest number of moles (molecules/particles) of gas

23) Use Le Châtelier’s Principle to predict what will happen to the following equilibrium if the pressure is in-
creased.

2 NH3(g) N2(g)+ 3 H2(g)

a) equilibrium position shifts right

b) equilibrium position shifts left
c) [N2] will decrease
d) [NH3] will increase ANS: (b)equilibrium position shifts left

24) Use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict what will happen to the following equilibrium if the pressure is
de- creased. (Intermediate)

2 NO(g)+ 2 H2(g) N2(g)+ 2 H2O(g)

a) equilibrium position shifts right

b) equilibrium position shifts left
c) [N2] will decrease
d) [No] will increase ANS: (d) [No] will increase

25) For the reaction: 2N2O(g) +O2(g) 4NO(g), what would be the effect on the equilibrium system if
the pressure increases (or the volume decreases)?
 ANS: 2 N2O(g)+ O2(g) 4 NO(g)

26) For the reaction: 2IBr(g) I2(g)+Br2(g), what would be the effect on the equilibrium system if the
pressure decreases (or the volume increases)?

ANS: 2 moles gas 2 moles gas

If the pressure decreases (volume increasing), the reaction would have no shift in the equilibrium
system because there are the same number of moles of gas on either side of the equation. Since
there are two moles of gaseous reactants and two moles of gaseous products, the equilibrium would
not shift right or left

27) For the reaction: H2(g)+CO2(g) H2O(g)+CO(g), what would be the effect on the equilibrium system if
(a) the pressure increases; and (b) the volume decreases?

ANS: (a) No effect (b) No effect

28) For the reaction: 3 NO (g) N2O(g)+ NO2(g), what would be the effect on the equilibrium system
if (a) the pressure increases; and (b) the volume decreases?

ANS: (a) Equilibrium will shift forward

(b) Equilibrium will shift forward

28) Why does temperature affect the value of the equilibrium constant?

ANS: Since changing the temperature affects the equilibrium by shifting to getrid of the stress. Therefore the
concentration of each of the reactants and products will change which then changes the mathematics of
determining the K.

29) Which direction will an equilibrium system shift for each of the following?

a). adding energy to a forward exothermic equilibrium system

b).adding energy to a reverse exothermic equilibrium system
c).adding energy to a forward endothermic equilibrium system
d).adding energy to a reverse endothermic equilibrium system
ANS:
. (a) shifts left
(b) shifts right
(c) shifts right
(d) shifts left

30) At a certain temperature the equilibrium constant for the reaction given below is 7.43.

+
-
AgCl ΔH = - 11 2
Ag
(aq) +Cl(aq) (s)
kJ/mol
 What would the value of the equilibrium constantbe if the reaction were allowed to come to equilibrium at
a higher temperature?

(a) less than 7.43

(b) greater than 7.43
(c) the same, 7.43
(d) not enough information is available

ANS: (c) less than 7.43

31) With an increase intemperature, the equilibrium constant for a certain reaction was found to increase.
Consequently what can be said about the concentrations of the reactants and products?

a) They both increase.

b) They both decrease.
c) The (reactants) increase and the (products) decrease
d) The (products) increase and the (reactants) decrease.

ANS: (d) The (products) increase and the (reactants) decrease.

32) Predict the effect on the equilibrium position if the temperature is increase dineach of the following?

(a) H2(g) + I2(g) ΔH =+51.8 kJ

(b) P4O10(s)+H2O(L 3 PO4(aq)+heat

ANS: (a) H2(g) + I2(g) 2Hl ΔH = +51.8 kJ

The reaction is endo thermic. With an increase in temperature for an endothermic reaction, the reactions
will shift right producing more products.

33) How does an increase in the temperature affect the concentration of the products in each of the
following as well as the value of K?

(a) NO2(g)+ NO(g) N2O(g)+ O2(g)ΔH = -43

kJ

(b) 4 NH3(g)+ 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g)+ 6 H2O(g)+

heat

ANS:
(a) NO2(g)+ NO(g) N2O(g)+ O2(g)ΔH = -43 kJ

An increase in temperature for an exothermic reaction shifts left, therefore the equilibrium constant, K, de-
 creases and the reactants are favored. This means the concentration of the products will go down.

(b) 4 NH3(g)+ 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g)+ 6 H2O(g)+ heat

An increase in temperature for an exothermic reaction shifts left, therefore the equilibrium constant, K, de-
creases and the reactants are favored. This means that the concentration of the products will decrease.

34) What will happen to the concentration of NO if the temperature is increased?

A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged ANS: A. increase

35) What will happen to the concentration of NO Br if the temperature is increased?

A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged ANS: B. decrease

36) What will happen to the concentration of Br2 if the temperature is increased?

A).increase B) decrease C) remain unchanged ANS: A.

increase

37) What will happen to the value of Ke if the temperature is increased?

A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged ANS: A.

increase

38) . What is a catalyst? Give an example of a catalyst

ANS: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is, it self, left un
changed, at the end of the reaction. Enzymes are examples of biological catalysts.

39) How does a catalyst work in an equilibrium reaction?

 ANS: A catalyst affects the rate of reaction so both the forward and reverse reactions would be change
dequally. These substances speed up both the forward and reverse rates to get to the equilibrium state faster.
Therefore there is no effect on the equilibrium position

40) What will the effect of adding a catalyst for the following reaction.

4NO ΔH =-905
4NH +5O +6HO
3(g) 2(g) (g) 2 (g)
kJ
 (a) the (products) will increase at equilibrium

(b) the (reactants) will increase at equilibrium

(c) the equilibrium constant will increase for the forward reaction

(d) there will be no effect on the equilibrium concentrations

ANS: (d) there will be no effect on the equilibrium concentrations

41) Thereactionbetweennitrogenmonoxideandcarbonmonoxideisrepresentedasfollows:

ΔH =-374

NO(g)+CO(g) N2(g)+CO2(g) kJ

Ifa catalyst was added to the system, all of the following would be affected in the system except:

a) an increase in ΔH
b) an increase the rate of the reverse reaction.
c) an increase the rate of the forward reaction.
d) a change in the reaction path

ANS: (a) an increase in ΔH

42) Of the four factors listed below, which factors would not be dependent on the value of the equilibrium
constant for the following equation

NaNO3(s 2 NaNO2(s)+ O2(g)

I. concentration of NaNO3(s)
II. concentration of NaNO2(s
III. concentration of O2(g
IV. addition of a catalyst

a) I and II only
b) III and IV only
c) I and III only
d) I, II and IV only

ANS: (d) I, II and IV only

43) In the following reaction, what would Le Châtelier’s principle predict to increase the concentration of CO2?

C(s) +O2(g CO2(g) ΔH=-393.5kJ/mol

a) add a catalyst
b) increase O2
c) increase the pressure
d) increase the temperature

ANS: (b) increase O2

44) . Predict the effect on the chemical equilibrium H2O(g)+ CO(g) H2(g)+ CO2(g), ΔH = -42 kJ when
each of the following changes are made to the equilibrium system. What will the effect be on the
amount ofproduct produced?

a) Temperature is increased
b) Pressure is increased
c) CO2decreases
d) Catalyst is added

ANS:(a) H2O(g)+ CO(g) H2(g)+ CO2(g), ΔH = -42 kJ/mol

(b) Temperature is increased: reaction is exothermic, therefore when the temperature is increased there-
action shifts left and the amount of product decreases.

(c) Pressure is increased; there are 2 moles of gaseous products and 2 moles of gaseous reactants therefore
there is no effect on the reaction when the pressure increases.

(d) [CO2] decreases; CO2 is a product, therefore when there is an decrease in the product concentration the
reaction equilibrium shifts right and the amount of product increases.

Catalyst is added; a catalyst does not affect the equilibrium position so there is no effect on amount of
product formed.

45) Predict the effect on the chemical equilibrium 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g),ΔH=-635.33 kJ when
each of the following changes are made to the equilibrium system. What will be the effect on the amount of
product produced?

a). Temperature is decreased

b).Pressure is decreased

c).[Na2CO3] decreases

d).Catalyst is added
ANS:

(a) 2 NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+ CO2(g)+ H2O(g), ΔH = - 635.33 kJ

b) Temperature is decreased: reaction is exothermic, therefore when the temperature is decreased the
reaction shifts right and the amount of product increases.

c) Pressure is decreased; there are 2 moles of gaseous products and 0 moles of gaseous reactants
therefore the reaction shifts to the product side or the side with the greatest number of moles of gas.

d) [Na2CO3] decreases; Na2 CO3 is a product, but it is a solid so since solids do not affect the equilibrium
constant, it will have no effect on the equilibrium position or the amount of products.

Catalyst is added; a catalyst does not affect the equilibrium position so there is no effect on amount of
product formed.

46) Define Le Châtelier’s principle.

ANS:
Le Châtelier’s principle states that if you apply as tress to an equilibrium system, the equilibrium position will
shift to offset that stress and regain equilibrium.

47) What is the main condition for Le Châtelier’s principle to be applied?

ANS:
The reaction must be in equilibrium in order to
apply Le Châtelier’s principletoit. Otherwise you
cannot apply this principle

48) Give an example to show how Le Châtelier’s principle can be used to allow for more products to be
produced where a chemical equilibrium is shifting in response to an applied stress

ANS: .Answers will vary but students could use any equilibrium reaction like the one shown below and
then state something similar.

N2(g)+ 2 O2(g) 2 NO2(g); by adding a stress(like increased pressure or decreased volume) to the reactant
side(left side), the equilibrium position is shifted toward the right and thus causing the production of more
products.
49) Answerthefollowingquestionsifastressisappliedtotheproductsideofthefollowingequilibriumsystem:

4 NH3(g)+ 5O2(g) 4 NO(g)+ 6 H2O(g)

a)What stress is being placed on the equilibrium system?

b)What will the system do to respond to the stress?

c)How will the system try to respond to the stress?

ANS:.
(a) A stress is being applied to the right hand side (product side) of the equilibrium system.
(b) The system will respond by shifting the equilibrium position to the left.
(c) The system will respond by producing more reactants, in this case NH 3and O2

50).Answer the following questions if a stress is applied to the reactant side of the following equilibrium system:

2 NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+ CO2(g)+ H2O(g)

a)What stress is being placed on the equilibrium system?

b)What will the system do to respond to the stress?

c)How will the system try to respond to the stress?

ANS:
(a) A stress is being applied to the left hand side (reactant side) of the equilibrium system. (b)
The system will respond by shifting the equilibrium position to the right.
(c) The system will respond by producing more reactants,in this case CO 2and H2O.

51).Answer the following questions if a stress is applied to the reactant side of the following equilibrium system:

C(s)+ O2(g) CO(g)

a) What stress is being placed on the equilibrium system?

b) What will the system do to respond to the stress?
c) How will the system try to respond to the stress?

ANS:

(a) A stress is being applied to the left hand side (reactant side) of the equilibrium system
b) The system will respond by shifting the equilibrium position to the right.

(c) The system will respond by producing more reactants, in this case, CO.

52) Answer the following questions if a stress is applied to the reactant side of the following equilibrium system:
 C6H12(L)+ HBr(aq) C6H13Br(aq)

a) What stress is being placed on the equilibrium system?

b) What will the system do to respond to the stress?

d) How will the system try to respond to the stress?

ANS:
(a) A stress is being applied to the right hand side (product side) of the equilibrium system.
(b) The system will respond by shifting the equilibrium position to the left.
(c) The system will respond by producing more reactants,in this case HBr.

53).Predict the effect on the chemical equilibrium 2SO 3(g) +heat 2SO2(g)+O2(g), when each of the
following changes are made to the equilibrium system. What will the effect be on the amount of
product produced?

(a) Temperature is increased

(b) Pressure is increased

(c) [O2] decreases

(e) Catalyst is added

ANS:
(a) Equilibrium will shift forward.
(b) Equilibrium will shift in the reverse direction.
(c) Equilibrium will shift forward.
(d) No shift in equilibrium.

54) Predict the effect on the chemical equilibrium 2N2O 4(g) + heat 2NO2(g), when each of the
following changes are made to the equilibrium system. What will the effect be on the amount of
product produced?

(a) Temperature is decreased

(b) Pressure is decreased

(c) [N2O4] decreases

(d) Catalyst is added

ANS:

(a) Equilibrium will shift forward.

(b) No shift in equilibrium.
(c) Equilibrium will shift in the reverse direction.
(d) No shift in equilibrium

1) What is the solubility product constant? Give an example.

ANS:

1. Equilibrium constants for slightly soluble salts are called solubility product constants. Examples will vary.

+ 2- +2 2-
Ag2S(s) 2 Ag (aq)+ S aq)Ksp= [Ag][S]

2. Why is solubility considered a special case for chemical equilibrium?

ANS: 2. Solubility is considered a special case for chemical equilibria because for slightly soluble
salts the reactions of the salts dissolving in solution are actually an equilibrium reaction. In these
reactions, as more of the solid dissolves, more of the ions in solution combine to form solids

3) Nickel hydroxide is as lightly soluble salt. Its dissociation reaction is represented below.

Ni(OH)2(s)
2+
Ni (aq) + 2OH(aq)
-

Which of the following best represents the solubility product constant expression, Ksp?

(a) Ksp=

2+ -
(b) Ksp= [Ni ][OH] .
(c)

2+ 2-
(d) Ksp= [Ni ][OH] ANS(d)

13
+
4) The Kspfor AgBr is 5.0 x 10 What is [Ag] at equilibrium?

-13
(a) 5.0 x 10 mol/L (b)
-7
7.1 x 10 mol/L (c) 2.5 x
-13
10 mol/L
(d) not enough informationis given ANS:(b)
 -8
5. The Kspfor PbF2is 3.60 x 10 What is [F] at equilibrium?
-8
a) 3.60 x 10 mol/L
-3
(b) 3.33 x 10 mol/L
-3
(c) 4.16 x 10 mol/L
-3
(d) 2.08 x 10 mol/L ANS:(d)

6. Magnesium hydroxide is the key component in milk of magnesia, the suspension used to cure indigestion.
-10
It has an equilibrium constant of 6.3x10 . Write the dissociation equation and comment on the value of the
equilibrium constant

ANS:

2
6. Mg(OH) Mg aq) + 2 OH(aq

-10
K = 6.3 10
sp

Which is very small this means that there are very few ions in solution and mostly mg (oH) 2
Particles in the suspension

7) Write the dissociation reactions for the following salts as well as the Kspexpressions.

(a) Calcium fluoride

(b) chromium (II) carbonate

(c) Arsenic (III)sulfide

ANS:

2+ - 2+ -2
(a) Calcium fluoride: CaF2(s) Ca (aq)+ 2 F(aq); Ksp= [Ca ][F

2+ 2- 2+ 2-
(b) chromium (II) carbonate: CrCO3(s) Cr (aq)+ CO3 (aq); Ksp= [Cr ] [CO3 ]
 END

Chapter 5
1) Put the letter of the matching phrase on the line preceding the number.

1) alpha particle a. high energy electromagnetic radiation

2) beta particle b. a high speed electron
3) gamma ray c. a helium nucleus

ANS:
1) .....C....alpha particle a. high energy electromagnetic radiation
2) … B…..beta particle b. a high speed electron
3) … A…..gamma ray c. a helium nucleus

2) .Write the complete nuclear symbol for a nucleus of chlorine that contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons.

ANS:

3) Write the complete nuclear symbol for a nucleus of oxygen that contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons

ANS:

4) If a nucleus of uranium has a mass number of 238, how many neutrons does it contain?

ANS: 146 neutrons

5) In the nuclear symbol for a beta particle, what is the atomic number?

ANS: -1 (negative one)

 6) Is it possible for isotopes to be atoms of different elements? Explain why or why not.

ANS: No, isotopes cannot be of different elements. The definition of isotopes is that they have the
SAME ATOMICNUMBER and different mass numbers. If they have the same atomic number, they must
be the same element

7) How many neutrons are present in a nucleus whose atomic number is one and whose mass number is
one?

ANS: Zero the number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number
From the mass number, in this case that would be 1 – 1 = 0.

8) Name the element of an isotope whose mass number is 206 and who se atomic number is 82?

ANS: 82 is the atomic number of lead, Pb.

9) How many protons and how many neutrons are present in a nucleus of lithium- 7?

ANS: 3 protons and 4 neutrons

10) What is the physical difference between a U-235 atom and a U-238 atom?

ANS: U-238 atom will be fractionally heavier due to the three extra neutrons in its nucleus

11) What is the difference in the chemistry of a U-235 atom and a U-238 atom?

ANS: The chemistry of the two atoms is exactly the same. The chemical behavior of atoms is
determined by the nuclear charge and the number of valence electrons in the outermost energy level.
These two charac-teristics for U-235 and U-238 are exactly the same. This is the reason that the isotopes
can not be separated chemically and must be separated by a physical means related to their difference in
mass.

12) Iron -56 is avery table nucleus while cobalt-60 is a nun stable nucleus. Which nucleus would you
expect to have more binding energy per nucleon?

ANS: More binding energy per nucleon produces greater stability. Therefore, the iron-56 would
have more binding energy per nucleon.

13) Calculate the mass defect and binding energy for amole of carbon-14 given the data below.

The molar mass of carbon-14 is 14.003241 g/mol.

The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol.
The molar mass of a neutron is 1.008665 g/mol.

Mass in kilograms is converted in to energy in Joules by multiplying the mass times the speed of light
2
squared, E = mc .

8
The speed of light is 3.00 x 10 m/s.
2 2
kg·m /s = Joules
 ANS: A carbon-14 nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

mass of 6 moles of protons = (6 moles)(1.007825 g/mole) = 6.04695 g

mass of 8 moles of neutrons = (8 moles)(1.008665 g/mole) = 8.06932 g
mass of 1.00 mole of carbon-14 nuclei should be = 14.11627 g
mass of 1.00 mole of carbon-14 nuclei actually is = 14.003241 g

-4
mass defect = 14.11627 g - 14.003241 g = 0.113029 g = 1.13029 x 10 kg

2 -4 8 2 13 2 2 13
E = mc = (1.13029 x 10 kg)(3.00 x 10 m/s) = 1.02 x 10 kg·m /s = 1.02 x 10 Joules

14) Onlyoneparticleismissingfromthisequation.Whatareitsatomicandmassnumbers?

ANS: atomic number = 8 and mass number = 17

15) To what element does the missing particle in question #1 belong?

ANS: all atoms with atomic number 8 are oxygen

16) When a U-235 nucleus is struck by a neutron, the nucleus may be split in to Ce-144 and Sr-90 nuclei,
also emitting four electrons and two neutrons. Write the equation for this nuclear reaction. ?

ANS:

17) Complete the following nuclear equation by supplying the missing particle?

ANS:

18) Complete the following nuclear equation by supplying the missing particle?

ANS:
 19) Complete the following nuclear equation by supplying the missing particle?

ANS:

20) Complete the following nuclear equation by supplying the missing particle.

ANS:

21) Complete the following nuclear equation by supplying the missing particle. (Intermediate)

ANS:

22)
Use information in the chart above to decide if carbon-12 nuclei were to be transmute din to other nuclei that
were more stable, would this more likely be accomplished by fission or by fusion?

ANS: The nuclei with larger mass numbers than C-12 are more stable (have more binding energy
pernucleon) where as the nuclei with smaller mass numbers than C-12 are generally less stable. Therefore, we
should expect C-12 to under fusion to increase nuclear stability

23) Which of the three common emissions from radioactive sources requires the heaviest shielding?

ANS: gamma rays

24) The half-life of radium - 226 is about 1600 years. How many grams of a 2.00 gram sample will remain
after 4800 years?

ANS: 0.25 gram

25) Sodium – 24 has a half – life of about 15 hours. How much of an 16.0 grams sample of sodium-24 will
remain after 60.0 hours? ANS: 1.00 gram

26) A radioactive isotope decayed from 24.0 grams to 0.75 grams in 40.0 years. What is the half-life of the
isotope? ANS: 8.0 years

27) What nuclide is commonly used in the dating of organic artifacts? ANS: carbon-14

28) Why does an ancient wood artifact contain less carbon-14 than a piece of lumber sold today?

ANS: The wooden artifact ceased to interact with the atmosphere when the tree was cut down.
Lumber being sold today was cut down recently. The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 decreases over
time because the carbon – 14 decays to carbon -12.A tree cut down thousands of years ago would
have a smaller ratio of C- 14 to C-12 than a tree cut down in the last few years

29) The half-life of C-14 is about 5,700 years. A norganicrelic is found to contain C-14 and C-12 in a ratio
that is about one-eight has great as the ratio in theatmosphere. Whatistheapproximateageoftherelic?

ANS: 7. A drop in the ratio to one-eighth represents three half-lives (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). 3 x 5,700 = 17,100 years

30) Even though gamma rays are much more penetrating than alpha particles, it is the alpha particles that
are more likely to cause damage to an organism. Explain why this is true.

ANS:. Radiation is characterized by its penetration power and its ionizing power. Penetration power
indicates how much material the radiation can pass through without being stopped and the ionizing
 power indicates how likely the radiation is to damage an organism that it strikes. Alpha particles, due
to their mass, have veryhighionizingpowerandaremuchmorelikelytodamageanorganismthanthemass-
less gamma ray.

31) The radioactive isotope calcium-47 has been used in the study of bone metabolism; radioactiveiron-59 has
been used in the study of red blood cell function; iodine-131 has been used in both diagnosis and
Treatment of thyroid problems .Suggest a reason why these particular elements were chosenfor
use with the particular body function?

ANS: Calcium is a component of bone structure so the radioactive calcium will be directed by the body to bone
construction. Iron is a component of red blood cells so the body will direct much of the radioactive iron to red
blood cells. The body collects iodine in the thyroid gland, so the radioactive iodine will be directed by the body to
the thyroid.

32) What is the primary physical difference between a nuclear electricity generating plant and acoal-
burning electricity generating plant?

ANS: In the coal-burning plant, the steam that blows through the turbines is produced from the heat of burning
coal where as in the nuclear electricity generating plant, the steam is produced by the heat from nuclear fission

33) What do the control rods in a nuclear reactor do and how do they do it?

ANS: The control rods control the rate of the chain reaction. They do this by absorbing more or less neutrons.
The more neutrons absorbed by the control rods, the slower the nuclear reaction will be

34) What is a breeder reactor?

ANS: A breeder reactor is a reactor than can produce fissionable fuel from non-fissionable U-238 as it runs.

35) Name two types of particle accelerators? ANS: cyclotron and linear accelerator

36) In the medical use of radioactivity, what does EBTstand for? ANS: External Beam Therapy

37) Is it possible for a nuclear explosion to occur in a nuclear reactor? Why or why not?

ANS: The type of nuclear reactor used in the United States does not contain a critical mass of fuel and
therefore, could not produce a nuclear explosion. Breeder reactors that are used in some other countries could,
under extreme conditions, generate a critical mass of fuel and explode.

END