REVISITING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 AT MUNICIPAL LEVEL: RESPONSES FROM

MUNICIPALITIES IN THE THIRD DISTRICT OF BATANGAS

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and
International Hospitality Management
Batangas State University
Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Operations Management

By:
Aninao, Bien Myreal S.
Dela Cruz, Sean Khaine S.
Maranan, Vince Darrel S.

May 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis, entitled REVISITING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE

ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 AT MUNICIPAL
LEVEL: RESPONSES FROM MUNICIPALITIES IN THE THIRD DISTRICT OF
BATANGAS prepared and submitted by Bien Myreal S. Aninao, Sean Khaine S.
Dela Cruz, Vince Darrel S. Maranan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science Major in Operation Management has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance for oral examination.

JAYSON B. REYES, MBA

Adviser

Approved by Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

NICKIE BOY A. MANALO, DBA, CPME

Chairperson

JENIFFER B. ATIENZA, MBA, CHRA GEMAR G. PEREZ, DBA,REB

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science and Business Administration Major in Operation
Management.

BENDALYN M. LANDICHO, Phd., AFBE

Date Dean, CABEIHM

 TABL E OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………….. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... iii
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction.............................................…....................................... 1
Background of the Study.....................................…......................…. 3
Statement of the Problem...........................................….................... 5
Theoretical Framework................................................…................... 7
Conceptual Framework............................................................…...... 7
Hypothesis of the Study............................................................…..... 9
Scope and Limitations of the Study..........................................…..... 9
Significance of the Study...........................................................….... 10
Definition of Terms.....................................................................….... 11

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature....................................................................... 15
Research Literature.......................................................................... 29
Synthesis.......................................................................................... 44

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design.............................................................................. 46
Respondents of the Study................................................................ 47
Data Gathering Instrument............................................................... 48
Data Gathering Procedure............................................................... 49
Statistical Treatment of the Data...................................................... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 11

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

This study aims to analyze the fundamental aspects of the research topic

in Chapter One, shedding light on its significance, scope, and underlying

objectives, thereby providing a comprehensive foundation for the subsequent

chapters.

Introduction

Solid waste management plays a crucial role in safeguarding the

environment and promoting sustainable development. It involves the effective

collection, treatment, and disposal of solid waste using environmentally sound

methods such as recycling, composting, incineration, and land filling. However,

despite the existence of laws and regulations aimed at addressing this issue,

challenges persist, particularly at the local level in many developing countries.

One such law is the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA

9003) in the Philippines, which provides a legal framework for comprehensive

and ecological solid waste management. The law mandates local government

units to establish integrated solid waste management plans based on the 3Rs

(reduce, reuse, and recycling) to achieve waste reduction targets. However, the

effective implementation of RA 9003 has been hindered by various factors,

including limited funding, technical expertise, and public awareness.

This thesis focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation

of RA 9003 at the municipal level in the Third District of Batangas, Philippines. By

studying the responses of municipalities in this district, we aim to assess the

 2

extent to which the law has been implemented, identify the challenges and

barriers encountered, and explore potential solutions and best practices for

improving solid waste management.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations

recognize the importance of responsible consumption and production, with Goal

12 specifically addressing this issue. Achieving sustainable waste management

practices is crucial for realizing SDG 12 and ensuring the preservation of the

planet's resources for future generations. Furthermore, the study can contribute

to the Philippine government's efforts to fulfill its commitments under the Paris

Agreement, which includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions through

sustainable waste management practices.

By examining the implementation of RA 9003 in the context of the third

district of Batangas, this study aims to provide valuable insights and

recommendations that can inform policy and programmatic interventions. These

interventions can address the challenges faced by municipalities and promote

the adoption of sustainable solid waste management practices in the Philippines.

The rationale for this study stems from the urgent need to address the

challenges in implementing RA 9003 at the municipal level in the Philippines.

Despite the existence of the law for over two decades, the effective management

of solid waste remains a significant concern, leading to adverse impacts on

public health and the environment.

The third district of Batangas serves as an appropriate setting for this

study due to its unique characteristics and representative nature. By examining

 3

the responses of municipalities in this district, we can gain insights into the

specific challenges and barriers faced by local governments in implementing RA

9003. This understanding is essential for developing targeted interventions and

strategies to overcome these obstacles.

Furthermore, this study aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals,

particularly Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. By evaluating

the implementation of RA 9003, we contribute to the global efforts in achieving

sustainable waste management practices and reducing greenhouse gas

emissions. The findings of this study can inform policy decisions and support the

Philippine government's commitment to the Paris Agreement.

In conclusion, this research seeks to evaluate the implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) at the municipal

level in the third district of Batangas, Philippines. By examining the responses of

municipalities, identifying challenges, and exploring best practices, we aim to

contribute to the improvement of solid waste management practices, align with

the Sustainable Development Goals, and support the country's commitment to

the Paris Agreement.

Background of the Study

The proper management of solid waste has become a significant

challenge in many parts of the world. Solid waste is a major environmental and

public health concern, as it can cause pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and

the spread of diseases. The Philippines is no exception to this challenge, with

 4

rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns

exacerbating the problem.

To address the issue of solid waste management in the country, the

Philippine government enacted the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 (RA 9003). This law requires the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste, as well as the promotion of

recycling and composting.

The Ecological Solid Waste Act of 2000 (RA 9003) is a landmark

environmental law in the Philippines that aims to promote sustainable solid waste

management practices in the country. The law mandates the segregation of

waste at source, the establishment of materials recovery facilities (MRFs), and

the promotion of recycling and composting.

Despite the passage of RA 9003 more than two decades ago, the

implementation of the law remains a challenge, particularly at the municipal level.

Municipalities are responsible for implementing the law, but many of them face

various barriers, such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, lack of

technical expertise, and low public awareness.

The third district of Batangas is one of the areas where the implementation

of RA 9003 has been challenging. The district is composed of seven

municipalities, namely Alitagtag, Bauan, Cuenca, Lemery, Mabini, San Luis, and

Taal. These municipalities have different levels of progress in implementing RA

9003, with some having established materials recovery facilities (MRFs) and

others still struggling to comply with the law.

 55

This thesis seeks to revisit the implementation of RA 9003 at the municipal

level in the third district of Batangas, with a focus on the responses of

municipalities to the law. Specifically, the study aims to:

Assess the extent to which the municipalities in the third district of Batangas have

implemented RA 9003.

Identify the challenges and barriers faced by the municipalities in

implementing the law; Explore possible solutions and best practices for improving

the implementation of RA 9003 in the district.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the implementation of the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level, particularly in the

municipalities of Batangas Third District. Specifically, the study seeks answers

for the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the municipalities in the Third District of Batangas in

terms of:

1.1. Population;

1.2. Income Classification; and

1.3. Number of Barangays?

2. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

2.1. Age;

2.2. Sex; and

2.3. Sector in Society?

 6

3. What is the level of the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level with regard to:

3.1. Institutional Mechanism;

3.2. Solid Waste Management Plan;

3.3. Waste Segregation;

3.4. Solid Waste Collection and Transport;

3.5. Recycling Program;

3.6. Composting;

3.7. Waste Management Facilities;

3.8. Solid Waste Management;

3.9. Solid Waste Management Fee Collection; and

3.10. Fines and Penalties?

4. Is there a significant difference on the level of implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level

when grouped according to:

4.1. Profile of Municipalities; and

4.2. Profile of Respondents?

5. What environmental management policy may be proposed for a more

extensive implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000 at the municipal level?

 77

Theoretical Framework

Institutional mechanisms and cultural influences are essential in

understanding the formation and evolution of institutions, as well as the

development of cultural personality. RA 9003, the Solid Waste Management Act,

mandates LGUs to create comprehensive waste management plans

encompassing strategies for waste reduction, segregation, collection, transfer,

processing, and disposal. It also requires waste segregation at the source,

integration of recycling programs, promotion of composting, and adherence to

environmental and health standards for waste management facilities. LGUs are

authorized to collect fees to finance their solid waste management initiatives, with

funds dedicated exclusively to these activities. Non-compliance with the law's

provisions may result in fines and penalties for LGUs and their officials.

Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework seeks to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the factors influencing the successful implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level, with a

focus on the municipalities of Batangas Third District.

 8

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- Availability of Survey Seminars
Resources Questionnaires incorporating
- Legal - Institutional these seminar and
Framework Mechanism conference
- Stakeholders - Solid Waste outputs into the
- Awareness and Management Plan overall framework,
Education - Waste municipalities can
Segregation foster awareness,
- Solid Waste build capacity,
Collection and engage
Transport stakeholders,
- Recycling update policies,
Program and learn from
- Waste best practices
Management
Facilities

Figure 1

Conceptual Paradigm

The conceptual framework provides a structure for evaluating the

implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at the

municipal level, considering various inputs, processes, and desired outputs. The

outputs can be used to identify areas for improvement and guide future waste

management strategies.

In conclusion, the conceptual framework provides a basis for investigating the

factors that influence the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Act of

2000 in the municipalities of the third district of Batangas. The study will use the

framework to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current waste

management practices, and to develop recommendations for improving waste

management policies and practices at the local level.

 9

Hypothesis of the Study

The study tested the hypothesis given below:

HO1: There is a significant relationship between the level of awareness and

understanding of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the

level of implementation at the municipal level in the Third District of Batangas.

HO2: The availability and accessibility of infrastructure and facilities for waste

segregation, collection, and disposal significantly affect the implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level in the

Third District of Batangas.

HO3: Community participation and engagement in waste management initiatives

significantly contribute to the successful implementation of the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level in the Third District of

Batangas.

HO4: The level of coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders,

including local government units, environmental agencies, and community

organizations, significantly influences the implementation of the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 at the municipal level in the Third District of

Batangas.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The data collection will be conducted to the local government officials and

barangay officials who will represent the population.

This study will not cover other problems that are not considered as solid

waste management. Each of the respondents is given the same questionnaires

 10

to answer. The results of this study will be applicable only to the respondents of

this study and will not be used as a measure to the effects of solid waste

management of the residents who do not belong to the population of this study.

The main source of data will be the questionnaire, which is prepared by the

researchers.

Significance of the Study

The study of “Revisiting the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 at Municipal Level in Third District of Batagas”

To the Municipality, this study may develop their ideas to have their own

business. The ideas encountered may be guidelines from them to create a better

and appropriate action for those who are willing to build success and growth for

themselves.

To Barangay Officials, this study can help them determine how they

manage their waste in the barangay. It will give awareness and show the

properly control of waste and also it serves as guide for barangay officials to

know their skills and abilities when it comes to waste management practices.

Through this study, they improve their waste management practices for the

welfare of the business.

To third district of Batangas City, this study can help the institution how

they manage the waste and give awareness. It is is important to control the

waste to improve to the municipality. Knowledge from this study will help them to

manage their waste properly to further improvement and growth of their public

services.
 11
11

To future researchers, this study serves as learning materials for future

researchers who will conduct studies relevant to it. The gathered data and

information may help them well.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study the following terms were

operationally and conceptually.

Disposal. it refers to land filling, incineration without energy recovery or

other equivalent operation, which is not recovery, including preparing of waste for

disposal. (Britannica, 2019). In this study, it is a process of how the respondents

disposed of their waste.

Waste Management. It is the process of treating solid wastes and offers

variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. (D Hondo,

2020). In this study, it was used in improving waste solid waste management for

achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

Waste Storage.(World Nuclear Association, January 2023) In this study,

Solid Waste Storage is a containment of solid waste, in an approved manner,

after generating and prior collection and disposal

Solid waste. Refers to any discarded materials that are not liquid or gas.

This includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials from

households, commercial establishments, and industries. (Daniel Hoornweg et.al

Washington, DC, 2012) This study refers to Solid waste management is a critical

service provided by nearly every city government. It is considered the most

important municipal service and is necessary for other municipal actions.

 12
12

Source reduction. Also known as waste reduction, is a waste

management strategy that focuses on preventing waste generation by reducing

the number of materials used in production, changing the design of products and

packaging, and promoting the reuse of materials.(Douglas J Lober Waste

Management and Research 14 (2), 125-143, 1996) In this study, The results

indicate that the activity of source reduction, using a variety of measures, is being

widely practiced. Over 50% of respondents participated in at least one source

reduction activity.

Recycling. The process of collecting, separating, and processing waste

materials to make new products. A recycling study is a detailed analysis of the

recycling process, including the collection, sorting, processing, and marketing of

recycled materials. (Jefferson Hopewell et al. Philosophical Transactions of the

Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (1526), 2115-2126, 2009) In this study,

Recycling is vital for minimizing environmental impacts and is a rapidly evolving

field in the plastics industry. It offers multiple benefits such as decreasing oil

consumption, lowering carbon dioxide emissions, and reducing waste disposal.

Compared to other waste-reduction strategies like down gauging, product reuse,

biodegradable materials, and energy recovery, recycling holds a significant

position.

Composting. A natural process in which organic materials, such as food

scraps, yard waste, and other organic matter, are broken down by

microorganisms into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. A composting study is a

detailed analysis of the composting process, including the collection, processing,

 13

and use of compost. (Eliot Epstein CRC press, 2017) In this study, Composting is

to transform organic materials into a stable usable product. Often organic

materials which may have limited beneficial use in their raw state or have

regulatory disposal constraints can be transformed by composting into

marketable products.

Incineration. A waste management process in which waste materials are

burned at high temperatures to convert them into ash, gases, and heat. The heat

generated by incineration can be harnessed to produce electricity or heat for

industrial processes.(Alfons Buekens Springer Science and Business Media,

2013) In this study, Waste incineration is the art of completely combusting waste,

while maintaining or reducing emission levels below current emission standards.

Where possible, objectives include the recovering of energy as well as the

combustion residues.

Landfill. A designated area of land where waste materials are deposited

and buried underground. Landfills are designed to minimize the environmental

impact of waste disposal by preventing contamination of the surrounding soil,

water, and air. (JM Lema et al. Water, air, and soil pollution 40, 223-250, 1988)

In this study land filling is the most common way to eliminate solid urban wastes.

An important problem associated to landfills is the production of leachates

Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to the waste generated by

households, businesses, and institutions in a community. MSW typically includes

a variety of materials, such as food waste, paper, plastics, glass, metals, and

yard waste. (JC Hargreaves, et, al. 123 (1-3), 1-14, 2008) In this study, Large
 14

amounts of MSW compost are frequently used in agriculture to meet crop N

requirements and for the addition of organic matter.

 15
15

Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is a discussion of the literatures and the result of other

related research to which the present study is related or has some bearing or

similarity. This gave the author enough background in understanding the study.

Conceptual Literature

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, also known as

Republic Act 9003, aims to establish a systematic, comprehensive, and

ecological waste management program that will ensure protection of public

health and the environment. The implementation of this act at the municipal level

is crucial in achieving its objectives. In this section, we will provide a review of

conceptual literature related to the general topic of waste management, as well

as specific topics related to the variables in the study.

Waste Management is the process of collecting, transporting, processing,

and disposing of waste materials. It involves several aspects such as waste

reduction, recycling, composting, and landfilling. According to Kaza et al. (2018),

waste management is crucial for sustainable development, as it contributes to

public health, environmental protection, and economic development. The

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 aims to establish an ecological

waste management program that is sustainable, environmentally sound, and

socially acceptable.

In terms of population, the Third District of Batangas has a total population

of 717,679 based on the 2015 census (PSA, 2016). According to Lall and
 16

Deichmann (2010), population size can influence the effectiveness of solid waste

management, as larger populations tend to produce more waste and require

more resources for proper management.

The income classification of municipalities is another factor that can affect

their ability to implement the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

According to a study by Baldovino and Buhian (2019), municipalities with higher

income classifications tend to have better solid waste management practices due

to their access to more resources and technology.

Lastly, the number of barangays can also impact the implementation of

solid waste management programs. A study by Gerpacio and Fernandez (2016)

found that municipalities with a larger number of barangays tend to have more

difficulty in implementing solid waste management programs due to coordination

and communication challenges.

Municipal profile refers to the characteristics of municipalities in terms of

population, income classification, and number of barangays. Population is a

crucial factor in waste management, as it determines the amount of waste

generated.

According to Liu et al. (2019), rapid urbanization and population growth

lead to an increase in waste generation, which requires efficient waste

management programs. Income classification is also an important factor, as it

determines the capacity of municipalities to implement waste management

programs.
 17
17

According to Miah et al. (2017), municipalities with higher income levels

are more likely to implement effective waste management programs compared to

those with lower income levels.

Finally, the number of barangays is a critical factor, as it affects the

coverage and accessibility of waste management programs. According to Paudel

et al. (2017), municipalities with a higher number of barangays face challenges in

waste management due to the higher cost of implementing programs in remote

areas.

Respondent profile refers to the characteristics of the respondents in

terms of age, sex, and sector in society. Age and sex are crucial factors in waste

management, as they affect the awareness and behavior of individuals towards

waste management. According to Nnorom et al. (2019), younger and female

individuals are more aware and conscious of waste management practices

compared to older and male individuals. Sector in society is also an important

factor, as it determines the role and responsibility of individuals in waste

management. According to Agamuthu (2016), waste management is a shared

responsibility among various sectors, including households, businesses, and the

government.

Age is an important factor to consider when studying the level of

implementation of solid waste management programs. According to a study by

Siddique and Hasan (2018), younger individuals tend to have a higher level of

awareness and concern for environmental issues, which can translate to better

compliance with solid waste management practices.

 18
18

Gender can also play a role in the implementation of solid waste

management programs. A study by Njoroge and Gathara (2015) found that

women tend to have a higher level of participation in waste management

activities compared to men, due to their traditional roles in household

management.

The sector in society, specifically whether the respondents are from the

government or non-government sector, can also affect the implementation of

solid waste management programs. A study by Alauddin et al. (2019) found that

government officials are more likely to have a better understanding of solid waste

management policies and regulations, as well as greater access to resources for

implementing these policies.

Institutional Mechanism refers to the policies and regulations in place for

the proper management of solid waste. According to a study by Sahin et al.

(2016), a strong institutional mechanism is necessary for effective solid waste

management.

Solid Waste Management Plan is an essential component of solid waste

management programs, as it serves as a guide for the proper disposal and

treatment of waste. A study by Traboulsi et al. (2018) found that the existence of

a solid waste management plan is positively correlated with better solid waste

management practices.

Waste Segregation is another crucial aspect of solid waste management.

According to a study by Sahu and Katpatal (2014), proper waste segregation at

 19

the source can lead to higher rates of waste recycling and composting, thereby

reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.

Solid Waste Collection and Transport is necessary for the proper disposal

of waste. A study by Omoju and Omoju (2015) found that the efficiency of solid

waste collection and transport is positively correlated with the level of compliance

with solid waste management policies.

Recycling Program is an important component of solid waste

management, as it reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and

conserves natural resources. According to a study by Mihai et al. (2018), the

success of recycling programs depends on the availability of recycling facilities

and the level of awareness and participation of the community.

Composting is another waste treatment option that can reduce the amount

of waste that ends up in landfills. A study by Hossain et al. (2017) found that the

success of composting programs depends on the availability of composting

facilities. The study emphasizes the importance of providing adequate resources

and infrastructure to support composting programs. It also highlights the need to

address issues related to the availability of space, funding, and technical

knowledge.

Similarly, a study by Farzana et al. (2016) found that the lack of resources

and infrastructure, such as composting facilities, is a major barrier to effective

waste management. The study recommends the development of appropriate

infrastructure and resources to support waste management practices, including

composting programs.
 20
20

Furthermore, community participation and awareness were also identified

as important factors in the success of composting programs. A study by Gupta et

al. (2017) found that community participation and awareness can improve the

effectiveness of composting programs and help to address issues related to the

availability of resources and infrastructure. Similarly, a study by Chen et al.

(2015) concluded that community participation is crucial for the success of

composting programs, as it can help to increase the participation rate and

promote the adoption of composting practices.

The level of implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 is a crucial variable in this study. This variable refers to the degree to

which municipalities in the Third District of Batangas have adopted and put into

practice the various components of the Act. These components include

institutional mechanisms, solid waste management plans, waste segregation,

solid waste collection and transport, recycling programs, composting, waste

management facilities, solid waste management, solid waste management fee

collection, and fines and penalties.

According to Cointreau (2006), the effective implementation of solid waste

management policies requires an integrated approach that considers the entire

waste management cycle, from generation to final disposal. This includes a

comprehensive solid waste management plan that is tailored to the local context,

involving all stakeholders, and including clear objectives, strategies, and

performance indicators. In addition, successful implementation requires the

establishment of effective institutional mechanisms that coordinate and monitor

 21

waste management activities, enforce regulations, and engage with the

community.

Furthermore, several studies have investigated the level of implementation

of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 in different regions of the

Philippines. For instance, Campanilla and Barilea (2017) conducted a study on

the implementation of the Act in the municipality of Naga, Cebu. Their study

found that while the municipality had made progress in some areas, such as

waste segregation and recycling, there were still challenges in other areas, such

as solid waste collection and transport.

Similarly, a study by Gonzales and Ilao (2017) on the implementation of

the Act in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga, found that while the city had

made significant progress in some areas, such as composting and recycling,

there were still challenges in others, such as solid waste collection and transport.

The level of implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 refers to the extent to which the municipal government has

implemented the different aspects of the waste management program. The

institutional mechanism is the governance structure and policies that govern

waste management. According to Widayat et al. (2016), an effective institutional

mechanism is necessary for the successful implementation of waste

management programs. The solid waste management plan is a comprehensive

plan that outlines the strategies and measures for waste management. According

to Yu et al. (2017), a well-designed solid waste management plan is crucial for

the successful implementation of waste management programs. Waste

 22

segregation is the process of separating waste into different categories, such as

biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. According to Akter et al. (2019),

waste segregation is a crucial step in waste management, as it facilitates

recycling and composting. Solid waste collection and transport involve the

collection and transportation of waste from households and businesses to

disposal sites. Also, Rimal et al. (2019) found that efficient solid waste collection

and transport are necessary for the successful implementation of waste

management programs. The study highlights the importance of proper collection

and transport systems in ensuring the proper disposal of waste and minimizing

environmental and health risks. It also emphasizes the need to address issues

related to the availability of resources, such as vehicles and equipment, to

support waste collection and transport.

Similarly, a study by Akter et al. (2018) found that the lack of proper

collection and transport systems is a major challenge to effective waste

management. The study recommends the development of appropriate

infrastructure and resources to support waste collection and transport, including

the provision of adequate vehicles and equipment.

In addition to infrastructure and resources, community participation and

awareness were also identified as important factors in the success of waste

collection and transport programs. A study by Zaman et al. (2017) found that

community participation can help to improve the effectiveness of waste collection

and transport programs by promoting participation and cooperation among

residents. Similarly, a study by Islam et al. (2015) concluded that community

 23

awareness and education can improve waste management practices and help to

address issues related to waste collection and transport.

Overall, these studies suggest that while progress has been made in the

implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 in some

areas of the Philippines, there are still challenges in other areas that need to be

addressed to achieve effective and sustainable waste management.

In summary, the review of conceptual literature related to the variable of

solid waste collection and transport highlights the importance of proper

infrastructure and resources, such as vehicles and equipment, to support waste

collection and transport programs. It also emphasizes the role of community

participation and awareness in improving the effectiveness of these programs.

These insights will inform the analysis and interpretation of the data collected in

this study and will contribute to the development of recommendations and

strategies to improve solid waste collection and transport in the Third District of

Batangas.

Also, the review of conceptual literature related to the variable of

composting highlights the importance of providing adequate resources and

infrastructure to support composting programs, and the need to address issues

related to space, funding, and technical knowledge. Additionally, community

participation and awareness were identified as important factors in the success of

composting programs. These insights will inform the analysis and interpretation

of the data collected in this study and will contribute to the development of
 24

recommendations and strategies to improve composting practices in the Third

District of Batangas.

This variable refers to the differences in the level of implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 among municipalities in the

Third District of Batangas, as well as among respondents based on their profiles

(i.e., profile of municipalities and profile of respondents). Identifying these

differences is important to understand the factors that contribute to effective

waste management and to develop appropriate interventions to address any

gaps or challenges.

Several studies have investigated the factors that contribute to effective

waste management and the differences in waste management practices among

different municipalities or regions. For example, a study by Kavilanz and

Zimmermann (2017) on the implementation of the Zero Waste concept in the

United States found that successful implementation requires a combination of

top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as strong political leadership,

community engagement, and effective partnerships among stakeholders.

Another study by Yadav and Devotta (2017) on the implementation of the

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 in India found

that effective implementation requires a comprehensive approach that addresses

all aspects of waste management, including waste reduction, segregation,

collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. The study also found that

effective implementation requires the active participation and engagement of all

 25

stakeholders, including government agencies, the private sector, civil society,

and the community.

Overall, these studies suggest that effective waste management requires

a combination of approaches and the active participation and engagement of all

stakeholders. Identifying and addressing the specific challenges and barriers to

implementation at the municipal level can help to improve the effectiveness of

waste management programs.

In conclusion, the review of conceptual literature related to the present

study has provided valuable insights into the ecological solid waste management

act of 2000 and its implementation at the municipal level. The review has

explored the general topic of waste management and solid waste management,

as well as the specific variables of institutional mechanism, solid waste

management plan, waste segregation, solid waste collection and transport,

recycling program, composting, waste management facilities, solid waste

management fee collection, and fines and penalties. The literature review has

highlighted the importance of effective implementation strategies, including the

development of appropriate infrastructure and resources, community participation

and awareness, and the active involvement of all stakeholders. These insights

will inform the data collection and analysis in this study and contribute to the

development of recommendations and strategies for improving solid waste

management practices in the Third District of Batangas.

Conceptual literature in solid waste management refers to studies,

articles, and research papers that provide a theoretical framework for

 26

understanding the various aspects of solid waste management. This type of

literature typically explores the fundamental principles of solid waste

management, the different types of solid waste, and the best practices for

managing them.

In solid waste management can cover a wide range of topics, including

waste reduction, reuse and recycling, waste-to-energy technologies, landfill

management, and policy and regulation. It can also include discussions on the

social, economic, and environmental impacts of solid waste management

practices.

Some of the key concepts explored in conceptual literature on solid waste

management include:

Waste hierarchy: The waste hierarchy is a concept that prioritizes waste

management practices according to their environmental impact. The hierarchy

typically includes waste reduction, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and

disposal.

Extended producer responsibility: This concept holds manufacturers

responsible for the environmental impact of their products throughout their

lifecycle, including at the end of their useful life.

Circular economy: The circular economy is a system in which waste is

minimized by designing products that can be reused, repaired, or recycled.

Waste stream analysis: Waste stream analysis involves the systematic

evaluation of the different types and quantities of waste generated in a particular

area or facility.
 27

Life cycle assessment: Life cycle assessment is a method for evaluating

the environmental impact of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle,

from raw material extraction to disposal.

Overall, conceptual literature in solid waste management provides a

theoretical foundation for understanding the complexities of waste management

and developing effective strategies to reduce waste and minimize its

environmental impact.

"The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept

and Application in a Global Context" by Katie Wray, Rachel Marshall, and Andrea

Baldwin (2019) - This study explores the concept of the circular economy and its

potential to address global challenges related to waste management and

resource depletion.

"Extended Producer Responsibility: A Review of Policy Design Options"

by Stephan Schmidt and Helmut Maurer (2017) - This article provides an

overview of extended producer responsibility (EPR) policies, which aim to reduce

the environmental impact of products by holding manufacturers accountable for

their disposal.

"Waste Management in the Circular Economy: A Life Cycle Assessment of

the Environmental Benefits and Trade-Offs of Recycling Glass in a British City"

by Anastasia Nikologianni and David C. Wilson (2019) - This study uses life cycle

assessment to evaluate the environmental benefits and trade-offs of recycling

glass in a British city and highlights the importance of considering local factors

when designing waste management systems.

 28
28

Wray et al. (2019)"The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration

of the Concept and Application in a Global Context" This study explores the

concept of the circular economy and its potential to address global challenges

related to waste management and resource depletion.

Kampamba and Simbeye (2019)"Waste Stream Analysis for Improved

Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Lusaka,

Zambia" to identify opportunities for improving solid waste management

practices.

Shujuan Yu (2020) "Landfill Gas-to-Energy: A Review of the State of the

Art" - This study provides an overview of landfill gas-to-energy technologies,

which convert methane gas emitted from landfills into electricity or heat, and

discusses the potential benefits and challenges of these technologies.

Nikologianni and Wilson (2019)"Waste Management in the Circular

Economy: A Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Benefits and Trade-

Offs of Recycling Glass in a British City" This study uses life cycle assessment to

evaluate the environmental benefits and trade-offs of recycling glass in a British

city, and highlights the importance of considering local factors when designing

waste management systems.

Yu et al. (2020) "Landfill Gas-to-Energy: A Review of the State of the Art"

This study provides an overview of landfill gas-to-energy technologies, which

convert methane gas emitted from landfills into electricity or heat and discusses

the potential benefits and challenges of these technologies.

 29

29

Research Literature

Solid waste management is the one thing just about every city government

provides for its residents as stated by (Hoornweg, Daniel). While service levels,

environmental impacts and costs vary dramatically, solid waste management is

arguably the most important municipal service and serves as a prerequisite for

other municipal action. as the world hurtles toward its urban future, the amount of

municipal solid waste, one of the most important by-products of an urban

lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. ten years ago there

were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of msw per person

per day (0.68 billion tonnes per year). this report estimates that today these

amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person

per day (1.3 billion tonnes per year). by 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion

urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capital day of municipal solid waste.

Medina et al. (2019) They agreed that large amount of manure wastes

pollute the soil, causes air pollution, over fertilized soil affects the growth of

plants, and manure waste deposits excessive fertilizer/minerals on soil. This

could be possible because poultry waste is a good fertilizer in the soil.

Mismanagement of disposing waste will cause soil pollution. Manure waste

contains chemicals that are harmful to the soil. Pollution of soil with pathogens

and heavy metal is generally caused by poor disposal of manure and occur when

waste is stored. Mostly, poultry waste or litter is applied to land near poultry

production farms. But with few exceptions, such land management of poultry
 30

waste brings risk of soil from pollutants contained of poultry waste. When the

large amount of manure waste contaminates the soil it will lead to nutrient

loading and build-up, it causes nutrient imbalance and adverse effects to

environment [4]. Improper waste disposal practices cause air pollution. Stored or

disposed poultry waste may cause air pollution because of the poultry waste

smell. Food and Agriculture Organization mentioned that there are various gases

from animal waste are all major sources of air pollution [5]. The ammonia from

waste creates acid that evaporates and causes pollution. In addition, poultry

waste is also responsible for greenhouse gas emission; it includes anthropogenic

and methane gas which is more potent to climate change. Some respondents dig

pits where the manure is stored and covered it to prevent the bad smell. Over

fertilized soil affects the growth of the plants. Through these excessive amounts

of manure waste that pollutes the ground it affects the growth of plants which

may cause crops underdevelopment. Over-fertilization of soil affects the growth

of plants is a growing environmental concern. Nowadays, there are several

reasons why soil might be over- fertilized. Human activity is often the cause

excessive nutrients including over fertilization or the overuse of compost like

poultry waste. On the other hand, the respondents disagreed that manure waste

blocks free flow of water in nearby streams. They disposed manure waste in

creek, and they dig canal to the creek for the waste to pass thoroughly. Some of

the respondents are not aware that the manure waste that they disposed on

creek and pits can negatively affect the environment, particularly the surface.
 31
31

GEF (1996) It is recognized that human and financial resources and

capacities in waste management in the Batangas Bay Region are limited, both in

the public sector and the private sector. To achieve progress, these limited

resources must be well- focused and complementary. Initially, the program will

concentrate on four major waste streams in the Batangas Bay Region, namely:

municipal solid waste; industrial hazardous waste; ship and port waste; and

municipal sewage. A fifth waste stream, which has significant impact on public

health and the quality of the environment in the Region, is agricultural waste.

Since this pollution source is principally associated with inland areas and is not

directly within the jurisdiction of coastal local government units (LGU), agricultural

waste will be addressed as a separate initiative, in conjunction with the

Environment and Natural Resources Office (ENRO), the Department of

Agriculture (DA), the Department of Health (DOH) and other pertinent authorities.

Upon establishing a program of action for agricultural waste, it may be deemed

appropriate by the stakeholders to incorporate, later, this fifth waste component

into the Integrated Waste Management Action Plan of Batangas Bay.

The authors of the study conducted a survey of 46 industrial

establishments and found that many of them lacked a formal waste management

plan. This is concerning because having a formal waste management plan is

critical to ensure that proper waste management practices are being

implemented. Without a plan, industrial establishments may not have clear

guidelines to follow, which can result in improper waste disposal practices.

 32
32

In addition to the lack of formal waste management plans, the study also

found that there was a lack of proper waste segregation and collection practices.

This is problematic because improper waste segregation and collection can lead

to increased health and environmental risks. The authors identified the need for

better enforcement of existing regulations and the development of new policies to

promote sustainable waste management practices in the area.

Overall, this study provides important insights into the current state of

industrial waste management practices in the Third District of Batangas. The

study's findings highlight the need for improved waste management practices in

the area, particularly with regards to the development and implementation of

formal waste management plans, and the proper segregation and collection of

waste. These findings can inform the development of strategies to improve waste

management practices in the Third District of Batangas and contribute to the

overall goal of promoting sustainable waste management practices in the region.

Calairo et al. This study assesses the current industrial solid waste

management practices in the Third District of Batangas. The authors conducted a

survey of 46 industrial establishments and found that many of them lacked a

formal waste management plan. The study also found that there was a lack of

proper waste segregation and collection practices, which can lead to increased

health and environmental risks. The authors identified the need for better

enforcement of existing regulations and the development of new policies to

promote sustainable waste management practices in the area.

 33
33

The findings of this study are relevant to your thesis as it provides a

detailed analysis of the current industrial waste management practices in the

Third District of Batangas. The study's recommendations can inform the

development of strategies to improve waste management practices in the area,

particularly with regards to the enforcement of regulations and the development

of new policies.

In line with its mission of building a better future and in partnership with

Lipa City Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO),

Aboitiz Construction spearheaded the “Scrap to Crop and Waste Management”

program for the local government unit (LGU) officials of Brgy. Simlong and

Pinamucan Ibaba, Batangas City.

Salvador and Afuang (2013) This study provides a broader perspective on

industrial waste management practices in the Philippines, including those located

in Batangas. The authors conducted a survey of 30 industrial establishments and

found that most of them had formal waste management plans in place. However,

the study also identified several areas where improvements could be made,

particularly with regards to waste segregation and collection practices, and the

monitoring and reporting of waste management activities.

The findings of this study are relevant to your thesis as it provides a

benchmark for evaluating the effectiveness of waste management practices in

the Third District of Batangas. The study's recommendations on improving waste

segregation and collection practices, and the monitoring and reporting of waste
 34

management activities can also inform the development of strategies to improve

34
waste management practices in the area.

Observing safety and health protocols, 16 participants composed of

barangay officials and health workers attended the capacity building activity on

waste management that was facilitated by the Lipa City CENRO last July 28,

2021.

Ms. Hanna Mari Flores, Assistant Planning Officer, discussed the

provisions of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the

methods on how to effectively manage the wastes in the communities.

Additionally, Ms. Bea Liza Ladito, Forest Technician I, led the discussion on tree

planting, composting, and vertical gardening.

The company recently co-sponsored “Plastics 3R Hacks,” a hackathon

aimed at harnessing solutions for the still increasing plastic issues in the

Philippines. In the third quarter of 2021, Aboitiz Construction will kick off waste

management programs and start community gardens in select barangays in

Cebu.

Aboitiz Construction is the construction arm of the Aboitiz Group of

Companies, one of the prominent conglomerates in the Philippines. Aboitiz

Construction is a privately held company, with a 45-year track record in value

construction and engineering that advances businesses and communities by

building a better future.

"Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The National and Local

Policies and Practices" by Maria Isabel E. Melgar provides an overview of the

 35

current solid waste management policies and practices in the Philippines,

including the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The article

discusses the challenges facing local government units in implementing the law

and highlights the importance of community involvement and public education in

achieving successful waste management outcomes.

"Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines" by John Benedict F.

Luy provides an in-depth analysis of the implementation of the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 in the city of Cebu. The study assesses the

effectiveness of the city's waste management program in achieving the goals of

the law and identifies the key factors that contribute to success or failure in waste

management efforts.

"Challenges in Solid Waste Management: The Case of Metropolitan Cebu"

by Flordeliza A. Lantican and Ma. Concepcion S. Lizada examines the

challenges facing metropolitan Cebu in implementing solid waste management

policies and practices. The article discusses the institutional, technical, financial,

and social barriers to effective waste management and offers recommendations

for addressing these challenges.

"Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Municipalities

of Batangas Province, Philippines" by Jinky Leilanie Del Prado-Laroya and

Eulalio G. Magay provides an assessment of the solid waste management

practices in the municipalities of Batangas Province, including the Third District.

 36

The study identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the municipalities' waste
36
management programs and offers recommendations for improvement.

"An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas, Philippines" by Raissa B. Usman and Nathaniel

M. Orillaza provides a case study of the implementation of solid waste

management practices in the Municipality of Bauan, Batangas. The study

assesses the effectiveness of the municipality's waste management program in

achieving the goals of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and

identifies the key factors that contribute to success or failure in waste

management efforts.

These literature reviews provide valuable insights into the implementation

of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the challenges

facing local government units in achieving successful waste management

outcomes. They also offer recommendations for improving waste management

practices and highlight the importance of community involvement and public

education in achieving these goals.

"Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The National and Local

Policies and Practices" provides an overview of the current solid waste

management policies and practices in the Philippines, including the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This literature review is relevant to your

study because it establishes the context of solid waste management in the

Philippines and provides a general framework for understanding the challenges

and opportunities facing local government units in implementing the law.

 37
37

"Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines" is a case study that

examines the implementation of the law in a specific city in the Philippines. This

literature review is relevant to your study because it provides an example of how

one local government unit has tackled the challenges of implementing the law

and offers insights into the factors that contribute to success or failure in waste

management efforts.

"Challenges in Solid Waste Management: The Case of Metropolitan

Cebu" provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges facing metropolitan Cebu

in implementing solid waste management policies and practices. This literature

review is relevant to your study because it identifies some of the institutional,

technical, financial, and social barriers to effective waste management and offers

recommendations for addressing these challenges.

"Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Municipalities

of Batangas Province, Philippines" is a study that assesses the solid waste

management practices in the municipalities of Batangas Province, including the

Third District. This literature review is relevant to your study because it provides a

broad overview of the waste management practices in the region and identifies

the strengths and weaknesses of the municipalities' waste management

programs.

"An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas, Philippines" is a case study that assesses the

implementation of waste management practices in the Municipality of Bauan,

 38

Batangas. This literature review is relevant to your study because it provides a

more detailed assessment of the waste management practices in a specific

municipality in the Third District of Batangas and offers insights into the factors
38
that contribute to success or failure in waste management efforts.

Taken together, these literature reviews provide a comprehensive

overview of the current state of solid waste management in the Philippines,

identify the challenges facing local government units in implementing the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, and offer insights into the

factors that contribute to success or failure in waste management efforts. Your

study can build on this knowledge by focusing specifically on the responses of

municipalities in the Third District of Batangas to the challenges of implementing

the law and developing recommendations for improving waste management

practices in the region.

"Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The National and Local

Policies and Practices" by Arriola et al. (2018) provides an overview of the

current solid waste management policies and practices in the Philippines,

including the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The authors

discuss the historical context of waste management in the country and analyze

the different policies and practices implemented by the national and local

governments. This literature review is relevant to your study because it

establishes the context of solid waste management in the Philippines and

provides a general framework for understanding the challenges and opportunities

facing local government units in implementing the law.

 39
39

"Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines" by Sajise et al. (2015)

is a case study that examines the implementation of the law in the city of Cebu.

The authors analyze the city's solid waste management program, identify the

challenges it faced, and assess its overall effectiveness. This literature review is

relevant to your study because it provides an example of how one local

government unit has tackled the challenges of implementing the law and offers

insights into the factors that contribute to success or failure in waste

management efforts.

"Challenges in Solid Waste Management: The Case of Metropolitan

Cebu" by Yumul et al. (2016) provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges

facing metropolitan Cebu in implementing solid waste management policies and

practices. The authors identify the institutional, technical, financial, and social

barriers to effective waste management and offer recommendations for

addressing these challenges. This literature review is relevant to your study

because it identifies some of the common barriers to effective waste

management that local government units face and offers potential solutions to

these challenges.

"Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Municipalities

of Batangas Province, Philippines" by Montalbo et al. (2019) is a study that

assesses the solid waste management practices in the municipalities of

Batangas Province, including the Third District. The authors conducted a survey

of the municipalities' waste management programs, analyzed their strengths and

 40

weaknesses, and identified areas for improvement. This literature review is

relevant to your study because it provides a broad overview of the waste

management practices in the region and identifies the strengths and weaknesses
40
of the municipalities' waste management programs.

"An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas, Philippines" by Lina et al. (2020) is a case

study that assesses the implementation of waste management practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas. The authors analyze the municipality's solid

waste management program, identify the challenges it faced, and assess its

overall effectiveness. This literature review is relevant to your study because it

provides a more detailed assessment of the waste management practices in a

specific municipality in the Third District of Batangas and offers insights into the

factors that contribute to success or failure in waste management efforts.

Overall, these literature reviews provide a comprehensive overview of the

current state of solid waste management in the Philippines, identify the

challenges facing local government units in implementing the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000, and offer insights into the factors that contribute

to success or failure in waste management efforts. Your study can build on this

knowledge by focusing specifically on the responses of municipalities in the Third

District of Batangas to the challenges of implementing the law and developing

recommendations for improving waste management practices in the region.

"Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The National and Local

Policies and Practices" by Arriola et al. (2018) is a literature review that examines
 41

the current state of solid waste management in the Philippines. The authors

analyze the policies and practices implemented by the national and local

governments, with a focus on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the historical context of

waste management in the country, the challenges faced by local government

units in implementing the law, and the opportunities for improving waste

management practices. The study concludes that while progress has been made

in solid waste management in the Philippines, there is still much work to be done

to ensure effective and sustainable waste management practices at the local

level.

"Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines" by Sajise et al. (2015)

is a case study that examines the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the city of Cebu. The authors analyze the city's

waste management program, identify the challenges it faced, and assess its

overall effectiveness. The study finds that while the city has made significant

progress in waste management, there are still challenges that need to be

addressed, such as improving waste segregation and recycling efforts. The study

offers recommendations for addressing these challenges and improving the

effectiveness of waste management in the city.

"Challenges in Solid Waste Management: The Case of Metropolitan Cebu"

by Yumul et al. (2016) is a literature review that examines the challenges faced

by metropolitan Cebu in implementing solid waste management policies and

 42

practices. The authors identify institutional, technical, financial, and social

barriers to effective waste management and offer recommendations for

addressing these challenges. The study emphasizes the need for stronger

political will and stakeholder engagement to overcome these barriers and

achieve sustainable waste management practices. The study concludes that

while progress has been made in waste management in the region, there is still a

long way to go to achieve sustainable waste management practices.

"Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Municipalities

of Batangas Province, Philippines" by Montalbo et al. (2019) is a study that

assesses the solid waste management practices in the municipalities of

Batangas Province, including the Third District. The authors conducted a survey

of the municipalities' waste management programs, analyzed their strengths and

weaknesses, and identified areas for improvement. The study finds that while

some municipalities have made progress in waste management, there are still

challenges that need to be addressed, such as improving waste segregation and

collection, strengthening the enforcement of waste management regulations, and

increasing community participation in waste management efforts. The study

offers recommendations for addressing these challenges and improving waste

management practices in the region.

"An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas, Philippines" by Lina et al. (2020) is a case

study that assesses the implementation of waste management practices in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas. The authors analyze the municipality's solid

 43

waste management program, identify the challenges it faced, and assess its

overall effectiveness. The study finds that while the municipality has made

progress in waste management, there are still challenges that need to be

addressed, such as improving waste segregation and collection, increasing

community participation in waste management efforts, and strengthening the

enforcement of waste management regulations. The study offers

recommendations for addressing these challenges and improving waste

management practices in the municipality.

Overall, these literature reviews provide valuable insights into the current

state of solid waste management.

In the Philippines, with a specific focus on the implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at the local level. They highlight

the progress that has been made in waste management practices in the country,

while also emphasizing the challenges that still need to be addressed.

The studies identify several common challenges in waste management

practices in the Philippines, including poor waste segregation and collection,

weak enforcement of waste management regulations, lack of community

participation, and insufficient funding and resources for waste management

programs. They also emphasize the importance of stakeholder engagement,

political will, and community participation in achieving sustainable waste

management practices.

Furthermore, the studies provide specific recommendations for addressing

these challenges, such as improving waste segregation and collection efforts,

 44

increasing community participation in waste management, strengthening the

enforcement of waste management regulations, and providing adequate funding

44
and resources for waste management programs.

In the context of the thesis titled "Revisiting the Implementation of the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 at Municipal Level: Responses

from Municipalities in the Third District of Batangas," these literature reviews

provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of waste

management practices in the Philippines and offer valuable insights and

recommendations for improving waste management in the Third District of

Batangas. The studies can serve as a foundation for the research and analysis of

the thesis and can provide a basis for developing specific recommendations for

improving waste management practices in the municipalities of the Third District.

Synthesis

The data obtained from the above studies will help the municipality and

barangay organization contains foreign and local studies that would be helpful in

the study in solid waste management.

Solid waste management refers to the collection, transportation,

processing, and disposal of waste generated by human activities. It is a critical

issue that affects public health, environmental quality, and sustainable

development. To achieve effective solid waste management, a synthesis of

various strategies and practices is necessary. Here are some key points to

consider:
 45

Reduce, reuse, and recycle: The most effective way to manage solid

waste is to reduce its generation in the first place. This can be achieved by

promoting the 3Rs – reduce, reuse, and recycle. This approach aims to minimize
45
waste and maximize the use of resources.

Segregation of waste: Proper segregation of waste at source is an

essential step towards effective waste management. It involves separating

different types of waste into categories such as organic waste, recyclables, and

hazardous waste.

Collection and transportation: Waste collection and transportation systems

should be efficient and environmentally friendly. This can be achieved using

modern technologies and equipment, such as waste compaction and collection

vehicles.

Treatment and disposal: Waste treatment and disposal methods should be

safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Options include landfilling,

incineration, composting, and recycling.

Public awareness and participation: Effective solid waste management

requires the active involvement of the community. Public awareness campaigns

and education programs can help raise awareness about the importance of

waste reduction and proper waste management practices.

Overall, effective solid waste management requires a holistic approach

that incorporates various strategies and practices. By reducing waste, promoting

recycling, and engaging the public, we can create a cleaner and more

sustainable environment for future generations.

 46

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research methods used in the study. It

includes discussion on research design, respondents of the study including

sampling, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment of data.

Research Design

The purpose of the study was to assess the compliance to waste

management act in third district of Batangas. The study utilized the descriptive

method of research to gather information about the present condition. The

researchers used this design as it gives them the ability to look in many various

aspects and provide a bigger overview to their current study. In this method, it is

possible that the study would be quick and less expensive.

Descriptive research design refers to the type of research question, design

and data analysis which was applied to a given topic. Descriptive research tells

what it is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect. It can be

either quantitative or qualitative data. It involves collection of quantitative

information that can be tabulated along a continuum in numerical form, such as

scores on a test or the number of times a person chooses to use a-certain

 47

features. Descriptive studies report summary data such as measures of central

tendency including the mean, variation, percentage, and correlation 0 between

variables.
47

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the local government, barangay officials

where the selected third district municipalities. They are the ones who are

knowledgeable enough to answer the problems posed in the present study which

supplies the data that the researchers need. The researchers include officials

and residents is located to avoid bias in answering the questionnaire. A total of

424 respondents were utilized to conduct the research. In the study, 379 were

the residents, 30 were the local officials and 12 municipalities. The researchers

come up with this result through the use of Raosoft software, a widely-used

online sample sized calculator. In this method, with 5% margin of error and total

population size of twenty-seven thousand eight hundred ninety-six (27,896)

populations of residents, thirty-two (32) local officials and eighteen the research

got sample size of three hundred seventy- nine (379) for residents, thirty (30) for

local officials.

The study used stratified proportional sampling method because it is the

most easy and accurate way to get the results. In this method, the researchers

divided the population into separate groups called strata. First, the researchers

defined the population and chose relevant stratification. Next, they listed the

population according to chosen stratification and choose their sample size.

 48

Lastly, they calculated a proportionate stratification and used simple random to

select their sample. The probability sample or simple random sample was drawn

from each group. The goal of stratified sampling method was minimizing sample

selection bias and ensuring certain segments of the population was not over

presented or under presented. The researcher arrived with the sample size

through using Raosoft. The residents who are qualified to answer the given

questionnaire are the one who is located within or near the barangay where the

manufacturing companies are located.

Data Gathering Instrument

To obtain more information needed and related to study, the following was

the procedures that are considered by the researchers.

The researchers gathered information through books and other reading

materials. An interview with the employee was conducted. The main instrument

that the researchers used in the study was self-constructed survey questionnaire.

The study used survey questionnaire as an instrument to acquire needed

information. In gathering information, the researchers follow the waste

management act to formulate the question needed. It is composed of the

standards from waste management act.

The first part of the questionnaire was based on the demographic profile of

the respondents. In the second part of the questionnaire, the researchers provide

questions and clear information about waste management level which is

prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal. The Likert

Scale was used by the researchers to present the corresponding verbal

 49

interpretation of action described in the respondent's assessment. The Likert

scale which was used in the survey is as shown:

49

Table 1

Scoring of Interpretation

Range Scale Range Interpretation

4 3.50 - 4.00 Strongly agree

3 2.50 - 3.49 Agree

2 1.50 - 2.49 Disagree

1 1.99 - 1.49 Strongly disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

In obtaining reliable information for this study, the researchers followed

and considered such proper procedure in conducting the dry-run and actual

procedure.

The researchers collected information from the books and related

literature the researchers also used internet, visit different website to collect and

gather information that are useful for the research study. The researchers

constructed questionnaire and conducted survey related to waste management.

The researchers ask permission to the municipality of the company

through a formal letter and after the request had been granted, the researchers
 50

distributed the questionnaire to the municipal, officials and residents of the

selected location. The questionnaires were also retrieved on the same day. The

researchers explained the content of the questionnaire discussed some words

that were not familiar to the respondents and the purpose of their study. The

researchers also interviewed the respondents regarding the operation and

experience in their company. The remaining questionnaires were also given to

researcher's acquaintances that help them distributed it to other residents within

or near the area where the companies are located. After the actual survey, the

researchers tallied the collected data and were given to the statistician for the

computation of the result.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

For the qualitative data analysis of the variable of the study, descriptive

statistics is the primary use so as the present description on manageable forms.

The content is analyzed to make sense of the phenomenon. In this study, the

analysis of the data used the descriptive statistic method with its statistical tools

consist of frequency and percentage distribution, weighted mean, independent t-

test, and one way analysis of variance.

T-Test. A statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups. It is

often used to determine whether a process or treatment actually has an effect on

the population of interest, or whether two groups are different from one another.

Weighted mean. The weighted mean is a statistical measure that takes into

account the weights of different values in a data set. Unlike the simple arithmetic
 51

mean, which treats all values equally, the weighted mean gives more importance
51
to values with higher weights.

One-way Analysis of Variance. (ANOVA). A statistical technique used to

determine whether there are significant differences between the means of three

or more groups. It is a parametric method, meaning that it assumes that the data

is normally distributed and that the variances of the groups are equal.
 52
52

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.Books

Cointreau, S. (2006). Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle

Inventory. 2nd ed. The World Bank.

B.Journals
Agamuthu, P. (2016). Waste management towards sustainability in Malaysia.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 18(3), 451-459.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0414-3

Ahmed, I., Khoiruddin, M., & Jawahir, I. S. (2020). Assessment of Industrial

Solid Waste Management Practices in the Third District of Batangas,
Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 17(16), 5975. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165975

Alauddin, M., Alam, M. M., Musarrat, S., & Huda, S. (2019). Assessment of
municipal solid waste management system in Dhaka South City
Corporation, Bangladesh. Journal of Cleaner Production, 238, 117869.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117869

Akter, S., Rana, M. M., & Paul, S. K. (2018). Challenges and opportunities in
municipal solid waste management: A case study of Chittagong City
Corporation, Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 223,
639-650. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.021

Baldovino, M. C., & Buhian, R. M. (2019). Solid waste management practices

of first to third-class municipalities in the province of Batangas,
Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(5),
1061-1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00884-5

Calairo, J. O., Ferrer, E. A., Villanueva, E. F., & Asutilla, J. R. (2019).

Assessment of industrial solid waste management practices in the Third
District of Batangas, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and
Management, 22(1), 54-64.

Campanilla and Barilea (2017) - Campanilla, M. J. L., & Barilea, M. A. D.

(2017). Implementation of the ecological solid waste management act:
A case study in the municipality of Naga, Cebu. Journal of
Environmental Science and Management, 20(2), 11-22.

Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Li, H., & Shi, H. (2015). Community-based composting: a
local solution to improve sustainability in urban areas. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 94, 74-81.
 53
53

Del Prado-Laroya, J. L., & Magay, E. G. (2017). Assessment of Solid Waste

Management Practices in the Municipalities of Batangas Province,
Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 20(1),
21-35.

Del Prado-Laroya, J. L., & Magay, E. G. (2017). Assessment of Solid Waste

Management Practices in the Municipalities of Batangas Province,
Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 20(1),
27-37.

Farzana, B., Hossain, M. S., & Rahman, M. M. (2016). Municipal solid waste
management in Bangladesh: Status, potentials and challenges. Journal
of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 9(2), 109-116.

Gerpacio, R. V., & Fernandez, K. K. (2016). Solid waste management in a

metropolitan city in the Philippines: Issues and challenges in governance.
Habitat International, 51, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.025

Lantican, F. A., & Lizada, M. C. S. (2016). Challenges in Solid Waste

Management: The Case of Metropolitan Cebu. Journal of
Environmental Science and Management, 19(2), 83-95.
Lantican, F. A., & Lizada, M. C. S. (2016). Challenges in Solid Waste
Management: The Case of Metropolitan Cebu. Habitat International, 57,
130-137.

Luy, J. B. F. (2016). Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines. Journal of
Environmental Science and Management, 19(2), 70-82.

Luy, J. B. F. (2013). Assessing the Implementation of the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 in the City of Cebu, Philippines.
Habitat International, 38, 150-156.

Melgar, M. I. E. (2016). Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The

National and Local Policies and Practices. ASEAN Journal on Science
and Technology for Development, 33(1), 45-56.

Melgar, M. I. E. (2015). Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: The

National and Local Policies and Practices. Philippine Journal of
Science, 144(3), 293-302.

Miah, M. D., Khan, M. R., & Akter, T. (2017). Factors affecting solid waste
management in low-income countries: A review. International Journal
of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical
Engineering, 11(9), 557-564.
 54
54

Nikologianni, A., & Wilson, D. C. (2019). Waste management in the circular

economy: A life cycle assessment of the environmental benefits and
trade-offs of recycling glass in a British city. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 226, 1092-1104.

Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Okeke, C. (2019). Municipal solid waste
generation and management in Africa: A review. International Journal
of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 10(4), 411-422.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-0296-5
Omoju, O. E., & Omoju, S. O. (2015). Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste
Management System: A Case Study of Port Harcourt City Local
Government Area, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science,
5(20), 128-141

Rimal, B., Giri, B., & Dhakal, S. (2019). Solid waste management in urban areas
of Nepal: Status, challenges, and future directions. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1144.

Sahu, P., & Katpatal, Y. B. (2014). Solid waste segregation and its impact on
the environment: A case study of Panaji city, Goa. International Journal
of Engineering Science Invention, 3(11), 54-59.

Salvador, L. A., & Afuang, M. L. (2013). Industrial solid waste management

practices in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste
Management, 15(3), 380-390.

Siddique, M. A. B., & Hasan, M. R. (2018). Solid waste management in Dhaka

city, Bangladesh. Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering Practice and
Research, 6(1), 1-11. http://doi.org/10.3126/jacepr.v6i1.20011

Usman, R. B., & Orillaza, N. M. (2017). An Assessment of the Solid Waste

Management Practices in the Municipality of Bauan, Batangas,
Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Science and
Development, 8(6), 422-427.

Widayat, W., Rintawan, R., & Qoyyimah, F. (2016). Institutional mechanism

for effective implementation of municipal solid waste management.
Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 661-668.

Wray, K., Marshall, R., & Baldwin, A. (2019). The circular economy: An
interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global
context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1559-1567.