READING TEST 5

PASSAGE 1
"The Innovation of Grocery Stores"

A. At the beginning of the 20th century, grocery stores in the United States were full-
service. A customer would ask a clerk behind the counter for specific items and the clerk
would package the items, which were limited to dry goods. If they want to save some time,
they have to ask a delivery boy or by themselves to send the note of what they want to buy to
the grocery store first and then go to pay for the goods later. These grocery stores usually
carried only one brand of each good. There were early chain stores, such as the A&P Stores,
but these were all entirely full-service and very time-consuming.

B. In 1885, a Virginia boy named Clarence Saunders began working part-time as a clerk in
a grocery store when he was 14 years old, and quit school when the shopkeeper offered him
full-time work with room and board. Later he worked in an Alabama coke plant and in a
Tennessee sawmill before he returned to the grocery business. By 1900, when he was
nineteen years old, he was earning $30 a month as a salesman for a wholesale grocer. During
his years working in the grocery stores, he found that it was very inconvenient and inefficient
for people to buy things because more than a century ago, long before there were computers,
shopping was done quite differently than it is today. Entering a store, the customer would
approach the counter (or wait for a clerk to become available) and place an order, either
verbally or, as was often the case for boys running errands, in the form of a note or list. While
the customer waited, the clerk would more behind the counter and throughout the store,
select the items on the list – some form shelves so high that long-handled grasping device had
to be used – and bring them back to the counter to be tallied and bagged or boxed. The
process might be expedited by the customer calling or sending in the order beforehand, or by
the order being handled by a delivery boy on a bike, but otherwise, it did not vary greatly.
Saunders, a flamboyant and innovative man, noticed that this method resulted in wasted time
and
expense, so he came up with an unheard-of solution that would revolutionize the entire
grocery industry: he developed a way for shoppers to serve themselves.

C. So in 1902, he moved to Memphis where he developed his concept to form a grocery

wholesale cooperative and a full-service grocery store. For his new “cafeteria grocery”,
Saunders divided his grocery into three distinct areas: 1) A front “lobby” forming an entrance
and exit and checkouts at the front. 2) A sales department, which was specially designed to
allow customers to roam the aisles and select their own groceries. Removing unnecessary
clerks, creating elaborate aisle displays, and rearranging the store to force customers to view
all of the merchandise and over the shelving and cabinets units of sales department were
“galleries” where supervisors were allowed to keep an eye on the customers while not
disturbing them. 3) And another section of his store is the room only allowed for the clerks
which were called the “stockroom” or “storage room” where large refrigerators were situated
to keep fresh products from being perishable. The new format allowed multiple customers to
shop at the same time and led to the previously unknown phenomenon of impulse shopping.
Though this format of grocery market was drastically different from its competitors, the style
became the standard for the modern grocery store and later supermarket.

D. On September 6, 1916, Saunders launched the self-service revolution in the USA by

opening the first self-service Piggly Wiggly store, at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis,
Tennessee, with its characteristic turnstile at the entrance. Customers paid cash and selected
their own goods from the shelves. It was unlike any other grocery store of that time. Inside a
Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of shop clerks. They were free to roam the
store, check out the merchandise and get what they needed with their own two hands and
feet. Prices on items at Piggly Wiggly were clearly marked. No one pressured customers to buy
milk or pickles. And the biggest benefit at the Piggly Wiggly was that shoppers saved money.
Self-service was positive all around. “It’s good for both the consumer and retailer because it
cuts costs,” noted George T. Haley, a professor at the University of New Haven and director of
the Center for International Industry Competitiveness. “If you looked at the way grocery stores
were run previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta, what you find is that there was a
tremendous amount of labor involved, and labor is a major expense.” Piggly Wiggly cut the fat.

E. Piggly Wiggly and the self-service concept took off. Saunders opened nine stores in the
Memphis area within the first year of business. Consumers embraced the efficiency, the
simplicity and most of all the lower food prices. Saunders soon patented his self-service
concept and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores. Thanks to the benefits of self-service and
franchising, Piggly Wiggly ballooned to nearly 1,300 stores by 1923. Piggly Wiggle sold $100
million – worth $1.3 billion today – in groceries, making it the third-biggest grocery retailer in
the nation. The company’s stock was even
listed on the New York Stock Exchange, doubling from late 1922 to march 1923. Saunders had
his hands all over Piggly Wiggly. He was instrumental in the design and layout of his stores. He
even invented the turnstile.

F. However, Saunders was forced into bankruptcy in 1923 after a dramatic spat which
the New York Stock Exchange and he went on to create the “Clarence Saunders sole-owner-of-
my-name” chain, which went into bankruptcy.

G. Until the time of his death in October 1953, Saunders was developing plans for
another automatic store system called the Foodelectric. But the store, which was to be located
two blocks from the first Piggly Wiggly store, never opened. But his name was well-
remembered along with the name Piggly Wiggly.

Questions 1-5

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB - You may use any letter

more than once.

1. How Clarence Saunders’ new idea had been carried out.

2. Introducing the modes and patterns of groceries before his age.

3. Clarence Saunders declared bankruptcy a few years later.

4. Descriptions of Clarence Saunders’ new conception.

5. The booming development of his business.

Questions 6-10

Answer the questions below.

Write ONLY ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

6.................................................................................................................................When
Clarence Saunders was an adolescent, he took a job as a........................................In a grocery
store.

7. In the new innovation of the grocery store, most of the clerks’ work before was done
by……………………..
8. In Saunders’ new grocery store, the section where customers finish the payment was
called……………………..

9..............................................................................................................................................Anot
her area in his store which behind the public area was called the
Where
only internal staff could access.

10.............................At where customers were under surveillance.

Questions 11-13 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes

11-13 on your answer sheet.

11. Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the innovation of grocery stores at his age?

A Because he was an enthusiastic and creative man.

BBecause his boss wanted to reform the grocery industry.

C Because he wanted to develop its efficiency and make a great profit as well.

D Because he worried about the future competition from the industry.

12. What happened to Clarence Saunders’ first store of Piggly Wiggly?

A Customers complained about its impracticality and inconvenience.

BIt enjoyed a great business and was updated in the first twelve months.

C It expanded to more than a thousand franchised stores during the first year.

D Saunders was required to have his new idea patented and open stores.

13. What left to Clarence Saunders after his death in 1953?

A A fully automatic store system opened soon near his first store.

BThe name of his store the Piggly Wiggly was very popular at that time.

C His name was usually connected with his famous shop the Piggly Wiggly in the following
several years.

DHis name was painted together with the name of his famous store.
 PASSAGE =2

"The Culture of Chimpanzees"

A. The similarities between chimpanzees and humans have been studied for years, but in
the past decade, researchers have determined that these resemblances run much deeper than
anyone first thought. For instance, the nut-cracking observed in the Taï Forest is far from a
simple chimpanzee behavior; rather it is a singular adaptation found only in that particular
part of traditional and a trait that biologists consider being an expression of chimpanzee
culture. Scientists frequently use the term “culture” to describe elementary animal behaviors
– such as the regional dialects of differentpopulations of songbirds – but as it turns out, the
rich and varied cultural traditions found among chimpanzees are second in complexity only to
human traditions.

B. During the past two years, an unprecedented scientific collaboration, involving every
major research group studying chimpanzees, has documented a multitude of distinct cultural
patterns extending across Africa, in actions ranging from the animals’ use of tools to their
forms of
communication and social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees not only affects
how we think of these amazing creatures but also alters human beings’ conception of our own
uniqueness and hints at ancient foundations for extraordinary capacity for culture.
C. Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia and share
more than 98 percent of their genetic material, yet only 40 years ago we still knew next to
nothing about chimpanzee behavior in the wild. That began to change in the 1960s when
Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and Jane Goodall began their studies of wild
chimpanzees at two field sites in Tanzania. (Goodall’s research station at Gombe – the first of
its kind – is more famous, but Nishida’s site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee
research site in the world.)
D. In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close observation,
the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a range of unexpected behaviors,
including fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat-eating, food sharing and lethal fights
between members of neighboring communities. In the years that followed, other
primatologists set up camp elsewhere, and, despite all the financial, political and logistical
problems that can beset African fieldwork, several of these outposts became truly long-term
projects. As a result, we live in an
unprecedented time, when an intimate and comprehensive scientific record of chimpanzees’
lives, at last, exists not just for one but for several communities spread across Africa.

E. As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as eight social activities
that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee populations
elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she termed a cultural origin. But what
exactly did Goodall mean by “culture”? According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English
Dictionary, culture is defined as “the customs … and achievements of a particular time or
people.” The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage
rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of
course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from generation to
generation, not through their genes but by learning. For biologists, this is the fundamental
criterion for a cultural trait: it must be something that can be learned by observing the
established skills of others and thus passed on to future generations.

F. What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the tragic
loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we are at last coming
to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. Populations have plummeted in the
past century and continue to fall as a result of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the
bushmeat trade. The latter is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the
forests that are now used to ship wild-animal meat-including chimpanzee meat to consumers
as far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a
host of fascinatingly different ape cultures.

G. Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, however. Some
conservation efforts have already altered the attitudes of some local people. A few
organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of
chimpanzees. One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, “Ah, this ape is so like me, I can no
longer eat him.”

H. How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most comprehensive

survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture
for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to
document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published
accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably
overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons.
I. First, scientists typically don’t publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a
particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know-which behaviors were and were
not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without
saying how common they are; without this information, we can’t determine whether a
particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be
considered part of the animals’ culture. Finally, researchers’ descriptions of potentially
significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient detail, making it difficult for
scientists working at other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.

J.To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field
researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With
this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural
behaviors.

K. Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their
colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the
chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most
or all of the able- bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males),
habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present
(seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown.

Questions 14-18

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14. A problem of researchers on chimpanzee culture which are only based on official
sources.

15. Design a new system by two scientists aims to solve the problem.

16. Reasons why previous research on ape culture is problematic.

17. Classification of data observed or collected.

18. An example that showing the tragic outcome of animals leading to an indication of the
change in local people’s attitude in preservation.

Questions 19-23

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage. In boxes 19-23

on your answer sheet, write

TRUE If the statement is true

FALSE If the statement is false

NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage

19. The research found that scientist can make chimpanzees possess the same complex
culture as human.

20. Human and apes live together long ago and share most of their genetic substance.

21. Even Toshisada Nishida and Jane Goodall’s beginning studies observed many surprising
features of civilized behaviors among chimpanzees.

22. Chimpanzees, like a human, have the ability to deliver cultural behaviors mostly from
genetic inheritance.

23. For decades, researchers have investigated chimpanzees by data obtained from both
unobserved and observed approaches.

Questions 24-27

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.

24. When the unexpected discoveries of chimpanzee behavior start?

25. Which country is the researching site of Toshisada Nishida and Jane Goodall?

26. What did the chimpanzee have to get used to in the initial study?

27. What term can depict it than Jane Goodall found the chimpanzee used the tool in
1973?

PASSAGE =3
"The History Of Tea"

The story of tea begins in China. According to legend, in 2737 BC, the Chinese emperor Shen
Nung was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water, when some leaves
from the tree blew into the water. Shen Nung, a renowned herbalist, decided to try the
infusion that his servant had accidentally created. The tree was a Camellia sinensis, and the
resulting drink was what we
now call tea. It is impossible to know whether there is any truth in this story. But tea drinking
certainly became established in China many centuries before it had even been heard of in the
West. Containers for tea have been found in tombs dating from the Han Dynasty (206 BC—220
AD) but it was under the Tang Dynasty (618—906 AD), that tea became firmly established as
the national drink of China.

It became such a favourite that during the late eighth century a writer called Lu Yu wrote the
first book entirely about tea, the Ch’a Ching, or Tea Classic. It was shortly after this that tea
was first introduced to Japan, by Japanese Buddhist monks who had travelled to China to
study. Tea received almost instant imperial sponsorship and spread rapidly from the royal
court and monasteries to the other sections of Japanese society.

So at this stage in the history of tea, Europe was rather lagging behind. In the latter half of the
sixteenth century there are the first brief mentions of tea as a drink among Europeans. These
are mostly from Portuguese who were living in the East as traders and missionaries. But
although some of these individuals may have brought back samples of tea to their native
country, it was not the Portuguese who were the first to ship back tea as a commercial import.
This was done by the Dutch, who in the last years of the sixteenth century began to encroach
on Portuguese trading routes in the East. By the turn of the century they had established a
trading post on the island of Java, and it was via Java that in 1606 the first consignment of tea
was shipped from China to Holland. Tea soon became a fashionable drink among the Dutch,
and from there spread to other countries in continental western Europe, but because of its
high price it remained a drink for the wealthy.

Britain, always a little suspicious of continental trends, had yet to become the nation of tea
drinkers that it is today. Starting in 1600, the British East India Company had a monopoly on
importing goods from outside Europe, and it is likely that sailors on these ships brought tea
home as gifts. The first coffee house had been established in London in 1652, and tea was still
somewhat unfamiliar to most readers, so it is fair to assume that the drink was still something
of a curiosity. Gradually, it became a popular drink in coffee houses, which were as many
locations for the transaction of business as they were for relaxation or pleasure. They were
though the preserve of middle- and upper-class men; women drank tea in their own homes,
and as yet tea was still too expensive to be widespread among the working classes. In part, its
high price was due to a punitive system of taxation.

One unforeseen consequence of the taxation of tea was the growth of methods to avoid
taxation- smuggling and adulteration. By the eighteenth century many Britons wanted to drink
tea but could
not afford the high prices, and their enthusiasm for the drink was matched by the enthusiasm
of criminal gangs to smuggle it in. What began as a small time illegal trade, selling a few
pounds of tea to personal contacts, developed by die late eighteenth century into an
astonishing organised crime network, perhaps importing as much as 7 million lbs annually,
compared to a legal import of 5 million lbs! Worse for die drinkers was that taxation also
encouraged the adulteration of tea, particularly of smuggled tea which was not quality
controlled through customs and excise. Leaves from other plants, or leaves which had already
been brewed and then dried, were added to tea leaves. By 1784, the government realised that
enough was enough, and that heavy taxation was creating more problems than it was words.
The new Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, slashed the tax from 119 per cent to 12.5
per cent. Suddenly legal tea was affordable, and smuggling stopped virtually overnight.

Another great impetus to tea drinking resulted from the end of the East India Company’s
monopoly on trade with China, in 1834. Before that date, China was the country of origin of
the vast majority of the tea imported to Britain, but the end of its monopoly stimulated the
East India Company to consider growing tea outside China. India had always been the centre
of the Company’s operations, which led to the increased cultivation of tea in India, beginning
in Assam. There were a few false starts, including the destruction by cattle of one of the
earliest tea nurseries, but by 1888 British tea imports from India were for the first time greater
than those from China.

The end of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China also had another result,
which was more dramatic though less important in the long term: it ushered in the era of the
tea clippers. While the Company had had the monopoly on trade, there was no rush to bring
the tea from China to Britain, but after 1834 the tea trade became a virtual free for all.
Individual merchants and sea captains with their own ships raced to bring home the tea and
make the most money, using fast new clippers which had sleek lines, tall masts and huge sails.
In particular there was a competition between British and American merchants, leading to the
famous clipper races of the 1860s. But these races soon came to an end with the opening of
the Suez Canal, which made the trade routes to China viable for steamships for the first time.

Questions 1-7

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.

28.....................................................................................................Researchers believed the tea

containers detected in....................................................................from the Han Dynasty was
the
first evidence of the use of tea.
29....................................Lu Yu wrote a about tea before anyone else in the eighth
century.
30. It wasfrom Japan who brought tea to their native country from China.

31. Tea was carried from China to Europe actually by the…………………

32. The British government had to cut down the taxation on tea due to the serious
crime of…………………

33. Tea was planted in............................besides China in the 19th century.

34. In order to compete in shipping speed, traders used............................for the race.

Questions 8 – 13

Do the following statements agree with the information. TRUE If the statement agrees

with the information FALSE If the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN If

there is no information on this

35. Tea was popular in Britain in the 16th century.

36. Tea was more fashionable than coffee in Europe in the late 16th century.

37. Tea was enjoyed by all classes in Britain in the seventeenth century.

38. The adulteration of tea also prompted William Pitt the Younger to reduce the tax.

39. Initial problems occurred when tea was planted outside China by the East India
Company.

40. The fastest vessels were owned by America during the 19th century clipper races.