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Vietnam
1802 - 1878, Emperor's flag to 1863 1878 - 1890 Annam (approx. design) 1890 - 1920 Annam
1920 - 30 Aug 1945 Annam 1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Protectorate Flag 9 Mar 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Vietnam
22 Aug 29 Sep 1945 - 20 Dec 1946 Vietnam; 2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 Vietnam Adopted 30 Nov 1955
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Vietnam.html 01/01/2008
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20 Dec 1946 - 20 Jul 1954 North Vietnam (from 1954 flag of South Vietnam only) (flag of North only to 2 Jul 1976)
Hear National Anthem

Text of National Anthem Constitution
Map of Vietnam "Tien quan ca"
Adopted 2 Jul 1976 (15 Apr 1992)
(March to the Front)
Capital: Hanoi
(Phong Chau 2809-258 BC;
Co Loa 257-111 BC
and 939-965 AD;
National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945)
To Lich 544-602; Currency: Dong (VND) Population: 85,262,356 (2007)
Independence Day
Hoa Lu 968-980;
La Thanh 1980-1010;
Hanoi 1010-1802;
Hue 1802-1945)
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 85%, Han Chinese 3.5%, Hmong
Exports: $39.9 billion (2006)
GDP: $262.8 billion (2006) (Montagnard) 1.9%, Tho (Tay) 1.6%, Thai 1.5%, Khmer 1.2%,
Imports: $39.1 billion (2006)
Nung 1.4%, Cham, mountain groups, other 2.9% (2000)
Religions: Buddhist 66.7%, Christian (of which Roman Catholic
Total Armed Forces: 484,000 (2003)
Merchant marine: 267 ships (2006) 7.7%, Protestant 1%) 8.7%, Hoa Hao 2.1%, Cao Dai 3.5%,
traditional beliefs, Muslim, other 19% (1995)
International Organizations/Treaties: APEC, ARF, ADB, ASEAN, BTWC, CP, CTBT, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA,
NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Vietnam Index Chronology
2809 BC - 258 BC Van Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty.

257 BC Renamed Au Lac kingdom.
196 BC - 111 BC Vassal of China.
Socialist 111 BC Annexed by China.
Republic of 40 AD - 43 AD Brief independence under the Trung sisters.
Vietnam 544 AD - 602 AD Van Xuan independent under Le dynasty.
(from 1976) 679 Creation by China of the protectorate general
of An Nam.
939 Ngo Quyen defeated the kingdom of Nam Han;
traditional date of Vietnamese independence.
965 - 968 Turmoil, divided into 12 feudal lordships
under: Ngo Xoung Xi in Binh Kieu; Do Canh Thuc
Empire in Do Dong Giang; Tran Lam in Bo Hai Khau; Kieu
(1675-1945) Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam

Dai; Nguyen Nhat Khanh in Doung Lam; Ly Khe in
Sieu Loai; Nguyen Thu Tiep in Tien Du; Lu Doung
in Te Giang; Ngueyen Sieu in Tay Phu Liet; Kieu
Champa/ Thuan in Cam Khe; and Pham Bach Ho in Dang Chau
Panduranga 968 - 980 Renamed Dai Co Viet.
(1695-1822) 1010 Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm; Viet
[Chinese: Yue]) is a geographic concept of
a variable China/Vietnam location.
1558 - 1777/87 Division into north and south by ruling
Pulo Condor dynasties. Trinh line rules from Hanoi
(1702-1705)
(Tonkin), the Nguyen line rules from Hue
(Annam and Cochinchina).
1666 - 9 Jun 1885 Annam a tributary to China.
French Indochina 31 May 1802 Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm) restored after
(1887-1956) defeat of the Tay Son rulers.
1804 Viet Nam Quoc (Viet Nam Realm)(name authorized
by China).
Annam 15 Feb 1839 Dai Nam Quoc (literally, "Great South Realm")
(1875-1955) (name not authorized by China).
Sep 1858 French occupy Da Nang (Tourane) and Saigon.
18 Feb 1859 French occupy Saigon.
5 Jun 1862 Southern region (Cochinchina) ceded to France.
Tonkin
(1886-1955) 20 Nov 1873 - 15 Mar 1874 French occupy Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin.
15 Mar 1874 Tonkin a French protectorate by Treaty of Saigon.
27 Apr 1882 - 25 Aug 1883 French again occupy Hanoi.
25 Aug 1883 Annam and Tonkin become French protectorates
French Cochinchina by Treaty of Hué.
(1858-1946)
9 Jun 1885 China renounces its rights over Annam and Tonkin.
17 Oct 1887 Union of French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam,
Tonkin, and Cochinchina, and from 3 Oct
North Vietnam 1893, Laos).
(1945-1976) Oct 1888 Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang are ceded to France.
1900 - 28 Feb 1946 Koung-Tchéou-Wan (Kwangchowan) China leased
territory administratively joined to
French Indo-China, subordinated to Tonkin.
South Vietnam 16 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Administration loyal to Vichy France.
(1946-1976) 22 Sep 1940 Japanese troops based in northern Indochina.
28 Jul 1941 Japanese troops based in southern Indochina.
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation.
11 Mar 1945 Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the
Provisional French protectorate and the restoration of the
Revolutionary independence of Vietnam (in full cooperation
Government with Japan).
(1969-1975)
12 Jun 1945 Viet Nam Empire
25 Aug 1945 End of the empire; subsequently de facto
division between North and South Vietnam.
2 Sep 1945 Independence proclaimed (Democratic Republic of
Vietnam); controlling North Vietnam only.
Map of Ethnic 6 Mar 1946 France recognizes the Democratic Republic of
Groups Vietnam (north) as a free state within the
in Indochina Federation of Indochina and French Union.
Sep 1945 - Jan/Mar 1946 Allied occupation of French Indo-China by
China above 16th parallel, and Britain below.
1 Jun 1946 - 14 Jun 1949 Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (in the
South).
21 Jul 1954 Division formalized by Geneva Accords.
Historical Maps
of Vietnam 5 Oct 1954 The last French troops leave Hanoi.
26 Oct 1955 Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
30 Apr 1975 Republic of South Vietnam
2 Jul 1976 Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Empire
Capital: Hue
Imperial Anthem
(Hanoi [Bac Thanh]
"Dang Dan Cung"
1010-1802)
Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was
addressed by the imperial court as "king of An Nam," domestically a full imperial system was
established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more
available) is as follows: personal name (ho [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name])
followed by temple name (mieu hieu), posthumous style (dang ton hieu), and era name(s) (nien
hieu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the nien
hieu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor).
Rulers (from 1806, Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]);

from 1884, imperial title translated by the French as King)
3 Aug 1675 - May 1705 Le Duy Hiep
mieu hieu: Hi Tong / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De
nien hieu 31 Jan 1680 - May 1705: Chinh Hoa
22 May 1705 - Apr 1729 Le Duy Duong
mieu hieu: Du Tong / dang ton hieu: Hoa Hoang De
nien hieu May 1705 - 8 Feb 1720: Vinh Thinh
nien hieu 8 Feb 1720 - 27 Apr 1729: Bao Thai
Apr 1729 - Sep 1732 Le Duy Phuong
dang ton hieu: (Hon Duc De)
nien hieu Apr 1729 - Sep 1732: Vinh Khanh
Sep 1729 - 7 May 1735 Le Duy Tuong
mieu hieu: Thuan Tong / dang ton hieu: Gian Hoang De
nien hieu Sep 1732 - 7 May 1735: Long Duc
May 1735 - Jun 1740 Le Duy Thin (also called Le Duy Chan)
mieu hieu: Y Tong / dang ton hieu: Huy Hoang De
nien hieu May 1735 - Jun 1740: Vinh Huu
Jun 1740 - 10 Aug 1786 Le Duy Dao
mieu hieu: Hien Tong / dang ton hieu: Vinh Hoang De
nien hieu Jun 1740 - 18 Feb 1787: Canh Hung
(also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802)
1767 - 1769 Le Duy Mat (in rebellion)
Aug 1786 - 30 Jan 1789 Le Duy Ky
dang ton hieu: Man Hoang De
nien hieu 18 Feb 1787 - 1789: Chieu Tong
(also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802)
30 Jan 1789 - 31 May 1802 rule extinguished by Tay Son rulers
1789 - 1790 Le Duy Chi
(in rebellion against Tay Son rule)

31 May 1802 - 3 Feb 1820 Nguyen Phuoc Noan (b. 1762 - d. 1820)
mieu hieu: The To / dang ton hieu: Cao Hoang De
nien hieu 31 May 1802 - 14 Feb 1820: Gia Long
14 Feb 1820 - 20 Jan 1841 Nguyen Phuoc Hao (b. 1791 - d. 1841)
mieu hieu: Thanh To / dang ton hieu: Nhan Hoang De
nien hieu 14 Feb 1820 - 11 Feb 1841: Minh Mang
11 Feb 1841 - 4 Nov 1847 Nguyen Phuoc Toan (b. 1807 - d. 1847)
mieu hieu: Hien To / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De
nien hieu 11 Feb 1841 - 9 Nov 1847: Thieu Tri
10 Nov 1847 - 19 Jul 1883 Nguyen Phuoc Thi (b. 1829 - d. 1883)
mieu hieu: Duc Tong / dang ton hieu: Anh Hoang De
nien hieu 5 Feb 1848 - 27 Jan 1884: Tu Duc
19 Jul 1883 - 2 Dec 1883 Regency Council
- Tran Tien Thanh (to Sep 1883) (b. 1813 - d. 1883)
- Nguyen Van Tuong (b. 1824 - d. 1886)
- Ton That Thuyet (b. 1835 - d. 1913)
20 Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883 Nguyen Phuoc Ung Chan (b. 1852 - d. 1883)
mieu hieu: Cung Tong / dang ton hieu: Hue Hoang De
(often referred to by the nickname Duc Duc)
30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883 Nguyen Phuoc Thang (b. 1847 - d. 1883)
dang ton hieu: Cung Tong Hoang De
(often referred to as Hiep Hoa)
2 Dec 1883 - 31 Jul 1884 Nguyen Phuoc Hieu (b. 1869 - d. 1884)
mieu hieu: Gian Tong / dang ton hieu: Nghi Hoang De
nien hieu 27 Jan 1884 - 15 Feb 1885: Kien Phuoc
2 Dec 1883 - 2 Aug 1884 Regency Council
- Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.)
- Ton That Thuyet (s.a.)
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu, (b. 1835 - d. 1885)
Gia-huong Vuong
2 Aug 1884 - 5 Jul 1885 Nguyen Phuoc Minh (b. 1871 - d. 1947)
nien hieu 15 Feb 1885 - 18 Sep 1885: Ham Nghi
(continues in rebellion to Nov 1888)
2 Aug 1884 - 5 Jul 1885 Regency Council
- Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.)

- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu, (s.a.)
Gia-huong Vuong
(to 21 Oct 1884)
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,
Duke of Hoai Duc (b. 1832 - d. 1897)
(from Nov 1884)
15 Jul 1885 - Jul 1885 Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Dinh, (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
Tho-Xuan Vuong -Regent
19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889 Nguyen Phuoc Bien (b. 1864 - d. 1889)
mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De
nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 1 Feb 1889: Dong Khanh
1 Feb 1889 - 3 Sep 1907 Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
nien hieu 1 Feb 1889 - 5 Sep 1907: Thanh Tai
1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897 Regency Council
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Trinh,
Tuy-Ly Vuong (b. 1820 - d. 1897)
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,
Duke of Hoai Duc (s.a.)
- Nguyen Trong Hiep (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
(to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897])
- Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896)
- Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896) (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
- Bui An Nien (from Apr 1890)
- Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897) (b. 1850 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916 Truong Nhu Cuong (b. 1843 - d. 19..)
(president of the Regency Council)
5 Sep 1907 - 3 May 1916 Nguyen Phuoc Vinh San (b. 1900 - d. 1945)
nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 18 May 1916: Duy Tan
18 May 1916 - 6 Nov 1925 Nguyen Phuoc Tuan (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuyen Hoang De
nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 13 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh
6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932 Ton That Han (b. 1854 - d. 1944)
(president of the Regency Council)
8 Jan 1926 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Thuy (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai
Prime ministers
9 Mar 1945 - 7 Apr 1945 Pham Quynh (b. 1892 - d. 1945)
7 Apr 1945 - 19 Aug 1945 Tran Trong Kim (b. 1882 - d. 1953)
The Trinh and Nguyen lords
Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi;
the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuoc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their
capital at or near present-day Hue. The official style of each ruler is chua, but the Trinh
are assigned honorifics with the Sino-Viet royal style vuong. The Nguyen rulers not only
acquired royal honorifics (thuy hieu) during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple
name and posthumous style, changing in time from Sino-Viet vuong (king) to hoang de (emperor)
after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of
these often very long names and styles.
Rulers
- Trinh family -
1682 - 1709 Trinh Can "Dinh Vuong"
1709 - 1729 Trinh Cuong "An Do Vuong"
1729 - 1740 Trinh Giang "Uy Nam Vuong"
1740 - 1767 Trinh Doanh "Minh Do Vuong"
1767 - 1782 Trinh Sam "Tinh Do Vuong"
1782 Trinh Man
1782 - 1786 Trinh Khai "Doan Nam Vuong"
1786 - 1787 Trinh Bong "An Do Vuong"
- Nguyen Phuoc family -
7 Feb 1691 - 1 Jun 1725 Nguyen Phuoc Chu "Chua Minh" (b. 1675 - d. 1725)
mieu hieu: Hien Tong /dang ton hieu: Minh Hoang De
1 Jun 1725 - 7 Jun 1738 Nguyen Phuoc Tru "Chua Ninh" (b. 1697 - d. 1738)
mieu hieu: Tuc Tong /dang ton hieu: Ninh Hoang De
7 Jun 1738 - 7 Jun 1765 Nguyen Phuoc Khoat (b. 1714 - d. 1765)
mieu hieu: The Tong /dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
31 Dec 1765 - 1776 Nguyen Phuoc Thuan (b. 1753 - d. 1778)

mieu hieu: Due Tong /dang ton hieu: Dinh Hoang De
1776 - 1777 Nguyen Phuoc Duong
dang ton hieu: (Tan Chinh Vuong)
The Tay Son Rulers
Note: The rule by this family (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the
Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788
a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style.
The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the "imperial" ruler
unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802.
Ruler (title Vuong; from 1778, Thien Vuong; from Jun 1787, Trung Uong Hoang De)
1776 - Oct 1793 Nguyen Van Nhac (Ho Van Nhac) (b. c.1752 - d. 1793)
nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc
Rulers (title Dai Viet Hoang De)
22 Dec 1788 - 15 Sep 1792 Nguyen Van Hue (Nguyen Quang Binh) (b. c.1752 - d. 1792)
mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung
15 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802 Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trac) (b. 1782 - d. af.1802)
nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Jun 1801: Canh Thinh
nien hieu Jun 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung
1792 - 1795 Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent
Champa (Panduranga)
Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle
of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation
of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final
portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).
Capital: Pangdarang
(Vijaya 986 - 1471;
Map of Champa Population: N/A
Indrapura 860-986;
Simhapura 4th - 860)
192 Champa Kingdom founded in the southern part of modern day Vietnam.
1145 - 1147 Annexed by Cambodia.
1312 - 1326 Vassal of Annam.
1471/1697 Tonkin/Annam annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom.
1697 - 1822 Vassal of Annam.
1822 Kingdom extinguished and incorporated into Vietnam.
Kings
1695 - 1728 Po Saktirai da putih
1728 - 1730 Po Ganvuh da putih
1731 - 1732 Po Thuttirai
1732 - 1735 Vacant
1735 - 1763 Po Rattirai
1763 - 1765 Po Tathun da moh-rai
1765 - 1780 Po Tithuntirai da paguh
1780 - 1781 Po Tithuntirai da parang
1781 - 1783 Vacant
1783 - 1786 Chei Krei Brei
1786 - 1793 Po Tithun da parang
1793 - 1799 Po Lathun da paguh
1799 - 1822 Po Chong Chan
Pulo Condore Island
16 Jun 1702 British East India company founds post on the island
of Pulo Condor off the south coast of southern Vietnam.
2 Mar 1705 Garrison and settlement destroyed.
Factor
16 Jun 1702 - 2 Mar 1705 Allen Catchpoole (d. 1705)
French Union of Indo-China
Capital: Hanoi Currency: French Indochina Population: 21,599,582 (1935)

Map of French Indo-China
(Saigon 1887- 1 Jan 1902) Piastre (ICFP) (incl. Kwangchowan)
Governors-general
16 Nov 1887 - Apr 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
Apr 1888 - 31 May 1889 Étienne Antione Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
31 May 1889 - Apr 1891 Jules Georges Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
Apr 1891 - Jun 1891 Bideau (acting)
Jun 1891 - 31 Dec 1894 Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
Mar 1894 - Oct 1894 Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux (b. 1848 - d. 1895)
(acting for Lanessan)
Dec 1894 - Feb 1895 François Pierre Rodier (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
Feb 1895 - 10 Dec 1896 Paul Armand Rosseau (b. 1835 - d. 1896)
Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897 Augustin Juline Fourès (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 19..)
13 Feb 1897 - Oct 1902 Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
Oct 1902 - Feb 1908 Jean Baptiste Paul Beau (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
18 Feb 1908 - Sep 1908 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
Sep 1908 - Jan 1910 Antony Wladislas Klobukowski (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
Jan 1910 - Feb 1911 Albert Jean George Marie Louis (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
Picquié (acting)
Feb 1911 - Nov 1911 Paul Louis Luce
Nov 1911 - Jan 1914 Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1962)
Jan 1914 - 7 Apr 1915 Joost van Vollenhouven (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1918)
Apr 1915 - May 1916 Ernest Nestor Roume (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
May 1916 - Jan 1917 Jean Eugène Charles (acting)
Jan 1917 - May 1919 Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1919 - Feb 1920 Maurice Antoine François (b. 1874 - d. 19..)
Montguillot (1st time)(acting)
Feb 1920 - Apr 1922 Maurice Long (b. 1866 - d. 1923)
Apr 1922 - Aug 1922 François Marius Baudouin (acting)
Aug 1922 - Apr 1925 Martial Henri Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
Apr 1925 - Nov 1925 Maurice Antoine François (s.a.)
Montguillot (2nd time)
18 Nov 1925 - Jan 1928 Alexandre Varenne (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
Jan 1928 - Aug 1928 Maurice Antoine François (s.a.)
Montguillot (3rd time)
22 Aug 1928 - 15 Jan 1934 Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier (b. 1877 - d. 1934)
15 Jan 1934 - Sep 1936 Eugène Jean Louis René Robin
Sep 1936 - 23 Aug 1939 Joseph Jules Brévié (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
23 Aug 1939 - 25 Jun 1940 Georges Catroux (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
25 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Jean Decoux (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
9 Mar 1945 - 28 Aug 1945 Yuichi Tsuchihashi (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Takeshi Tsukamoto (b. 1896 - d. 19..)
(acting for Tsuchihashi)
Allied Military governors
- above 16th parallel -
9 Sep 1945 - 6 Mar 1946 Lu Han (China) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
- below 16th parallel -
6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 Douglas David Gracey (U.K.) (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
High Commissioners
23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
5 Oct 1945 - 31 Oct 1945 Philippe François Marie de (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting)
31 Oct 1945 - 1 Apr 1947 Georges Louis Marie Thierry (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
d'Argenlieu
1 Apr 1947 - 20 Oct 1948 Émile Bollaert (b. 1890 - d. 1978)
20 Oct 1948 - 17 Dec 1950 Léon Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
17 Dec 1950 - 11 Jan 1952 Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
Lattre de Tassigny
11 Jan 1952 - 1 Apr 1952 Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
1 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953 Jean Letourneau (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
Commissioners-general
27 Apr 1953 - 17 Aug 1953 Jean Letourneau (s.a.)
17 Aug 1953 - 10 Apr 1954 Maurice Dejean (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
10 Apr 1954 - 2 Jun 1955 Paul Henri Romuald Ély (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Jun 1955 - 21 Jul 1956 Henri Hoppenot (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina

7 Sep 1940 - 5 Jul 1941 Takuma Nishimura (b. 1889 - d. 1951)
1941 Shojiro Iida (b. 1888 - d. 19..)
1941 - 10 Nov 1942 ....
10 Nov 1942 - 22 Nov 1944 Kazumoto Machijiri (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
22 Nov 1944 - 15 Aug 1945 Yuichi Tsuchihashi
Annam -Tonkin
French Chargés d'Affaires (at Hué)

1875 - 1876 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1902)
1876 - 1879 Paul Louis Félix Philastre
1879 - 1880 Pierre Paul Rheinart (2nd time) (s.a.)
1880 - 1881 Louis Eugène Palasme de Champeaux
1881 - 1883 Pierre Paul Rheinart (3rd time) (s.a.)
1883 - 1884 François Jules Harmand
Residents-general (at Hué)
11 Jun 1884 - Oct 1884 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885 Victor Victor Gabriel Lemaire

31 May 1885 - Jan 1886 Philippe hilippe Marie André (b. 1827 - d. 1887)
Roussel de Courcy
18 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886 Paul Bert (b. 1833 - d. 1886)
Nov 1886 - Jan 1887 Paulin François Alexandre Vial (b. 1831 - d. 1907)
(interim)
30 Jan 1887 - 23 Jan 1888 Paul Louis Georges Bihouard (b. 1846 - d. 19..)
1888 Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud (s.a.)
Nov 1888 - 9 May 1889 Pierre Paul Rheinhard (2nd time) (s.a.)
Annam
Residents-Superior (at Hué)

1886 - 1888 Charles Dillon
1888 - 1889 Séraphin Hector (1st time) (b. 1846 - d. ....)
1889 Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux (s.a.)
1889 - 1891 Séraphin Hector (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1891 - 1897 Ernest Albert Brière (b. 1848 - d. ....)
1897 - 1898 Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
(1st time)
Mar 1898 - 1900 Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (b. 1855 - d. 19..)
9 May 1901 - 1904 Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1904 - 1906 Jean-Ernest Moulié
1906 - 1908 Fernand Ernest Levecque (b. 1852 - d. 19..)
1908 - 1910 Élie Jean-Henri Groleau (b. 1859 - d. 19..)
1910 - 1912 Henri Victor Sestier (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
1912 - 1913 Georges Marie Joseph Mahé
1913 - 1920 Jean François Eugène Charles
1920 - 1927 Pierre Marie Antonie Pasquier (s.a.)
1927 - 1928 Jules Fries
1928 - 1931 Aristide Eugène Le Fol
1931 - 1934 Yves Charles Châtel (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
1943 - 1940 Maurice Fernand Graffeuil
1940 - 1944 Émile Louis François Grandjean
1944 - Mar 1945 Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
Japanese Resident
Mar 1945 - 1945 Yokoyama Masayuki (b. 1892 - d. 19..)
Commissioners
Aug 1945 - 1955 the Commissioners of Tonkin
Tonkin
Residents-Superior (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888)

1886 Paulin François Alexandre Vial (s.a.)
1886 - 1887 Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (b. 1847 - d. ....)
1887 - 1888 Post abolished
Apr 1888 - 1889 Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (b. 1842 - d. ....)
1889 - Oct 1891 Ernest Albert Brière (s.a.)
1891 - 1893 Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux (s.a.)
1893 - 1895 François Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
1897 Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (b. 1855 - d. 19..)
1897 - 1904 Augustin Julien Fourès (s.a.)
1904 - 1907 Jean-Henri Groleau (b. 1859 - d. 19..)
9 Mar 1907 - 1907 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1865 - d. 1909)
1907 - 1909 Louis Jules Morel (b. 1853 - d. 19..)
1909 - 1912 Jules Simoni
15 Dec 1912 - 8 Jun 1915 Léon Louis Jean Georges Destenay (b. 1861 - d. 1915)
1915 - 1916 Maurice Joesph Le Gallen
1917 - 1921 Jean Baptiste Édouard Bourcier (b. 1870 - d. 19...)
Saint-Gaffray
1921 - 1925 Maurice Antoine François (s.a.)
Monguillot
1925 - 1930 Eugène Jean Louis René Robin
1930 - 1937 Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
1937 - 1940 Yves Charles Châtel (s.a.)
1940 - 1941 Émile Louis François Grandjean
1941 - 1942 Edouard André Delsalle (b. 1893 - d. 1945)

1942 - 1944 Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Camille Auphelle (b. 1908 - d. 1945)
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945 Nishimura Kumao -Japanese Resident (b. 1899 - d. 1980)
Commissioners
18 Aug 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Pierre Messmer (acting) (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
22 Aug 1945 - Mar 1946 Jean-Roger Sainteny (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 1978)
Mar 1946 - Jun 1946 Jean-Etienne Valluy (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
Jun 1946 - 17 Aug 1946 Jean Crépin (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
17 Aug 1946 - 2 Dec 1946 Louis-Constant Morlière (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
2 Dec 1948 - 1948 Jean-Roger Sainteny (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
1948 - 1949 Yves-Jean Digo (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
1949 - Nov 1950 Marcel-Jean-Marie Alessandri (b. 1895 - d. 1968)
24 Nov 1950 - 29 Dec 1950 Pierre-Georges-Jacques-Marie Boyer (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
De La Tour du Moulin
29 Dec 1950 - 10 Feb 1951 Raoul-Albin-Louis Salan (interim) (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
10 Feb 1951 - 28 May 1953 François-Jean-Antonin-Marie-Amédée (b. 1897 - d. 1955)
Gonzalez de Linarès
28 May 1953 - 1955 René Cogny (b. 1904 - d. 1968)
Crown Representative for Tonkin (Kinh Luoc Bac Ky)

188. - 18.. Nguyen Huu Do
1890 - 1897 Hoang Cao Khai
French Cochinchina
Sep 1858 - 9 Mar 1945
Map of Cochinchina Capital: Saigon Population: 4,616,000 (1936)
1689 Annexed by Annam from Cambodia.

Sep 1858 French occupy Da Nang (Tourane) and Saigon.
18 Feb 1859 French occupy Saigon and the three southern Vietnamese provinces
of Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong.
13 Apr 1862 Territories ceded to France.
1864 French colony of Cochinchina.
1867 Provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vinh Long added.
15 Aug 1887 Part of Union of French Indochina.
21 Dec 1933 Spratly Islands are annexed to French Cochinchina.
28 Jul 1941 Japanese troops based in French Cochinchina (de facto occupation).
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation (see under Indo-China).
15 Aug 1945 - 1946 Nominally part of Empire of Vietnam.
6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 British occupation (s.a.).
4 Jun 1949 Cochinchina formally ceded to State of Vietnam by France.
Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of Réunion and Indochina, and Commander-in

-Chief of the Expeditionary Corps in the Chinese Seas
- in Tourane (Da Nang) -
Sep 1858 - 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (b. 1807 - d. 1873)
Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division in the Chinese Seas
- in Tourane (Da Nang) -
19 Oct 1859 - 23 Mar 1860 Théogène François Page (b. 1807 - d. 1867)
Governors and Commander-in-Chef
- in Saigon -
18 Feb 1859 - 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (s.a.)
1859 - Mar 1860 Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry (acting)(b. 1815 - d. 1887)
Mar 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Théogène François Page (s.a.)
1 Apr 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules (b. 1813 - d. 1878)
d'Ariès (acting for Page)
6 Feb 1861 - 30 Nov 1861 Léonard Victor Joseph Charner (b. 1797 - d. 1869)
30 Nov 1861 - 16 Oct 1863 Louis Adolphe Bonard (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
16 Oct 1863 - 4 Apr 1868 Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière (b. 1807 - d. 1876)
1865 Pierre Gustave Roze (b. 1812 - d. 1883)
(acting for La Grandière)
4 Apr 1868 - 10 Dec 1869 Marie Gustave Hector Ohier (b. 1814 - d. 1870)
10 Dec 1869 - 9 Jan 1870 Joseph Faron (acting) (b. 1819 - d. 1881)
9 Jan 1870 - 1 Apr 1871 Alphonse Jean Claude René Théodore (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
de Cornulier-Lucinière
1 Apr 1871 - 16 Mar 1874 Marie Jules Dupré (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
16 Mar 1874 - 30 Nov 1874 Jules François Émile Krantz (b. 1821 - d. 1914)
(acting)
30 Nov 1874 - 16 Oct 1877 Victor Auguste, baron Duperré (b. 1825 - d. 1900)
16 Oct 1877 - 7 Jul 1879 Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont
(b. 1824 - d. 1908)
Governors
7 Jul 1879 - 7 Nov 1882 Charles Le Myre de Vilers (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
7 Nov 1882 - Jul 1885 Charles Antoine François Thomson (b. 1845 - d. 1898)
Jul 1885 - Jun 1886 Charles Auguste Frédéric Begin (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
Jun 1886 - 22 Oct 1887 Ange Michel Filippini (b. 1834 - d. 1887)
23 Oct 1887 - 2 Nov 1887 Jacques-Noël Pardon (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1910)
3 Nov 1887 - 15 Nov 1887 Jules Georges Piquet (acting) (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
Nov 1887 - Apr 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
Apr 1888 - 1888 Auguste Eugène Navelle (b. 1846 - d. ....)
1889 Julien Auguste Fourès (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1915)
1889 - 1892 Henri Eloi Danel (b. 1850 - d. 1898)
1892 - 1895 Julien Auguste Fourès (2nd time) (s.a.)
1895 - 1897 Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave (b. 1851 - d. 1907)
Ducos
1897 - 1898 Ange Eugène Nicolai (b. 1845 - d. ....)
1898 - 1901 Édouard Picanon (b. 1854 - d. 1939)
1901 - 1902 Henri Félix de Lamothe (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
1902 - 1906 François Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
1906 - 1907 Olivier Charles Arthur de Lalande (b. 1853 - d. 1910)
de Calan
29 Jun 1907 - 9 Jan 1909 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
1909 - 1916 Jules Maurice Gourbeil
Governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
1911 - 1916 Jules Maurice Gourbeil
1916 - 1920 Maurice Joseph La Gallen (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
Jun 1918 - Feb 1920 Georges René Gaston Maspéro (b. 1872 - d. 1942)
(acting for La Gallen)
1920 - 1921 Maurice Joseph La Gallen (interim) (s.a.)

1921 - 1926 Maurice Cognacq (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
1926 - 1929 Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard
de la Brosse
1929 Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
(acting)
1929 - 1934 Jean-Félix Krautheimer (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
1934 - 1939 Pierre André Michel Pagès (b. 1893 - d. 1980)
1938 Henri Georges Rivoal (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
(acting for Pagès)
1939 - 1940 René Veber (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
1940 - 1942 Henri Georges Rivoal (s.a.)
1942 - 1945 Ernest Thimothée Hoeffel (b. 1900 - d. 1952)
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Minoda Fujio
Imperial Delegate
1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Van Sam (b. 18.. - d. 1947)
President of the Provisional Executive Committee of the South (Nam Bo)
25 Aug 1945 - 23 Sep 1945 Tran Van Giau (b. 1911 - d. 2006) DCSD
Commissioners
23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
13 Oct 1945 - 1946 Vacant
1946 - 1948 ....
1948 Albert Torel (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1987)
1948? - 31 Jul 1951 Charles Marie Chanson (b. 1902 - d. 1951)
1 Aug 1951 - 9 Apr 1952 Raoul Albert Louis Salan (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
(acting to 1 Sep 1951)
9 Apr 1952 - 1953 Paul Louis Bondis (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
1953 - 195. Georges Émile LeBlanc (b. 1896 - d. 1989)
195. - 195. Gabriel Louis Marie Bourgund (b. 1898 - d. 1993)
President of the Council of the South (Nam Bo)

1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Tran Van An (b. 1906 - d. 2002)
President of the Consultative Council
4 Feb 1946 - 30 May 1946 Beziat
South Vietnam
3 Jun 1946 - 2 Jun 1948 2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976
Constitution
Hear National Anthem Hear National (NLF) Anthem
(26 Oct 1956 [suspended
"Thanh niên Hành Khúc" "Giài phóng mién Nam"
Map of South Vietnam Nov 1963]; 1 Apr 1967-Apr
(Call to the Citizens) (Release the South)
1975
(14 Jun 1948-30 Apr 1975) (30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976)
in Vietnamese)
Currency: South Vietnam National Holiday: 26 Oct
Capital: Saigon Dong (VNR); from 22 Sep 1975 (1955) Population: 19,370,000 (1973)
Viet Nam South Dong (VNS) Republic Day
Exports: $40 million (1965) Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 80%, Chinese, Montagnard,
GDP: $ N/A
Imports: $300 million (1965) Khmer, Cham, Malay, others 20% (1970)
Total Armed Forces (ARVAN): 1,000,000 (1971)
Religions: majority Buddhist, Roman Catholic 10%,
U.S. Forces: 525, 000 (1968)
Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, animists, others (1970)
Merchant marine: 39 ships (1974)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACCT, ADB, CP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NAM (from 1975), NPT, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
1 Jun 1946 Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.

8 Oct 1947 South Vietnam
27 May 1948 Vietnam
14 Jun 1949 French associated state (State of Vietnam).
21 Jul 1954 Division formalized by Geneva Accords.
26 Oct 1955 Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)
27 Jan 1973 Paris Peace Accords.
30 Apr 1975 Republic of South Vietnam (North Vietnamese
forces occupy Saigon).
2 Jul 1976 Unification with North Vietnam as the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Presidents of the Provisional Government
1 Jun 1946 - 10 Nov 1946 Nguyen Van Thin (b. 1884 - d. 1946) CDP
15 Nov 1946 - 7 Dec 1946 Nguyen Van Xuan (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1989) Mil
7 Dec 1946 - 8 Oct 1947 Le Van Hoach (b. 1896 - d. 1978)
8 Oct 1947 - 27 May 1948 Nguyen Van Xuan (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
President of the Central Government of Vietnam
27 May 1948 - 14 Jun 1949 Nguyen Van Xuan (s.a.) Mil
Chiefs of state (title Quoc Truong)
14 Jun 1949 - 30 Apr 1955 Bao Dai (b. 1913 - d. 1997) Non-party
30 Apr 1955 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1963) FNS
Presidents
26 Oct 1955 - 2 Nov 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem (s.a.) CLP
2 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Duong Van Minh (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2001) Mil
(chairman Revolutionary Military Committee)
30 Jan 1964 - 8 Feb 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) (b. 1927) Mil
8 Feb 1964 - 16 Aug 1964 Duong Van Minh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
16 Aug 1964 - 27 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
27 Aug 1964 - 8 Sep 1964 Provisional Leadership Committee
- Duong Van Minh (s.a.) Mil
- Nguyen Khanh (s.a.) Mil
- Tran Thien Khiem (b. 1925) Mil
8 Sep 1964 - 26 Oct 1964 Duong Van Minh (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil
(chairman Provisional Leadership Committee)
26 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965 Phan Khac Suu (b. 1905 - d. 1970) Mil
14 Jun 1965 - 21 Apr 1975 Nguyen Van Thieu (b. 1923 - d. 2001)Mil;1968 NSDF
(chairman National Leadership Committee to 31 Oct 1967)
21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975 Tran Van Huong (b. 1903 - d. 1982)
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) Mil
30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Huynh Tan Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF
Chief of the Provisory Government

26 Mar 1946 - 30 May 1946 Nguyen Van Thin (s.a.) CDP
Prime ministers
13 Jun 1949 - 21 Jan 1950 Bao Dai (s.a.) Non-party
21 Jan 1950 - 26 Apr 1950 Nguyen Phan Long (b. 1888 - d. 1960) DLP
27 Apr 1950 - 6 Jun 1952 Tran Van Huu (b. 1896 - d. 1984) Non-party
6 Jun 1952 - 17 Dec 1953 Nguyen Van Tam (b. 1895 - d. 1990) VNQ
12 Jan 1954 - 16 Jun 1954 Pham Buu Loc (b. 1914 - d. 1990) Non-party
16 Jun 1954 - 26 Jun 1954 Phan Huy Quat (1st time)(acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1979) DVP
26 Jun 1954 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (s.a.) FNS
4 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Nguyen Ngoc Tho (b. 1908) Mil
8 Feb 1964 - 29 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
29 Aug 1964 - 3 Sep 1964 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2003) Mil
(acting)
3 Sep 1964 - 4 Nov 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
4 Nov 1964 - 28 Jan 1965 Tran Van Huong (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
28 Jan 1965 - 15 Feb 1965 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
(acting)
16 Feb 1965 - 8 Jun 1965 Phan Huy Quat (2nd time) (s.a.) DVP
19 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967 Nguyen Cao Ky (b. 1930) Mil
31 Oct 1967 - 17 May 1968 Nguyen Van Loc (b. 1922) Mil
28 May 1968 - 1 Sep 1969 Tran Van Huong (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1969 - 4 Apr 1975 Tran Thiem Khiem (s.a.) Mil
4 Apr 1975 - 24 Apr 1975 Nguyen Ba Can (b. 1913) DCP
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Vu Van Mau (b. 1914 - d. 1998) FNR
30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Nguyen Huu Tho (b. 1910 - d. 1996) NLF
French High Commissioners

14 Aug 1945 - 27 Apr 1953 the Commissioners of French Indochina
Commissioners-general
27 Apr 1953 - 21 Jul 1956 the Commissioners of French Indochina
Commanders U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV)

8 Feb 1962 - 20 Jun 1964 Paul D. Harkinss (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
20 Jun 1964 - 22 Mar 1968 William Childs Westmoreland (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
22 Mar 1968 - 30 Jun 1972 Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr. (b. 1914 - d. 1974)
30 Jun 1972 - 29 Mar 1973 Fred C. Weyand (b. 1916)
Party abbreviations: CDP = Cochinchinese Democratic Party; CLP = Can Lao Party; DCP = Dan Chu
Party (Democracy Party); DLH = Dan Lap Hien (Constitutional Party; DVP = Dai Viet Party;
FNR = Forces for National Reconciliation; FNS = Front of National Salvation (coalition);
NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (communist "Vietcong" front); NSDF = National
Social Democratic Front (anti-communist, center-right, pro-Van Thieu, est.1969);
VNQ = Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese Nationalist Party); Mil = Military
Alternative Government: Provisional Revolutionary Government of Republic of South Vietnam
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975
8 Jun 1969 Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic

of South Vietnam, established in rebellion
against the Saigon government.
30 Apr 1975 NLF assumes control of South Vietnam.
President
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Huynh Tat Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF
Prime minister
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Nguyen Huu Tho (b. 1910 - d. 1996) NLF
Party abbreviation: NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (Communist front grouping)
North Vietnam
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955 Adopted 30 Nov 1955
Hear National Anthem

Text of National Anthem Constitution
Map of North Vietnam "Tien quan ca"
Adopted 1945 (1 Jul 1960)
(March to the Front)
Currency: (North) Vietnamese National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945) Population: 23,930,000 (1973
Capital: Hanoi
Dong (VDD) Independence Day est.)
Exports: $50-60 million (1965)
GDP: $N/A Imports: $110-220 million Ethnic groups: Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai
(1965)
Total Armed Forces (NVA): N/A
Religions: Buddhist, Roman Catholic, atheist
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1974)
International Organizations/Treaties: ICRM, LORCS, WHO, WMO
2 Sep 1945 Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed.

9 Sep 1945 - 6 Mar 1946 Allied (Chinese) occupation (see under French Indo-China).
President of the Indochinese Communist Party (from May 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party)
(officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945, continued in secret to May 1951)
Oct 1930 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
(Nguyen Ai Quoc)
First Secretaries (top party post from 2 Sep 1969)
1941 - 1 Nov 1956 Truong Chinh (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.)
10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1908 - d. 1986)
Chairman of the Committee of Liberation of the Vietnamese People ("Viet Minh")

25 Aug 1945 - 29 Aug 1945 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD
(in rebellion from 13 Aug 1945)
Chairman of the Provisional government
29 Aug 1945 - 2 Mar 1946 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD
Presidents
2 Mar 1946 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV
3 Sep 1969 - 2 Jul 1976 Ton Duc Thang (b. 1888 - d. 1980) DLDV
(acting to 23 Sep 1969)
Prime ministers
2 Sep 1945 - 20 Sep 1955 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV
20 Sep 1955 - 2 Jul 1976 Pham Van Dong (b. 1908 - d. 2000) DLDV
Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, only
legal party; Vietnamese Communist Party [DCSV] was original name, from Feb 1930-Oct 1930.
Successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [DCSD], Oct 1930-May 1951, which was
officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam -"Viet
Minh"-, although continued it in secret to 1951); Vietnamese Workers' Party [DLDV], May 1951-
Dec 1976; and again DCSV from Dec 1976. Post of president of the party was abolished after
death of Ho Chi Minh)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

2 Jul 1976 Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
First Secretary of the Vietnam Workers' Party (DLDV)

2 Jul 1976 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1908 - d. 1986)
General Secretaries of the Communist Party (DCSV)
20 Dec 1976 - 10 Jul 1986 Le Duan (s.a.)
14 Jul 1986 - 18 Dec 1986 Truong Chinh (b. 1908 - d. 1988)
18 Dec 1986 - 27 Jun 1991 Nguyen Van Linh (b. 1915 - d. 1998)
27 Jun 1991 - 29 Dec 1997 Do Muoi (b. 1917)
29 Dec 1997 - 22 Apr 2001 Le Kha Phieu (b. 1931)
22 Apr 2001 - Nong Duc Manh (b. 1940)
Presidents
2 Jul 1976 - 30 Mar 1980 Ton Duc Thang (s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV
30 Mar 1980 - 4 Jul 1981 Nguyen Huu Tho (acting) (s.a.) DCSV
Chairmen of the State Council
4 Jul 1981 - 18 Jun 1987 Truong Chinh (s.a.) DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 22 Sep 1992 Vo Chi Cong (b. 1913) DCSV
Presidents
23 Sep 1992 - 24 Sep 1997 Le Duc Anh (b. 1920) DCSV
24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 Tran Duc Luong (b. 1937) DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - Nguyen Minh Triet (b. 1942) DCSV
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

2 Jul 1976 - 18 Jun 1987 Pham Van Dong (s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 10 Mar 1988 Pham Hung (b. 1912 - d. 1988) DCSV
10 Mar 1988 - 22 Jun 1988 Vo Van Kiet (1st time) (acting) (b. 1922) DCSV
22 Jun 1988 - 8 Aug 1991 Do Muoi (s.a.) DCSV
8 Aug 1991 - 24 Sep 1992 Vo Van Kiet (2nd time) (s.a.) DCSV
Prime ministers
24 Sep 1992 - 25 Sep 1997 Vo Van Kiet (s.a.) DCSV
25 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 Phan Van Khai (b. 1933) DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - Nguyen Tan Dung (b. 1949) DCSV
Territorial Disputes: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments
along border; after years of Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary
markers, in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement with Vietnam that
settled all but a small portion of the land boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary
with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004, Laotian-
Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces;
demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in Jun 2004, implementation has been
delayed; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by
Taiwan and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several
of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly
Islands; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed
a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands.
Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist,
authoritarian, government party; known as Vietnamese Workers' Party DLDV to Dec 1976)
©2000 Ben Cahoon

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Hear National Anthem

Vietnam Index Chronology

2809 BC - 258 BC Van Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty.

(1675-1945) Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam

Rulers (from 1806, Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]);

(in rebellion against Tay Son rule)

- Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.)

nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai

The Trinh and Nguyen lords

31 Dec 1765 - 1776 Nguyen Phuoc Thuan (b. 1753 - d. 1778)

The Tay Son Rulers

Pulo Condore Island

French Union of Indo-China

Capital: Hanoi Currency: French Indochina Population: 21,599,582 (1935)

Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina

French Chargés d'Affaires (at Hué)

Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885 Victor Victor Gabriel Lemaire

Residents-Superior (at Hué)

Residents-Superior (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888)

1941 - 1942 Edouard André Delsalle (b. 1893 - d. 1945)

Crown Representative for Tonkin (Kinh Luoc Bac Ky)

Sep 1858 - 9 Mar 1945

Map of Cochinchina Capital: Saigon Population: 4,616,000 (1936)

1689 Annexed by Annam from Cambodia.

Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of Réunion and Indochina, and Commander-in

1920 - 1921 Maurice Joseph La Gallen (interim) (s.a.)

President of the Council of the South (Nam Bo)

1 Jun 1946 Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.

Presidents of the Provisional Government

Chief of the Provisory Government

French High Commissioners

Commanders U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV)

Alternative Government: Provisional Revolutionary Government of Republic of South Vietnam

8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975

8 Jun 1969 Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic

29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955 Adopted 30 Nov 1955

Hear National Anthem

2 Sep 1945 Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed.

Chairman of the Committee of Liberation of the Vietnamese People ("Viet Minh")

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

First Secretary of the Vietnam Workers' Party (DLDV)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

©2000 Ben Cahoon

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