HARAMBEE UNIVERSITY

FITCHE SALALE CAMPUS

Computer Science Department

Course Title: Object Oriented Programming in Java

Instructor: Kebebe.S(Msc)
March, 2021 Fitche
Ethiopia
Outline
 Types of programming paradigm .

 Overview of OO principles.

 Overview of Java Programming and types of

Java Program.

 Definition of Java Application, Java Applets

Editing, Compiling and Interpreting.

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Imperative
 Assumes that the computer can maintain through
environments of variables any changes in a
computation process.
 Computations are performed through a guided
sequence of steps, in which these variables are
referred to or changed.
 The order of the steps is crucial, because a given
step will have different consequences depending on
the current values of variables when the step is
executed.
“First do this and next do that”

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Cont’d
There are two reasons for popularity:
 the imperative paradigm most closely resembles the
actual machine itself, so the programmer is much
closer to the machine.
 because of such closeness, the imperative paradigm
was the only one efficient enough for widespread
use until recently.
 Language representatives
Example: Fortran, Algol, Pascal, Basic, C

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Cont’d
There are two reasons for popularity:
 The imperative paradigm most closely resembles
the actual machine itself, so the programmer is
much closer to the machine.
 Because of such closeness, the imperative
paradigm was the only one efficient enough for
widespread use until recently.
 Language representatives
Example: Fortran, Algol, Pascal, Basic, C

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Cont’d
Advantages Disadvantages
 efficient;  The semantics of a
 close to the machine; program can be complex
 popular;
to understand or prove;
 Debugging is harder;
 familiar.
 Abstraction is more
limited than with some
paradigms;
 Order is crucial, which
doesn't always suit itself
to problems.
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 Logical
 Takes a declarative approach to problem-solving.

 Various logical assertions about a situation are made,

establishing all known facts.

 Then queries are made.

 The role of the computer becomes maintaining data and

logical deduction.

“Answer a question via search for a solution”

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Cont’d
Logical Paradigm Programming:
❑ A logical program is divided into three sections:
▪ a series of definitions/declarations that define the
problem domain
▪ statements of relevant facts
▪ statement of goals in the form of a query
❑ Any deducible solution to a query is returned.

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Cont’d
 The definitions and declarations are constructed entirely

from relations. i.e. X is a member of Y or X is in the

 The advantages of logic oriented programming are:

▪ The system solves the problem, so the programming

▪ Proving the validity of a given program is simple.

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 Functional
 Views all subprograms as functions in the mathematical

sense-informally, they take in arguments and return a

 The solution returned is based entirely on the input.

“Evaluate an expression and use the resulting value for something”

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Object-Oriented
 Is a paradigm in which real-world objects are each
viewed as separate entities having their own state which
is modified only by built in procedures, called methods.
 Because objects operate independently, they are
encapsulated into modules which contain both local
environments and methods.
 Communication with an object is done by message
passing.
 Objects are organized into classes, from which they
inherit methods and equivalent variables.
 The object-oriented paradigm provides key benefits of
reusable code and code extensibility.

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Features & Benefits
 Data as well as operations are encapsulated in objects.
 Information hiding is used to protect internal properties of
an object.
 Inheritance gives OOP its chief benefit over other
programming paradigms - relatively easy code reuse and
extension without the need to change existing source
code.
 The derived class can also override behavior
corresponding to some of the methods of the base class:
there would be a different method to respond to the same
message.

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Overview of OO principles
 In order for a programming language to be object-

oriented, it has to enable working with classes and

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Cont’d
Inheritance
 It allows a class to "inherit" (behavior or characteristics)
of another, more general class.
 For example, a lion belongs to the biological family of cats
(Felidae). All cats that have four paws, are predators and
hunt their prey.
 This functionality can be coded once in the Felidae class
and all its predators can reuse it
– Tiger, Puma, Bobcat, etc.
 Inheritance is described as a kind-of relationship, e.g.
Tiger is kind of Animal.

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Cont’d
Abstraction
 Means working with something we know how to use
without knowing how it works internally.
 A good example is a television set. We don’t need to
know the inner workings of a TV, in order to use it.
 All we need is a remote control with a small set of buttons
(the interface of the remote) and we will be able to
watch TV.

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Cont’d

Polymorphism

 Polymorphism allows treating objects of a derived class as

objects of its base class.

 For example, big cats (base class) catch their prey (a

method) in different ways.

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 Overview of Java Programming
 Java programming language was originally developed by
Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James Gosling and
released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems‘
Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).
 The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 8.
 With the advancement of Java and its widespread
popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various
types of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise
Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.
 The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE,
and Java ME respectively. Java is guaranteed to be Write
Once, Run Anywhere.

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 Overview of Java Programming(Cont’d)
Java is -
 Object Oriented - In Java, everything is an Object. Java can
be easily extended since it is based on the Object model.
 Platform Independent - Unlike many other programming
languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is
not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into
platform independent byte code.
 This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted
by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is
being run on.

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Overview of Java Programming(Cont’d)
Java is –
❑ Simple - Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you
understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it would
be easy to master.
❑ Secure - With Java's secure feature it enables to
develop virus-free, tamper- free systems.
❑ Authentication techniques are based on public-key
encryption.
❑ Architecture-neutral - Java compiler generates an
architecture-neutral object file format, which makes
the compiled code executable on many processors,
with the presence of Java runtime system.

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 Overview of Java Programming (Cont’d)
❑ Portable - Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation
dependent aspects of the specification makes Java portable.
❑ Robust - Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by
emphasizing mainly on compile time error checking and runtime
checking.
❑ Multithreaded - With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to
write programs that can perform many tasks simultaneously.
❑ Interpreted - Java byte code is translated on the fly to native
machine instructions and is not stored anywhere.
❑ High Performance - With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java
enables high performance.
❑ Distributed - Java is designed for the distributed environment of the
internet.
❑ Dynamic - Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++
since it is designed to adapt to an evolving environment.

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 Types of Java Program
❑ Java Applet - These are small programs written in java
and is usually stored on a website and is downloaded
and run on a client computer from within a web browser.
❑ Application - can only be run on the computer. If online,
it has to be downloaded before being run.
❑ Servlet - runs on a web server and helps to display web
pages.
❑ Swing application - is used to build an application that
has a GUI (windows, buttons, menus, etc.)
❑ EJB - runs on a web server and is used to develop large,
complex websites.

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 Definition of Java Application, Java Applets
❑ Application is a Java class that has a main() method.
❑ An applet is a Java class which extends java.applet.Applet.
❑ Application is a stand-alone program, normally launched
from the command line, and which has unrestricted access to
the host system.
❑ An applet is a program which is run in the context of an
applet viewer or web browser, and which has strictly limited
access to the host system.
❑ For instance, an applet can normally not read or write files
on the host system whereas an application normally can.
❑ Applets may communicate with other applets running on the
same virtual machine.

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 Editing, Compiling and Interpreting
Editing
 All you need to write and edit Java code is a text editor,
such as the "NotePad" editor that we have used to this
point.
 Each file must be saved under the name classname.java
Compiling
 Before you can do anything with your Java code, you have
to compile it; "compiling" refers to the process by which
high-level, human-readable Java code is turned into a long
string of bytes (much like a machine language) which can
be understood by a Java interpreter.

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 Cont.d
Interpreting
 "Interpreted" means that the computer looks at the
language, and then turns it into native machine language.
 he term Java interpreter refers to a program which
implements the JVM specification and actually executes
the bytecodes by running your program.
Compiler versus Interpreter
 Compiling happens when the writing of the program is
finished like calling javac. Example: – JAVAC
Your_class_name.java
 Interpretation happens at runtime(which means while
running the Java program), Example: – JAVA
Your_class_name
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