S.

N Linux Windows
O

Linux is a open source While windows are the not the open source

1.
operating system. operating system.

2. Linux is free of cost. While it is costly.

3. It’s file name case-sensitive. While it’s file name is case-insensitive.

In linux, monolithic kernel is
4. While in this, micro kernel is used.
used.

Linux is more efficient in

5. While windows are less efficient.
comparison of windows.

There is forward slash is

While there is back slash is used for
6. used for Separating the
Separating the directories.
directories.

Linux provides more

7. While it provides less security than linux.
security than windows.

Linux is widely used in

While windows does not provide much
8. hacking purpose based
efficiency in hacking.
systems.

There are 3 types of user

account –  There are 4 types of user
9. (1) Administrator , (2) Standard , (3)
(1) Regular , (2) Root , (3) Child , (4) Guest
Service account
Basic Linux Commands
In this section, we will show you some basic Linux commands with examples.

Command Description

hostnamectl Get system information including, operating system, kernel, and

release version

date Display the current system date and time

hostname Display the hostname of the system

ifconfig Display the IP and Mac Address of the system

w Display currently logged in users in the system

free -m Display free and used memory in the system

top Display all running processes

ls List all files and directories in the current working directory

ls -al List all files and directories including, hidden files and other
information like permissions, size, and owner

cd Change the directory to the home directory

cd .. Change the directory to one level up

cat filename Display the content of the file

cat file1 file2 > Combine two files named file1 and file2 and store the output in a
file3 new file file3

tail filename Display the last 10 lines of a file

head filename Display the first 10 lines of a file

mv oldfile Rename a file

newfile
rm filename Delete a file

mkdir dirname Create a directory

rm -rf dirname Remove a directory

history Print a history list of all commands

clear Clear the terminal

shutdown -h Shut down the system

now

reboot Restart the system

Networking Commands
Command Description

ip addr showOrifconfig List all IP addresses and network

interfaces

ip addr add IP-Address dev eth1 Add a temporary IP address to interface

eth1

netstat -pnltu Display all listening port

whois domainname Display more information about any

domain

dig domainname Display DNS information of any domain

host domainname Perform an IP lookup for a domain

dig -x IP-Address Perform a reverse lookup of an IP address

dig -x domainame Perform a reverse lookup on domain

ping host-ip Check connectivity between two hosts

File Permission Commands

Command Description

ls -l filename Check the current permission of any file

chmod 777 filename Assign full(read, write, and execute) permission to everyone

chmod -R 777 dirname Assign full permission to the directory and all sub-directories
 chmod 766 filename Assign full permission to the owner, and read and write
permission to group and others

chmod -x filename Remove the execution permission of any file

chown username Change the ownership of a file

filename

chown user:group Change the owner and group ownership of a file

filename

chown -R user:group Change the owner and group ownership of the directory and
dirname all sub-directories

User and Group Management Commands

Linux is a multi-user operating system. So multiple users can log in to the system and
work on the system at the same time. In some cases, two or more users may need to
share access to system resources like files and directories. In that case, user and group
management allows you to complete your objectives.

Command Description

w Display all login users

useradd username Add a new user account

userdel -r username Delete a user account

usermod [option] Change the user account information including, group,

username home directory, shell, expiration date

usermod -aG groupname Add a user to a specific group

username

groupadd groupname Create a new group

groupdel groupname Remove a group

last Display information of the last login user

id Display UID and GID of the current user

Process Management Commands
When you run any application in Linux. The application will get a process ID or PID.
Process Management helps you to monitor and manage your application.

Command Description

ps Display all active processes

ps -ef | grep processname Display information of specific process

top Manage and display all processes in realtime

pstree Display processes in the tree-like diagram

lsof List all files opened by running processes

kill pid Kill a specific process using process ID

killall processname Kill all processes by name

bg Display stopped or background jobs

pidof processname Get the PID of any process

Disk Management Commands

In this section, we will show you disk management commands including, add and
remove partitions, mount a partition, check disk space, format partition, etc.

Command Description

fdisk -l List all disk partitions

fdisk /dev/sda Create a new partition on /dev/sda device

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 Format the partition named /dev/sda1

fsck.ext4 /dev/sda1 Check and repair a filesystem for any error

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt Mount any partition to any directory

df -h Display free space of mounted file system

df -i Display free inodes on the filesystem

du -hs Display the size of your current directory

 lsblk Display information about block devices

lsusb -tv Display all USB devices

hdparm -tT /dev/sda Perform a read speed test on disk /dev/sda

badblocks -s /dev/sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk /dev/sda

Package Management Command

In this section, we will show a list of all commands to install, remove and manage
packages in Linux.

Command Description

apt-get install Install the package on Debian based distributions

packagename

apt-get remove Remove a package on Debian based distributions

packagename

dpkg -l | grep -i installed Get a list of all packages on Debian based distributions

dpkg -i packagename.deb Install .deb package

apt-get update Update the repository on Debian based distributions

apt-get upgrade Upgrade a specific package on Debian based

packagename distributions

apt-get autoremove Remove all unwanted packages on Debian based

distributions

yum install packagename Install the package on RPM-based distributions

yum remove Remove a package on RPM-based distributions

packagename

yum update Update all system packages to the latest version on

RPM-based distributions

yum list --installed List all installed packages on RPM-based distributions

yum list --available List all available packages on RPM-based distributions

Compress and Uncompress Commands
Tar, Zip, and Unzip are the most popular command-line utility in Linux used to compress
and uncompress files and directories.

Command Description

tar -cvf filename.tar filename Compress a file in the Tar archive

tar -xvf filename.tar Uncompress a Tar file

tar -tvf filename.tar List the content of the Tar file

tar -xvf filename.tar file1.txt Untar a single file from Tar file

tar -rvf filename.tar file2.txt Add a file to the Tar file

zip filename.zip filename Compress a single file to a zip

zip filename.zip file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Compress multiple files to a zip

zip -u filename.zip file4.txt Add a file to a zip file

zip -d filename.zip file4.txt Delete a file from a zip file

unzip -l filename.zip Display the content of zip archive

file

unzip filename.zip Unzip a file

unzip filename.zip -d /dirname Unzip a file to a specific directory