8051 microcontroller

Subject: Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Subject Coordinator- Dr Sunanda Ambulker
 Microprocessor v/s Microcontroller
microprocessor
It is a computer processor that incorporates the functions
of a central processing unit (CPU) onto just a few (and
often only one) integrated circuits. 

microcontroller I
It Is a small computer on a single integrated circuit chip.
On the same chip, a microcontroller typically contains a
processor and additional peripherals (memory(RAM and
ROM), serial interface, timer, programmable I/O
peripherals, etc.).
Microprocessor v/s Microcontroller
 8051

• The 8051 microcontrollers work with 8-bit data bus.

• Collectively, 8051 microcontrollers can address 128k of
external memory.
• 64 Kbyte of ROM
• 8051 is based on Harvard architecture
Difference between two architectures
• When data and code lie in different memory blocks,
then the architecture is referred as Harvard
architecture.
• When data and code lie in the same memory block,
then the architecture is referred as Von Neumann
architecture.
 Difference between two architectures
von-Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture

Single memory to be shared by both Separate memories for code and data.
code and data.
Processor needs to fetch code in a Single clock cycle is sufficient , as
s e p a ra t e c l o c k c yc l e a n d d a t a i n separate buses are used to access code
another clock cycle. So it requires two and data.
clock cycles.
Slower in speed, thus more time- Higher speed, thus less time consuming.
consuming.
Simple in design. Complex in design.
Internal architecture of 8051
 8051
Features:

• 128 Byte of RAM

• 4K Byte of ROM
• Two timers each 16 bits
• 4 I/O Port, each 8 bit wide
• It is an 8-bit processor.
• One serial port
 8051 Family
• Other members of 8051 Family
• 8052
• 8031

8052:
• 8052 has all the standard features of the 8051 as well as an extra 128
bytes of RAM and an extra timer.
• the 8052 has 256 bytes of RAM and 3 timers.
• It also has 8K bytes of on-chip program ROM instead of 4K bytes
 8051 Family
• Other members of 8051 Family
8031
• This chip is often referred to as a ROM-less 8051 since it has OK
bytes of on-chip ROM.
• To use this chip you must add external ROM to it. This external ROM
must contain the program that the 8031 will fetch and execute.
• Contrast that to the 8051 in which the on-chip ROM contains the
program to be fetched and executed but is limited to only 4K bytes of
code. The ROM containing the program attached to the 8031 can be
as large as 64K bytes.
• In the process of adding external ROM to the 8031, two ports will be
lost.
Criteria for choosing microcontroller

• Meeting the computation needs of the task at hand efficiently

and cost-effectively
• Availability of software development tools such as compilers,
assemblers, and debuggers.
• Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontroller
Programming Model of 8051
Program status word (psw)
Pin diagram
 Addressing modes

• Immediate
• Register
• Direct
• Register Indirect
• Indexed
 Addressing modes

• Immediate Data is specified in the instruction itself

• MOV A,#65H
• MOV A,#’A’
• MOV R6,#65H
• MOV DPTR,#2343H
• MOV P1,#65H
 Addressing modes

• Register Addressing Mode

• MOV Rn, A ;n=0,..,7
• ADD A, Rn
• MOV DPL, R6
 Addressing modes

• Direct Addressing Mode

• MOV R0, 40H

• MOV 56H, A
• MOV A, 4 ; ≡ MOV A, R4
• MOV 6, 2 ; copy R2 to R6
• ; MOV R6,R2 is invalid !
 Addressing modes
• Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• • In this mode, register is used as a pointer to the data.
• MOV A,@Ri
• ; move content of RAM loc. Where address is held by Ri into
•A
• ( i=0 or 1 )
• MOV @R1,B
• In other word, the content of register R0 or R1 is sources or
• target in MOV, ADD and SUBB instructions.
 Addressing modes
• Indexed addressing mode:
in the indexed addressing mode, the source memory can only be
accessed from program memory only. The destination operand is
always the register A.
• MOVCA, @A+PC;
• MOVCA, @A+DPTR;

The C in MOVC instruction refers to code byte. For the first instruction,
let us consider A holds 30H. And the PC value is1125H. The contents of
program memory location 1155H (30H + 1125H) are moved to register
A.
 Instruction set
The instructions of 8051 Microcontroller can be classified into five
different groups.

• Data Transfer Group

• Arithmetic Group
• Logical Group
• Program Branch Group
• Bit Processing Group
 Timer
Two timers T0 and T1
 Timer
Two timers T0 and T1
TMOD Register

Bit 7,3 – GATE:

1 = Enable Timer/Counter only when the INT0/INT1 pin is high and TR0/TR1 is set.
0 = Enable Timer/Counter when TR0/TR1 is set.
Bit 6,2 - C/\bar{T}(Counter/Timer): Timer or Counter select bit
1 = Use as Counter
0 = Use as Timer
Bit 5:4 & 1:0 - M1:M0: Timer/Counter mode select bit
 Timer
Two timers T0 and T1
TMOD Register
Bit 5:4 & 1:0 - M1:M0: Timer/Counter mode select bit

M1 M0 Mode Operation
13-bit timer/counter,
0 (13-bit timer
0 0 8-bit of THx & 5-bit of
mode)
TLx
16-bit timer/counter,
1 (16-bit timer
0 1 THx cascaded with
mode)
TLx
8-bit timer/counter
(auto-reload mode),
2 (8-bit auto- TLx reload with the
1 0
reload mode) value held by THx
each time TLx
overflow
Split the 16-bit
timer  into two 8-bit
3 (split timer
Timer
 Timer
Two timers T0 and T1
TCON Register

• Bit 7 - TF1:  Timer1 Overflow Flag

•     1 = Timer1 overflow occurred (i.e. Timer1 goes to its max
and roll over back to zero).
•     0  = Timer1 overflow not occurred.
• It is cleared through software. In the Timer1 overflow
interrupt service routine, this bit will get cleared
automatically while exiting from ISR.
• Bit 6 - TR1:  Timer1 Run Control Bit
•  
  
  
  
  
1  = Timer1 start.
•  
  
  
  
  
0  = Timer1 stop.
• It is set and cleared by software.
• Bit 5 – TF0:  Timer0 Overflow Flag
•      
 1  = Timer0 overflow occurred (i.e. Timer0 goes to its
max and roll over back to zero).
•      0  = Timer0 overflow not occurred.
 Timer
Two timers T0 and T1
TCON Register

• Bit 4 – TR0: 
Timer0 Run Control Bit
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
1 = Timer0 start.
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
0 = Timer0 stop.
• It is set and cleared by software.
• Bit 3 - IE1: 
External Interrupt1 Edge Flag
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
1 = External interrupt1 occurred.
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
0 = External interrupt1 Processed.
• It is set and cleared by hardware.
• Bit 2 - IT1: 
External Interrupt1 Trigger Type Select Bit
•  
   
  1 = 
Interrupt occurs on falling edge at INT1 pin.
•  
   
   
0 = 
Interrupt occur on a low level at the INT1 pin.
• Bit 1 – IE0: 
External Interrupt0 Edge Flag
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
1 = External interrupt0 occurred.
•  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
0 = External interrupt0 Processed.
• It is set and cleared by hardware.
• Bit 0 – IT0: 
External Interrupt0 Trigger Type Select Bit
•  
   
  1 = 
Interrupt occurs on falling edge at INT0 pin.
•  
   
  0 = 
Interrupt occur on a low level at INT0 pin.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430

• By TI
• Low-power compact microcontroller
• Mixed signal microcontroller
• 16 Register
• 17 instructions
• 7 operating modes
• Von neumann Architecture
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430

• PIN DIAGRAM
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
VCC and VSS are the supply voltage and ground for the whole device (the
analog and digital supplies are separate in the 16-pin package).
• P1.0–P1.7, P2.6, and P2.7 are for digital input and output, grouped into
ports P1 and P2.
• TACLK, TA0, and TA1 are associated with Timer_A; TACLK can be used
as the clock input to the timer, while TA0 and TA1 can be either inputs or
outputs. These can be used on several pins because of the importance of the
timer.
• A0−, A0+, and so on, up to A4±, are inputs to the analog-to-digital
converter. It has four differential channels, each of which has negative and
positive inputs.
VREF is the reference voltage for the converter.
• ACLK and SMCLK are outputs for the microcontroller’s clock signals.
These can be used to supply a clock to external components or for
diagnostic purposes.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
• SCLK, SDO, and SCL are used for the universal serial interface, which
communicates with external devices using the serial peripheral interface
(SPI) or inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus.
• XIN and XOUT are the connections for a crystal, which can be used to
provide an accurate, stable clock frequency.
• RST is an active low reset signal. Active low means that it remains high
near VCC for normal operation and is brought low near VSS to reset the
chip. Alternative notations to show the active low nature are _RST and
/RST.
• NMI is the nonmaskable interrupt input, which allows an external signal
to interrupt the normal operation of the program.
• TCK, TMS, TCLK, TDI, TDO, and TEST form the full JTAG interface,
used to program and debug the device.
• SBWTDIO and SBWTCK provide the Spy-Bi-Wire interface, an
alternative to the usual JTAG connection that saves pins.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
MSP430 architecture
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
Memory Map
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
Memory Map
• All memory, including RAM, Flash/ROM, information memory, special
function registers (SFRs), and peripheral registers, are mapped into a single,
contiguous address space
• The MSP430 is available with either Flash or ROM memory types.
• The memory type is identified by the letter immediately following “MSP430”
in the part numbers.
• Flash devices: Identified by the letter “F” in the part numbers, having the
advantage that the code space can be erased and reprogrammed.
• ROM devices: Identified by the letter “C” in the part numbers. They have the
advantage of being very inexpensive because they are shipped pre-
programmed, which is the best solution for high-volume designs.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
Memory Map
For all devices, each memory location is formed by 1 data byte. The CPU is
capable of addressing data values either as bytes (8 bits) or words (16 bits).
Words are always addressed at an even address containing the least significant
byte, followed by the next odd address, which contains the most significant byte.
For 8-bit operations, the data can be accessed from either odd or even addresses,
but for 16-bit operations, the data values can only be accessed from even
addresses.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
Memory Map
For all devices, each memory location is formed by 1 data byte. The CPU is
capable of addressing data values either as bytes (8 bits) or words (16 bits).
Words are always addressed at an even address containing the least significant
byte, followed by the next odd address, which contains the most significant byte.
For 8-bit operations, the data can be accessed from either odd or even addresses,
but for 16-bit operations, the data values can only be accessed from even
addresses.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
Central Processing Unit (MSP430 CPU)
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430

MSP430 CPU registers

The CPU incorporates sixteen 16-bit registers:

 Four registers (R0, R1, R2 and R3) have dedicated functions;
 There are 12 working registers (R4 to R15) for general use.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430

MSP430 CPU registers

The CPU incorporates sixteen 16-bit registers:

 Four registers (R0, R1, R2 and R3) have dedicated functions;
 There are 12 working registers (R4 to R15) for general use.

• R0 (PC) - Program Counter

• R1 (SP) - Stack Pointer
• R2 (SR) - Status Register
• R2 (CG1) and R3 (CG2) - Constant Generators
• R4-R15 – General-purpose registers
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430

MSP430 CPU registers

Status register:

C (Carry flag): It is set to '1' whenever there is a carry out of the final bit when
performing an addition operation. It also works as a borrow flag when performing
subtraction.

Z (Zero flag): This flag is used to indicate whether the result of the ALU operation is
zero or not. It is set when the result is zero, while cleared when the result is non-zero.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
MSP430 CPU registers
Status register:

N (Negative flag): This bit indicates the sign of the result of the ALU operation. It is
set if the result is negative, while is cleared if the result is positive. The programmer
has to take care that this bit is referred to or used only if a signed operation is
performed. In case of an unsigned operation this bit is to be ignored.
GIE (General Interrupt Enable): This bit is a control bit for the programmer to
enable and disable the interrupts of the microcontroller. If the programmer sets this bit
to '1', the interrupts are enabled, while if the bit is cleared to '0', the interrupts are
disabled.
CPUOFF (Central Processing unit OFF): This bit when set, switches OFF the CPU
and hence saves power when it is required.
 Mixed Mode Microcontroller MSP430
MSP430 CPU registers
Status register:

OSCOFF (Oscillator OFF): This bit when set to '1' by the programmer, the oscillator is
switched OFF and hence saves power.

SCG0 (System Clock Generator bit 0) & SCG1 (System Clock Generator bit 1): These
bits are used to select the clock source for the operation of the microcontroller.

V (Overflow flag): This bit is set to '1' when the result is out of the range for signed
operations. In case if the result is out of the range according to the 2's complement
representation, this bit will be set to indicate the user that the result is out of range, and hence
the result value is incorrect. In other words, you can say if the sum of two positive numbers
gives negative result or sum of two negative numbers gives positive result, the overflow bit is
set to '1'. In other cases it is cleared.
 FRAM

• Ferro-electric Random Access Memory (FRAM) is a type of Random Access

Memory,
• which uses a ferro-electric capacitor to achieve it’s non-volatility (content is
not lost when power is turned off). The di-electric constant of a ferroelectric
material usually has a high value.
• The most widely used ferroelectric material is PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate).
Due to the ferroelectric layer, it may seem that it contains iron, but it does
not.
 FRAM

• The capacitance of a ferroelectric material is variable. It behaves in a normal

linear way, if switch is OFF when electric field is applied. If the switch is ON
when an electric field is applied to the ferroelectric crystal layer, the central
atom begins to move in the direction of field. At some point in its path, the
atom exceeds an energy threshold causing a charge to spike. This charge
spike is detected by the internal circuits and they set the memory. Now, if
we remove the electric field, the state of memory is preserved as the central
atom stays in its position. Due to this preservation of memory, we say that
FRAM is non-volatile.
 FRAM

• Random Access Memory (e.g., Dynamic RAM, Static RAM) has the advantage
that it has fast read/write access, but it is volatile in nature, which means that
we need a constant power supply to maintain the data in memory. On the
other hand, Read Only Memory (ex. EEPROM, FLASH) has the advantage of
being non-volatile, but at the same time, it is very slow as compared to RAM.
FRAM combines the best of the two types of memories, which means that it is
non-volatile and also has fast read/write access.
• The key features of FRAM are:
• • Consumes less power.
• • Can tolerate radiation.
• • Is more secure than other memory types.
• • Has high endurance for read/write cycles.
• • Is over-writable like SRAM.
• • Less expensive than magnetic memories
 FRAM

• Random Access Memory (e.g., Dynamic RAM, Static RAM) has the advantage
that it has fast read/write access, but it is volatile in nature, which means that
we need a constant power supply to maintain the data in memory. On the
other hand, Read Only Memory (ex. EEPROM, FLASH) has the advantage of
being non-volatile, but at the same time, it is very slow as compared to RAM.
FRAM combines the best of the two types of memories, which means that it is
non-volatile and also has fast read/write access.
• The key features of FRAM are:
• • Consumes less power.
• • Can tolerate radiation.
• • Is more secure than other memory types.
• • Has high endurance for read/write cycles.
• • Is over-writable like SRAM.
• • Less expensive than magnetic memories
 INTERFACING DEVICES WITH 8051

• Input Interface Devices:

• Push button switch, Keypad, Infrared sensor, Temperature sensor,
gas Sensor etc. These devices provide some information to the
Microcontroller, and this is called as input data.
• Output Interface Devices:
• LED, LCD, Buzzer, Relay driver, DC Motor Driver, 7-Segment
Display etc.
• Storage Interface Devices:
• Used to store/ retain the data, example, SD card, EEPROM,
DataFlash, Real Time Clock, etc.
 Interfacing of an LED with 8051

• 8051 has an on-chip oscillator, but it requires an external

clock to run it. A quartz crystal is connected in between the
XTAL pins of the MC. This crystal needs two same value
capacitors (33pF) for generating a clock signal of the desired
frequency.
 Interfacing of an LED with 8051

• LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LED is a semiconductor device used in many electronic devices,
mostly used for signal transmission /power indication purposes. It
is very cheaply and easily available in a variety of shape, color, and
size. The LEDs are also used for design message display boards and
traffic control signal lights etc.
Interfacing of an LED with 8051
INTERFACING LED WITH 8051