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    1 Introduction To Nervous System

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    Yasmine Ahmed
    The document summarizes the divisions of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, and is further divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

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    1 Introduction To Nervous System

    Uploaded by

    Yasmine Ahmed
    31 views2 pages
    The document summarizes the divisions of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, and is further divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

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    1 Introduction to Nervous System

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    The document summarizes the divisions of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, and is further divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views2 pages

    1 Introduction To Nervous System

    Uploaded by

    Yasmine Ahmed
    The document summarizes the divisions of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, and is further divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

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    Chapter

    Introduction
    to Nervous System 133
    „ DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
    „ CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
    „ PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

    „ DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Nervous system controls all the activities of the body. It
    is quicker than other control system in the body, namely
    endocrine system. Primarily, nervous system is divided
    into two parts:
    1. Central nervous system
    2. Peripheral nervous system.

    „ CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Central nervous system (CNS) includes brain and
    spinal cord. It is formed by neurons and supporting cells
    called neuroglia. Structures of brain and spinal cord are
    arranged in two layers, namely gray matter and white
    matter. Gray matter is formed by nerve cell bodies and
    the proximal parts of nerve fibers, arising from nerve
    cell body. White matter is formed by remaining parts of
    nerve fibers.
    In brain, white matter is placed in the inner part and
    gray matter is placed in the outer part. In spinal cord,
    white matter is in the outer part and gray matter is in the
    inner part.
    Brain is situated in the skull. It is continued as spinal
    cord in the vertebral canal through the foramen magnum
    of the skull bone. Brain and spinal cord are surrounded
    by three layers of meninges called the outer dura mater,
    middle arachnoid mater and inner pia mater.
    The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater FIGURE 133.1: Parts of central nervous system
    is known as subarachnoid space. This space is filled
    with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Brain and spinal
    Parts of Brain
    cord are actually suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid.
    Important parts of brain and segments of spinal cord are Brain consists of three major divisions:
    shown in Figure 133.1. 1. Prosencephalon
    758 Section 10 t Nervous System

    FIGURE 133.2: Parts of brain

    2. Mesencephalon 1. Somatic Nervous System


    3. Rhombencephalon Somatic nervous system is concerned with somatic
    functions. It includes the nerves supplying the skeletal
    1. Prosencephalon muscles. Somatic nervous system is responsible for mus­
    Prosencephalon is otherwise known as forebrain. It is cular activities and movements of the body (Fig. 133.3).
    further divided into two parts:
    2. Autonomic Nervous System
    i. Telencephalon, which includes cerebral hemi­
    spheres, basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygda­ Autonomic nervous system is concerned with regula­
    loid nucleus tion of visceral or vegetative functions. So, it is other­
    ii. Diencephalon, consisting of thalamus, hypo thala­ wise called vegetative or involuntary nervous system.
    mus, metathalamus and subthalamus. Autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions,
    sympathetic division and parasympathetic division.
    2. Mesencephalon
    Mesencephalon is also known as midbrain.

    3. Rhombencephalon
    Rhombencephalon or hindbrain is subdivided into two
    portions:
    i. Metencephalon, formed by pons and cerebellum
    ii. Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata (Fig. 133.2).
    Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are together
    called the brainstem.

    „ PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is formed by neurons
    and their processes present in all regions of the body.
    It consists of cranial nerves, arising from brain and
    spinal nerves, arising from the spinal cord. It is again
    divided into two subdivisions:
    1. Somatic nervous system
    2. Autonomic nervous system. FIGURE 133.3: Organization of nervous system

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