What are Learning Disabilities?

Learning disability is a general term that describes specific kinds of learning problems. A
learning disability can cause a person to have trouble learning and using certain skills.
The skills most often affected are: reading, writing, listening, speaking, reasoning, and
doing math.

Learning disabilities (LD) vary from person to person. One person with LD may not have
the same kind of learning problems as another person with LD. Some has trouble with
reading and writing. Another person with LD may have problems with understanding
math. Still another person may have trouble in each of these areas, as well as with
understanding what people are saying.

Researchers think that learning disabilities are caused by differences in how a person's
brain works and how it processes information. Children with learning disabilities are not
"dumb" or "lazy." In fact, they usually have average or above average intelligence. Their
brains just process information differently.

There is no "cure" for learning disabilities. They are life-long. However, children with
LD can be high achievers and can be taught ways to get around the learning disability.
With the right help, children with LD can and do learn successfully.

What are the Signs of a Learning Disability?

There is no one sign that shows a person has a learning disability. Experts look for a
noticeable difference between how well a child does in school and how well he or she
could do, given his or her intelligence or ability. There are also certain clues that may
mean a child has a learning disability. We've listed a few below. Most relate to
elementary school tasks, because learning disabilities tend to be identified in elementary
school. A child probably won't show all of these signs, or even most of them. However, if
a child shows a number of these problems, then parents and the teacher should consider
the possibility that the child has a learning disability.
When a child has a learning disability, he or she:

• may have trouble learning the alphabet, rhyming words, or connecting letters to
their sounds;
• may make many mistakes when reading aloud, and repeat and pause often;
• may not understand what he or she reads;
• may have real trouble with spelling;
• may have very messy handwriting or hold a pencil awkwardly;
• may struggle to express ideas in writing;
• may learn language late and have a limited vocabulary;
• may have trouble remembering the sounds that letters make or hearing slight
differences between words;
• may have trouble understanding jokes, comic strips, and sarcasm;
• may have trouble following directions;
• may mispronounce words or use a wrong word that sounds similar;
• may have trouble organizing what he or she wants to say or not be able to think of
the word he or she needs for writing or conversation;
• may not follow the social rules of conversation, such as taking turns, and may
stand too close to the listener;
• may confuse math symbols and misread numbers;
• may not be able to retell a story in order (what happened first, second, third); or
• may not know where to begin a task or how to go on from there.

If a child has unexpected problems learning to read, write, listen, speak, or do math, then
teachers and parents may want to investigate more. The same is true if the child is
struggling to do any one of these skills. The child may need to be evaluated to see if he or
she has a learning disability

Tips for Parents

Learn about LD. The more you know, the more you can help yourself and your child. See
the list of resources and organizations at the end of this publication.

Praise your child when he or she does well. Children with LD are often very good at a
variety of things. Find out what your child really enjoys doing, such as dancing, playing
soccer, or working with computers. Give your child plenty of opportunities to pursue his
or her strengths and talents.

Find out the ways your child learns best. Does he or she learn by hands-on practice,
looking, or listening? Help your child learn through his or her areas of strength.

Let your child help with household chores. These can build self-confidence and concrete
skills. Keep instructions simple, break down tasks into smaller steps, and reward your
child's efforts with praise.
Make homework a priority. Read more about how to help your child be a success at
homework. (See resource list at the end.)
Pay attention to your child's mental health. Be open to counseling, which can help your
child deal with frustration, feel better about himself or herself, and learn more about
social skills.
Talk to other parents whose children have learning disabilities. Parents can share
practical advice and emotional support.
Meet with school personnel and help develop an educational plan to address your child's
needs. Plan what accommodations your child needs, and don't forget to talk about
assistive technology!
Establish a positive working relationship with your child's teacher. Through regular
communication, exchange information about your child's progress at home and at school.

Tips for Teachers

Learn as much as you can about the different types of LD. The resources and
organizations at the end of this document can help you identify specific techniques and
strategies to support the student educationally.
Seize the opportunity to make an enormous difference in this student's life! Find out and
emphasize what the student's strengths and interests are. Give the student positive
feedback and lots of opportunities for practice.
Review the student's evaluation records to identify where specifically the student has
trouble. Talk to specialists in your school (e.g., special education teacher) about methods
for teaching this student. Provide instruction and accommodations to address the student's
special needs. Examples include:

• breaking tasks into smaller steps, and giving directions verbally and in writing;
• giving the student more time to finish schoolwork or take tests;
• letting the student with reading problems use textbooks-on-tape (available
through Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic, listed under Organizations);
• letting the student with listening difficulties borrow notes from a classmate or use
a tape recorder; and
• letting the student with writing difficulties use a computer with specialized
software that spell checks, grammar checks, or recognizes speech.

Learn about the different testing modifications that can really help a student with LD
show what he or she has learned.
Teach organizational skills, study skills, and learning strategies. These help all students
but are particularly helpful to those with LD.
Work with the student's parents to create an educational plan tailored to meet the
student's needs.
Establish a positive working relationship with the student's parents. Through regular
communication, exchange information about the student's progress at school.
Resources

Start with NICHCY's Connections to...LD, at:

Cronin, E.M. (1997). Helping your dyslexic child: A step-by-step program for helping
your child improve reading, writing, spelling, comprehension, and self-esteem. Rocklin,
CA: Prima. (Telephone: 800.726.0600. Web: www.primapublishing.com/index.pperl)

Currie, P.S., & Wadlington, E.M. (2000). The source for learning disabilities. East
Moline, IL: LinguiSystems. (Telephone: 800.776.4332. Web: www.linguisystems.com)

Hall, S., & Moats, L.C. (1998). Straight talk about reading: How parents can make a
difference during the early years. New York: McGraw Hill/Contemporary. (Telephone:
877.833.5524. Web: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com)

Harwell, J.M. (2002). Complete learning disabilities handbook: Ready-to-use strategies

Lerner, J.W. (2000). Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. (Telephone: 877-859-7241. Web:
http://college.hmco.com/students/index.html)

Lyle, M. (1998). The LD teacher's IEP companion: Goals, strategies, and activities for
LD students. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems. (See contact information above.)

Mercer, C.D., & Mercer, A.R. (2001). Teaching students with learning problems (6th
ed.). New York: Prentice Hall College. (Telephone: 800-282-0693. Web:
vig.prenhall.com)

Porterfield, K.M. (1999). Straight talk about learning disabilities. New York: Facts on
File. (Telephone: 800-322-8755. Web: www.factsonfile.com)

Silver, L. (1998). The misunderstood child: Understanding and coping with your child's
learning disabilities (3rd ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. (To find a local or online
bookseller go to: www.randomhouse.com/reader_resources/ordering.html)