Notes Ch.2 Shearing Force and Bending Moment

Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi) <Strength of Materials>
Mechanical Engineering Programme Board <MEC4110>
Chapter 2: Shearing Force & Bending Moment Diagrams
Cantilever and Simply Supported Beam
Beams are widely used in building structures. A beam can resist forces acting transverse or
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Two types of commonly used beams are cantilever
beams and simply supported beams as illustrated in Figure 1. For a cantilever beam, one end
is built-in and fixed. For a simply supported beam, the beam can rotate at the supports.
Please note that beams are always assumed to be straight and uniform in properties.
P P
cantilever beam simply supported

beam
Figure 1
Concentrated Load & Uniformly Distributed Load
There are also different types of loads can be applied to a beam. A load applied to a single
point is referred as a concentrated load or a point load. A uniform distributed loads (UDL or
udl) is a load spreading out evenly across a portion of or the whole beam, see Figure 2, and it
is given as load intensity or force per unit length.
Concentrated
Uniformly Load
q (kN/m)
Distributed Load P
(UDL)
Figure 2
Shearing Force
Consider a cantilever beam with an applied load P acting at its free end as shown in Figure 3,
an imaginary section is made at x-x. For equilibrium, there must be an equal and opposite
force in the plane C as illustrated in the Figure. This reaction force is exerted by the material
of the beam and can be regarded as the material resistance. The effect of the applied load is to
shear the beam across the section x-x. These shearing forces in beams are illustrated in
Figure 4. The resultant shearing force at any section is equal to the resultant of the transverse
loads, including reactions exerted by the supports, on one side of the section.
SF & BM Diagram Page 1 of 1

P
x x
P
P P
A B C D
Figure 3
Figure 4
Bending Moment
The transverse loads applied on a beam will also produce a

P bending effect to bend and deflect the beam. Referring to Figure
x 3, the section CD can only be in equilibrium if there is a couple
M applied at point C since the net moment of the two shear
M forces are non-zero, see Figure 5. The moment M is known as
P the bending moment in the section. The sagging and hogging
effect of bending moments are illustrated in Figure 6. The
C D calculation of bending moment is similar to that of shear force.
Starting from the left hand of the beam, choose the location of
Figure 5 section x and calculate the resultant bending moment by taking
moment about the cut plane.
(sag)
Positive
(hog)
Negative
Figure 6

Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams
Consider a simply supported beam AB of length L with a point force (load) W acting at a
distance a from A, as shown diagrammatically in Figure 7. The supports can be replaced by
reactions in a free body diagram as shown in Figure 8, noting that there are no horizontal
forces.
W
A B
Figure 7
a
W
A C B
RA x RB
L
Figure 8
From the equilibrium of external forces the reactions can be found at A and B.
Vertical Equilibrium: ↑ + ∑ F = R A + R B − W = 0 (1a)
Moment Equilibrium about A: + ∑M A = W. a − R B . L = 0

(1b)
By solving equations (1a & b),
W. a W. ( L − a )
∴RB = ; and R A = (2)
L L
To find the “internal forces” at the point C a distance x from A on the beam, imagine the
beam to be ‘cut’ to expose the internal forces, F and M, so that they can be treated an
external forces on each part of the cut beam.
a
W
F M
C C
RA x M F RB
Figure 9

Equations for F and M can be derived from the equilibrium of the left hand side (LHS) or the
RHS but it is normal to consider the LHS.
The sign convention for the moment M and the force F for the LHS of the beam are as
follows:
An upward shear force is + ve and a downward shear force is -ve.

+ ve - ve
and a clockwise moment is + ve and an anti-clockwise moment is - ve
+ ve - ve
An equation for F and M can be written for the equilibrium of the left hand side (LHS) of the
beam i.e. left of the point C, as follows:
From vertical force equilibrium of the LHS; RA − F = 0 (3a)
and from moment equilibrium of LHS about C; RAx − M = 0 (3b)
Note: Always take moments about the cut point C to find the internal moment M.
then substituting for (2), gives,

W. ( L − a )
F = RA = ; and (4a)
L
W.( L − a ). x
M = RA .x = ; (4b)
L
The value of F is constant for 0 ≤ x ≤ a and M varies linearly with x but for x = a there is a
point load W which produces an abrupt change in F and M. Mathematically, this is called a
discontinuity. F and M cannot be expressed in terms of a continuous function of x.
If the beam is now ‘cut’ between x = a and x = L, at the point D, F and M can again be
calculated from equilibrium of the LHS.
a W
F M
RA D M D
RB
x F
L
Figure 10

Vertical Equilibrium of the LHS, gives,

RA − W − F = 0 (5a)
Moment Equilibrium of the LHS about D, gives,
R A x − W( x − a ) − M = 0 (5b)
Hence,
W( L − a ) Wa
F = RA − W = −W= −
L L
W( L − a ) x Wa ( L − x)
M = R A x − W( x − a ) = − W( x − a ) =
L L
Equations for shear force and moment can now be written down for the whole length of the
beam. For the shear force F,
W( L − a ) -Wa
F= ; for 0 ≤ x ≤ a and F = ; for a ≤ x ≤ L; (6a)
L L
and for the moment M,
W( L − a ) x Wa(L - x)
M= ; for 0 ≤ x ≤ a and M = ; for a ≤ x ≤ L; (6b)
L L
Procedures for drawing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
1. Calculate the reaction forces at the supports if necessary.
2. Start from the left hand end of the beam, take a cut plane between the first loading and
the second loading or before the end of an uniform load, and calculate the resultant
shear force and bending moment as shown in previous sections. Obtain the equations
for the shear force and bending moment which are valid only between these two
loadings.
3. Take the second cut plane between the second and third loading, and perform the
calculations of resultant shear force and bending moment as before.
4. Proceed to the next loading until the right hand end of the beam is reached.
5. Plot the values of the shear force and bending moment to obtain the diagrams.

Remarks
1. Be careful of the sign convention.

2. Don’t forget the reaction force & moment at the fixed end.
3. SF should be zero at the end of the beam.
4. When there is no additional force acting on a section, a horizontal line will appear in
the SF diagram. A point load will cause an abrupt change in upward or downward
direction.
5. A straight line (with +ve or -ve slope) will be formed in the SF diagram with the
presence of a UDL.
6. Without UDL, the BM diagram will consist of straight line segments only.
7. The section with the presence of UDL will be a curve for the BM diagram.
8. When BM is a local maximum or minimum, dM/dx=0 or SF =0 .
Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load
The results for F and M given in equations (6a & b) can be plotted graphically to assist with
visualising and solving problems.
a
W
RA L RB
F
W.( L − a )
RA = x
L W
Wa
RB =
-F L
+M
W( L − a ) a
M=
L Wa ( L − x)
M=
L
W( L − a ) x
M=
L
-M
Figure 11 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
Consider now a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load.

The following is the free body diagram:
Uniformly distributed load w (N/m)

A
B
RA x C RB
L
Figure 12
The next step is to find the reactions.
From vertical equilibrium of the external forces:

↑ + ∑ F = R A + R B − w. L = 0 (7a)
and by taking moment equilibrium at A.
L
+ ∑M A = w. L
2
− R B. L = 0
and solving gives;
w. L w. L
RA = ; RB = (7b)
2 2
To find the equation of shear force and moment along the beam, first cut the beam at C, any
point between A and B.
F
M M
Uniformly distributed load w
A C
B
RA x RB
F L
Figure 13 Beam cut at point C
From vertical equilibrium of the LHS;

R A − wx − F = 0 (8a)
Taking moments about C for the LHS of the beam, to find the internal moment M,
x
R A x − wx. − M = 0 (8b)
2
substituting for equ. (7b) into (8 a & b) gives,
wL ⎛L ⎞
F= − wx = w ⎜ − x⎟ (9a)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
w.( L. x − x2 )
M= ; (9b)
2

Since there are no abrupt changes in the force along the beam the equations for F and M are
continuous, i.e. one equation for the entire length of the beam.
Finding the Maximum Moment for a Region of Uniformly Distributed Load

dM
The maximum value of the moment occurs when =0 (10)
dx
dM w.( L − 2 x)
= =0 L
Hence, dx 2 ; that is when, x = ; at mid-span, then substituting this into
2
eqn. (9a) gives
w. L2
M max =
8 ; (11)
If in addition to the uniformly distributed load there are other point loads then the maximum
moment will not necessarily occur at mid-span.
Shear Force and Bending Moments for a Uniformly Distributed Load
Equations (9a & b) can be represented graphically on ‘shear force’ and ‘bending moment’
diagrams, as in figure 14.
From eqn. (9b) it can be seen that the moment is zero at each end of the beam; i.e.
M = 0; at x = 0, x = L ;
Uniformly distributed load w
A
B
RA RB
L
F Free body diagram
wL / 2
wL / 2
Shear Force Diagram

M
wL2 / 8
Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 14
Point Loaded Cantilever
When one end of a beam is “built in” or fixed to a support so that it cannot rotate, and the
other end is unsupported i.e. free to move, it is called a cantilever.
Free end with W

Built in end
Point load B
A
Figure 15 Diagrammatic view of Cantilever with point load
W
MA A C B
RA
x L
Figure 16 Free Body Diagram of Cantilever
The built in end is replaced by a force reaction RA plus a moment reaction MA and the
free end has no reaction.
To find the reactions consider equilibrium of external forces as before.
Vertical Equilibrium gives: ↑ + ∑ F = R A − W = 0 (12a)
Moment Equilibrium about A, gives: + ∑M = M A + WL = 0 (12b)
Hence: R A = W ; and M A = − WL (13)
Note the -ve sign means the moment MA is anti-clockwise. not clockwise as was
assumed in figure 15.
To find the internal force and moment it is necessary to cut the beam at C as before.
M F M W
MA A C B
RA F
x
L
Figure 17 Cut cantilever
Considering the equilibrium of the LHS:

Vertical equilibrium F=W (14a)

Moment equilibrium about C M = − W( L − x ) (14b)
The shearing force and bending moment diagram can now be drawn using equations
(14 a & b):
W
C B
A
x
L
+F
Shear Force Diagram x

-F
+M
x
WL

-M
Figure 18
Uniformly loaded cantilever
Draw a shear force and bending moment diagram for a uniformly loaded cantilever
w /unit length
A B
L
Figure 19: Diagram of uniformly loaded cantilever
M w / unit length
C
A B
RA x
L
Figure 20: Free body diagram

For the uniformly loaded cantilever in Figure 21 prove that the reactions are:
− wL2
R A = wL MA = (15)
2
and the internal force and moment equations are:
− w ( L − x) 2
F = w ( L − x) M= (16)
2
and the shear force and bending moment diagrams are as shown below.
F
wgL
Shear Force Diagram
wgL2
2
Figure 21
In both cantilever cases the Maximum Bending Moment occurs at x = 0.
Example 1
A cantilever beam ABCD of 4 m long is fixed at point D as shown below. The cantilever is
subjected to a concentrated load of 20 kN at point B and a uniformly distributed load (udl) of
10 kN/m across Determine the reaction force and the fixing moment at point D and draw
shearing force and bending moment diagrams of the cantilever.
20 kN 10 kN/m
A B C D
1m 1m 2m
Solution :
1) Reaction force at point D:

RD = 20 + 10 × 2 = 40 kN
Take moment about point D:

Fixing moment at D
MD = 20 × 3 + 10 × 2 × 1 = 80 kNm

2) Take the cut plane between A and B
For x is valid between A and B
Shearing force : Bending Moment

F=0 M=0
3) and 4). Proceed until the right hand end of the beam is reached.
For x is valid between B and C

F = - 20 M = - 20 (x - 1)
F = - 20 kN x = 1, M = 0
x = 2 , M = -20 kNm
For x is valid between C and D

F = - 20 – 10 (x - 2) M = - 20 (x - 1) – 10 (x - 2)2 / 2
x = 2, F = - 20 kN x = 2, M = -20 kNm
x = 4 , F = - 40 kN x = 4 , M = -80 kNm
20 kN 10 kN/m
A B C D
1m 1m 2m
Shearing Force (kN)
-20 -20
-40
Bending Moment (kNm)
0
-20
-80

Example 2
Determine the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for the beam and loading as
shown below:
30 kN/m 80 kN
M
F A 2m B 1m C
2m D
Solutions:
1) Calculate the reaction forces at the supports A and D: −

30 × 2 + 80 = 140 kN =RA + RD
Take moment about point D:
(30 × 2) × 4 + 80 × 2 − RA × 5 = 0
RA = 80 kN
RD = 140 − 80 = 60 kN
2) Take the cut plane before the end of the uniform load and calculate the resultant shear
force and bending moment:
For x is valid between A and B
Shear force : Bending Moment

F = 80 − 30 x M = 80 x - 30(x) (x/2)
x = 0, F = 80 kN M = 80 x - 30 x2/2
x = 2, F = 20 kN x = 0, M = 0
x = 2 , M = 100 kNm
3) and 4). Proceed until the right hand end of the beam is reached.
For x is valid between B and C

F = 80 − 30 (2) M = 80 x − 30(2) ( x −1 )
F = 20 kN M = 80 x − 60 ( x −1 )
x = 2, M = 100 kNm
x = 3 , M = 120 kNm
For x is valid between C and D

F = 80 − 30 (2) − 80 M = 80 x − 30(2) ( x −1 ) − 80( x − 3)
F = -60 kN M = 300 − 60x
x = 3 , M = 120 kNm
x = 5, M = 0

5) Plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
30 kN/m 80 kN
For A<= x <= B
30 kN/m
M
2m 1m 2m F
A B C D A x
80 80 kN
For B<= x <= C
Shear 20 30 kN/m
Force M
kN A B C D
-60 F
2m B
A
x
80 kN
For C<= x <= D
Bending 100 120 30 kN/m 80 kN

Moment M
kNm
A B C D B
F
A 2m 1m C
80 kN x

Stress due to Bending
Consider a beam subjected to equal and opposite couples M and M’ as shown in Figure 22,
and the bending moment is constant along the length of the beam. This is referred to as a
beam in pure bending.
M M’
Figure 22
Assumptions used in the analysis:

1. The beam is initially straight and unstressed.
2. The material of the beam is of same density and elastic properties.
3. The elastic limit is not exceeded.
4. Young’s modulus is the same in tension and compression.
5. Plane cross section remains plane before and after bending.
6. Every cross section of the beam is perpendicular to the Neutral Axis (N.A.)
7. There is no resultant force perpendicular to any cross section.
Strain due to Bending
A B y
C D
B' y
A'
C D
M
M
R
θ
Figure 23
A beam will deform under pure bending as shown in Figure 23. It can be observed that the
line elements on the bottom of the beam will shorten and those on the top of the beam will
elongate. It follows that there is one line element that the length is not changed. This line
element is called the neutral axis of the beam.

Referring to Figure 23, line CD is the neutral axis. Element above CD is under tension and
element below CD is under compression.
Consider the line element AB bent at a small angle θ :
( A' B '− AB )
Strain in AB, ε =
AB
[(R + y )θ − Rθ ]
=
Rθ
y
=
R
σ y
ε = = (17)
E R
Stress due to Bending
The stress in a fibre (in x- direction) is σ = E ε ; where E = Young’s Modulus

σ E
Hence, substituting in (17), = (18)
y R
Figure 24
Equation (18) states that σ is a function of y, and σ = f(y) varies linearly with y, the distance
from the neutral axis. Taking y as positive downwards makes σ x +ve when y +ve, which
corresponds to the fibre on the bottom of the beam that are being extended and hence in
tension. Figure 24 (c) shows the distribution of stress in the beam from compression (-σ) on
the top to tension (+σ) on the bottom, passing through zero at the neutral axis.

Force and Moment Equilibrium in Pure Bending
In Figure 24 (b) the force on the small element of beam cross-section dA is,
dF = σ.dA
and the total force on the cross-section is therefore,

F = ∫ σ.dA ,
A
but for pure bending the longitudinal force is zero.

F = ∫ σ.dA = 0
A
E
R ∫A
substituting for equation (18), y. dA = 0 ,
and the integral ∫ y. dA is called the First Moment of Area.

A
If ∫ y. dA = 0 , then the coordinate y must have its origin at the Centroid of the area hence
A
the Neutral Axis must pass through the Centroid of a beam.
Figure 25
Equilibrium of the external moment M with the internal stress σ, as shown in Figure 25, can
be obtained by taking moments about the neutral axis, hence,
∫ y.dF = M
A
∫ y.σ.dA = M
A
(19)
and substituting for σ x ,

E 2
R ∫A
y . dA = M
The integral ∫ y 2 . dA = I , is called the Second Moment of Area about the neutral axis.
A

Thus,
M E
= (20)
I R
combining this equation with equation (18), gives,
M σ E
= = (21)
I y R
where M = bending moment
I = second moment of area of the beam cross section
σ = bending stress in the element at a distance y from the N.A.
y = distance from the neutral axis
E = Young’s modulus
R = radius of curvature of the beam under pure bending
From equation (21), the bending stress can be calculated using the equation:
M
σ= y ,which is known as flexure formula (22)
I
For bending about the x-x axis,
My My max M
σx = or σx max = =
I I Z
I
where the section modulus Z is defined as, Z =
y max
It can be seen that σ is maximum at the top and bottom edges of the beam where the values of
y are maximum, i.e.
M
σ max = y max
I
As shown in Figure 26, the stress distribution across different beam cross sections can be
plotted using equation (22).
M M
Tensile Tensile
NA
NA
Compressive Compressive
(a) (b)
Bending Stress Distribution for different cross section areas A-A
Figure 26

Location of Neutral Axis
The location of neutral axis can be determined by taking first moment of the area about any
parallel axis and divide it by the total cross sectional area. The neutral axis passes through the
centroid of the cross sectional area.
∫ ydA
∫ ydA = Ay ⇒ y=
A
(23)
For symmetrical shapes, the neutral axis is at the middle.
NA NA NA
Figure 27
For non-symmetrical shape, the position of the N.A. can be found by using the first moment
of the area.
Example 3
Find the position of the Neutral Axis (N.A.) of the following L shaped cross section.
100 20
B A
C
S D
N.A.
y 60
P Q
40
Solution:
The first moment of area about the line PQ is:

∑ A dy = 1st moment of area ABCD about PQ + 1st moment of area PQSC about PQ
(A1 + A2 ) y = A1 y1 + A2 y2
(100 × 20 + 40 × 60) y = 100 × 20 × (60 + 20/2) + 40 × 60 × 30
(2000 + 2400) y = 2000 × 70 + 2400 × 30
4400 y = 212000
y = 48.2 mm
The position of the N.A. is 48.2 mm above the line along PQ.

Determination of the Second Moment of an Area

The second moment of area about the neutral axis of cross sections with simple shapes can be
evaluated as follows:
1. Rectangular Section (B x d)
dy
d /2
∫y
2
I = B dy y
−d /2
d
d /2
NA
⎡ y3 ⎤
= B⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦ −d /2
Bd3
=
12 B
2. ‘I’ Shaped Section

b b
I = I of the rectangular area PQRS Q
P
- I of shaded rectangles
B D3 bd3
= −2
12 12 D d NA
=
1
12
(
BD 3 − 2bd 3 )
R S
B
3. Circular Section y
Consider a circular body of radius R, I about

the neutral axis is: dy
NA x y
dA = 2xdy = 2 R 2 − y 2 dy
R x
I = 2 ∫ y 2 R 2 − y 2 dy R
−R
πR 4 πD 4
I= =
4 64
Figure 28 a, b, c

Engineering Course Board <MEC4110>
Use of Parallel Axis Theorem

The parallel axis is sometimes particularly useful in
evaluating the second moment of area of an object. IG
Referring to Figure 29, the second moment of area Ix-x of the
object about the axis x-x is:
A
2
Ix-x = IG + Ak (24) k
where IG = the 2nd moment of area about an axis parallel to x x

x-x and passing through the object’s centroid
A = area of the object Figure 29
k = distance between the object’s centroid and the axis.
For a rectangular object, the 2nd moment of area about the line A-B through the centroid is:
Bd3
IAB =
12
By using the parallel axis theorem, the 2nd moment of area
about the line C-D is: A B
d
2
ICD = IAB + Ak
2
Bd3 ⎛ d⎞ C D
= + (Bd )⎜ ⎟
12 ⎝ 2⎠ B
3
Bd
= Figure 30
3
Example 4
A simply supported beam of 6m long carries a concentrated load of 8 kN at mid-span. Its

cross-section is uniform over the length of the beam and its rectangular cross section is 120
mm deep and 80 mm wide. Neglect the mass of the beam itself.
(a) Find the value and nature of the maximum stresses, indicating the section at which
occur.
(b) Draw a diagram showing the stress distribution at the section where maximum
stresses occur
8 kN
A C
B
3m 3m

Solution:
Due to symmetry, the reactions at both ends are equal.

8
RA = RC = = 4 kN
2
Maximum bending moment occurs at its mid-point, point B
Mmax = RA × 3
= 12 kNm
Second moment of area of the rectangular section

bd3
Ixx =
12
Given b = 80 mm, d = 120 mm,
Ixx = 11.5 x 10-6 m4
d
For ymax = = 60 mm = 0.06m,
2
M y
σmax = max max
I xx
12 × 0.06
=
11.5 × 10− 6
= 62.6 MN/m2
Hence the maximum tensile and compressive stress are 62.6 MN/m2 in magnitude and occur
at the mid-span position on the bottom surface and top surface of the beam respectively.
A
62.6 MPa
8kN Compression
NA
A
Section A-A 62.6 MPa
Tension

Example 5
A uniform T section beam has the limiting bending stress of 80 MN/m2 in compression and
160MN/m2 in tension, find the maximum bending moment that can be applied if:
(a) PQ is under tension, AB is under compression;
(b) AB is under tension, PQ is under compression.
Solutions:
100
25
Centroid from PQ y A B
y [100(25) + 125(12)]
C D
= 125(12)(62.5) + 100(25)(125 +12.5) R S
NA
y = 109.4 mm L M N O
125
Second moment of area I about the neutral axis: y
Method 1
P Q
I = I of ABOL about NA - 2 x I of CRLM about NA +
12
I of MNPQ about NA
1
( )
⎛1⎞
( 1
) (
= 100 × 40.63 − 2⎜ ⎟ 44 × 15.63 + 12 × 109.43 )
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
= 2230780 – 111362 + 5237354
= 7356772 mm4
= 7.357 × 106 mm4 or 7.357 × 10-6 m4
Method 2
I = I of ABDC about NA + I of RSQP about NA

=
1
12
( )
100 × 25 3 + (100×25) × (109.4 − 137.5)2
+
12
1
( )
12 × 125 3 + (125×12) × (109.4 − 62.5)2
= 130208 + 1974025 + 1953125 + 3299415
= 7356773 mm4
= 7.357 × 106 mm4 or 7.357 × 10-6 m4
σmax
For M max = I
y max
(a) Case A:
PQ is under tension, AB is under compression
Maximum tensile stress occurs at PQ where ymax = 109.4 mm
160 × 106 × 7.357 × 10−6

Mmax =
109.4 × 10− 3
= 10.8 kNm

Maximum compressive stress occurs at AB where ymax = 150 - 109.4 mm = 40.6 mm,
80 × 106 × 7.357 × 10−6
Mmax =
40.6 × 10− 3
= 14.5 kNm
> 10.8 kNm
Therefore, when AB is under maximum compressive stress, PQ will be over-stressed. In this

case, the maximum bending moment that can be applied is 10.8 kNm.
(b) Case B:
AB is under tension, PQ is under compression
Maximum tensile stress occurs at AB where ymax = 40.6 mm
160 × 106 × 7.357 × 10−6
Mmax =
40.6 × 10− 3
= 29 kNm
Maximum compressive stress occurs at PQ where ymax = 109.4 mm,

80 × 106 × 7.357 × 10−6
Mmax =
109.4 × 10− 3
= 5.4 kNm
< 29 kNm
Therefore, when AB is under maximum tensile stress, PQ will be compressed beyond its
limit. In this case, the maximum bending moment that can be applied is 5.4 kNm.

Notes Ch.2 Shearing Force and Bending Moment

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Notes Ch.2 Shearing Force and Bending Moment

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Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi) <Strength of Materials>

Mechanical Engineering Programme Board <MEC4110>

Chapter 2: Shearing Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

Cantilever and Simply Supported Beam

cantilever beam simply supported

Concentrated Load & Uniformly Distributed Load

SF & BM Diagram Page 1 of 1

The transverse loads applied on a beam will also produce a

SF & BM Diagram Page 2 of 2

Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams

Vertical Equilibrium: ↑ + ∑ F = R A + R B − W = 0 (1a)

Moment Equilibrium about A: + ∑M A = W. a − R B . L = 0

By solving equations (1a & b),

SF & BM Diagram Page 3 of 3

An upward shear force is + ve and a downward shear force is -ve.

and a clockwise moment is + ve and an anti-clockwise moment is - ve

From vertical force equilibrium of the LHS; RA − F = 0 (3a)

and from moment equilibrium of LHS about C; RAx − M = 0 (3b)

then substituting for (2), gives,

SF & BM Diagram Page 4 of 4

Vertical Equilibrium of the LHS, gives,

Moment Equilibrium of the LHS about D, gives,

and for the moment M,

Procedures for drawing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

1. Calculate the reaction forces at the supports if necessary.

SF & BM Diagram Page 5 of 5

1. Be careful of the sign convention.

Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load

Figure 11 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

Consider now a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load.

Uniformly distributed load w (N/m)

The next step is to find the reactions.

From vertical equilibrium of the external forces:

Figure 13 Beam cut at point C

From vertical equilibrium of the LHS;

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Finding the Maximum Moment for a Region of Uniformly Distributed Load

Shear Force and Bending Moments for a Uniformly Distributed Load

F Free body diagram

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram

Point Loaded Cantilever

Free end with W

Figure 15 Diagrammatic view of Cantilever with point load

Figure 16 Free Body Diagram of Cantilever

To find the reactions consider equilibrium of external forces as before.

Vertical Equilibrium gives: ↑ + ∑ F = R A − W = 0 (12a)

Moment Equilibrium about A, gives: + ∑M = M A + WL = 0 (12b)

Hence: R A = W ; and M A = − WL (13)

Considering the equilibrium of the LHS:

SF & BM Diagram Page 9 of 9

Moment equilibrium about C M = − W( L − x ) (14b)

Shear Force Diagram x

Bending Moment Diagram

Uniformly loaded cantilever

Figure 20: Free body diagram