CHAPTER 2

This section provided the related literature and studies that are used in

proving significant data for the advocacy.

RELATED LITERATURE

A. FOREIGN LITERATURE

From the article entitled “Student’s Perception on distance Education: A multinational

study, blended learning is used to determine student satisfaction and what they considered to

be important features of the blended format. The authors stated, “the prominent components in

the process have been identified as face-to-face lessons, the features of online course

materials, LMS used, design-specific activities, process-based measurement and evaluation,

student-student interaction and out-of-class sharing respectively.” ( p. 439) DE has a growth

potential and offers the opportunity to reach many people (Fidalgo, 2012), hence it can be used

as a technique for mass education (Perraton, 2008). According to Perraton (2008) DE can be

adapted to the needs of current and previous generations who did not complete their education.

DE can also reach individuals who live in remote locations and do not have the means to attend

school. ( Kurt and Yildirim, 2018)

In an article entitled “COVID-19 and Higher Education in Latin America: Challenges and

possibilities in the transition to online education”, advanced education foundations worldwide

needed to unavoidably change from up close and personal to online guidance because of social

removing and lockdown measures received across the world. Indeed, even past advanced

education, instructive foundations—among other "unimportant" administrations—needed to

close their actual ways to contain the infection's spread. Despite the fact that a few nations have
chosen to return a few administrations, by July 2020, upwards of 110 nations command

framework wide school terminations influencing more than 1 billion students overall.

The actual conclusion of instructive organizations, including advanced education, has

prompted the selection of online devices. This advance toward online guidance happens with

regards to the COVID-19 worldwide crisis, however it could have enduring outcomes in the

arrangement of advanced education. Everybody with pretty much opposition and each

organization with pretty much limit and experience has moved to crisis distant schooling (ERE).

(Dante Salto, September 2020)

From the article entitled “COVID-19 and teacher education: a literature review of online

teaching and learning practices”, COVID-19 pandemic has affected schooling at all levels

differently. Organizations and instructor teachers needed to rapidly react to a sudden and

'constrained' progress from eye to eye to far off educating. They likewise needed to establish

learning conditions for understudy instructors doing their planning in the light of the prerequisites

of educator training programs and the conditions in which the two colleges and schools needed

to work. This paper gives an audit of the writing on internet instructing and learning rehearses in

instructor training. Altogether, 134 observational investigations were broke down. Web based

instructing and learning rehearses identified with social, psychological and showing presence

were distinguished. The discoveries featured the requirement for an exhaustive perspective on

the instructional method of online schooling that incorporates innovation to help educating and

learning. The ramifications of this investigation for the improvement of internet instructing and

learning rehearses are examined. Ideas for additional exploration are likewise analyzed.
B. LOCAL LITERATURE

The article entitled “Parents’ Distance Learning Modality Preferences for their Children in

the New Normal”, the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted public elementary schools in the

Philippines to turn to distance learning education. The Department of Education announced that

"no face to face learning" should take place in schools across the country in response to the

current crisis.As a result, two (2) distance learning modalities, modular learning and online

learning, were created. The aim of this survey was to find out what learning modes parents

prefer for their children's education in the "modern standard." It used a survey polling tool that

included online/email, phone, and home visits.Six hundred sixty-three (663) parents from a

school in the Philippines were involved.

A Learner Enrollment Survey Form (LESF) was used to collect the required data, as per

the survey process. Frequency distribution and percentage rate were the statistical methods

used in the study.According to the findings, 583 (583) parents prefer modular learning for their

children (with an 87.93 percentile), while only 80 (80) parents prefer online learning for their

children (with a 12.07 percentile).It is concluded that the majority of parents choose modular

learning to online learning for their children's education. The findings of this survey usually

suggest that further research be done to ascertain the reasons for these preferences. (Erwin

Rotas, December 2020)

From the article entitled “Effectiveness of an Online Classroom for Flexible Learning”,

examination pointed toward researching the job of Eliademy as an electronic study hall in

planning an elective learning device in the midst of crises. To accomplish this point, a subjective

meeting was directed to the chose graduate school understudies of La Consolacion University

Philippines who had encountered three (3) successive trimesters of Eliademy in their courses

during the scholarly year 2018-2019. The outcomes uncovered that understudies unequivocally
concurred that Eliademy can be utilized as an elective instrument for educating and learning as

confirmed by their apparent benefits and inconveniences of such stage. The investigation

discovered that Eliademy is open, can advance using time effectively, speediness and a test for

the clients despite the fact that it requires solid web associations and time forced. The scientist

offered three simple strides in utilizing making this online study hall, to mind: "Marking in",

"Planning it", and, "Overseeing out". At last, the scientist additionally introduced other possible

other option learning devices by which instructors may use contingent upon the necessities on

the students since such stages have their own exceptional highlights (for example CourseSites,

iTunes U, LatitudeLearning, Myicourse, Schoology, ATutor, Dokeos, Moodle, and so on) It was

finished up that in the midst of disasters, teachers and different organizations may think about

the usage of Eliademy so as not to think twice about classes and surprisingly in an ordinary

everyday practice. Doing this may advance schools' learning the executives framework (LMS)

which is needed by the diverse authorizing offices (for example PAASCU, PACUCOA, ISO)

(Christopher and Marites, August 2020)

From the article entitled “Online classes and learning in the Philippines during the Covid-

19 Pandemic”, COVID-19 pandemic carried incredible interruption to all parts of life explicitly on

how classes were directed both in a disconnected and online modes. The abrupt shift to

absolutely online strategy for educating and learning was a consequence of the lockdowns that

were forced by the Philippine government. While a few establishments have managed the

circumstance by closing down activities, others kept on conveying guidelines and exercises

utilizing the Internet and various applications that help web based learning. The continuation of

classes online had caused a few issues from understudies and instructors going from absence

of innovation to psychological wellness matters. At long last, suggestions were affirmed to

relieve the introduced concerns and work on the conveyance of the essential quality training to

the proposed students. (Aris, March 2021)

RELATED STUDY

A. FOREIGN STUDY

From the article entitled” Modular Approach to Teaching and Learning English Grammar

in Technical Universities”, aim is to find out the effectiveness of a modular approach in teaching

and learning to assess students’ performance, achievement and motivation and to decide if a

modular approach is more effective than traditional methods while performing an experiment

with two groups of students learning English at a technical university. The researchers consider

a modular specification to be a technology in which the content is divided into a number of units

or modules, each of which is examined separately. This project combines quantitative and

qualitative research methods to address the impact of modular teaching, learning and

assessment on engineering students. The authors use a unique modular system and their own

book on English Grammar.

This experiment shows that students of modular syllabuses find it useful and motivating

and say that it encourages them to do better on the next modules. Teachers in the modular

system appreciate the better planning opportunity around the exams and the clarity of the focus

of their teaching requirements. (Ksenia, Lyaysan, and Elena, May 2018)

From the article entitled “A Comparative Analysis of Student Performance in an Online

vs. Face-to-Face Environmental Science Course From 2009 to 2016”, developing number of

understudies are currently deciding on online classes. They track down the conventional study

hall methodology prohibitive, unbendable, and unrealistic. In this period of mechanical

progression, schools would now be able to give compelling study hall instructing by means of

the Web. This change in educational medium is driving scholarly foundations to reexamine how

they need to convey their course content. The all-encompassing reason for this examination

was to figure out which showing strategy demonstrated more compelling over the 8-year time
frame. The scores of 548 understudies, 401 customary understudies and 147 online

understudies, in an ecological science class were utilized to figure out which educational

methodology produced better understudy execution. Notwithstanding the all-encompassing

target, we additionally analyzed score inconstancies among sexes and characterizations to

decide whether showing methodology greately affected explicit gatherings. No huge distinction

in understudy execution among on the web and eye to eye (F2F) students generally speaking,

regarding sexual orientation, or as for class rank were found. This information shows the

capacity to likewise decipher natural science ideas for non-STEM studies both conventional and

online stages regardless of sex or class rank. A likely exists for expanding the quantity of non-

STEM majors occupied with resident science utilizing the adaptability of web based figuring out

how to show ecological science center ideas. (Miguel, November 2019)

From article entitled “International Graduate Students’ Challenges and Learning

Experiences in Online Classes”, the motivation behind this contextual investigation was to

distinguish the learning encounters and look at the challenges confronting three worldwide

alumni understudies tried out on the web, nonconcurrent classes in an American state funded

college. Applying the focal point of constructivism, information were gathered from a survey,

semi-organized meetings, and a center gathering. Discoveries from the investigation show that

the understudies confronted difficulties with English language capability, detachment, teacher's

absence of involvement, and an absence of inspiration to concentrate in online classes. In any

case, understudies depicted adaptability and accommodation as key components of the

learning encounters in a virtual homeroom. Suggestions for chairmen and course fashioners in

understanding understudy viewpoints of online classes and best practices for directing offbeat

classes are given

B. LOCAL STUDY

From the study entitled “Parents ’Perceptionon Printed Modular Learning modality

In Canarem Elementary School”. Parents play an important role in the education of their

children. This is particularly valid now, given that face-to-face classes are prohibited due to the

COVID-19 pandemic. Learners who do not have the financial means to attend online classes

are given learning modules to use in order to continue their education in 2020-2021.Education

ministers from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Singapore, Timor-Leste, Thailand, and Vietnam shared their education frameworks and

innovations to frame the new normal in education and laid out their preparations for the opening

of classes in their respective countries. Southeast Asian countries, including the Philippines,

have implemented modular systems to provide education while putting the safety of students

first (DepEd, 2020)

Parents chose printed modules as a mode of learning delivery to make learning possible

for their children. This was based on the findings of the Learner Enrollment and Survey Form

(LESF), which is used by most public elementary schools, including the one where the

researcher is the principal. Parents or elderly siblings will be actively interested in their children's

learning in modular learning delivery, guiding and supporting their children's learning at home.

They will assist you in completing the learning modules' assigned home tasks. During the parent

orientation, the rhythm of the teaching and learning process was changed, and the parameters

of their participation as learning facilitator were clarified to them. Nonetheless, they were

assured that technical support would be provided via group chat in messenger, mobile text, and

phone call to track the students' progress and address any issues or concerns that arose during

implementation. (Marilyn Olivo, April 2021)

 From the article entitled “ An Assessment of the Effectiveness of E-Learning in AMA

Olongapo Campus”, E-learning framework is intended to help understudies assemble their

appreciation towards their regarded scholastic subjects to make their involvement with learning

really feeding and locks in. The scientists chose to lead this examination to be versed the

advantages of online training and how the understudies acknowledge the change this

advancement gave. An overview poll was appropriated to the selected understudies of AMA

Computer College Year 2018-2019 to make the exploration more dependable, exact and

simultaneously tackle the advantages of the said improved training framework. The said

research was an achievement in characterizing what helps the understudies in their schooling

also as the improvement it can do as far as providing food various subjects and evaluating the

students' skill. The specialists prescribe the future analysts to additionally extend and expand

the subject to improve the examination. To additionally broaden the degree and disseminate

additional data with respect to the handled examination.

From article entitled “Online Distance Learning: Thematic study on the Challenges

Faced By Educare College Inc. Primary Pupils”, COVID-19 pandemic has caused a radical shift

from conventional to online distance training which brought about numerous challenges to our

learning conveyance modes. The motivation behind this examination is to discover what are the

difficulties of essential understudies in Educare College, Inc. in Online Distance Learning

methodology. The specialists utilize the utilization of phenomenological approach and topical

investigation which incorporate eye to eye and online meetings, observing recorded Zoom

classes and perceptions were applied to incorporate and distinguish the difficulties during on the

web classes. Physical and computerized interruptions, mechanical and specialized challenges,

institutional and scholastic issues, and individual and mental hindrances are the difficulties that

the students experience during on the web classes. Assigning a particular region or device for

on the web classes, giving concentrated preparing on the most proficient method to explore the

internet learning stages, keeping an open correspondence among instructors and understudies,
utilizing flipped homeroom guidance, reinforcing guardian educator association in guaranteeing

direction while gaining from home, and giving direction and advising to partners are a portion of

the suggested procedures that are fit to the new ordinary e-learning methodology. This

exploration will fill in as a guide for teachers and understudies and specialists in the utilization of

online distance learning

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study was guided by this conceptual framework based on an Input, Process,

Output (IPO) model.

PROCESS
INPUT
1. Construction of OUTPUT
questionnaire
1. Profile of respondent 2. Validation of
2. Perception of modular questionnaire
TO KNOW THE IMPACT OF
learning 3. Tabulation of
MODULAR LEARNING TO
gathered data
3. Awareness level on THE GRADE 8 STUDENTS
4. Analysis on;
IN SAN JACINTO
modular learning
A. Perception about NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
4. Suggestion or modular learning
recommendation about
modular learning. B. Awareness level about
modular learning
C. Suggestion or
recommendation about
modular learning

The input section includes the independent variable that are used in the study

such as the profile of the respondent, perception about modular learning, awareness level on

modular learning, suggestion and recommendation about modular learning.

 The process section explains that the researcher used to gain parent’s perception. The

process starts from the construction of questionnaire about perception, awareness suggestion

and recommendation about modular learning. Second step would be the validation of the

questionnaire followed by the floating thereof. Tabulation of data comes after which will proceed

to the analysis of findings and conclusion.

The output section illustrates the expanded outcome or the dependent variable of the

study and that is to help the grade 8 students in SJNHS to let teachers know the impact of

modular learning.

PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

The paradigm of the study presented the difference between the independent

and dependent variable. Differences between possible reasons of respondents who’s aware

and not fully aware in terms of modular learning.

The figure below shows the paradigm of the study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Perception about modular learning

Respondent’s Profile Awareness level about modular learning
a. Age Suggestion and recommendation about
b. Sex modular learning

c. Work
d. Educational Attainment
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOLOGY

This chapter contains the description of the methods and procedures to be done in order

to obtain the information needed, how they will be analyzed, interpreted, and how the

conclusion will be met. This chapter will also justify the means in which the study was obtained

and will help in giving its purpose as I will be truthful and analytical the data and formulation of

conclusion.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used descriptive research design. The descriptive method serve as way to

discover the study with a sufficient and precise interpretation of the gathered data. Descriptive

type of research was used to assess the impact of the modular learning in grade 8 students in

San Jacinto National High School, S.Y.2020-2021. This type of research was used to process,

analyse, and tabulate data about the impact of modular learning to the parents of students in

San Jacinto National High School.

RESEARCH SUBJECT

The subject of the study were the grade 8 students in San Jacinto National High School

who are enrolled during S.Y.2020-2021.The respondents of the researchers were the grade 8

students who were willing to answer the questionnaire.

Over all, the needed data and pertinent information relevant to the study was source out

from these stratified randomly selected grade 8 stundents who were willing to answer the

questionnaire.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The survey questionnaire was created using suitable questions modified from related

research and individual formed of the researcher. The survey on modular learning was

composed of 4parts: (1) Profile of respondent, (2) Perception on modular learning (3)

Awareness level on modular learning, (4) Suggestion or recommendation on modular learning.

The data for this research was collected using online survey questionnaire. In this survey

questionnaire, likert scale was used to determine the respondent’s perception on a given

statement. Participants were given time to respond and then the researcher collected the survey

after they answer the questions. After the researchers get the data it was tabulated, analyzed,

and interpret.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT DATA

The data that was gathered were subjected to frequency count and percentage in order

to compute the result in Part I (Profile of respondent) and Part4 (suggestion and

recommendation about modular learning). Percentage count was used to employing the

formula:

P=f/nx100
WHERE;
P= the computed percentage
F= the observed frequency
N= number of the subject cases
While the scale on table 2 was used to interpret items in 2nd part (Perception On Modular

Learning). On the other hand, table3 was the guide to interpret the 3rd part (Awareness Level on

Modular Learning) of the questionnaire. The range and interpretation of the five-point scale are

shown in table 2 and table 3 using the five point likert scale.
 TABLE 2

PERCEPTION ABOUT MODULAR LEARNING

SCALE RANGE INTERPRETATION

5 4.4-5.0 STRONGLY AGREE

4 3.6-4.30 AGREE

3 2.8-3.50 NEUTRAL

2 1.9-2.70 DISAGREE

1 1.00-1.80 STRONGLY DISAGREE

TABLE 3
AWARENESS LEVEL ON MODULAR LEARNING

SCALE RANGE INTERPRETATION

5 4.4-5.00 FULLLY AWARE

4 3.6-4.30 AWARE

3 2.8-3.50 NEUTRAL

2 1.9-2.70 SLIGHTLY AWARE

1 1.00-1.80 NOT AWARE

Sample Size Estimation

The following formulas were used in identifying the sample size in this study:
N
n=1+ Ne2
nstrata= S/n+N/r
 Setting the margin of error, e=0.05, the resulting sample size to be take from the whole

population is n=200. In the computations of the strata, the resulting sample size to be taken

from the 50 grade 8 students.

Sample and Sampling Procedure

The respondents in this study were selected from the Junior High School students of San

Jacinto National High School. Stratified random sampling method was used and each sections

in Junior High School had the equal chance to be part of the study. The total population of the

grade 8 student that enrolled in SJNHS is 675. Then, the researchers used slovin’s formula and

determined the sample size. The sample size result was 20 grade 8 students.

REFERENCES

PIERCE MANLANGIT, ALYSSA MELODY PAGLUMOTAN, and SHANE CARMIE SAPERA

(OCTOBER,2020) Supercharging Filipino Parents is Key for Successful Modular Distance

Learning

Carmen Carillo (September,2020) COVID-19 and teacher education: a literature review of

online teaching and learning practices

Dante Salto (September 2020) COVID-19 and Higher Education in Latin America: Challenges

and possibilities in the transition to online education

Aris Ignacio (March,2021) Online classes and learning in the Philippines during the Covid-19

Pandemic

Miguel Conde (November,2019) A Comparative Analysis of Student Performance in an Online

vs. Face-to-Face Environmental Science Course From 2009 to 2016

Lyaysan Ibyatova, Ksenia Oparina (May, 2018) MODULAR APPROACH TO TEACHING AND
LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES
Froilan and Gesswein (October,2019) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of E-Learning in
AMA Olongapo Campus