指代题☆☆

考试出现的频率不高，每次考试 1-2 道题，是相对简单的一种阅读题型

一致性原则
一、语法一致：指代词前后的单复数保持一致，人称保持一致
二、顺序一致：指代词需要在答案的后面，即指代顺序需保持一致
三、句内一致：基本在同一句内可找到答案，除非指代词在句首位置
四、带入一致：指代词带入后，与后句保持一致

例题：
顺序一致
Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of
ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious
details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged
space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.
Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also
lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts
that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the
mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water
and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
(TPO2-2)
5. The word “it” in the passage refers to.
○Pakicetus
○fish
○life
○ocean
带入一致
Paragraph 4: Gigantothermy 巨温性, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback 棱龟
warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement 补充 it with a
thick layer of insulating blubber (fat). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a
reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath it.
Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers 鳍. Because the
flippers are comparatively thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is
likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without
compromising the aerodynamic 空气动力学 shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood
flows through the turtle’s flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal’s central body
temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing
heat away from the rest of the turtle’s body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the
blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent exchange system(TPO15-1)
6. The word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to..
○the problem
○blood
○the turtle
○body temperature

Paragraph 5: The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its
numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of
the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in
1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim 开拓 a good 7,100
hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to
lease the reclamation 开垦权 to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual
leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between
1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland,
Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the
seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land
reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.(TPO23-2)
8. The word “they” in the passage refers to.
○merchants
○hectares
○windmills
○drainage pumps
句内一致
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are
those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and
gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found
wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice
sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of
water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as
glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.(TPO1-1)
5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to
○fast rivers
○glaciers
○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting
○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers.
语法一致
If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, they must produce very large numbers
unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on
wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to
compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate
type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce
fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those
that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and
viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For
example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas
hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this
seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is
undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor. (32-1-7)
5. The phrase "the latter adaptation" in the passage refers to...
A. producing fewer seeds
B. producing larger seeds
C. dispersal by birds and small mammals
D. producing long-lived seeds

Paragraph 4: The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a
unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail
and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent
of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.(TPO22-2)
4. The phrase "Its general effect" in the passage refers to..
○the camera lens
○the calotype
○the etching
○the engraving
练习：
Paragraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include
representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence.
Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural
forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated,
its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may
abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue
as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions
divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an
autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace
the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.(TPO1-2)
5. The word “this” in the passage refers to
○The acting out of rites
○The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society
○The separation of myths from rites
○The celebration of supernatural forces

Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is
particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights
on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is
because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and
depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to
attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds
and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they
are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.(TPO1-3)
6. The word “they” in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
Paragraph 6: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no
longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the
Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images
on individual celluloidcards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an
experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the
same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow
dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.(TPO2-3)
9. The word “It” in the passage refers to
○The advent of projection
○The viewer's relationship with the image
○A similar machine
○Celluloid

Paragraph 5: A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between
the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults
retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the
way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to
retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material
was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.
Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between
very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks
very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one
whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names
of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General
knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps
older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode
many experiences within such knowledge structures.(TPO6-3)

9. The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief that
○the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and
retrieving process
○the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and
infants
○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval
of information
○infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do
Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands
were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This
was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic
material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the
seed’s chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-
bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the
seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard–like the shell
of a nut–for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some
angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed
seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They
could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.(TPO9-3)
7. The word “This” in the passage refers to
○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii
○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands
○the evolution of ferns
○the development of plants that produce seeds

Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular 世俗 contexts. The
imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic
factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious
ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in
classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.
(TPO10-1)
12. The word “these” in the passage refers to
○religious ceremonies
○descriptions
○types of ware
○pots
Paragraph 2: ……They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest 证明
themselves in order to be the recipients 接受者 of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show
the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the
ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed
圈入 in rectangular shrines 神龛 or wall niches 壁龛 whose only opening was at the front,
making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed
within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to
temples known as pylons 桥塔, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or
between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.(TPO11-1)
7. The word “they” in the passage refers to
○statues
○gateways
○temples
○pillared courts

Paragraph 3: Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period
is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with
particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-
seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this
synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its
own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue,
the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift
continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in
many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel
running 跑笼 by squirrels. Light has a predominating 支配 influence in setting the clock. Even a
fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian
rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For
instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by
cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.(TPO13-2)
11. The word “it” in the passage refers to
○an external cue such as sunrise
○the daily rhythm of an animal
○the local solar day
○a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours
Paragraph 3: Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas,
problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things
hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists
who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet
south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater
underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation 海拔 increases from north to south, so
that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the
northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the
water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low-elevation north coastal
areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by
digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the water
table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan
Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into
the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.(TPO14-2)

5. The phrase “The likely explanation” in the passage refers to the explanation for why
○the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas
○modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts
○water problems were most severe in the wet south
○land surface in the south is so high above the water table

Nothing divided the medieval world in Europe decisively from the Early Modern period than
printing with movable type, It was a German invention and the culmination of a complex process.
The world of antiquity had recorded its writings mainly on papyrus Between 200 B.C and A.D
300, this was supplemented by vellum, calf skin treated and then smoothed by pumice stone. To
this in late Roman times was added parchment. similarly made from the smoothed skin of sheep
or goats. In the early Middle Ages. Europe imported an industrial process from China, which
turned almost any kind of fibrous material into pulp that was then spread in sheets. This was
known as cloth parchment. By about 1150 the Spanish had developed the first mill for making
cheap paper (a word contracted from "papyrus", which became the standard term). One ofthe
most important phenomena of the later Middle Ages was the growing availability of cheap
paper. Even in England where technology lagged far behind, a sheet of paper.or eight octavo
pages, cost only 3 penny by the fifteenth century. (49-2-1)

10. The word "this" in the passage refers to.

○papyrus

○writing

○antiquity

○parchment
Paragraph 1: The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on
temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose.
The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in
mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of
change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of
the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast,
in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region
numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new
environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable
change in local life.(TPO20-2)
3. The phrase "this remarkable change" in the passage refers to
○warming at the end of the Ice Age.
○shifts in mountain snow lines.
○the movement of people from farms to villages.
○a dramatic increase in the population

Paragraph1: Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water
enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off
the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via
outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.
(TPO24-1)
1. The phrase “So much” in the passage refers to
○the negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels
○water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation
○the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels
○the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lake