Chapter 1:
Introduction to Computer
and Programming
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Objectives :
A brief history of computer and
programming
Introduction to programming
Programming paradigm
Introduction to C++
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History of computer
Abacus – the first device known to carry out calculations.
Invented in Asia, used in ancient Babylon, China and
throughout Europe until the late middle ages.
The abacus uses a system of sliding beads in a rack for addition
and subtraction.
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History of computer
1642, the French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise
Pascal, invented the calculating device called Pascaline.
It had eight movable dials on wheels and could calculate
sums up to eight figures long
Both Abacus and Pascaline could perform only the addition
and subtractions operations.
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History of computer
17th century, Gottfried von Leibniz invented a device that
was able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide called as
stepped reckoner.
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History of computer (storage)
In 1819, Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, discovered that
the weaving instructions for his looms could be stored on cards
with holes punched in them. In essence, the cards programmed
a loom to produce patterns in cloth.
The idea of storing information by punching holes on a card
proved to be of great importance in the later development of
computers.
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History of computer
In the early and mid-1800s, Charles Babbage, an English
mathematician and physical scientist, designed two calculating
machines: the difference engine and the analytical engine.
The difference engine could perform complex operations such
as squaring numbers automatically.
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History of computer
19th century, Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine
that ran on electricity and used punched cards to store data.
Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which
later became the computer and technology corporation
known as IBM.
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History of computer
The first computer-like machine was the IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) or Mark 1. It was built,
in 1944, jointly by IBM and Harvard University.
The Mark I was 52 feet long, weighed 50 tons, and had 750,000
parts.
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History of computer
In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania.
It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed some 30 tons.
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History of computer
The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first
general purpose electronic digital computer design for business
application produced in the United States.
It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC.
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History of computer
The invention of transistors resulted in smaller, faster, more
reliable, and more energy-efficient computers.
This era also saw the emergence of the software development
industry, with the introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL, two early
programming languages.
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History of computer
In 1977, Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs designed and built
the first Apple-1 computer in their garage.
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History of computer
In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC).
By the mid-1990s, people from many walks of life were able to
afford the PC. Computers continue to become faster and less
expensive as technology advances.
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Definition of Computer
Computer – an electronic devices consist of
hardware and software and perform tasks and
produce the output
Hardware - physical components that
constitute a computer system
Software – programs written to perform
specific tasks
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Hardware
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Input Output Device
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Software
System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program
Application Software
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Introduction to programming
A set of rules, words and symbols are used to
write a computer program – telling a
computer what to do.
The source codes (program) are compiled and the
executable files (*.exe) are produced.
program1
Error free
Compiled Executable
Programmer file (*.exe)
writes program & debug
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Type of programming languages
High-level:closer to human language
Low-level: Written mainly in binary or machine
code (0’s/1’s) .
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Generation of Programming
language
Machine language
Assembly language
High Level language
program machine language
Compiler
machine language program
Computers understand
People understand
binary(11011)
‘program’
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Machine Language
Binary number codes understood by a specific CPU.
Lowest level of language
Represent data and program instructions as 1s and 0s
The only language that computer directly understand
(Do not require translator)
Not convenient to read and use.
First generation language
Machine - dependent
Example:
To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine
language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store
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Assembly Language
Second generation language
Developed to replace 1s and 0s use in machine
language.
Use mnemonic codes : abbreviations that easy to
remember
Requires a translator to translate the assembly program
into machine language ( assembler).
Difficult to learn
Machine-dependent
A for Add
C for Compare
MP for Multiply
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Comparison
A Machine-language Program Fragment and Its
Assembly-Language Equivalent
Memory Address Machine-Language Assembly-Language
Instructions Instructions
00000000 00000000 CLA
00000001 00010101 ADD A
00000010 00010110 ADD B
00000011 00110101 STA A
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High-Level Programming Language
Made easy for programmer to develop and
maintain program
Machine- independent (can run on may
different types of computers)
Have 3 categories : third, fourth and fifth
generation
Written in series of English-like words
Must be translated to machine code first
(Use translator)
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History of Programming Languages
Computer
language
evolution
The only language understood by a computer is machine language
Machine Language Assembly Language
COBOL BASIC Fortran Smalltalk Ada
Visual Basic C and C++ Pascal Java
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High-Level Programming Language
Portable to many different computers.
Easier to read, write, and maintain than machine
and assembly languages.
Instruction are coded; programmers use this to
write programs.
Example : COBOL (Business), FORTRAN (Scientific),
BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, C#, Java etc.
Compiler/interpreter: translates a program (code)
written in a high-level language machine
language
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Some Well-Known High-Level
Programming Languages
Language Application Area Origin Name
FORTRAN Scientific Programming Formula Translation
COBOL Business data Processing Common Business-Oriented
Language
Lisp Artificial Intelligent List processing
C System Programming Predecessor Language was named B
Prolog Artificial Intelligent Logic Programming
C++ Support objects and object Incremental modification of C (++ is
oriented programming the C incremental operator)
Java Supports Web Programming Originally name “Oak”
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Some Well-Known High-Level
Programming Languages
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Examples :
To calculate the wages = rates * hours
• Machine language
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store
• Assembly language
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
• High-level language – C Programming
wages = rate * hours;
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Language Translator
Program need to translate because computer only
understand machine language
Assembler
Used in assembly language for translate the language
to machine language
Interpreter
Translates one program code statement at a time.
Immediately displays feedback when it finds error.
Compiler
Translating the source code from its original language
into machine code.
Converts the entire source program into machine
language at one time
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Programming Paradigm
Programming paradigms are a way to classify
programming languages based on their features.
Languages can be classified into multiple
paradigms.
Common programming paradigm are:
Procedural paradigm
Object-oriented paradigm
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Procedural paradigm
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm,
derived from structured programming, based on the
concept of the procedure call.
Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or
functions, simply contain a series of computational
steps to be carried out.
Any given procedure might be called at any point
during a program's execution, including by other
procedures or itself.
The first major procedural programming languages
appeared circa 1957–1964, including Fortran, ALGOL,
COBOL, PL/I and BASIC. Pascal and C
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Object-Oriented Paradigm
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can
contain data and method: data in the form of fields
(often known as attributes), and method, in the form of
procedures.
Many of the most widely used programming languages
(such as C++, Java, Python, etc.) are multi-paradigm
and they support object-oriented programming and
procedural programming.
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Introduction to C++
Is a structured or procedural
programming and the object oriented
programming
High level language
Is a case sensitive language
Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Labs
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Example of a C++ Program
Source
code
Output
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C++ program process
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C++ program process
1. Programmer create and edit text file containing
the program (source code) with a text editor and
save it into file (source file)
2. Preprocessor to process the preprocessor
directives (begin with #).
3. Compiler to:
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object
code)
4. Linker : to connect hardware-specific code to
machine instructions, producing an executable
code.
5. Loader : Loads executable file into main memory
6. Execution : Execute the program
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High Level
Language to
Machine
Language
(Executable file)
Programmer
Code
Code
Executable Code
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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)
An integrated development environment, or IDE,
combine all the tools needed to write, compile, and
debug a program into a single software
application.
Examples are Dev C++, Code Blocks, Microsoft
Visual C, Borland C Builder, CodeWarrior, etc.
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Dev C++
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CppDroid
