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    1 - Evolution of OOP Week 1

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    ShahrukhAli Shaikh
    Here are the key problems with procedural/structural languages: 1. Tight coupling between functions and data: - Functions have unrestricted access to global data, leading to spaghetti code that is hard to understand and maintain. - Changes to data structures can break functions, and vice versa. 2. No abstraction mechanisms: - Programs are organized around data rather than objects and their behaviors. There is no way to encapsulate data and behavior together. - Code is not reusable and extensible since behaviors are not attached to objects/entities in the problem domain. 3. Difficulty in modeling real-world problems: - Real world entities like customers, accounts etc. cannot be directly represented

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    1 - Evolution of OOP Week 1

    Uploaded by

    ShahrukhAli Shaikh
    55 views31 pages
    Here are the key problems with procedural/structural languages: 1. Tight coupling between functions and data: - Functions have unrestricted access to global data, leading to spaghetti code that is hard to understand and maintain. - Changes to data structures can break functions, and vice versa. 2. No abstraction mechanisms: - Programs are organized around data rather than objects and their behaviors. There is no way to encapsulate data and behavior together. - Code is not reusable and extensible since behaviors are not attached to objects/entities in the problem domain. 3. Difficulty in modeling real-world problems: - Real world entities like customers, accounts etc. cannot be directly represented

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    1- Evolution of OOP week 1

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    Here are the key problems with procedural/structural languages: 1. Tight coupling between functions and data: - Functions have unrestricted access to global data, leading to spaghetti code that is hard to understand and maintain. - Changes to data structures can break functions, and vice versa. 2. No abstraction mechanisms: - Programs are organized around data rather than objects and their behaviors. There is no way to encapsulate data and behavior together. - Code is not reusable and extensible since behaviors are not attached to objects/entities in the problem domain. 3. Difficulty in modeling real-world problems: - Real world entities like customers, accounts etc. cannot be directly represented

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views31 pages

    1 - Evolution of OOP Week 1

    Uploaded by

    ShahrukhAli Shaikh
    Here are the key problems with procedural/structural languages: 1. Tight coupling between functions and data: - Functions have unrestricted access to global data, leading to spaghetti code that is hard to understand and maintain. - Changes to data structures can break functions, and vice versa. 2. No abstraction mechanisms: - Programs are organized around data rather than objects and their behaviors. There is no way to encapsulate data and behavior together. - Code is not reusable and extensible since behaviors are not attached to objects/entities in the problem domain. 3. Difficulty in modeling real-world problems: - Real world entities like customers, accounts etc. cannot be directly represented

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    Rohail Qamar

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Lecturer, CS&IT


    EVOLUTION OF OOP rohailqamar@neduet.edu.pk
    COURSE LECTURER
     Rohail Qamar : rohailqamar@neduet.edu.pk

     Teaching Experience : NED University, HU, NHU, Aptech

     Ph.D. Scholar

     MS-DEIM NED University of Engineering & Technology

     Masters’ Thesis: Title: “Flight Traffic Collision Avoidance System Using Data Analytics”

     BSCS: UIT (Hamdard University) [ALHAMDULILLAH Gold Medallist]

     Research: Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Digital Image Processing

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    1. Recognize the principles of object-oriented paradigm

    2. Comprehend the objects & their relationships to build an object-


    oriented solution.

    3. Implement an object-oriented solution for a given case study.


    (FOR LABORATORY WORK)

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    TEXTBOOK
    Object Oriented Programming in C++, 3rd Edition by Robert Lafore

    Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects 9th Edition

    Reference Book

    Design Patterns Explained: A New Perspective on Object


    Oriented Design by Allan Shalloway and James R Trott

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WEIGHT OF ASSESSMENTS
    Midterm examination 20%
    Final term examination 60%
    Quizzes 10%
    Presentation 10%
    Total 100%

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    SYLLABUS
    Evolution of OOP
    Pillars of OOP
    Encapsulation
    Inheritance
    Polymorphism
    Abstraction
    UML Class Diagram

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    TOOLS & IDE
    Anaconda (Python)

    VS Code (C++)

    Dev C/C++

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    TOPICS TO BE COVERED
    Procedural Programming and Structural Programming

    Introduction to object oriented design, Need of Object Oriented


    Programming

    Real-World Modeling: Object-Oriented Approach

    Characteristics of Object Oriented Programming

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    INTRODUCTION TO OO DESIGN
    NEED OF OOP

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
    A new way of thinking to design solution to your problem

    Facilitates easy and efficient maintenance in case of any change in the


    system’s requirement

    More advance concepts leads towards learning ‘design patterns’ in parallel


    with object-oriented design.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    NEED OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
    Object-oriented programming was developed because limitations
    were discovered in earlier approaches to programming.

    Traditional programming languages have limitations. These


    languages are categorized into:
     Procedural Languages
     Structural programming languages

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE
    Initially, a small program in a procedural language was list of
    instructions.

    Instructions in these languages follows a sequence and allows repetition


    in some steps.

    Problem arise when errors need to be identified and corrected.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE
    These languages are suitable for writing small programs. When programs
    become larger, a single list of instructions becomes complex.

    To tackle this problem, the function was adopted as a way to make programs
    more comprehensible to their human creators.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE
    C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages are procedural languages.

    The term function is used in C++ and C. In other languages the same concept
    may be referred to as a subroutine, a subprogram, or a procedure.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE
    A procedural program is divided into functions, and (ideally, at least) each function
    has a clearly defined purpose and a clearly defined interface to the other functions
    in the program.

    The idea of breaking a program into functions can be further extended by grouping
    a number of functions together into a larger entity called a module

    Dividing a program into functions and modules is one of the cornerstones


    (features) of structured programming

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE
    A function is a group of statements that exist within a program for the
    purpose of performing a specific task
    In object oriented programming it is known as Method
    Instead of writing a large program as one long sequence of statements, it
    can be written as several small functions, each one performing a specific part
    of the task
    This approach is sometimes called divide and conquer because a large task is
    divided into several smaller tasks that are easily performed
    A program that has been written with each task in its own function is called a
    modularized program

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    WHAT IS PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGE

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    SYNTAX OF A METHOD WITH NO RETURN TYPE
    AND NO PARAMETERS
    1 2

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    SYNTAX OF A METHOD WITH NO RETURN TYPE
    AND PARAMETERS 1
    2

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    SYNTAX OF A METHOD WITH RETURN TYPE AND
    NO PARAMETERS
    1 2

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    SYNTAX OF A METHOD WITH RETURN TYPE AND
    PARAMETERS 1
    2

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    BENEFITS OF MODULARIZING A PROGRAM WITH
    FUNCTIONS
    Simpler Code
    A program’s code tends to be simpler and easier to understand when it is
    broken down into functions.

    Several small functions are much easier to read than one long sequence of
    statements.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    BENEFITS OF MODULARIZING A PROGRAM WITH
    FUNCTIONS
    Code Reuse
    Functions also reduce the duplication of code within a program.
    If a specific operation is performed in several places in a program, a
    function can be written once to perform that operation, then be executed
    any time it is needed.
    This benefit of using functions is known as code reuse because you are
    writing the code to perform a task once, then reusing it each time you need
    to perform the task.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    BENEFITS OF MODULARIZING A PROGRAM WITH
    FUNCTIONS
    Better Testing
    When each task within a program is contained in its own function, testing
    and debugging becomes simpler.

    Programmers can test each function in a program individually, to


    determine whether it correctly performs its operation. This makes it easier
    to isolate and fix errors.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    BENEFITS OF MODULARIZING A PROGRAM WITH
    FUNCTIONS
    Faster Development
    Suppose a programmer or a team of programmers is developing multiple
    programs.
    They discover that each of the programs perform several common tasks,
    such as asking for a username and a password, displaying the current time,
    and so on.
    Functions can be written for the commonly needed tasks, and those
    functions can be incorporated into each program that needs them.
    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR
    BENEFITS OF MODULARIZING A PROGRAM WITH
    FUNCTIONS
    Easier Facilitation of Teamwork
    Functions also make it easier for programmers to work in teams.

    When a program is developed as a set of functions that each performs an


    individual task, then different programmers can be assigned the job of
    writing different functions.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    CLASS ACTIVITY
    Write a program that take user input a number and pass the value to the function to
    find whether its even or odd?
    Write a program that take user input a year and pass the value to the function to
    find whether its leap year or not?
    Write a program that take user input a number and pass the value to the function to
    find its factorial, return the result and display.
    Write a program that take user input a number and its raised power pass them to
    the function, return the result and display.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    PROBLEMS WITH STRUCTURAL LANGUAGES
    1. What are the reasons for these problems with procedural languages ?
    a) Functions have unrestricted access to global data.
    b) Second, unrelated functions and data, the basis of the procedural
    paradigm, provide a poor model of the real world.
    c) No matter how well the structured programming approach is implemented,
    large programs become excessively complex.

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR


    THANK YOU

    OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BY ROHAIL QAMAR

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