4G Overview

Network Engineering Department

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AGENDA
1. Legacy Technologies Transition/Comparison.
2. LTE UE states and mobility Types.
3. CSFB.
4. VOLTE Definition & Architecture.
5. MIMO Definition and Usages.
6. Customer Complaint Example.
7. NI Reporting Tool.
8. LTE KPIs.

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 Technology Transition

1G To 4G Transition
1G : First generation of mobile systems – Were
generated to offer a single service i.e speech.

2G : Second generation of mobile systems – Were

also designed primarily to offer speech with a
limited capability to offer data at low rates.

3G : Third generation of mobile systems – Offer high

quality media services and operate in different
environments.

4G : Fourth generation of mobile systems –

Extension of 3G technology with more Bandwidth
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and higher throughput.
 Technology Comparison

2G
2G Vs 3G Architecture Comparison

o 3G Network Architecture wasn’t originated from

scratch. Rather it has evolved from the GSM/GPRS
legacy Architecture.
3G
o Both CS & PS Systems Exist.

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 Technology Comparison

2G
2GVs 3G Vs 4G Architecture Comparison

4G

3G

4G Standalone IP Packet Switching System. No Circuit

Switched System.
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 Technology Comparison

3G Vs LTE Throughput Comparison

Multiple Factors : UE to site Distance, # of Ues

connected to the site, indoor User or outdoor,…..

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 Technology Comparison

3G Vs LTE APPs Comparison

LTE has its impact across a range of daily activities.

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 Why and What?

?
Why my Mobile connects to 3G not 4G network ?

What is the difference if my mobile is intentionally switched off and if Battery dies?
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Why when I do roaming, Mobile takes long time to connect to Operator?
 UE States

UE States/Behavior
In Idle mode the User Equipment (UE) has no
connection to the radio network. The purpose of
keeping UEs in Idle mode is to minimize the
resource usage both for the UEs and
for the network. Yet the UEs should still be able to
access the system and be
reached by the system with acceptable delays.

In Connected mode, the UE has established

a connection to the radio network through
the serving eNB. User can surf the Internet
and make Voice/Video Calls.

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 UE States

UE Idle Mode Objective

Perform Cell Selection / Reselection.

o Monitor Paging.
o PLMN Reselection.
o Location Registration.

Mobile Keeps listening Enb Messages.

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 UE States

UE Connected Mode Objective

Perform Handover.

o Accessing Internet.
o Web Browsing.
o Voice/Video Call.

Mobile & Enb UL/DL Exchange Messages.

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 Mobility Types

Handover in LTE ( INTRA )

o UE’s send MeasurementReport packets to the ENB.

F1 F1
o ENB takes Handover decision and sends
HandoverRequest packet to the target ENB.

o In response the Target ENB sends

HandoverRequestAck packet back to the source ENB

o This completes the process of Handover

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 Mobility Types

Handover in LTE ( INTER )

o UE’s send MeasurementReport packets to the ENB.

F1 F2
o ENB takes Handover decision and sends
HandoverRequest packet to the target ENB.

o In response the Target ENB sends

HandoverRequestAck packet back to the source ENB

o This completes the process of Handover

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 Mobility Types

Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB)

Circuit Switched FallBack (CSFB) is a technology
whereby voice and SMS services are delivered to LTE
devices through the use of GSM or another circuit-
switched network

Circuit Switched FallBack is needed because LTE is a

packet-based all-IP network that cannot support circuit-
switched calls.

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 LTE System

LTE Frame Structure

A typical LTE frame is 10 ms (milliseconds) long. Each
LTE frame has 10 sub-frames (1 ms each) while each
sub-frame is further divide into 2 slots ( 0.5 ms each )..

The slots are divided into symbols.

The symbol time (Ts) for each LTE symbol is 71.3 μs. The
spacing between two carriers is constant and is equal to
15 kHz.

A group of 7 resource elements in time axis and 12

resource elements in frequency axis make up a
Resource Block (RB) and each RB spans over 180 kHz.

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 LTE System

LTE System Operation

The LTE radio interface is based on OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplex).

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access) in DL .

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple

Access) in UL

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 VOLTE

What is VOLTE?
LTE network is packet switched only, i.e. it does not
include the traditional 2G/3G voice services (CS).

VoLTE (Voice over LTE) is the solution to provide

the Voice (VoIP) and SMS service capability on LTE
networks based on GSMA IR.92 specification:
- Real time traffic & Quality of Service.

The world's first commercial VoLTE networks were

launched by LGU+ and SK Telecom beginning of
August 2012 in South Korea.

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 VOLTE

VOLTE Network Architecture

VoIP/VoLTE requires support from IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS)

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) call control is used

for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions
with one or more participants - SIP is transferred
using QCI5 bearer.

IMS enables integrated voice, data and multi-

media services interworking between different
access networks.

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 MIMO

MIMO Basics & Usages :

Multiple antenna solutions can be used in order to
increase the peak data rates i.e Throughput.

Different configurations of multiple antennas includes:

 SISO (Single Input Single Output).
 MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
 SIMO (Single Input Single Output)
 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

Antenna Advanced Solution Improves : 2*2

4*4
TX-RX Diversity
Spatial multiplexing 4*2
8*8
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 MIMO

Diversity :
Data Stream # 1

1M 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Same copy of signal shifted in Time domain ( Delay )

4 M Video
Download
1M 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Delay
Data Stream # 1

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7 seconds
 MIMO

Spatial Multiplexing 4*4 MIMO:

Data Stream # 0

1M 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Data Stream # 1

1M 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
4 M Video
Data Stream # 2
Download
1M 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Data Stream # 3
1M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Data Rate
Multiplication
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5 seconds
 UE Capabilities

Samsung Mobiles

NO 700/2300 Bands S5 Vs S10

2*2
4*4
4*2
8*8
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 Complaint

Customer Complaint :
User A complaint that is not happy about the performance
of Operator X .

A drive test is conducted to measure the signal

Level/Quality in the complaint area.

New site is requested.

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 Complaint

Drive Test Scenario

Drive test Results shows that the complaint area is

suffering from bad/No LTE Coverage. None of the nearby
sites can serve this area and NSB site to be implemented.

Serving Site

Phone Bars are translated

to colored samples in drive
test plot.
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 LTE KPIs

LTE KPIs:

KPI is an abbreviation for Key Performance Indicators.

LTE Main KPIs are :

Drop Call
Handover SR
DL Throughput

Each Operator/Vendor has his own Reporting Tool

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 NI Monitoring Tool

KPI is an abbreviation for Key Performance Indicators.

LTE Main KPIs are :

Drop Call
Handover SR
DL Throughput

Each Operator/Vendor has his own Reporting Tool

Hourly Monitoring

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MIMO KPI
 NI Monitoring Tool

KPI is an abbreviation for Key Performance Indicators.

LTE Main KPIs are :

Drop Call
Handover SR
DL Throughput

Each Operator/Vendor has his own Reporting Tool

Hourly Monitoring
Daily Monitoring

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 THANK YOU

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