KUALA LUMPUR WALKWAY

AND CYCLE LANE DESIGN

GUIDELINES
DEWAN BANDARAYA
KUALA LUMPUR

1
KUALA LUMPUR
WALKWAY AND
CYCLE LANE DESIGN
GUIDELINES

DEWAN BANDARAYA KUALA LUMPUR

DECEMBER 2019
CONTENTS
Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION
Aims of Walkaway and Cycle Lane Design Guidelines…..…………………1-1
Strategies of the Design Guidelines………………………...…………….………. 1-3
Standards and Guidelines for Walkway and Bicycle Lane
Infrastructures…………………………………………………………………………….... 1-4
Protecting the Pedestrians and Cyclists…....…………………………………… 1-5

Chapter 02
SIGNAGES
Specifications……………………….…………………………………………..…………… 2-2
Regulatory Signages…….………………………………………………..………………. 2-8
Warning Signages……..…………………………………………………………………... 2-11
Guidance Signages………………….……………………………………..….………….. 2-28
Chapter 03
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY AND
BICYCLE LANE
General.......…….......……………….…………………………………………..……………3-2
Design Specifications.....……………………….………………………..……………….3-4

Chapter 04
CROSSINGS
General.....…………………………….…………………………………………..……………4-2

Chapter 05
SAFATEY
Construction Sites..……………….…………………………………………..……………5-2
Drainage or Stormwater Cover………………..............................................5-5
Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION

1
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 1 1-2

1.1 Aims of Walkway and Cycle Lane

Design Guidelines

To promote equitable use To guarantee unobstructed, To ensure conformance to

of road space safe passages global standards

Streets are meant for all Pedestrians and cyclists are KL is a world-renown
users – regardless of travel the most vulnerable among destination among tourist,
modes or physical abilities. road users. Physical local and international, as
Hence, this document obstructions on pedestrian well as expatriates who
ensures that pedestrians walkway and bicycle lane chose to call KL home.
and cyclists are not may present inherent danger Conformance to global
forgotten, and they have to their wellbeing. Hence, standards, including in the
their rightful place on the this document promotes design of walkway and
road space. good design practices that bicycle lane, will make KL a
guarantee safe passages for truly global city where safety
both pedestrians and and user-friendliness are
cyclists alike. inherent traits.
1-3 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2 Strategies of this Design Guidelines

1
Existing local specifications must be maintained or
improved upon
This document does not replace or supersede existing guidelines
published by relevant authorities e.g. JKR, REAM, PLANMalaysia, etc.
Rather, this document builds upon existing guidelines to aid the
application of design standards within Kuala Lumpur.

2
Fill the gap of existing guidelines
This document fills the gaps that were not addressed adequately within
the existing design and engineering literatures. Where still relevant,
existing standards or guidelines will be maintained and replicated.

3
Road hierarchies are important, so do user priorities
Hierarchies of road users, as gazetted in the Kuala Lumpur Urban Design
Guidelines (KLUDG), are strictly adhered to. Designs are made to enforce
correct priority level among road users.

4
SAFETY first! Safety must be consciously designed to
guarantee protection
In this design document, safety is not a by-product. Instead, safety is the
ultimate aim of this design guidelines and is consciously incorporated in all
design considerations.

5
Functions over forms
As pedestrian walkway and cycling lane are public facilities, they must first
be designed to serve their purpose (i.e. functions). Aesthetics (i.e. forms)
are just embellishment that will improve the quality of the facilities.
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 1 1-4

1.3 Standards and Guidelines for

Walkways and Bicycle Lane
Infrastructures
Standards and guidelines are critical to ensure that pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure
developments in Kuala Lumpur follow best practices that guarantee comfortable, enjoyable and
safe walking and cycling experiences. These standards and guidelines also serve as reference
to developers and contractors during development design and planning, thus, ensuring
conformance to established global practices.

BEST PRACTICES

In developing standards and design guidelines for walkways and cycling lanes in Kuala
Lumpur, several world-class standards and guidelines were referred to, among them:

1. National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO)(2011). Urban Bikeway

Design Guide. USA
2. Transport for London (TfL)(2010). Pedestrian Comfort Guidance. United Kingdom.
3. Global Designing Cities Initiatives (2016). Global Street Design Guide. USA.
4. Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)(1998). Design and Safety of Pedestrian Safety.
USA.

In the process of developing this document, the following are among local standards and
guidelines that were referenced:

1. JKR (1985). Standard Traffic Signs. Arahan Teknik (Jalan 2A/85). Jabatan Kerja Raya. Kuala
Lumpur.
2. JKR (1985). Traffic Sign Application. Arahan Teknik (Jalan 2B/85). Jabatan Kerja Raya. Kuala
Lumpur.
3. JKR (1986). A Guide to the Design of Cycle Track. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 10/86. Jabatan Kerja
Raya. Kuala Lumpur
4. JKR (1997). Basic Guidelines on Pedestrian Facilities. Nota Teknik Jalan 18/97. Jabatan Kerja
Raya. Kuala Lumpur.
5. REAM (2004). Guidelines and Traffic Control and Management Devices. Part 4: Pavement
Marking and Delineation. Road Engineers Association of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1-5 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.4 Protecting the Pedestrians and

Cyclists
Guaranteeing safe passage from origin to the final destination is the fundamental right of
pedestrians and cyclists, as much as other road users. In the survey conducted for this master
plan, the respondents identified safety and security as the most important criteria in their
decision to walk or cycle. It is not difficult to understand why they chose travel safety and
security as pedestrians and cyclists often are not protected from motorised traffic and physical
elements like potholes which may lead to serious physical injuries or even death. Hence, the
first action in this master plan is to ensure that this fundamental right to safe passage is first
established and guaranteed.

Passive protection of pedestrians and cyclists from bodily injuries is accomplished through
two design strategies – (1) enforcing correct priority level of road users and (2) establishing an
adequate physical separation among road users. Desirably, with this passive design
strategies, walking and cycling can be adopted as the preferred travel mode of the people of
Kuala Lumpur.

1.4.1 Priority Level of Road Users

In a civil society, the higher the level of vulnerability of a road user to injuries, the higher the
level of priority is assigned to that user category. Based on this, pedestrians has the highest
priority level as they are the most vulnerable among all road users, and followed by cyclists.
Trucks and other commercial vehicles has the lowest priority. This categorisation of priority
levels as endorsed in Kuala Lumpur Urban Design Guidelines is given in Figure 1.1.

I TY
OR
PRI
H ER
HI G

Truck/Lorry Car Motorcycle Public Bus Bicycle Pedestrian

Figure 1.1: Hierarchy of Road Users Priority

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 1 1-6

1.4.2 Protected Zones

As pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable to conflict with motorized traffic and
physical objects, they must be protected through design and engineering standards.

A protected zone is defined as a space of 1.5 m wide × 2.5 m high that must be provided
along the walkway and cycle lane to protect the pedestrians and cyclists, respectively (Figure
1.2).

Figure 1.2: Protected Zones

If the minimum width is not attainable, then the width will extend to the full width of the facility.
Within this protected zone, there shall not be any physical obstacles nor shall there be any
potential conflict with motorised traffic that may hamper safe passage of pedestrians or
cyclists.
1-7 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.4.3 Lateral and Spatial Separators

Once, the protected zones have been established, the safety of pedestrians and cyclists are
further enhanced through the provision of lateral and spatial separation. The philosophy
behind lateral separation is to establish exclusive zone to separate the non-motorized and
motorized road users by using height differentiator. With this lateral separation, the probability
of encroachment by other road users are minimized. In Figure 1.3, the lateral separation is
achieved by having the pedestrian walkway and cycle lane at higher level than the
carriageway. A minimum of 205 mm height is required for the lateral separation to safeguard
the pedestrians and the cyclists from accidental encroachment by motorized vehicles.

Figure 1.3: Lateral and Spatial Separators

The separation between non-motorised (i.e. pedestrians and cyclists) and the motorized
traffics is further enhanced through the provision of a spatial separation. The combination of
lateral and spatial separators brings the probability of illegal encroachment by motorised
traffic even lower and can effectively absorb the impact of motorisation on non-motorised
users. Figure 1.3 shows the landscape zone acting as a spatial separator between the
motorized and the non-motorized traffics. Further, the buffer zone also acts as the space for
placement of street furniture (e.g. signages, lamp posts, fire hydrant etc.), thus, freeing the
pedestrian and bicycle zones from any obstacles.

The spatial separator has other uses than functioning as a buffer zone between motorized and
non-motorized traffics. Where required, the buffer zone may be designed to also act as
spaces for on-street parking of either motorcycles or cars. The on-street parking, indirectly,
functions as a physical separator between the two different categories of road users.
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 1 1-8

1.4.4 Physical Separation

In locations where space is a major constraint, it might be impossible to provide a buffer zone
to act as a spatial separator, thus compromising on the safety of the pedestrians and the
cyclists. In this situation, the spatial separation may be replaced by erecting a non-climbable
fence along the non-motorized zone as a form of physical separator between motorized and
non-motorized traffics (Figure 1.4). To ensure its effectiveness, the non-climbable fence must
have a minimum height of 1.0 m. This physical separator also acts as a barrier to prevent
jaywalking among the unscrupulous pedestrians. However, where there are mid-block
crossings, the physical separator may be disconnected to allow crossings of pedestrians.
Notwithstanding this, a physical separator may be provided together with the spatial separator
to maximize the safety level.

Figure 1.4: Non-climbable Fence as Physical Separator

BEST PRACTICES

The City of Utrecht in the Netherands practices clear seperation between motorised
and non-motorised traffics. The use of lateral and spatial seperations are used
wherever possible to provide safe and comfortable environment for both pedestrians
and cyclists. Here, it can be seen that the buffer zone doubles-up as motorcycle
parking area – making effective use of valuable spaces.
 Chapter 02
SIGNAGES

Photo Credit: 9M Studio

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2.1 Specifications
Currently, there are limited road symbols and signages that guide motorists and provide relevant
information regarding pedestrians and cyclists movement on the road. The lack of appropriate
signages for pedestrians and cyclists as compared to motorized traffic attach a seemingly higher
importance to motorists rather than pedestrians and cyclists. This is a potential cause for
Malaysians to consider motorized traffic to have higher priorities than pedestrian and bicycle
traffic.

To reverse the misleading sense of priorities to motorists, several new road signages are
proposed. These new road symbols and signages provide enhanced locational and situational
awareness, not only to motorists but also, to pedestrians and cyclists.

2.1.1 Categories of Signages

The new road symbols and signages follow global standards and best practices. The adherence
to global standards is important as Kuala Lumpur receives significant number international
tourists and expatriates annually. These symbols and signages are divided into three (3)
categories for easy referencing and future enhancements (refer to Table 2.1). Within the three
categories, road symbols and signages have been created to regulate, warn and provide
guidance and information to pedestrians, cyclists as well as motorists.

Table 2.1: Categories of signages and their purpose

Signage
Signage Category Code Purpose
Category

To notify road users of traffic rules

Regulatory R and laws being enforced in a
particular location or area

To caution and alert road users of

Warning W
possible conflicts or critical situations

To provide locational and situational

Guidance G knowledge and information that are
useful to road users
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2.1.2 Placement of Signages

Unhindered and comfortable passages are the basic rights of pedestrians and cyclists. To
guarantee such an environment within walkway and cycling lane, signages must be placed at
safe distances and heights. A minimum lateral distance of 600 mm must be provided between
pedestrian/cyclists from the outer dimension of the sign. Additionally, a minimum height of 2120
mm must be provided to ensure overhead clearance for both pedestrians and cyclists (Figure
2.1).

Figure 2.1: General Signage Specifications

If there is no lighting for the signage, the face of the signage must use Microprismatic
Retroreflective sheeting to provide adequate luminance to the users during nighttime.
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2.1.3 Typeface

Following the recommendation of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United
States of America and published in the Manual of the Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD),
all traffic signages must use the Highway Gothic typeface.

The Highway Gothic typeface has been evaluated and proven through various studies to be
superior in terms of clarity and legibility when read from a distance as well as during adverse
weather condition. Figure 2.3 shows three examples of road signages with the Highway Gothic
typeface.

Highway Gothic
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
Figure 2.2: Characters and Digits of the Highway Gothic Typeface

Figure 2.3: Examples of Signages using Highway Gothic Typeface

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2.1.4 Colour Specification

Colours create meaning in traffic signages. Unfortunately, as there are no specific chromatic
standards on the use of colours on traffic signages within existing local standards, users can see
myriad of colours on Malaysian traffic signages.

To provide some form of standardization, Table 2.2 provides colour codes and their
representation in the CMYK and RGB notations. The meaning of each of the colours are also
provided for reference.

Table 2.2: Colour Specification

CMYK
Colour Meaning Sample
RGB

C0 M0 Y0 K100
Black Regulation
R0 G0 B0

Recreational and cultural interest C100 M44 Y0 K0

Blue
area guide R0 G121 B193

Pedestrian warning, bicycle

Fluorescent C20 M0 Y100 K0
warning, playground warning,
Yellow R215 G223 B33
school warning

Indicated movements permitted, C100 M0 Y91 K42

Green
direction guidance R0 G112 B60

C0 M40 Y90 K0
Orange Temporary traffic control
R250 G166 B52

C100 M44 Y0 K0
Red Stop or prohibition
R227 G24 B55

C0 M0 Y0 K0
White Regulation
R255 G255 B255

C0 M16 Y100 K0
Yellow Warning
R255 G210 B0

(Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, FHWA, 2009)

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2.1.5 Colour Schemes

Traffic signages have specific colour schemes, achieved through the combination of different
colours. Each scheme conveys specific meaning. Thus, strict adherence to the colour schemes
cannot be overemphasized as it guarantees consistency and standardization of meanings, thus
avoiding confusion among road users.

Table 2.3 shows the application of combining colour specifications to create different colour
schemes, each having a specific application and/or meaning.

Table 2.3: Colour Schemes

Colour Scheme Application/Meaning

Red on White background (or, vice § Prohibitive

versa) § Warning for extreme danger

§ Mandatory
White on Blue background § Directive (destination and distance)
§ Inform on general services.

§ Inform on river names

White on Green background
§ Inform on historical or cultural interest areas

Yellow on Dark Green background § Inform on recreational areas

§ Prohibitive for some cases

Black on White background
§ Inform on town names

Black on Yellow background § Warning

Black on Orange background § Temporary

Red on Blue background § Prohibitive for some cases

(Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, FHWA, 2009)

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2.1.6 Shapes of Signages

Traffic signages comes in different shapes. Combined with colours, shapes enhances as well as
emphasizes meaning of the signages. Table 2.3 provides the guidance on the choice of shapes
to convey specific meaning to the road users.

Table 2.3: Shape Specifications for Traffic Signages

Shapes Meaning Size

Width = 600 mm (min),
Octagon Stop
900 mm (other)
Equilateral Width = 600 mm (min),
Yield
Triangle 750 mm (normal)
Dia. = 600 mm (min), 750
Circle Advance Warning
mm (normal)
Pentagon
(pointed up, School Advance Warning
square bottom)
Width = 400 mm (min),
Diamond Warning
600 mm (normal)
Rectangle
(including Regulatory Depends
square)

(Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, FHWA, 2009)

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 2.4: Shapes used in Traffic Signages – (a) octagon, (b) equilateral triangle, (c)
circle, (d) pentagon pointed-upward, (e) diamond and (f) rectangle
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2.2 Regulatory Signages

Regulatory signages are meant to inform road users of enforced road traffic law or regulations
that must be abided at all time. Table 2.4 lists the regulatory signages:

Table 2.4: List of Regulatory Signages

Code Title Description

Bicycles are not permitted to park within

R1.0 Bicycle Prohibited or enter into within an area/facility

E-Scooter and Personal Mobility Devices

(PMD)(e.g. hoverboard, skateboard, etc.)
R2.0 E-Scooter and PMD Prohibited
are not permitted to park within or enter
into an area/facility
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2.2.1 Bicycle Prohibited (R1-0)

Code R1-0

Title Bicycle Prohibited

Target User(s) Cyclists

Bicycles are not permitted to park within or enter into an area or

Description facility as there might be potential conflict with other road users
e.g. pedestrians.

Shape Circle

§ Red border on White background

Colour Scheme
§ Black symbol
§ On carriageway
§ On pedestrian walkway
Placement § Building areas
§ Parks and recreational areas
§ Any other places where bicycles are not permitted
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2.2.2 E-Scooter and PMD Prohibited (R2-0)

Code R2-0

Title E-Scooter and PMD Prohibited

Target User(s) E-Scooter and Personal Mobility Devices (PMD) users

E-Scooter and other Personal Mobility Devices (PMD)(e.g.

Description hoverboard, skateboard, etc.) are not permitted to park or enter
within an area/facility.

Shape Circle

§ Red border on White background

Colour Scheme
§ Black symbol
§ On carriageway
§ On pedestrian walkway
§ Building areas
Placement
§ Parks and recreational areas
§ Any other places where these mobility devices are not
permitted
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2.3 Warning Signages

Warning signages alert and notify motorists of potential conflicts which may be risky and
hazardous to the pedestrians and/or cyclists. As these warning signages are mostly targeted at
motorists, they are normally placed along the carriageway. Table 2.5 lists the warning signages
and their meaning:

Table 2.5: Warning Signages

Code Title Description

Warning motorists that they are in area

W1-0 Pedestrian Zone with pedestrians movements and
activities
Warning motorists of pedestrian crossing
W1-1 Pedestrian Crossing Zone movement ahead.

Alerting motorists that they are

Distance to Pedestrian
W1-2 approaching a pedestrian crossing facility
Crossing
within the notified distance.
Alerting motorists that pedestrian crossing
W1-3 Pedestrian Crossing Here movement is at this point and priority is
given to pedestrians.
Reminding motorists of the enforced
Speed Limit at Pedestrian
W1-4 speed limit at the pedestrian crossing
Crossing
zone.
Cautioning motorists that there are
W2-0 Bicycle Zone bicycle movements and activities in the
area
Warning motorists of bicycle crossing
W2-1 Bicycle Crossing movement resulting in potential conflict.

Alerting motorists that they are

W2-2 Distance to Bicycle Crossing approaching a bicycle crossing facility
within the notified distance.
Alerting motorists that bicycle crossing
W2-3 Bicycle Crossing Here movement is at this point and priority is
given to cyclists.

Speed Limit at Bicycle Reminding motorists of the enforced

W2-4 speed limit at the bicycle crossing zone.
Crossing
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Table 2.5: Warning Signages (continued)

Code Title Description

To warn motorists that the lane next to

W3-0 Bicycle-Car Shared Lane the curb is shared between bicycle and
motorised vehicles.
To alert motorists that priority should be
Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with
W3-1 given to cyclists along the entire bicycle-
Priority Notice
car shared lane.
To remind motorists that stopping of
Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with
W3-2 vehicles along the shared lane is
No Stopping Sign
prohibited and will be enforced.
To warn motorists that they are entering a
W4-0 School Zone school zone where there will school
children present.
Reminding motorists of the enforced
W4-1 Speed Limit at School Zone speed limit at the school zone.
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2.3.1 Pedestrian Zone (W1-0)

Code W1-0

Title Pedestrian Zone

Target User(s) Motorists

Provides warning to motorists and other road users of pedestrian

movements and activities in the area. Potential conflicts with
Description pedestrians might be present. Motorists are advised to exercise
extreme caution! This is the base sign for pedestrian warning
signages.

Shape Diamond

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background

Colour Scheme
§ Black symbol

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.2 Pedestrian Crossing Zone (W1-1)

Code
W1-1

Title Pedestrian Crossing Zone

Target User(s)
Motorists

Description Provides warning to motorists that they are entering a pedestrian

crossing zone and there will be potential conflicts with
pedestrians. Extreme caution is required!
Shape
Diamond

Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background

§ Black symbol
Placement On curb facing the motorists
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2.3.3 Distance to Pedestrian Crossing (W1-2)

Code W1-2

Title Distance to Pedestrian Crossing

Target User(s) Motorists

Alerting motorists that they are approaching a pedestrian

Description
crossing facility within 50 m.
The motorists are informed that the location of the pedestrian
Application crossing facility (e.g. zebra crossing) is 50 m ahead. Extreme
caution is required.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists 50 m from the pedestrian crossing

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2.3.4 Pedestrian Crossing Here (W1-3)

Code W1-3

Title Pedestrian Crossing Here

Target User(s) Motorists

Alerting motorists that pedestrian crossing movement is at this

Description point and priority is given to pedestrians. Extreme caution is
required.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.5 Speed Limit at Pedestrian Crossing Zone (W1-4)

Code W1-4

Title Speed Limit at Pedestrian Crossing Zone

Target User(s) Motorists

Warn motorists of the enforced speed limit within a pedestrian

Description crossing zone. Extreme caution is required, and priority is given
to the pedestrian.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme
§ Red border on White background for the rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.6 Bicycle Zone (W2-0)

Code W2-0

Title Bicycle Zone

Target User(s) Motorists

To warn motorists that they are entering a bicycle zone – an area

where there are bicycle movements and activities. Potential
Description
conflicts with bicycles might be present. Motorists are advised to
exercise extreme caution!

Shape Diamond

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background

Colour Scheme
§ Black symbol

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.7 Bicycle Crossing Zone (W2-1)

Code W2-1

Title Bicycle Crossing Zone

Target User(s) Motorists

The motorists are reminded that they are entering bicycle

Description
crossing zone. Bicycle crossing movement ahead.

Shape Diamond

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

Colour Scheme diamond
§ Black symbol

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.8 Distance to Bicycle Crossing (W2-2)

Code W2-2

Title Distance to Bicycle Crossing

Target User(s) Motorists

The motorists are informed that the location of the bicycle

Description crossing facility (e.g. zebra crossing) is 50 m ahead. Extreme
caution is required.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists 50 m from the bicycle crossing

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2.3.9 Bicycle Crossing Here (W2-3)

Code W2-3

Title Bicycle Crossing Here

Target User(s) Motorists

Alerting motorists that bicycle crossing movement is at this point

Description
and priority is given to pedestrians.
The motorists are informed that the location of the bicycle
Application crossing facility (e.g. zebra crossing) is at this location. Extreme
caution is required, and priority is given to the bicycle.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.10 Speed Limit at Bicycle Crossing Zone (W2.4)

Code W2.4

Title Speed Limit at Bicycle Crossing Zone

Target User(s) Motorists

Warn motorists of the enforced speed limit within a bicycle

Description
crossing zone.
The motorists are reminded of the speed limit at the bicycle
Application crossing zone. Extreme caution is required, and priority is given
to the bicycle.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme
§ Red border on White background for the rectangle.
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.11 Bicycle-Car Shared Lane (W3-0)

Code W3-0

Title Bicycle-Car Shared Lane

Target User(s) Motorists and Cyclists

Used on carriageway where the leftmost lane is a shared facility

between cyclists and motor vehicles. However, the cyclists have
Description
priority of movement and have right-of-way.
This is the base signage for shared-lane signages.

Shape Diamond

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background

Colour Scheme
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.12 Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with Priority Notice (W3-1)

Code W3-1

Title Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with Priority Notice

Target User(s) Motorists and Cyclists

The leftmost lane is a shared facility between cyclists and motor

Description
vehicles and priority of movement should be given to the cyclists.
To warn road users that the leftmost lane is a shared facility for
Application cyclists and motor vehicles. Along this lane, the cyclists have
priority of movement and have right-of-way.

Shape Diamond and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists

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2.3.13 Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with No Stopping Sign (W3-2)

Code W3-2

Title Bicycle-Car Shared Lane with No Stopping Sign

Target User(s) Motorists and Cyclists

Warn road users that the leftmost lane is a shared facility

between cyclists and motor vehicles. Also, motorists are
Description
prohibited to stop or park their vehicles along this lane at all time.
Stopped or parked vehicles pose safety hazard to cyclists.

Shape Diamond and Circle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

diamond
Colour Scheme
§ Red border on Blue background for circle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 2 2-26

2.3.14 School Zone (W4-0)

Code W4-0

Title School Zone

Target User(s) Motorists and Cyclists

To warn road users that they are entering a school zone where
there will be school children movements. Hence, road users must
Description
exercise extreme caution. Also, there will be specific regulations
that are enforced within this zone (e.g. speed limit)

Shape Pointed upward pentagon and rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

pentagon
Colour Scheme § Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for
rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists on all roads leading to a school

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2.3.15 School Zone with Speed Limit (W4-1)

Code W4-1

Title School Zone with Speed Limit

Target User(s) Motorists and Cyclists

Warn road users that, within the school zone, there is an enforced
speed limit of 30 km/h. Road users are also advised to exercise
Description
extreme caution when entering the school zone as there are
school children movements.

Shape Pentagon (pointed-up) and Rectangle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow background for

pointed-upward pentagon
Colour Scheme
§ Red border on white background for rectangle
§ Black symbol and letter

Placement On curb facing the motorists on all roads leading to a school

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 2 2-28

2.4 Guidance Signages

Warning signages alert and notify motorists of potential conflicts which may be risky and
hazardous to the pedestrians and/or cyclists. As these warning signages are mostly targeted at
motorists, they are normally placed along the carriageway. Table 2.6 lists the warning signages
and their applications:

Table 2.4: List of Regulatory Signages

Code Title Description

Denote facility where only pedestrians are

G1-0 Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway allowed. Bicycles and other vehicles are
prohibited

Facility dedicated to the use of bicycles

G2-0 Dedicated Cycling Lane and other personal mobility devices (e.g.
e-scooter)

A shared facility where both pedestrians

Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway
G3-0 and cyclists have their own dedicated
and Cycling Lane
lane separated by a marker.

Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle A facility where both pedestrians and

G4-0
Lane cyclists share a common lane.

Within a shared facility for pedestrians

Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle and bicycles, the pedestrians have priority
G4-1
Lane with Priority Notice of movement and the cyclists must give
way.

A facility for bicycle parking. Parking of

G5-0 Bicycle Parking Area other personal mobility devices (e.g. e-
scooters) are also allowed here.
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2.4.1 Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway (G1-0)

Code G1-0

Title Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway

Target User(s) All road users

Denote facility where only pedestrians are allowed. Bicycles,

personal mobility devices (PMD)(e.g. e-scooter, hoverboard, etc.)
Description
and other vehicles, motorised and non-motorised, are prohibited
from entering and using the facility.

Shape Circle

§ Blue background for circle

Colour Scheme
§ White symbol
On the pedestrian walkway, closest to the curb, facing both
Placement direction of pedestrian movements. Placed at the start of the
facility and at every 200 m interval after that.
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 2 2-30

2.4.2 Dedicated Bicycle Lane (G2-0)

Code G2-0

Title Dedicated Bicycle Lane

Target User(s) All road users

Inform road users this facility is dedicated for the sole use of
bicycles and personal mobility devices e.g. e-scooter. Other
Description
forms of mobility, including pedestrians, are not permitted on this
facility all the time.

Shape Circle

§ Blue background for circle

Colour Scheme
§ White symbol
On the bicycle lane, closest to the curb, facing both direction of
Placement pedestrian movements. Placed at the start of the facility and at
every 200 m interval after that.
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2.4.3 Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway and Bicycle Lane (G3-0)

Code G3-0

Title Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway and Bicycle Lane

Target User(s) All road users

To guide both pedestrians and cyclists that a dedicated walkway

and a dedicated bicycle lane is available and they are separated
Description
by a marker. Pedestrians should not enter the bicycle lane and
vice versa.

Shape Circle

§ Blue background for circle

Colour Scheme
§ White symbol
On the facility, closest to the curb. Placed at the start of the
Placement
facility and at every 200 m interval after that.
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 2 2-32

2.4.4 Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle Lane (G4-0)

Code G4-0

Title Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle Lane

Target User(s) All road users

A facility where both pedestrians and cyclists share a common

Description lane. Pedestrians have higher priority and cyclists must always
give way to pedestrians.
To inform users that the facility is shared by both pedestrians and
Application bicycles. Both pedestrians and cyclists must be aware of the
other’s presence.

Shape Circle

§ Blue background for circle

Colour Scheme
§ White symbol
On the facility, closest to the curb. Placed at the start of the
Placement
facility and at every 200 m interval after that.
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2.4.5 Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle Lane with Priority Notice (G4-1)

Code G4-1

Title Shared Pedestrian and Bicycle Lane

Target User(s) All road users

Description To inform users that the facility is shared by both pedestrians and
bicycles. Within this shared facility, the pedestrians have higher
priority and cyclists must always give way to pedestrians.
Shape Circle and Rectangle

Colour Scheme § Blue background for circle

§ Black border on Yellow/Fluorescent Yellow for rectangle
§ White symbol and black letter
Placement On the facility, closest to the curb. Placed at the start of the
facility and at every 200 m interval after that.
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 2 2-34

2.4.6 Bicycle Parking Area (G5-0)

Code G5-0

Title Bicycle Parking Area

Target User(s) Cyclists

Description Bicycle parking is allowed only at location where this signage is

posted. Parking of other personal mobility devices (e.g. e-scooter)
are also allowed at this location. Bicycle parking is not allowed
outside this facility.
Shape Square and Rectangle

Colour Scheme § White border on Blue background for square

§ Black border on White background for rectangle
§ White letter and black symbol
Placement At exact location where parking of bicycle (and other personal
mobility devices) is allowed.
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Chapter 03
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY AND
BICYCLE LANE

Photo Credit: 9M Studio

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3.1 General
3.1.1 Installation Guidelines
To ensure consistent walking and cycling experience that guarantees safety and comfort, a set
of street design guidelines was developed. The guidelines serve to promote compliance and
conformance to quality infrastructure development that meet the needs of the intended users.
Hence, this action provides guidance to planners and engineers to design and plan walkways
and bicycle lanes for a variety of roadway specifications.

The installation of walkways and cycling lanes varies by the type of land uses and roadway
functional classification. Table 3.1 guides planners in identifying the type of installation that
should be provided, for both new streets and for retrofitting existing streets. Table 3.1 will also
be used later for developing design standards.

Table 3.1: Installation guidelines for walkways and bicycle lane based on land use
classifications

Land Use/Roadway Functional

New Streets Existing Streets
Classification/ Dwelling Units

Commercial and Industrial (all Dedicated walkway and cycling Every effort to retrofit to include
streets) lanes on both sides with clear dedicated walkways and cycling
physical and spatial separation lanes on both sides, where they do
between non-motorized and not exist
motorized traffic
Residential (Major arterials) Dedicated walkway and cycling Every effort to retrofit to include
lanes on both sides with clear dedicated walkways and cycling
physical separation between non- lanes on both sides, where they do
motorized and motorized traffic not exist
Residential (Collectors) Dedicated walkway on both sides Every effort to retrofit to include
with physical separation from dedicated walkways and cycling
motorized traffic. Cycling lanes lanes on both sides, where they do
may be on the street but adequate not exist
protection must be provided to
prevent conflict with motorized
traffic.
Residential (Local Streets - More Shared walkways and cycling lanes Prefer shared walkways and
than 4 units per acre) on both sides. The shared facility cycling lanes on both sides;
must be physically separated from requires at least one side.
the motorized traffic.
1 – 4 units per acre Shared walkways and cycling lanes Shared walkways and cycling lanes
on both sides. The shared facility on one side. A shoulder of at least
may be on the street with 1.5 m is required on the side where
motorized traffic. However, a clear the shared facility is not provided.
demarcation of space must be
provided.
Less than 1 unit per acre Shared walkways and cycling lanes At least 1.5 m (6 ft.) shoulder on
on one side. Shoulder of at least both sides required
1.5 m on both sides required
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3.1.2 Standard Dimensions

In designing pedestrian walkways and bicycle lanes, the physical dimension of the road users
and vehicles must be taken into consideration. However, road users and vehicles come in
various physical dimension – shapes, sizes and conditions. For example, a male pedestrian can
vary in their height and width. Similarly, wheelchair users come in a range of width depending
on their wheelchair size. Failure to consider these physical dimensions may lead to movement
conflicts, injuries and other safety issues.

To optimize the utilization of finite resources (e.g. road space), it is not possible to consider all
the range of values for these dimensions. Hence, a representative model to represent each type
of road users and vehicles must be created and used as reference model in the engineering
design of roadways, walkways and bicycle lanes. These reference models are the standard
models and they have standard dimensions.

Figure 3.1 shows the different types of road users and vehicles, and their standard dimensions.
Each design proposed in this guideline will be based on these standard dimension to ensure full
user compatibility and usability.

As for wheelchair user, the standard dimension will be used specifically to ensure that all
walkways in Kuala Lumpur are disabled-friendly. This means that wheelchair users should not
only move on the walkway, but also be able to turn around.

Figure 3.1: Standard Dimension for Different Type of Road Users

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-4

3.2 Design Specifications

3.2.1 Installation Guidelines
To be practical for designers and implementors, this guideline relies on the common practices
of using Right-of-Way (ROW) specifications as the basis. In legal term, the ROW is defined as the
boundary limit of land accessible by the public. In road engineering, ROW is defined as the
width of road space inclusive of the shoulder.

The specifications for ROW in Kuala Lumpur is given in Table 3.2. These ROW specifications are
the basis for the proposed design schemes for pedestrian walkway and bicycle lane in Table
3.3.

Table 3.2: ROW Specifications in Kuala Lumpur (with examples)

Speed Lane
REAM No. of Median Example
ROW Limit Width
Code Lanes (m) Road
(km/h) (m)
Jalan
Genting
132’ Kelang
U6 80–100 6 3.35 2.5 - 4.5
(40 m) Jalan Ipoh
Jalan
Gombak
Jalan Duta
100’ Jalan
U5 60–90 6 3.35 2.5 - 4.5 Semarak
(30 m)
Jalan
Segambut
Jalan Raja
80’ Muda Abdul
U4 50–80 4 3.20 - 3.35 2.5 - 4.5
(24 m) Aziz
(No Median)
66’ Jalan Kia
U3 40–60 4 3.00 - 3.35 x Peng
(20 m)
Jalan Stonor
Jalan
50’ Berangan
U2 30–50 2 3.00 - 3.35 x Jalan Madge
(15 m)
(Commercial
Area)
40’ Neighbourho
U1 30–40 2 3.00 - 3.35 x
(12 m) od streets
Source: Department of Infrastructure Planning, DBKL (2019)
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Table 3.3: ROW-based Design Specifications

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BEST PRACTICES
Dedicated Non-Motorized Lane, Conpenhagen

Copenhagen cares! The city spares no effort to ensure safety and comfort of its
who chose to walk and ride bicycles. Everywhere in the city, dedicated walkways
and cycling lanes can be found from the busiest of streets to local neighbourhood
roads.

Each user is given their own right-of-way separated by clear physical demarcation in
the form of stones paving – ensuring durability and low maintenance. Not only that
the lanes – walkway, cycling and traffic – are separated, their separation are also
staggered at different height.

This utmost consideration to safety and comfort are what make Copenhagen the
best cycling city in the world.
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BEST PRACTICES
Dedicated Walkway, Kampung Bahru, Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur cares too! With beautiful and carefully selected plants, dedicated
walkways in Kampung Bahru (top pic.) and Jalan Raja Laut (bottom pic.) invites
people of Kuala Lumpur to enjoy walking and the landscapes.

The potted plants along Kampung Bahru’s walkways disguises as a natural spatial
and physical barriers. As for Jalan Raja Laut, the non-climbable fence is expertly
covered with shrubs to soften the hard elements. Regardless of the approach, both
are effective in separating the pedestrians from the motorized traffic, thus,
enhancing the perceived safety of the pedestrians – one of the major concerns of
people in Kuala Lumpur.
Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-8

Figure 3.2: Design DU6-1 for ROW U6 = 132 ft./40 m (60 km/h)
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Figure 3.3: Design DU6-2 for ROW U6 = 132 ft./40 m (60 km/h)
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Figure 3.4: Design DU5-1 for ROW U5 = 100 ft./30 m (60 km/h)
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Figure 3.5: Design DU5-2 for ROW U5 = 100 ft./30 m (60 km/h)
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Figure 3.6: Design DU5-3 for ROW U5 = 100 ft./30 m (60 km/h)
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Figure 3.7: Design DU4-1 for ROW U4 = 80 ft./24 m (50 km/h)

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Figure 3.8: Design DU4-2 for ROW U4 = 80 ft./24 m (50 km/h)

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Figure 3.9: Design DU4-3 for ROW U4 = 80 ft./24 m (50 km/h)

Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-16

Figure 3.10: Design DU4-4 for ROW U4 = 80 ft./24 m (50 km/h)

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Figure 3.11: Design DU3-1 for ROW U3 = 66 ft./20 m (40 km/h)0

Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-18

Figure 3.12: Design DU3-2 for ROW U3 = 66 ft./20 m (40 km/h)

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Figure 3.13: Design DU3-3 for ROW U3 = 66 ft./20 m (40 km/h)

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Figure 3.14: Design DU3-4 for ROW U3 = 66 ft./20 m (40 km/h)

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Figure 3.15: Design DU2-1 for ROW U2 = 50 ft./15 m (30 km/h)

Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-22

Figure 3.16: Design DU2-2 for ROW U2 = 50 ft./15 m (30 km/h)

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Figure 3.17: Design DU2-3 for ROW U2 = 50 ft./15 m (30 km/h)

Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-24

Figure 3.18: Design DU1-1 for ROW U1 = 40 ft./12 m (30 km/h)

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Figure 3.19: Design DU1-2 for ROW U1 = 40 ft./12 m (30 km/h)

Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 3 3-26

Figure 3.20: Design DU1-3 for ROW U1 = 40 ft./12 m (30 km/h)

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Chapter 04
CROSSINGS

Photo Credit: 9M Studio

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 4 4-2

4.1 General
4.1.1 Risk of Accidents

As the most vulnerable of the road users, pedestrians and cyclists are constantly exposed to the
risk of accidents. Some of these risks may be related to the physical environment of the
walkway and cycling lane e.g. uneven and slippery surfaces, broken tiles, protruding tree roots,
unkempt tree branches, incorrectly placed street furniture, etc. Nonetheless, most dangerous
risks come from the potential conflict with motorized vehicles. Nowhere is this risk of conflict
with motorized vehicles at is higher than when the pedestrians or cyclists are attempting to
cross the carriageway. At these crossings, pedestrians and cyclists will leave their protected
environment of the walkway and the cycling lane and embark into an environment of speeding
vehicles and unruly drivers.

The risks of accidents at the crossings may be categorised into:

1. the behaviour of the pedestrians/cyclists themselves,

2. the behaviour of drivers, and
3. the physical facility.

To ensure a safe environment for crossings to pedestrians and cyclists, all the above three
categories must be tackled effectively. Table 4.1 provides a list of potential causes of accident
for each of the three categories of crossing risks listed above:

Table 4.1: Causes of accidents at crossings

Pedestrians/Cyclists Drivers of Vehicles Physical Facility

Jaywalking Ignorance on the meaning Unclear and confusing road

of road markings markings
Failure to detect oncoming Failure to detect existence Absence of appropriate
vehicles of road signages signages
Failure to adhere to traffic Lack of appropriate
rules dictated by road signalization
signages
Failure to follow traffic Breakdown of signalization
signalization
Failure to stop at Landscaping elements
appropriate distance prohibit clear visual
detection of
pedestrians/cyclists
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4.1.2 Sight Distance

A proper sight distance is critical to ensure drivers have adequate reaction time to stop their
vehicles on-time before reaching the point of conflict with the pedestrians and/or cyclists.

For the purpose of this guideline, there are two types of sight distance that must be considered,
which are:

1. Stopping Sight Distance, the length required to enable a vehicle travelling at or near the
design speed to stop before reaching an object (e.g. pedestrians/cyclists) in its path.

2. Decision Sight Distance, the distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected hazard
(e.g. pedestrians/cyclists) and to select appropriate speed or path to avoid this hazard.

The specification of these two types of sight distance are given in Table 4.2. For urban roads,
the specifications for design speed between 30 – 60 km/h are of interest (as highlighted in the
shaded rows of Table 4.2). It follows that, for urban roads, the minimum stopping distance must
at least be 85 m as longer stopping distance is better. And, if worst condition scenario is
considered, a minimum sight distance of approximately 100 m is then required.

Table 4.2: Specification for sight distance at different design speed

Design Min. Stopping Sight Min. Stopping Sight Decision Sight Distance
Speed Distance Distance (Passenger Car, Avoidance
(km/h) (Flat surface, 0% (Passenger Car, Worst Manoeuvre B, stop on urban
gradient) Condition = 9% road with Brake Reaction Time,
(m) Downgrade, Wet) t = 9.1 s)
(m) (m)

120 250 304 470

110 220 262 420

100 185 223 370

90 160 187 325

80 130 154 280

70 105 124 235

60 85 97 195

50 65 74 155

40 50 53 Not Available

30 35 35 Not Available

Source: JKR (2015). A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads (Table 4.1, p. 32; Table 4.2, p. 33.; and
Table 4.3, p. 35)
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 4 4-4

4.1.3 Application of Sight Distance

The determination of a minimum sight distance of 100 m in the previous section dictates that
there must also be a visual clearance of 100 m at the site. This visual clearance guarantees
drivers that there will be no sight obstruction within 100 m of the crossing facility – regardless of
whether the crossing is located at mid-block or at an intersection.

Figure 4.1 shows how a combination of road signages and traffic calming features (i.e. speed
breaker and hump) are used in the design of a crossing – in this case, a mid-block, unsignalized
crossing – for a 2-way, 2-lane carriageway.

Figure 4.1 shows that there are no sight obstruction within 100 m thus providing a minimum of
100 m of visual clearance. Figure 4.1 also shows the placement of the traffic signages at different
locations to convey different traffic warnings to the drivers. For the meaning of each of these
traffic signages, please refer to Section 2 – Signages.

Figure 4.1: Design of crossing with the application of traffic signages and sight
distance
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4.1.4 Width and Colour of Crossing

The width of crossing is determined by the width of the pedestrian walkway to ensure adequate
storage/waiting capacity as well as the Level of Service (LOS) of the crossing. If WC is the width
of crossing and WS is the width of the walkway, then WC should be greater than or equal to WS:

WC ≥ WS (4.1)

As for the colour of the crossing, only WHITE marking is allowed for at-grade crossings
regardless of whether the crossing is signalized or unsignalized – for both mid-block and
intersection crossings. However, where the crossing facility involves a raised crossing, e.g.
table-top or flat-top crossing, then, a different rule will apply as will be discussed in later section.

Figure 4.2 provides a schematic design for an at-grade, unsignalized, mid-block crossing.

Figure 4.2: Width and Colour of Crossing

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 4 4-6

Photo 4.1: A signalized, at-grade crossing at an intersection in Copenhagen,

Denmark

Photo 4.2: An aerial view of an unsignalized, at-grade crossing in Seoul, South

Korea
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4.1.5 Raised Crossing

Raised crossing (a.k.a. table-top or flat-top crossing) is a preferred crossing type for secondary
urban road having low-volume, low-speed traffic. Typically, this would include U1 – U3 roads in
the urban road context (refer Table 3.2). For these urban roads, raised crossing as in Figure 4.3
and Figure 4.4 can be applied:

Figure 4.3 A 3-D view of a raised crossing

Figure 4.4 Dimensions of a raised crossing

Source: JKR (1997). Nota Teknik Jalan 18/97. Kuala Lumpur. (Figure 4b)
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 4 4-8

4.1.6 Apparatus at Crossings

The choice of crossing apparatus must be appropriate to commensurate with the demand of
pedestrian and bicycle traffic volumes. A more complex system is required for higher-class
urban roads (based on U1 – U6 urban road hierarchy) as compared to lower-class, low-speed
urban roads. The latter would normally have lower traffic volume – both motorized and non-
motorized traffic.

Table 4.3: Crossing category and apparatus matrix by urban road hierarchy

Figure 4.5 shows the crossing signals with countdown-on-green and countdown-on-red
indicators which would enhance user experience when walking and crossing the road.

(a) Countdown on Green (b) Countdown on Red

(Indicates crossing time left before (Indicates waiting time left before
signal turns RED) signal turns GREEN)

Figure 4.5 Crossing signals indicators – (a) Countdown-on-Green and (b)

Countdown-on-Red
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Chapter 05
SAFETY

5
Photo Credit: 9M Studio
 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 5 5-2

5.1 Construction Sites

5.1.1 Types of Obstructions
Constructions sites present a special category of hazards to pedestrians and cyclists alike.
Though these construction sites may not involve high volume, high-speed moving vehicles, they
nonetheless pose safety risks to pedestrians and cyclists. The risks that the construction sites
present may be in the form of falling construction debris as well as movement (entry and exit) of
heavy vehicles. Hence, conscious design effort must be considered to remove any barriers and
obstructions created by these sites to guarantee safe passages of pedestrians and cyclists.

Figure 4.6 shows the different types of obstructions that may be present at construction sites:

a. Abutting b. Partial c. Total

Figure 4.6 Types of obstructions at construction sites – (a) abutting, (b)

partial and (c) total obstructions.

For each of the type of obstructions, a special remedial action must be put in-place, albeit a
temporary one (for the duration of the construction until completion). Next section will outline
the remedial actions to be taken to mitigate the safety risks and hazards posed by these
construction sites.
5-3 Chapter 5 Safety

5.1.2 Abutting Obstruction

For abutting obstruction of pedestrian walkway and/or bicycle lane, a temporary cover must be
provided along the entire length of the abutting construction site. The minimum width of this
cover must be equal or greater than the width of the walkway. This cover will protect users from
potential hazards of falling debris regardless of whether safety net is used on the construction
sites or not.
Figure 4.7 shows the specification and dimensions of walkway cover. Photo 4.3 shows an
example of walkway cover in Copenhagen, Denmark along a construction site.

Figure 4.7 Schematic diagram of safety cover over walkway/bicycle lane

Photo 4.3: Cover over walkway at construction site in Copenhagen, Denmark

 Kuala Lumpur Walkway And Cycle Lane Design Guidelines Chapter 5 5-4

5.1.3 Partial and Total Obstructions

When there is PARTIAL or TOTAL obstruction of the walkway, the pedestrians or cyclists may
have to encroach the carriageway to continue their journey. This resulted in conflict between
motorised and non-motorised traffic.

Hence, for protection, concrete blocks MUST be used to provide temporary barrier segregating
the motorised and non-motorised traffic (see Figure 4.8). The dimension and specification of the
concrete barrier are given in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.8 Re-alignment of pedestrian and bicycle traffic using concrete barriers
as protection mechanism

Figure 4.9 Dimensions of concrete block as barrier to protect pedestrians and

cyclists
5-5 Chapter 5 Safety

5.2 Drainage or Stormwater Cover

Drainage/stormwater cover must be oriented such that the grates are perpendicular to the
direction of movement. Photo 4.4 shows an example where the drainage/stormwater cover is
incorrectly placed.

When the grate orientation is parallel to the direction of travel, the drainage cover poses as
hazard for people on wheel chair, the visually impaired who uses stick for guidance, as well as
cyclists who share the same facility with pedestrians. A correct orientation of the cover is shown
in Figure 4.10.

Direction
of Travel

Drainage cover

Grate Orientation

Photo 4.4: Example of incorrect placement of

drainage/stormwater cover

Figure 4.10 Proper placement of drainage/stormwater

cover
DEWAN BANDARAYA KUALA LUMPUR