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    Earthsci Reviewer

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    Rejean Padre
    This document summarizes key concepts in earth science including: 1) Comparisons of Venus, Earth, and Mars and factors that make Earth habitable such as temperature, atmosphere, and rotation. 2) Earth's four main spheres - geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. 3) Physical properties and classifications of minerals including luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. 4) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    Earthsci Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    Rejean Padre
    5 views3 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts in earth science including: 1) Comparisons of Venus, Earth, and Mars and factors that make Earth habitable such as temperature, atmosphere, and rotation. 2) Earth's four main spheres - geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. 3) Physical properties and classifications of minerals including luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. 4) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    This document summarizes key concepts in earth science including: 1) Comparisons of Venus, Earth, and Mars and factors that make Earth habitable such as temperature, atmosphere, and rotation. 2) Earth's four main spheres - geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. 3) Physical properties and classifications of minerals including luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. 4) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    5 views3 pages

    Earthsci Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    Rejean Padre
    This document summarizes key concepts in earth science including: 1) Comparisons of Venus, Earth, and Mars and factors that make Earth habitable such as temperature, atmosphere, and rotation. 2) Earth's four main spheres - geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. 3) Physical properties and classifications of minerals including luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. 4) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    Earth Science

    Venus- has longer orbital velocity and length of day. Has greater surface pressure and mean
    temperature
    Earth- has greater mass, gravity, escape velocity
    Mars- longer distance from the sun, has lower mass

    Earth is habitable because of:


    - Food
    - Water
    - Temperature
    - Atmosphere
    - Oxygen
    - Rotate on its axis/ revolved
    Sub-Systems on Earth

     Geosphere- made of rocks (surface of earth)


     Biosphere- limited part of the planet that support living
     Hydrosphere- areas of earth that covered water
     Atmosphere- an envelope of gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
     Cryosphere- contains ice

    Physical Properties of Minerals


    - Luster (reflected light)
    - Hardness (resistance of mineral)
    - Color & Streak (color of the mineral)
    - Crystal (natural shape of mineral)
    - Cleavage (weakness part, like a Faultline)
    - Fracture (broken surface that are irregular)
    - Specific Gravity (weight/ratio of mineral)

    Mineral Classification
    1. Native Elements- pure minerals (ex. Gold, silver, copper)
    2. Silicates- contains silicon & oxygen, largest group (ex. Mica, quarts)
    3. Sulfides- containing sulfur anion combined w/ one or more ions (ex. Barite, pyrite)
    4. Sulfates- one or more metals in combination w/ sulfur & oxygen, group of soft and pale
    in color (ex. gypsum, celestine)
    5. Phosphate- contain phosphorus & oxygen in 1:4 ratio (ex. Apatite, turquoise)
    6. Oxides- combining metal w/ oxygen or metal combining w/ oxygen & hydrogen
    7. Halides- combining metal w/ one of the five halogen elements (chlorine, bromine,
    fluorine, iodine)
    8. Carbonates- carbon and oxygen combination

    Mineraloid- do not fit neatly in the eight classes of minerals.

    Three Types of Rocks


    Igneous Rocks- formed when magma cools and crystalizes
    Types of Magma:
    - Basaltic
    - Andesitic
    - Rhyolitic
    Classification of Layers Rocks based on Cooling Process:
    - Intrusive Igneous Rocks (plutonic)
    - Extrusive Igneous Rocks (volcanic)
    Based on Texture

     Aphanitic- not visible


     Pegmatitic- massive size
     Phaneritic- visible
     Porphyritic- smaller
     Pyroclastic- igneous fragment
     Vesicular texture- w/ resides (rough)
     Glassy- obsidian (smooth)
    Sedimentary Rocks- rocks form generally at surface conditions
    Formation of Sediments
     Source of provenance
     Chemical weathering
     Physical/ mechanical weathering
    Metamorphic Rocks- rocks change from one form to another by intense heat, pressure
    Protolith/ Parent Rock
    Metamorphic Grade- refers to the temperature & pressure under which a rock was
    metamorphosed
    How it was formed?
    - Contact metamorphism
    - Regional metamorphism
    Fossil Fuel
    Main Fossils Fuel
    Coal Renewable Energy Source
    Oil Biomass (burning of wood, biofuels such as
    ethanol and biodiesel or waste)
    Natural Gas
    Oil Shake- wave energy
    Oil Sand/ Tar Sands- hydroelectric power
    Shake Gas- solar energy
    Methane Hydrase- hydroelectric power, wind energy, geothermal energy

    Fossils
    - Sedimentary rock
    - Preserved remains of living thing
    Types:
    - Molds
    - Casks
    - Petrified Fossils
    - Carbon Films
    - Trace Fossils
    Fresh Water Resources
    - Scarcity of fresh water
    - Competing water uses
    - Problems in water resources
    - Desalination of sea water as fresh water supply

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