CERTIFICATION

We hereby certified that this end of course project entitled “CONCEPTION AND DESIGN OF A
WATER SUPPLY NETWORK FOR THE BAMBILI COMMUNITY BASE ON SOLVING
WATER CRISIS”, has been carried out by KUM ROMANUS CHEGHEwith registration number
UBa22HB0690 of PUBLIC WORKS AND SURVEYS option in the department of CIVIL
ENGINEERING OF HND/HPD/B -TECH ACADAMY ORGAN OF THE University of
Bamenda.

Supervised by: Dr. BAME PATRICK CHE

Sign-------------------------------------- Date--------------------------------------

Head of Department: DR MBUH MOSES

Sign-------------------------------- Date---------------------------------
 DECLARATION
I KUM ROMANUS CHEGHE, declare that this end of course project is my original work and
has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other
University/Collage/Institution.

KUM ROMANUS CHEGHE

Signed: Date:

 
 DEDICATION

To the kums family

 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To say that this work was realized based entirely on my efforts will be an intellectual dishonesty.
Owing to the fact that, nobody is an Island, the realization of this work is thanks to the
collaboration of many people without which, it would not have been what it is. I will like to
extend my profound gratitude to all those who in one way or the other helped in realizing this
project.

I extend my deep appreciation to my Supervisor Dr Bame Patrick Che for the guidance and
advice he provided during the study that made it possible for me to successfully complete this
project.
The administrative body of the University of Bamenda, the vice chancellor Pr. Nkuo Theresia
Akenji, and Pr.Toh , the acting coordinator of HND/HPD/B-TECH ORGAN for molding me up
as an engineer in Public Works and survey
The Head of option for public works and survey Dr. Mbuh Moses Kuma and the entire teaching
staff of HND/HPD/B-TECH ACADEMY ORGAN OF UNIVERSITY OF BAMENDA for the
knowledge they have impacted in me which has enabled me to put up this report.
Special thanks go to my parents Mr. Akwa Charles Kum and Mrs. Kum Olivia Enam for their
parental love, sacrifice, and support, may God bless you abundantly.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all those who made tremendous contributions to this
exercise my brothers and friends; Kum Boris Kpwe, Kum Mirable, Kum Divine Deh, Kuum
Evert Mbong, Ngang Celestine Fru, Ngu Desmond for their encouragement and moral support.
My sincere thanks go to the Almighty God the provider of knowledge and wisdom for seeing me
throughout my studies and for enabling me to undertake the teaching practice exercise
successfully, without His grace I would not have made it.
To my class mates and to all those whose names have not been mention here in one way or the
other. I thank you all.
 
 ABSTRACT
This project study was carried out to supplement and combat the lack of water in the Bambili
community, the university Bamenda and its surrounding premises in particular. The main
objectives are to: design of a drinkable water system by using a discharge, gravitational
pumping system and making a cost estimate of the project.
To gain and achieve this goal, we did an investigation on the university campus and its
surroundings, which enable us the identification of different water sources existing in the
locality, the estimation of the population’s size, and the feasibility of the project. We
subsequently, evaluated the lack of water in the University o campus and it surrounding
premises; we were able used several documents (see bibliography) which act as a driving tool to
dimension the various facilities and equipment of the system. As a results from these studies that
we have a population of 20624 people in 2018 and it will reach 52304 in 2037, the date of
maturity of the project. The lack in water in the University of Bamenda campus and it
surrounding premises is estimated at 1260m3/D, so with it lacks in quality makes it necessary for
us to think about the increase of its capacity by 2037.The network is a branch network set of
galvanized pipes with several diameters, hydraulic calculations allowed the estimation of the
reservoir capacity which is 696m3.the water capacity stored in each castle (CSC) SC = M3 /day;
knowing that the provisional volume of the castle = 348m3 By taking reserve account, the
volume of the castle becomes: CASTLES = 348m3
One considers a cylindrical castle of height of water in the tank: h=5m, free height is 1m and the
total height of the castle is 6m. We will consider a circular castle of form because it is presented
as being more established by the fact that the efforts carried out by water on the walls are
reduced by a deviation due to the circular shape of the tank at the intake point form the source.
This tank is elevated, cylindrical and lying on four (04) supports that will be installed on
campus. The power necessary for the operation of the pump is evaluated at 64. 08HP.The
estimated cost of this project according to the prices in the markets is estimated
at117427403FCFA(One Hundred And Seventeen Million, Four Hundred And Twenty Seven
Thousand Four Hundred And Three Francs Cfa)
Key words; Water Supply System, Reservoir and Water Purification
 Lists Of Abbreviations and Symbols Used in The Project
D: Diameter of pipes.
PVC: Polyvinyl chloride.
HND/HPD/B-TECH; Higher National Diploma/Higher professional diploma/ Bachelor of
Technology
Po= Initial population.
Pn= Population at the nth year.
i = Growth rate.
Q=Flow
Qav= Average flow.
GI: Galvanized iron.
PE: Polyethylene
⧍H: Height difference between the nods.
R: Renold’s number
V: kinematic viscosity
Correction factor of the diameter.
J= The hydraulic gradient.

 
 CHAPTER ONE; GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
In the world in general and particular in Cameroon, the problem of drinking water is a crucial
problem due to the unavailability of an adequate clean drinking water supply which is a
fundamental need in daily life and in this day and age should be considered a human right. This
lack of water which can be called a basic human right can also affect the human education hence
any educational institution should have it qualitatively and quantitatively. Water is a chemical
substance with the chemical formulaH2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms. Water is a liquid, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state(ice), and gaseous
state(vapor). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. Water covers
70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all forms of life. On Earth, it is found mostly in
oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in
the air as vapor or clouds and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar
ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small
amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.
The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. For the body to
function properly, the body requires between one to seven percent (1 to 7%) litters of water daily
to avoid dehydration. Whenever we talk about water supply, there are principally two sources of
water supply. We have the groundwater and surface water supply, the surface water includes
water that is in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, and even ocean. Moreover, ground water
includes water from boreholes or wells and springs. Any of the two sources of water can be
supplied to the consumers either by gravity or by pumping (hydraulic pumps). However, large-
scale water supply system tends to rely on surface water sources while smaller scale water
systems tend to use ground water source. However, priority is given to stream water supply by
gravity to the consumers. This is because it entitles little or no treatment. On the other hand, it
has limitations since a stream out-put depends on the source as a prime factor to stand the taste of
a large population density (it is applicable in rural areas). In case of a high population density, the
surface water supply shall be applicable where treatment and constant maintenance is employed.
Since 70.9% of the earth surface is occupied by water and if we cannot access it qualitatively and
quantitatively it means they are some complex, rehabilitation, and maintenance processes that is
going to constitute the main points of our work. But no matter the source, the modes of
transportation determine the purpose of its usage. For that, studies were made in BAMBILI
village and show that the sources of collecting of water cannot easily be carried out because of
its geographical situation. Studies from other source show that this village has serious problems
of drinking water supply, which motivated us to make the choice of a food by repression of water
in the hydraulic works. For that, this project although it is significant for the population must be
thoroughly analyzed, through the study of the requirements out of water for the population, the
dimensioning of the hydraulic networks, establishing a design of materials that mean to give the
reference and the unit prices of the materials which will be useful to us, for the determination of
the cost of the work of which we tighten invited to realize, by establishing the specifications,
quantitative, and estimated, also planning of work. It is thus all this which will enable us to lead
a good project.

1.2 Statement of The Problem

The driving force for this study is to wind away problem of lack of quality and sufficient water in
the BAMBILI community especially the university and its surrounding premises and also to
enhance the quality of construction design techniques in water systems. The Bambili Community
has been facing serious water problems since 2010 when the University of Bamenda was created
in Bambili, there has been a rapid growth in population due to the increase of number of students
in various faculties and schools present in this institution. Due to this increase in Bambili
community especially university, the demand of water is very high on campus of the University
of Bamenda base on the population increase. Although, the present amount is about 1260m3/D
while the population demand for 2450m3/D. thus, if another 1260m3/D of potable water is
provided in Bambili community, especially to the university and its surrounding premises, the
problem of portable water supply will be minimized.
1.3 Research Questions
1.3.1 Main Research Question
What is the most effective and sustainable approach to design and implementing a water
supply system that meets the needs of the Bambili community?
1.3.2 Specific Research Question
 What is the water needs of the Bambili community? including population size, water
demand, and water quality requirements,
 How can these needs be met through a water supply system?
  What are the technical requirements for a water supply system in the Bambili
community? including the appropriate water source, treatment process, and distribution
system?
 What is the institutional capacity of the implementing agency to design, construct,
operate and maintain the water supply system?
 How can the capacity be enhanced?
1.4 Objectives of Study
1.4.1 Main Objective
The main objective of this study is to conceive and design a water supply system that meets the
water needs of the population of University of Bamenda and Bambili community.Also to put in
place a water supply network in such a way that the university will have good potable water both
in quantity and quality.
1.4.2. Specific Objectives
 To assess the water needs of the community, including population size, water demand,
and water quality requirements, in order to determine the appropriate water source,
treatment process, and distribution system
 To provide Offices, student hostels, University restaurant with enough water for their
daily demands.
 To evaluate the social acceptability of the water supply system, including factors such as
cultural norms, gender issues, and community preferences, in order to ensure that the
system is tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of the community
 To Minimize time and long-distance travel in fetch of water.
 To evaluate the technical feasibility of the water supply system, taking into account
factors such as the availability and quality of the water source, the terrain and topography
of the area, and the capacity of the existing infrastructure.
 To determine the financial feasibility of the water supply system, including the cost of
construction, operation, and maintenance, and to identify potential financing
mechanisms, such as grants or loans, to support the development and implementation of
the system
 To assess the institutional capacity of the implementing agency, including its technical
expertise, management capacity, and financial sustainability, in order to ensure the
effective operation and maintenance of the water supply system over the long term
1.5 Scope of Study /The Limitation of The Study
This study will embody some of areas around this locality which either contribute a positive or
negative impact in the above-mentioned topic. This study will focus only on the Bambili
community especially the university and its surrounding premises and some other references will
be made to similar community around or within this locality. This study will contain areas like
water supply source, water storage, water treatment, tank designing, water pumping, and water
distribution network.

This project will be Limited on a stream located between agric- school field and GSS
(Government secondary school) Bafukum. The objective of this project being to place at the
disposal of the population of this locality, portable water of good quality and in sufficient
quantity, studies on this area prove that the type of soil found at the stream where the catchment
will be realized is clay brownish soil with a bearing capacity of 1.5bar which is the same with the
soil within campus. The surface soil is composed of volcanic ash in advanced decomposition; it
makes us to believe that borings with heavy penetrometer are not necessary, apart if suggested by
the market engineer because the floor keeps the same composition and the same characteristics
on a good depth taking into consideration the excavations realized at those places. Meanwhile,
the topographical constraints impose that the structure should not be too buried (or not), in the
sense that the network will be supply by gravity. The area of study is inscribed in a populated
environment and of vegetation with residences from one place to the other. It is equally bordered
in the north-west, in the north-east by joint ownership parcels and in the south by the University
buildings. Studies show that from the topographical point of view, the area to receive the
reservoir is in campus since there is a relatively moderated slope from source to campus. At the
right of the site, the sedimentary substratum is closed to the surface of the natural land; the
morphology of the floor found there is sensitively the same; while at the catchment point and the
reservoir point of installation, the excavation for the footings shows the succession of the
following floors from upward to downward:
 From the surface to 0,25 m of depth: vegetal soil
 From 0,25 m to 1.20m of depth: volcanic ash in advanced decomposition reddish +blocs
of volcanic rocks.
Our calculations approach would be made on the basis of purely theoretical data, while bringing
out for the base slab an over dimensioned reinforcement in order to keep safety as much as
possible while taking into consideration the different solicitations.
1.6 Significance of Study
Access to safe and reliable drinking water is essential for human health and well -being.
However, many communities lack access to safe drinking water, which can lead to water borne
diseases, malnutrition and other health issues. The conception and design of water supply system
for the Bambili community is of great significant importance. As it can help to improve access to
safe and reliable drinking water in this community and can have a positive impact on health
outcomes, social and economic development and environmental sustainability

1.7 Definition of Terms

 Aquifer: a layer of gravel, sand, and limestone, in which water passes through, fills up,
and is stored.
 Artesian well: is formed when someone drills into a confined aquifer. Water is under
pressure and pushes to the surface without a pump.
 Bore: to drill a hole in the ground.
 Condensation: when a vapor or gas changes into a liquid.
 Contamination: the process of polluting or contaminating water.
 Distribution: sending water to different places.
 Evaporation: a water cycle stage where water turns to gas.
 Groundwater: any water that is underground.
 Hydrologic cycle: the water cycle.
 Impermeable layer: any underground layer that will not let water get through it.
 Pipes: round, metal or plastic tubes that are used to transport liquid or gas from one place
to another.
 Precipitation: all water from the atmosphere deposited on the surface of the earth as rain,
snow, sleet, hail or dew.
 Recycle: using anything over again; like water in the water cycle.
 Reservoir: a lake-like place that holds water until it is needed.
 Runoff: water that falls to the earth but does not sink into the ground. It flows on the top
of the earth until it reaches a body of water like a river or stream.
  Saturated zone: the water-logged top layer of the groundwater system.
 Source: where water comes from.
 Surface water: any water that stays on top of the earth, such as streams, rivers, etc.
 Tap: to take water from another body of water. Sometimes it is used as another word for
faucet.
 Transpiration: part of the water cycle where plants give off vapor.
 Transportation: moving water from one place to another.
 Water cycle: the continuous movement of water from land to air and back again;
recycling the Earth's water.
1.8 Organization of Study
This research consists of five chapters. Chapter one is further divided into; background of study,
statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of study, scope and limitation of study,
significant of study and organization of study.in the second chapter we examined all the literature
review applicable to conception and design of hospital .chapter three which deal with the
methods and materials used to realize this study whereas chapter four we present planning and
costing of the project lastly chapter five we concluded and give recommendation .;
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Description of Study
The conception and design of a water supply system for a community involves the process of
creating a plan for the provision of safe, reliable, and sustainable water supply to meet the needs
of a specific community. This process typically involves a number of steps, including:

 Needs assessment: This involves identifying the water supply needs of the community,
including the quantity and quality of water required, as well as any specific needs or
preferences related to the source of water, treatment processes, and distribution system.
 Source selection: This involves identifying potential water sources for the community,
such as surface water (e.g., rivers, lakes), groundwater (e.g., wells, boreholes), or
rainwater harvesting systems.
 Treatment process selection: This involves identifying the appropriate treatment
processes for the water source, such as filtration, disinfection, or chemical treatment, to
ensure that the water is safe and meets the required quality standards.
 Distribution system design: This involves designing the distribution system that will
transport the treated water from the source to the community, including the location of
storage tanks, pumping stations, and pipelines.
 Cost estimation: This involves estimating the costs associated with the design,
construction, and operation of the water supply system, including capital costs,
maintenance costs, and operational costs.
 Implementation plan: This involves developing a plan for the implementation of the
water supply system, including timelines, budget, and resource allocation.

The Bambili community is the most populated community in Tubah sub division in, Mezam
division. This community is located along the BAMENDA /NDOP road in the North West region
of Cameroon.This project site is found at approximately 16 km from Commercial Avenue of
Bamenda. This location is shown on the map below.
Figure 1: Map of BambiliSource (www.google.cm/googlemaps) 25th June 2023 at 2:45 pm
CAMEROON TIME.

2.2 Economical description and development perspective of University of Bamenda

situation
The University of Bamenda is one among the eight State Universities of Cameroon. It was
created on the 29th of March 2009 by ministerial decree N° 000009/MINESUP/ by Pr. Jacques
Fame Ndongo minister of higher education. It has been officially presented on the 14th of
December 2010 by the President of the Republic during the manifestation of the fiftieth
anniversary of military forces. Initially it was constituted of two schools which were HTTC and
HTTTC. Seven years later, we have a total of six schools namely:
 Higher Teaching Training College (HTTC)
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (HTTTC)
 College of Technology (COLTECH)
 Higher Institute of Transport and Logistic (HITL)
 Higher Institute of Commerce and Management (HICM).
 Newly created National polytechnic Bamenda in the campus of the university
And six faculties namely:
 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences (FEMS)
  Faculty of Health Science (FHS).
 Faculty of Science.
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Law and Political Science
The above-mentioned schools and faculties have a population that is increasing and growing
bigger continuously; these faculties and schools leads to the creation and construction of
structures such as: offices, laboratories, classrooms, workshops etc. These structures which are
aim to contain people which consume water permanently. Water is essential to sustain life and an
adequate supply of good-quality drinking water should be available to consumers, which calls sit
to be drinkable that is: odorless, colorless and with no flavor. That will ensure them a quality
health; as some people use to say: ‘’ water is life’’. The human body is built up at 70% of water.
When it loses 2% it is thirst that occurs, but when it loses 8% we talk of dehydration; therefore,
supply in quality water for the University of Bamenda and its surrounding premises is a subject
that deserves to be handled with much care, precision , attention and above all with delicacy .It is
in this light that we as, those who stands for the goal of immerging Cameroon in 2035,
advocating for the supply of potable and drinkable water, as feature nation builders and pioneers
of education in our Country; with the driving force of obtaining DIPET 1 we have decided to do
all necessary studies during this quality project which will contribute for the betterment of our
University which is also called‘’ The University of the Future’’.

2.3 Demographical Situation of The University of Bamenda-Bambili

In our project to supply drinkable water to the Bambili community especially University and its
surrounding premises, we will take into consideration the following consumers:
Students: since its creation in 2010 the number of students of the University of Bamenda turns
around 19700. The table gives the exact number of students in the University of Bamenda
between 2015 and 2019.
Table 3: Number of students in University of Bamenda
Academic year 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018
Number of students 14289 17164 20624
 The workshop and the laboratory are estimated at 20 liters per day.
  Administrators: we can estimate the administrative staffs of the University of Bamenda
to 200 administrators. We associate to those administrators a standard consumption of
10 liters per administrator per day.
 Hostels: in these hostels, the students need a good quantity of water. We shall estimate
it at 50 liters per student per day
 Cleaning of classrooms: there many building and lecture rooms in the University of
Bamenda, for them to be clean it requires a lot of water. So for us to be able to estimate
this amount of water, we will estimate the number of worker employed for the cleaning
and associate the approximate consumption of 150L per agent per day.
2.4 Climatic Condition of Bambili
For the effective study of this project, we discover that Climate is one of the prime factors that is
affecting any project for the conception and/or realization. After some researches were carefully
made, which permitted us to understand that this community has an annual temperature ranging
from 22°c to 24°c with two seasons, the rainy and dry season:

 Rainy season that has eight months which is from March to November
 Dry season that lasts four months that is from November to February
The above-mentioned points proved to us that, this region or area has an annual rainfall ranging
between 2000mm and 3000mm. We also noticed that, this region experiences monsoon wind
mostly in the month of July. The tables below show the change of temperature and rainfall.

Table 4: Variation of rainfall.

April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

446. 300.6 244.7 221.1 205.6 133.5 122.1 15.8 0
1

96.9 171.3 253.1 363.5 308.5 325.6 259.5 22.4 37.9

211. 213.3 385.1 364.5 323.1 225.7 227.8 89.9 0

4

205. 206.7 213.6 260.4 388.5 387.8 124.1 120.5 0

6
 151 221.9 306.7 334.4 502.1 306.8 180.2 62.3 14.5

Source: meteorological station Bafut airport. ( 2022)

2.5 Conceptual review

Tanks; A water tank is a container for storing water. Water tank are the solution to the problem of
water supply and are used in a wide variety of fields. They have as a role to ensure the
regularization of the distribution. Located water is brought by gravitation or mechanically (using
a pump) in a basin of capitation, it rests, there is elutriated, gotten rid there of its bad germs,
before being taken again by the pumps and to send in the reserves for distribution also called city
tanks.

The need for a water tank, to provide storage of water to be use in many domains, drinking
water, fire suppression, and irrigation for agriculture, chemical manufacturing, plants and
livestock, and lastly for food preparation. The parameters of a Water tank include the general
design of the tank, the source at the intake, the store capacity of the tank, the bearing capacity of
the soil, choice of construction materials and the diameter of the pipes. The types of materials for
the construction of a water tank are: concrete, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),
plastics (polyethylene, polypropene), fiber glass, and stone. Water tanks are good and efficient
method to store and supply clean water to a define community.
2.5.1Types Of Water Storage Tanks
 Overhead water tank: They are generally placed over the top of a building or house. It
circulates the water through the distributor pipes to this tap.
 Underground water tank: It also has the same function. But the tank is placed under the
ground.
 Elevated water tank, also known as a water tower, will create a pressure at ground-level
outlet of 1 kpa per 10.2 cm or 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation. Thus, a tank elevated to 20
meters creates about 200 kpa and a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of
discharge pressure, sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements.
 A hydro-pneumatic tank: is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing
this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution
system.
  Loft tank: loft tank is generally made of in – house placement. Some of them are good
enough to deliver drinking water. They are light weighted and easy for relocation.

2.5.2 Design of tank

when designing a water tank or container, always ensure that the tank should do no harm to the
water. Water is susceptible to a number of ambient negative influences, including bacteria,
viruses, algae, changes in pH, and accumulation of minerals, accumulated gas. The
contamination can come from a variety of origin including piping, tank construction minerals,
animal and bird feces, mineral and gas intrusion. A correctly designed water tank works to
address and mitigate these negatives effects. However, over time you may find that a water tank
may corrode and even become infected. In the UK, a solution called Acothane is increasingly
becoming a popular choice to reline water tanks. Acothane, DW solvent, Free Polyurethane
Protective Coatings are the most effective corrosion and erosion resistant protective coatings for
the refurbishment of all types of water and liquid retaining structures manufactured from
Concrete, Steel, or Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP). With a history spanning over thirty years it is
a tried and tested protective coating for all liquid retaining structures.

2.5.3 Distribution system

Generally, in water supply there exist three types of distribution systems: system through gravity,
pumping and storage system and system with pumps only. In the case of the University campus,
we have adopted a system with pumping and storage and distribution through gravity as far as
the topography of the land offer us useful slopes. Moreover, from the fact that surface water is
used, the capture will be done at the highest level of the campus. It is situated in the highest
altitude of the realization site.
In order to ensure certain autonomy to the town, we propose ourselves to proceed as follows:
 Alimentation through pumping from the source
 Surface treatment (Inside the pipe)
 Alimentation of the network through gravity from the water tank
2.6 Empirical review on the Calculation of Daily Consumption
The norm of consumption by person permits the calculation general daily average water
consumption for the house hold and the need for water in a town in general.
Table 6: Norms of Calculating Daily Consumption
Number Structures and destinations Daily norms of consumption
 of water ( l/j) / person
1 Storey building with sanitary installation, 125-160

supply and drainage

2 Quarters with public taps 30-50
3 Villages of less 3000person < 30
After an investigation carried out inside the campus of the University of Bamendawe have been
able to gather the following data which concern the variation of the number of students in the
University of Bamenda

Table 7: Number of students in the University of Bamenda.

Academic year Number of students

2014 – 2015 14289
2015 – 2016 17164
2016 – 2017 20624
2017 – 2018 21991
Source: Record office of the University of Bamenda

The analysis of these data leads us in this particular case to apply an arithmetic progression
which is justified here by the continuous creation of many schools in the University of Bamenda.
We also noticed that from the academic year 2014-2015 to 2015-2016 we register an increase of
2875 students and from 2015-2016 to 2016-2017 an increase of 3460 students and from 2017/
2018 an increments of 1367 students therefore an average increase of 1926students per academic
year. In this project we have plan our installation to last for seventeen years (17) years (average
duration) and during that time we will have an increase of the number of students following an
arithmetic progression of ratio 1584, an increase of the number of administrators which is
proportional to the number of students and others. So, we will evaluate the population following
the formula:

P_(i+1)=P_o+ nr where{█(P_o is the population at the first year@n is the number of years@r is
the ratio ofgrowth)┤
According to the descriptions stated above, we can summarize the average daily consumption in
the following table:
Table 8: Growing of population in 2035
Consumers Actual number Estimate of the number in 17 years
Students Those who do not live 21991 52304
in the campus
Those living in the 0 1788
campus
Administrators 1061 2000
Maintenance agents for (cleaning 100 150
and maintenance of locals)
Total 21785 people 56242 people
2.6.1 Estimation of the daily consumption
According to the descriptions stated above, we can summarize the average daily consumption in
the following table:
Table 9: Daily consummation of the Community of Bambili
Consumers Actual Estimate of the Unit consumption Total
numbe number in 17 consumption
r years
Students Those who 20624 52304 10 l/ 523040 l/day
do not live individual/day
in the
campus
Those living 0 1788 45 l/ 80460 l/day
in the individual/day
campus
Administrators 1061 2000 10 l/individual/day 20000 l/day
Maintenance agents for 100 150 150l/individual/ 22500 l/day
(cleaning and day
maintenance of locals)
Total 21785 56242People / 646000 l/day
People
In 2035 the capacity of the tank would then be estimated to: Q2035= m*ΣQi M is the coefficient
of André DUPONT:

 Network well maintained: m = 1.2;

 Network averagely maintained: m = 1.25 à 1.35;
 Network poorly maintained: m >1.5.
Therefore, an average flow of Q2035= 1.3*646= 839.8 Q2035= 840 m3/D
So, the daily consummation of the University of Bamenda the year 2035 will be 840 m3 for each
day.
2.6.2 Water Source
In Cameroon as all over the World we distinguish two type of water which can be used as a water
source for a water supply project. In this light, we will study those types and choose the one
which will be used for our project. But during studies we discover that we have two kind water,
which are hard water and soft water.
Hardness: Water hardness is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. Total
hardness consists of temporary and permanent hardness. Temporary hardness is caused almost
entirely by the carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Temporary hardness is
precipitated by evaporation and boiling. Permanent hardness is caused almost entirely by the
calcium sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. Permanent hardness is not
precipitated by boiling. The hardness of waters, expressed in mg/l CaCO3 (calcium carbonate),
can be classified as shown below:
 Water Hardness (mg/l CaCO3)
 Soft up to 50
 Moderately soft 50 – 100
 Slightly hard 100 – 150
 Moderately hard 150 – 200
 Hard 200 – 300
 Very hard over 300
The drinking water quality regulations do not specify the standards for hardness, calcium or
magnesium. Water softening may be applied at water treatment.
Soft water; Soft water, this is water ready for the direct consumption to be supply to the
consumers for direct usage
2.6.3. The Different Water Sources
Surface water: In this locality and as elsewhere; surface water (rivers, ponds, storage of water) is
generally polluted by human sewage, castles, sheep’s and animals. Surface water is characterized
by their quality instability and quantity of microbes and impurities during the period of supply

 Streams and rivers: stream and rivers offer more reliable yield but may be susceptible to
pollution and may exhibit variable quality. The quality of a river and lake water depends on
their pollution by rain water and used water from town and enterprises or the risk and extend
of pollution depends on the catchment and the activities being undertaken on it.They are
generally drinkable and before distributing them, they should be subjected to a complete
treatment which is often costly (decantation, filtration, chlorination). Only big networks
situated at proximity of rivers or lakes can envisage using surface water, after they should
have passed through complex treatment stations, which are managed by specialized
companies in the domain
 Groundwater: Groundwater are lesser polluted, because they are filtrated by the soil. They
can then be distributed without filtration, with a simple chlorination. IN Cameroon, more
than 70% little localities are supplied by underground water, without treatment station
(simpler exploitation). It is the quality necessary to be used, that directs the choice of
resource of water to be used. This project concerns specially the water destined to the human
consumption that is why it insist particularly on the exploitation of resources in underground
water. and supply pipes, to step up the lives of human beings.
 Boreholes and well: There are dug on the ground in a vertically form, there are preferred
when the water table is suitable far below the earth through hard layers. They can be done for
pressure catchment or none and their diameter must be small. Wells and boreholes– normally
a properly designed and constructed borehole will be able to supply water sufficient for at
least a single household.
 Springs: where the water table intersects the surface, a spring line is formed; the presence of
fissuring can determine the quantity of water available from a spring depends on its sources.
Studies have proven that small and medium agglomerations are supply by groundwater and
large communities by surface water, while sea water sources are used for industries. Apart
from that case (locality of sufficient size to justify the management by a specialized
company), it is recommended to use only surface water for the human supply as last
 possibility if no other solution is conceivable. In these project credit will be given to a stream
collection due to it constant flow and high quantity as demanded by it increasing population.
2.6.4. Type of collection of water

Immediately the source of water has been localized, we should decide on the collection structure
that will allow it to reach consumers. For surface water, it will be a barrage or a water intake in
the stream or river. Our method for collecting the source will consist in using a galvanized pipe
system, which will enable us to drive water back towards the cover with a certain flow rate. The
supply of water is a set of installation linked between them with an aim to satisfy the exigencies
water for different consumers. The different installation that makes up a system of water supply
are:
 Catchment installation.
 Pumping station first degree.
 Treatment stations.
 Installation of filtrations and treatment.
 The section pipes and passage that assure the transport right to the consumption point.
 The reservoir (water tower) for regulation, accumulation and distribution of drinkable water
to consumers.
According to the above-mentioned information, the choice of water collection structure will
depend on the following four main objectives:
 The level of service required,
 The quality of water demand.
 The nature of the final structure envisaged,
 The use of the collected water.
2.7 Study Of Catchment.
The amount of water flowing in a stream or river, the shape of the channel, the chemical
composition of its water, and its ability to support life are determined by its catchment and what
is happening there. A stream is only as healthy as its surrounding catchment.
A catchment: is a basin shaped area of land, bounded by natural features such as hills or
mountain from which subsurface and surface water flow into stream, rivers and wet lands. Large
catchments are often made up of a number of smaller sub catchments.
 Drainage network: The system of stream which transports water, sediment and other
material from catchment is called drainage network. A catchment catches water which
falls to earth as precipitation(rainfall), and the drainage network channels the water from
throughout the catchment to a common outlet
 Tributaries: They are small feeder streams that empty into larger streams or rivers. The
catchments of the tributaries are referred to as sub-catchments. Large catchments are
often made up of a number of smaller sub-catchments.
 Upper catchment- the headwater: Stream begins their journey to the sea in the upper
reaches of the catchment. Some may appear briefly, flowing only during periods of
intense rainfall. Some are intermittent, flowing during the wet seasons of the year. Others
are more permanent, having year- round flow.
 Middle catchment: In the middle reaches of the catchment some tributaries have entered
the stream and added to the flow. The land is generally flatter, and the flow of the stream
is slower. They are frequent shallow area of faster moving water called riffles, where
rocks break the surface and deeper areas of water called pools. The bottom substrate is
composed of mostly gravel and cobble. The channel has widened into a U shape and you
can usually detect a flood plain- a flat area beside the stream bank. The stream regularly
overflows onto this area, slows, and dumps its load of sediment. The steam flows across
the flood plain in curves or meanders. Usually there is a combination of erosion on the
outside edge of bends, where the water flow is more rapid, and sediment in areas where
the water flow is slower.
 Lower catchment: Moving downstream towards the streams mouth, more tributaries
have entered and added more flow. The wide, deeper channel meanders through a flat
flood plain and broad valley. The stream travels very slowly and deposits the large
quantities of sediment it has been carrying from further upstream.
 Stream order: Stream are often classified by size. Within any catchment the smallest
stream that have year-round flow and no tributaries are called first order streams. When
two first order streams meet, they forma second order stream. A third order stream is
formed when two second streams join, and so on. Stream order only changes when two
streams with the same classification meet. For example, when a first order stream meets a
second order stream the resulting stream remains a second order stream.
 Figure 3: Source: (From lecture notes unpublished)

However, two critical aspects about the cycle are often overlooked: the tiny amount of the water
that is usable (within streams, rivers and lakes), and the rate at which water travels around the
cycle

Figure 4:,Source: (From lecture notes unpublished)

On all the water on the earth, 97.2 percent is sea water. Of the remaining (fresh) water, 2.24
percent is trapped in ice caps. Ground water account for 0.61 percent and lakes for just 0.009
percent. The atmosphere holds about 0.001 percent. All this means that the amount of water
flowing water in streams and river at any one time is an almost negligible 0.0001 percent.
ALLAN (1995)
The rate of movement of water through the cycle can be altered dramatically through changes we
make to the land surface. Vegetation and wetlands act like sponges to slow and absorb water
during wet times of the year.
When we replace vegetation and wetlands with impervious surfaces (roads, paving, parking,
areas, rooftops, etc.), less water infiltrates in to the ground and more water flows directly into
streams through drainage pipes. The increased runoff may cause a variety of problems, including
flooding, stream bank erosion, sedimentation and pollution.

The problems created by paved surfaces are made worse at dry times of the year. Because
infiltration is slowed, there is less buildup of ground water. The sponge becomes dry. Without the
return of ground water, many streams simply dry up during the periods of low rainfall. By
reducing the amount of water, a catchment can hold, you end up having too much when it rains
and enough when it doesn’t. The balance of the cycle may be further disrupted when we take
water for domestic. Agricultural or energy needs. Dams, taking water from streams and rivers
and pumping ground water from wells all affect the amount, and quality, of water within our
waterways. While human uses of land and water have changed the quantity and timing of water
cycling through catchments, they have also affected the quality of water resources.

Figure 5: Source: (From lecture notes unpublished)

As you investigate your catchment you will discover information about its natural and cultural
resources, history, its use (and abuse) by people and wildlife, and about the health of its waters.
Getting to know your catchment is an important first step in your stream sense program.
Investigating it will enhance your sense of connection to the catchment and its watercourses.
Everything that happens in the catchment affects the stream in some way. A catchment inventory
will give you some clues as to what is happening on the land that surrounds and drains into your
stream and how the various activities might be affecting it. It will help you better design your
stream monitoring objectives.

 Investigating your catchment is in three parts:

 First, identify the boundaries of your catchment and make a working (base) map.
 Then gather all the available information you can about your catchment
 Next, get out and conduct a field assessment of your catchment.
If you choose to work on larger stream or river system you may want to focus on the sub-
catchment that is in your neighborhood. You may be able to combine your research and findings
with other groups working upstream and downstream to create a more comprehensive picture of
the total catchment.

 Catchment map: There are many choices of maps that may be useful to you. The most
important tool to start with is the topographical map. Topo maps can be used to determine
catchment boundaries. The most detailed topo maps from Terralink have a scale 1:50000
(2 centimeters on the map equals one kilometer on the ground).Terralinktopo maps
convey some basic information on land surface features, such as elevation, location of
water features, transport routes, vegetation, and some land uses. Topo map code numbers
and grid references are commonly used in reports to describe locations within the
catchment.
 Implementation of water catchment: Water quality and health, human activities in the
catchment area of a village water supply can lead to water pollution and negatively
impact public health. Water catchment protection is therefore also important in securing
clean and safe drinking water. Prevention of pollution is essential and a regular sanitary
inspection, to detect any sources of contamination, will help in securing good quality
drinking water year-round. Water catchment protection can save money through lower
costs for medication for water borne diseases and less sickness in the working population.
The following activities are carried out:
  Catchment area layout: The catchment area can contain several protective measures as is
shown in the figures below

Figure 6: catchment layout Source: (From lecture notes unpublished)

 Tree nurseries: Trees are needed for the life fences but also within the catchment area to provide
soil cover and retain water. The plants and trees to be planted in a catchment area can be pre-
grown in a tree nursery. Ideally, the tree nursery is closed to or even inside the catchment area.
This will ensure that the trees are used to the local environment and there are no transportation
costs for the trees at the time of planting. Trees nurseries should be well protected from fire and
grazing by fencing and fire tracing. Fruiting trees or Prunus Africana can be planted to provide
extra income to the community.
 Fences around these areas, but stay inside the land pillars. Trees should be planted in two rows,
inside the barbed wire, on earth ridges 50 cm high. The two earth ridges should be placed 1
meter apart. Plants should be well adapted to the environment
 Gutters: Storm water can enter the catchment and silt up the water intake. Therefore, gutters
should be dug on eroding slopes leading into the catchment. Gutters should be 100 cm deep and
50 cm wide and dug outside the life fencing but inside the land pillars. Gutters also prevent
cattle from eating the life fencing and entering the catchment.
 Vetiver rows: Vetiver grass has very good soil stabilization characteristics and can be used in
addition to storm water gutters to prevent surface water runoff and soil erosion. Vetiver is
usually densely planted in two rows perpendicular to the flow of water along the slope where
water flows are expected.

2.8 Choice of type of catchment and place of installation.

Surface water catchment must guarantee constant quantity of water besides which primary
mechanical treatment of water must be done, guide against introduction of Poisson, and solid
materials. most often, the installation of catchment is directly association with first degree
pumping station. Conscious of this, there exist several types of catchment installation: Border
River catchment, submerge, floating, infiltration etc.
The installation of the catchment must be in a way that intensive deposits of materials are
avoided and erosion of stream.
 The border spring catchment: Are catchment constructed at the edge of the spring in a
circular manner and deep respecting the conditions of water catchment. The catching
element is located on wall of the installation. They are equipped with grillage for crude
primary treatment. Studies shows that, the compressor are placed at the lowest water
level in the stream
 Submerge installation: This is when water is caught distance away from the stream border
and when seasonal variation can cause flood. Suction pipes are replaced most often for
efficient because of very long distance and pipes to the pumping station. They are
replaced at a greater distance by gravitational pipes or pumping station is brought nearer.
These terminals are known as catchment heads.
2.8.1. Catchment heads.
Generally speaking, we have three main types ‘of catchment heads which are:
 Submerge.
 Submerge by flood tide
 Unsubmerged.
When a tube is placed in the stream, the catchment must be directed upward or placed to a
gradient to guide accidents. Alternatively, the tubes are placed on support and the intake{mouth}
can be vertical.
2.9 Pumping system
2.9.1 Terminology and definitions

Figure 7: Head terms used in pumping

 Pipe Friction: Head loss due to friction of the water as it moves along the pipes, fittings,
elbows, valves and suction entrance.
 Static Head: The difference in elevation between suction level and discharge level. Refer
to Figure 3
 Total Dynamic Head (TDH): the TDH is the sum of static head, pipe friction and
velocity head at the point of discharge.
 Velocity Head: Changes in kinetic energy of water from source to discharge point.
Velocity head is calculated from the law of conservation of energy which states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transform from one form to another
that is;
 Potential energy pe mgh and
 Kinetic energy ke= 〖 mv 〗 ^2/2From the law of conservation of energy,ke=pe i.e. mgh =
〖mv〗^2/2
h=v^2/2g
Where h=velocity head in meter
V=velocity of water in m/s
g is gravitational acceleration g =9.8 m/s 2
 Water Horsepower (Output Horsepower): the energy transferred by a pump to the water.
 WHP= Q THD/75
 Where Q = pump discharge in letter/second (l/s)
TDH= total dynamic head in meter (m)
 Brake Horsepower (BHP or Input Horsepower): is the energy transferred to the prime mover
of a pump. The BHP will always be larger than the WHP due to losses caused by friction,
impeller slippages, etc. BHP is expressed as:

Where Q=pump discharge in l/s

TDH= total dynamic head in m
e=pump efficiency
2.9.2 Types of pumps
Generally, there are two types of water pumps in water supply but different in design and
application, however no matter their design they have the same purpose, which is to move water
from one point to another. These are the centrifugal and positive displacement.

 Centrifugal Pump Designs: Centrifugal pumps (Figure 10) raise liquids by centrifugal forces
created by a wheel called an impeller, rotating within a pump case. Water enters at the center
of the impeller and as the impeller rotates, water in the pump is forced out by centrifugal
force. This causes a vacuum condition at the center of the impeller which provides the
necessary force to move or lift the water. Water is continuously drawn toward the vacuum
and at the same time is being discharged by the centrifugal force of the impeller, thereby
producing a smooth and continuous flow of water.
 Figure 10: Centrifugal pump
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps are either reciprocating or rotary types. A positive displacement
pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it then forcing (displacing) that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
A positive displacement pump must not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side
of the pump because it has no shut-off head like centrifugal pumps.
Operated against a closed discharge valve, a positive displacement pump will continue to
produce flow and build up pressure until the line bursts or the pump is severely damaged or both.
A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore
necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external.
The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. An
external relief valve installed in the discharge line with a return line back to the suction line or
supply tank is recommended.
Positive displacement pumps can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move
the fluid.

 Reciprocating Pumps
 Rotary Pumps
2.9.3 Pump installation
 Pumps Connected in Series:When one pump is connected behind the other, the
installation is called a series connection. A series connection will yield discharge
equivalent to one pump, but the head is approximately equal to the sum of the individual
heads of the pumps in the system.
 Pumps connected in Parallel: When pumps are connected beside one another, the pump
connection is called a parallel system. Both of the pumps will be giving the same pressure
as both will be working against the same external head. But the total quantity discharge
(Q) will be the sum of their separate discharges

2.9.4 Energy source

Electric, gasoline or diesel engines are commonly used as power sources for pumps. The electric
motor is however the most favored prime mover because of its reliability, relatively lower power
cost, and environmental considerations like cleanliness, relatively lower noise, and lower
pollutant emissions. Electric motors, however, should be protected by heat sensors installed in
the windings during manufacture. These sensors will shut the motor off in case of low voltage or
change in phase before damage can be done.

2.10 Drinking Water Treatment

Public water systems (PWSs) come in all shape and sizes, and no two are exactly the same. They
may be publicly and privately owned and maintained. While their design may vary, they all share
the same goal.
GOAL: providing safe, reliable portable water to the communities they serve, as well as to setup
the living standard of human being. To do this, most water system must treat their water. The
type of treatment provided by a specific PWS vary depending on the size of the system, whether
they use ground water or surface water, and the quality of the source water.
All public water system must have at least 15 services connections or serve at least 25 peoples
per day for 60 days of the year. Drinking water standards apply to the water systems differently
based on their types and size.

2.10.1 Tapping a source of water

Large scale water supply systems tend to rely on surface water sources, while smaller systems
tend to rely on ground water. Around 32 percent of the populations served by the community
water systems drink water that originates as ground water. Ground water is usually pumped from
wells ranging from shallow to deep (50 to 1000 feet). The remaining 68 percent of the population
served by CWSs receive water taken primarily from surface water source like rivers, lakes and
reservoirs.

2.10.2 Treating raw water

The amount and type of treatment applied by a PWS varies with the source type and quality.
Many ground water systems can satisfy all federal requirements without applying any treatment,
while others need to add chlorine or additional treatment. Any nation is developing a ground
water rule that will specify the appropriate use of disinfection and will address other components
of ground water system to assure public health protection. Because surface water systems are
exposed to direct wet weather runoff and to the atmosphere and are therefore more easily
contaminated, federal and state regulations require that these systems treat their water.
Disinfection of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 20th century.
However, the disinfectants themselves can rely with naturally occurring materials in the water to
form unintended by-products which may pose health risks. A major challenge for water suppliers
is balancing the risks from microbial pathogens and disinfections by-products. The stage
disinfectants and disinfection by-products rule and the interim enhanced surface water treatment
rule together address this risks. Water suppliers use a variety of treatment processes to remove
contaminants from drinking water. These individual processes may be arranged in a “treatment
train” (a series of processes applied in the sequence). The most commonly used processes
include filtration, flocculation and sedimentation, and disinfection for surface water. Some
treatment trains also include ion exchange and adsorption. Water utilities select a combination of
treatment processes most appropriate to treat the contaminants found in the raw water used by
the system.
2.11 Types Of Treatment
 Flocculation/sedimentation: flocculation refers to water treatment processes that
combine or coagulate small particles into large particles, which settle out of the water as
sediment. Alum and iron salts or synthetic organic polymers (used alone or in
combination with metal salts) are generally used to promote coagulation. Setting or
sedimentation occurs naturally as flocculated particles settle out of the water.
 Filtration: many water treatment facilities use filtration to remove all particles from the
water. Those particles include clays and silts, natural organic matter, precipitates from
other treatment processes in the facility, iron and manganese and microorganisms.
Filtration clarifies water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.
 Ion exchange: ion exchange processes are used to remove inorganic contaminants if they
cannot be removed adequately by filtration or sedimentation. Ion exchange can be used to
treat hard water. It can also be used remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates,
radium, and uranium.
 Absorption: organic contaminants, unwanted coloring, and taste-and-odor-causing
compounds can stick to the surface or granular or powder activated carbon and thus
removed from the drinking water.
 Disinfection (chlorination/ozonation): water is often disinfected before it enters the
distribution system to ensure that potentially dangerous microbes are killed. Chlorine,
chloramines, or chlorine dioxide are most often used because they are very effective
disinfectants, not only at the treatment plant but also in the pipe that distribute water to
 our homes and businesses. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant, and ultraviolet radiation is
an effective disinfectant and treatment for relatively clean source waters, but neither of
these are effective in controlling biological contaminant in the distribution pipe.
 Monitoring water quality: water system monitors for a wide variety of contaminants to
verify that the water they provide to the public meets all federal and states standards.
Currently the nation’s community water systems (CWSs) and non-transient non-
community water systems (NTNCWSs) must monitor for more than 83 contaminants.
The major classes of contaminants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic
organic compounds (SOCs), inorganic compounds (IOCs), radionuclides, and microbial
organisms (including bacteria). Testing for these contaminants takes place on varying
schedule and at different locations throughout the water system. Transient non-
community water system may monitor less frequently and for fewer contaminants than
CWSs. Because these types of systems serve an ever-changing population, it is most
important for them to monitor for contaminants such as micro biological and nitrate that
can cause immediate, acute public health effect. Water systems also monitor for a number
of contaminants that are currently not regulated. These monitoring data provide the basis
for identifying contaminants to be regulated in the future.
 Distribution to customers: an underground network of pipe typically delivers drinking
water to the homes and businesses served by the water system. Small systems serving just
a handful of households may be relatively simple large metropolitan water system can be
extremely complex, sometimes with thousands of miles of piping serving millions of
people. Although water may be safe when leaving the water treatment plant, it is
important to insure that this water does not become contaminated in the distribution
system because of such things as water main breaks, pressure problems, or growth of
microorganisms. Much of the existing drinking water infrastructure was built many years
ago.

2.12 Reservoir
A reservoir (from French reservoir) is a storage space for liquid, this fluid may be water,
hydrocarbon or gas. In other word is a manmade lake or large freshwater body of water. Many
people think of a reservoir as a lake and might even use the words interchangeably. However, the
key difference is that reservoir is artificial and made by humans, while reservoir is naturally
occurring bodies of water. Reservoirs are greater because they provide a supply of water, We
distinguish three types of reservoirs: valley dammed reservoir, banks side reservoir, and service
reservoir.
 Valley reservoir: there created in valley between mountain usually, there is an existing
lake of body of water. the mountain sides are as walls of the reservoir to hold the water.
 Bank side reservoir: there are reservoir that are made by diverting water from local river
, or stream on an existing reservoir . Although this can be applied to many different
geographical, areas, unlike the valley, diverting water from a river can create problems.
 Service reservoir: there are manmade, they are usually stored in concrete basin above
and below ground, for example large water tower. This tower act as a service reservoir
that will be applicable for our project.

2.12.1 Study of the reservoir (water tank)

As early mentioned above; the reservoir allows to store water in periods of low consumption, and
to distribute it firstly in the network during peak period. When it is put in altitude (on a hill-not
too expensive or construction of a water tank – much more expensive), it permits to send water
with much pressure in the pipes, which permits it to go further.

These reservoirs can be built in free air or in the contrary in low walls of a covering in dome or
in flat slab. The reservoirs can be simple or complex and formed of many cells superimposed.
The Shape in plan can be any. Meanwhile, most of times, small reservoirs are made square or
rectangular, but the circular shape is less costly. And when the execution means permit, one
sometime realizes reservoirs of truncated shape and truncated on the base and cylindrical on top
at the place of cylindrical reservoirs of great volume.
They can be realized according to the case, in brickwork or steel for small capacities; but
nowadays, most of reservoirs are realized in reinforced concrete or pre-stressed concrete.

2.12.2 Place of the reservoir in the network

Reservoirs are present everywhere in the supply networks (and of sanitation). They constitute
the storage organs, and regulator of pressure and of flow between the production system and the
consumption system. They permit to store water when the consumption is inferior to the
production. In rural milieu or for small towns, with an installation correctly conceived, the
capacity of reservoirs oscillates around the average daily volume of water consumed. But with
the increase of number of consumers, the ratio between the capacity and the average daily
volume reduces notably.

2.12.3 Which material and which volume for the reservoir

A reservoir should be dimensioned at least to be sufficient to meet the consumption needs of the
actual population to serve. But it is preferable to give it a bigger volume to take into
consideration the increase of the population in the years to come.
As much as we look further for the dimensioning, a greater volume will be required and the
investment cost will be important. Then in order to solve problems of water in our campus, we
have proposed an investment with average duration of seventeen (17) years.
In the same manner, the cost will be different if the reservoir is made of steel or concrete.
Table 10: Advantages and inconvenient of steel and concrete for the reservoir
Steel reservoir Concrete reservoir
Investment cost Low High
Maintenance Expensive (brushing of the tank, treatment Negligible
against rust renewal of the internal and (sanitary cleaning)
external paint)

Duration approximately 30 years More than 50 years

After this comparative study of the various types of water tank existing in terms of shape,
material of construction the most appropriate choice for our project is the concrete reservoir.
2.13 Distribution network
2.13.1 Mode of water distribution
There are two modes of distribution
 Charge distribution: A distribution is known as charges when water is obtained using a
pump.
 Gravitating distribution: A distribution is known as gravitating when the water which is
supply to the subscribers runs out by its own weight starting from a tank located at the
highest point.
2.13.2 Castles
 Castles: The two castles placed at Up Quarter and Down Quarter are such as they
represent the points more culminating that mean the highest points.
  Sources: Being given that the source must be in a place of low altitude, which is
appropriate for our project of supply drinking water of Bambili, in addition the water of
this source is drinkable.
 Cover storage: From an economic point of view, it is necessary to place the cover of
storage close to the source of collecting to allow easy storage and in great quantity of
water.

2.13.3 The three (03) public taps

 First public tap: The first will be placed towards the head of quarter some meter away
from the small river, which limits the IRAD, and Agri School thus it will be able to
supply the population of this zone.
 Second public tap: This one will be placed at Up Quarter towards Abeti Street to serve
the primary school, the University of Bamenda, the school of agriculture the population
bordering as well as another person.
 Third public tap: It is placed at down quarter located just beneath the university and to
supply the bordering population.
Indication of the dimensions necessary
 Section of up quarter to the head of quarter = 1345m
 Section of the cover at the primary school = 435m.
 Section of down quarter to the cover = 410m.

2.13.4 Description of the distribution in the university

Studies shows that our system will distribute supply by a gravity system functioning due gravity.
Gravity is a force which attracts all objects on the earth surface, due to the attraction exerted by
the planet’s mass. It is thus by gravity that the water stored in tanks goes down by its own weight
inside the pipes and run out from the taps. But this system works only if the pipes and taps are at
a lower level than the water level at the starting point.
To illustrate this fact, let’s consider the example of the drawing of figure 9
 Tap 1: water does not run out because the tap is on a higher level than the water level in
the tank.
 Tap 2: water runs out from the tap but with low pressure (i.e., low power) because the
tap is close to water level in tank.
  Tap 3: water does not run out because part of the pipes is found in the top of water level
in the tank.
 Tap 4: water runs out from the tap with a good pressure.

Figure 9: Illustration of the gravity force

But from all the points stated above, it become mandatory to install the taps alongside with a
drainage system, to ensure good sanitary condition.

Figure 10: Diagram of A Drainage Installation

2.13.5. Distribution network

There are basically two main layouts of a distribution network:
 Looped (or “grid”) configuration
 Branched configuration
 Looped System: A distribution network is looped when there are only few or no pipe dead-
ends, such that water can move through the system freely. The advantages of a looped system
are:
 The lower water velocities in the main reduce head losses, resulting in greater
capacity.
 Main breaks can be isolated, minimizing service interruptions to consumers.
  Usually, better chlorine residual content is achieved.
The disadvantage is generally more costs because of the need for more pipes to create the

 Branched System: Also referred to as a Dead-end System, the size of the main line in this
distribution system decreases as its distance from the source increases, in consideration that
the further pipes have to carry less water. The design of a branched system is generally
straight forward, where the direction of water flow in all pipes and the flow rate can be
readily determined. Figure 5 illustrates a branched or dead-end system.
The main advantage of a branched system is that it is low in cost of realization.
The disadvantages are:
 A main break will cause all downstream consumers to be out of service.
 It results in poor chlorine residuals and aging of water in low demand areas.
 During high demands, the velocities are faster, hence head losses are higher.
2.13.6 Dimensioning of the works
A major transmission design consideration is to ensure that if any section of the distribution main
fails or needs repair, that section can be isolated without disrupting service to all or a great
number of users in the network. Figure 12.2 [B] illustrates the looped system.
Looped network system

Figure 11: Mesh network

 Figure 12:

 
 CHAPTER THREE; METHOD AND MATERIALS
3.1 Material
There are three main types of water distribution pipe:

 Galvanize Iron. (GI) Pipes

 PolyvinylChlorite (PVC) Pipes
 Polyethylene (PE) Pipes
Their characteristics are shown in the table 11 below
Table11: Characteristics of Different Pipe Materials

3.1.1 Choice of material

The pipe uses well be in Galvanize Iron (GI) Pipe because it has a burst strength and good
internal to corrosion and cannot be attacked by the micro-organism from soil. In addition
Galvanize pipes and fittings are available almost everywhere, and are usually not too expensive,
so the community can maintain their infrastructure easily and improve on quantity and quality
supply of water .
Factors Affect the Selection Pipeline Materials

 Flow Characteristics: The friction head loss is dependent on the flow characteristics of
pipes. Friction loss is a power loss and thus may affect the operating costs of the system
if a pump is used.
  Pipe Strength: make choice of pipes with good working pressure and bursting pressure
rating adequate to meet the operating conditions of the system. Standard water pipes are
satisfactory usually only in low pressure in water supply systems.
 Durability: make a good choice of pipe with good life expectancy base on operating
conditions and the soil type found in place. It should have an expected life of 20 years or
more.
 Cost of Pipes: Aside from the initial cost of pipes, the cost of installation should be
considered. This is affected by the type of joint (such as screwed, solvent weld, slip joint,
etc.), weight of pipe (for ease of handling), depth of bury required, and width of trench
and depth of cover required.
 Availability: Select locally manufactured and/or fabricated pipes whenever available.
 Type of Soil: Select the type of pipe that is suited to the type of soil in the area under
consideration. For instance, acidic soil can easily corrode GI pipes and very rocky soil
can damage plastic pipes unless they are properly bedded in sand or other type of
material.

3.1.2 Transmission apparatus and distribution tools

a. Valves: To have a good transmission and water supply network to function well, certain
number of valves must be installed on the network. These valves are installed in the network to
play various role to ensure good installation network, from studies and research we have two
main types of valves:
 The control valves.
 The open/close gate valves type
A) The control valves
The valves should always be located in valve boxes which, while protecting them can be easily
accessible.
 Adjustable stock cock valve; These control valves give the possibility to regulate the
flow by adjusting their maximum opening. Their use is necessary when the spring flow is
higher than the desired flow in pipe: we prevent that a more important flow than the one
required enter in the pipe, which could lead to formation of air plug.
 Regulator valves ;To ensure and guarantee the good network installation operation, it is
obligatory to respect the flows established during the dimensioning of the network. For
 that, control valves should be installed at the entry of each tap stand, storage tank and
brake pressure tank.
B) The open/close valves type
Open/close valves type should be installed to isolate the various sections of the network from
each other. Their installation gives the possibility to stop the supply in certain zones in case of
leak or maintenance work. These valves must be installed at each important junction.
In the same way, open/close wash-out valves are installed on all the storage tanks, brake pressure
tank, header tank and lower points of the network.
These valves remain most of the time opened or closed according to their role: the valves whose
purpose is to isolate a part of the network in case of maintenance remains normally open, while
wash-out valve remains normally closed
Fittings
Fittings are installed in the pipelines for the following purposes:
 To connect the same type and size of pipe:
 Union: Unions are provided in the pipeline for ease of repair. Unions are usually installed
at 60-meter intervals on straight pipelines.
 Coupling: Used in jointing 2 pipes of the same diameter. It is cheaper than unions.
 To connect two pipes of different sizes:
 Reducers are applicable when there is a reduction in pipe size and include bushings and
elbows for galvanized iron pipes. Also available are reducingelbows, tees and crosses.
 Elbow: To change flow direction.
 To stop the flow.
 These are the caps, plugs and blind flanges.
 Tee: To divide the flow into two.
 Cross: To divide the flow into three.
3.2 Geotechnical Study
For the calculation of the structure, we have gone on the site in order to appreciate the quality of
the soil and the topography. Data used on this section are those provided to us by the director of
infrastructures of the University of Bamenda and technical department of the Tubah council in
charge of construction which has made the geotechnical study on the same site for the course of
another project. The collecting of water must be done starting from a source having a high flow.
The various manners of obtaining water are stream or River intake, the spring intake and
underground waters. But for our study, Bambili will be supply from a stream with a flow of (Q)
= 1liters in 1.086 second as shown below

Figure 2: Source: around fish point below IRAD (Studying of The Water Source)
In our approach, we retain that:
 technical rules of calculation of foundations of civil engineering structures (fascicule
n°62-titre V of CCTG).
 The soil is considered as a rubbing soil, non-coherent and without overloading.
 The stress distribution under the footing is uniform:
 The calculation of stress qu is given by the equation:

[ ]
π φ
cos ⁡( − )
Qu B 4 2 π φ
qu= =γ Kp −tan ( + ) .
Bx 1 4 π φ 4 2
cos 2 ⁡( + )
4 2

[ ]
π φ
cos ⁡( − )
Qu B 4 2 π φ
qu= =γ Kp −tan ( + ) .
Bx 1 4 π φ 4 2
cos 2 ⁡( + )
4 2

[ ]
π φ
cos ⁡( − )
Qu B 4 2 π φ
qu= =γ Kp −tan ( + ) .With
Bx 1 4 π φ 4 2
cos 2 ⁡( + )
4 2
.With
γ: volumes weight of floor under base slab; we will take γ=18KN/m3 ;
φ: friction Angle of floor under the base slab; we will take φ=35°.
The value of kp is fixed based on the nature of the soil, of the depth of relative embedding: De/B
and of the ratio of the width B to the length L of the foundation.
Normally the values of kp come from tests on the construction and in centrifuged models. These
tests are as a result of the different types of soil sample that exist, which are (gravel, sand, silt,
clay and chalk).
The rupture criterion qu adopted by the fasc.62-titre V corresponds to a sinking of 10% of the
width of the footing for a load maintained during 30 minutes. The value of kp has been
calculated with respect to the tests to the pressure meter and the static penetrometer. Here we
only treat with the pressure method, the penetrometer method being similar (cf. fasc.62-titreV).

Table : the value of Kp.

TYPE OF SOIL EXPRESSION OF Kp

Clay and silt A, chalk A
[
0.8 1+0.25( 0.6+0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Clay and silt B
[
0.8 1+0.35( 0.6+0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Clay C
[
0.8 1+0.5 (0.6+0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Sand A
[1+ 0.35(0.6+ 0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Sand and aggregates B
[ 1+ 0.5(0.6+ 0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Sand and aggregates C
[ 1+ 0.8(0.6+ 0.4
B De
)
L B ]
ChalkB and C
[
1.13 1+0.27( 0.6+0.4
B De
)
L B ]
Values of the carrying capacity coefficient k.

De which is the mechanic embedding height, this parameter is aimed at taking into consideration
the fact that the mechanical characteristics of the soils above, at the base of the footing and are
generally lower than those of the foundation floor for both the reservoir to be install in campus
and the catchment. For rubbing floors (sand, volcanic ash, gravel…), it is demonstrated and
proven that the ratio De/B ranges between 0 and 0.50.
The coefficients KP is given in the base data in CaquotKérisel-Absi tables and depends on the
type of soil see the following table:
Table : Caquot Kérisel-Absi tables
CLASS OF SOIL DESCRIPTION PRESSURE METER P1(MPa)
A Soft clay and silt <0,7
clay, silt B Tough Soft clay and silt 1,2 - 2,0
C Clay very tough to hard >2.5
A Loose <0.5
sand, aggregates B Averagely compacts 1.0-2.0
C Compacts >2.5
A Soft <0.7
chalk
B Altered 1.0-2.5
C Compact >3,0
marl marly- A Soft 1.5-4
limestone C Compacts >4,5
We retain a value of Kp =1.2 Therefore, our qu= 0.075 MPa
This is due to calculation constraint However; we have the following recommendations:
 A special treatment of bottom of excavation will be realized; after the removal of vegetal
soil from the place of position of reservoir in campus and catchment point beside the
stream, the excavations will be realized up to a depth of 1.20 m;
 The planned depth of anchorage is:P_f=0.60meters.
In a recapitulative manner we take a capacity of qu= 0.075 MPa; a friction angle of ϕ= 35° and a
density of Ɣ= 1.5 bar
3.3 Dimensioning of the pumping system of the surrounding premises
The output being of:η = (Pd / Pa), with:Pd = useful output and Pa = absorPm0ive power
Calculation of the developed power
Pd=ρ.HMT=.Q 0.92×150×10 -3 ×103 = 138 Watt with total Htm = head;
ρ = density of water;Q = water flow
A number of pipes
Envisaging galvanize pipes of 12m, we can determine the number of pipes:
N = (3414/12) =285 pipes
Calculation of the number of agglomerates of the house of the valves (see appendix)
Total surface of the wall =31.80 X 2.7 = 85.86 m2
It is known that 1 m2 corresponds to 11 blocks
Thus, the total number of blocks is thus:
N = 11 X 85.86 = 944.46 N = 945 blocks

3.3.1 Dimensioning of the works (cover, retaining wall, raft foundation, pillar and beam, footing)

Distributed loads

D = 2.82m E = 0.08m ¥ B (density of the concrete) = 25kN/m3 Fe = 400Mpa

Fc28 = 20 Mpa ¥ S = 1.15 ¥ B = 1.5 B = 1m d=0.9 E = 0.072M
Dead loads(G)
G = D2 / 4*e*¥
G = (3.14*2.822)/4*0.08*25000 = 12485.268 N G = 12485.268 N
Live loads(Q)
Q = live loads m2
Q = D2 / Q Q = 40*3.14*2.822 Q = 9988.2N
Ultimate weight
Pu = 1.35G+1.5Q Pu = 1.35*12485 + 1.5*9988.2
Pu = 31837.41 N
- Weight of service
Pser = G+Q
Pser = 12485 + 9988.2
Pser = 22473.468 N
Determination of the section of reinforcement tended to the ultimate limit state: BAEL 91
- Ultimate Moment
u = 11222.68 N.m
 Mechanical diagram
Calculation of the constraint of calculation of the concrete in an ultimate state
Fbu = 0.85fc28 / γ B = 0.85*25/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
Calculation of the reduced ultimate moment (μbu) μbu= Mu/bd2→μbu = 11222.68/1*0.0722 *
11.33*106 = 0.19 μbu = 0.19
Calculation of the position of the neutral axis in an ultimate state (au)
au= 1.25 (1 –μbu)

au= 1.25 (1-0.19)

au= 0.267
Calculation dePm0h of the neutral axis (yu)
yu = with D = 0.072*0.267 = 0.01922 m yu = 0.01922m
Determination of the position of the neutral axis criticizes (nac)
ac= (γ-1)/2 + fc28/100 = (1.42-1)/2+ 20/100 = 0.41 with γ = Mu/Mser = 11222.68/7921.897
Determination of the reduced moment criticizes (ac)
ac= 0.8nac(1-0.40nac)ac = 0.8*0.41 (1-0.40*0.41) = 0.247
μbu = 0.19<ac = 0.247 thus not of compressed steel
Determination of the tensile reinforcements (As)
As = Mu/Сst* Zu
Сst= fe/γ S = 400/1.15=347.82 Mpa
Zu = d-0.40yu = 0.072-0.4*0.1922=0.064m
Thus As = 11222.68/347.8*106 * 0.004 = 5.04*10 -4 M2 = 5.04 Cm2
As= 5.04cm2
The section of real reinforcement obtained by the abacus is Asreal= 5.15cm2 what corresponds
to
As = 4HA10+4HA8

Drawing of reinforcement
Dimensioning of the raft foundation
›› Distributed loads
-Dead loads
Actual weight
P1 = 3.08*1*0.10*25000 = 7700 N/ml
Weight of the wall
P2 =  (D22 - D12)/4 * L * = 3.14*(2.922 -2.822)/4 * 1*25000 = 11264.75 N/ml
Weight of the cover
P3 = D2 / 4 * E * = 3.14*2.922 * 0.08*25000/4 = 13386.45N/ml
Weight of the waterproof

q=120N/m2

P4 = 1*q = 1*120 = 120 N/ml

G = P1 +P2 +P3 +P4 = 7700+11264.75+13386.45+120 = 32471.2 N/ml G = 32471.2 N/ml
- Live loads
Weight of water
Q = 2800N/m2
P5 = 1*q=2800*1 = 2800N/ml
Weight of the products of waterproof
q=1000N/m2
P6 = 1*q=1*1000=1000N/ml
Q = P5 +P6 = 2800+1000 = 3800N/ml Q = 3800N/ml
›› Calculation of the ultimate loads (Pu) and serviceable load (Pser)
Pu=1.35G+1.5Q = 1.35*32471.2 + 1.5*3800 = 43836.12N/ml
To weigh = G+Q = 32471.2 + 3800 = 36271.2N/ml
›› Calculation of the ultimate moments (Mu) and serviceable moments (Mser)
Mu = Pu.l2 / 8 = 43836.12*3.082 / 8 = 51980.87 N.m
Mser = Pser.l2 / 8 = 36271.2*3.082 / 8 = 43010.39N.m
Characteristics of material
Fc28 = 20Mpa Fe = 400Mpa B = 1.5 S = 1.15 D=0.9e = 0.9*0.10=0.09 m
Fbu = 0.85.fc28 / B = 0.85.20/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
›› Determination of the section of reinforcement
Calculation of the ultimate reduced moment (μbu)
μbu = m/bd2 fbu = 51980.72/3.08*0.092 * 11.33*106 = 0.247 μbu = 0.247
Calculation of the position of the ultimate neutral axis (with)
au = the 1.25 (1) = 1.25 (1) = 0.36
Calculation of the position of the neutral axis criticizes (ac)
ac = 0.30 with = 1.20
Calculation of the reduced moment criticizes (ac)
ac = 0.80ac (1-0.40ac) = 0.80*0.30 (1-0.40*0.30) = 0.258 ac = 0.258
0.258 > 0.247 thus ac >μbu then compressed steels is not necessary
Calculation of the arm of lever
Zu = D (1-0.âu) = 0.09 (1-0.40*0.36) = 0.077m
Calculation of the steel constraint (Сst)
Сst= Fe/B = 400/1.5 = 347.82 Mpa
The section of reinforcement is: As=Mu/Zu.cst
As= 51980.72/0.077*347.82*106
As 19.40 * 10 -4
As = 19.40 cm2
The section of real reinforcement is As = 19.42cm2 = 9HA12 + 6HA14

Diagram of reinforcement
Dimensioning of the beam
Being given that one works in linear/meter,it is necessary in particular to specify certain loads
retained in the BAEL 91:
Coating = 12 daN/m2
Layer of maintains = 100 daN/m2
Live loads = 160 kN/m2
Weight of exploitation of water = 2800 daN/m2
a) Distributed loads
Weight of water in linear/meter
P1 = 2.42*1*2800 = 67760 N/ml
Weight of the coating
P2 = 2.42*1*120 = 290.4 N/ml
Actual weight of the beam
P3 = 2.42*0.1*1*25000 = 6050N/ml
 Actual weight of the beam
P4 = 0.2*0.4*1*25000 = 2000N/ml
Dead loads
G = P2 +P3 +P4 = 290.4+6050+2000 = 8340.4 N/ml
Live loads
Lay down maintenance
Q = 2.42*1*1000 = 2420N/ml
Q = q+P1
= 2420 + 67760
= 70180 N/ml
b) Determination of the ultimate total load by weighting
Pu = 1.35G + 1.5Q
= 1.35*8340.4 + 1.5*70180
Pu = 116529.54 N/ml
c) Determination of the total load of service
Pser = G+Q
Pser = 8340.4 + 70180
Pser = 78520.4 N/ml
d) Determination of the bending moment ultimate
Mu = Pu l2 / 8 Mu = (116529.54*2.422)/8 = 85305.44 N.m thus Mu = 85305.44 N.m
e) Determination of the bending moment of service
Mser = Pser l2 / 8 Mser = (78520.4*2.422)/8 = 57480.85 N.m;thusMser = 57480.85 N.m
Characteristics of material
Fe = 400Mpa ¥ B = 1.5 ¥ S = 1.15 fc28 = 20Mpa
Cracking prejudicial medium not very aggressive coating = 2.5 cm
a) Determination of the section of reinforcement steel
Calculation of the concrete stress in an ultimate state
fbu = 0.85 fc28 / ¥ B fbu = (0.85*20)/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
Calculation of the ultimate reduced moment μbu = Mu/(bd2 fbu) with D = 0.9h = 36cm
μbu= 85305.44*0.272 * 11.33*106 = 0.29 μbu= 0.29
Calculation of the critical moment (ac)
Position of the ultimate neutral axis (au)
au= 1.25 (1- μbu)
= 1.25 (1- μbu)
au = 0.439
Position of the neutral axis criticizes (ac)
ac= c28/100 or
Thus ac = 1.48-1/2 + 20/100 = 0.442
The reduced moment criticizes is then:
μC= 0.80 ac (1-0.40ac) μC = 0.80*0.442(1-0.4*0.442) = 0.291
Conclusion: 0.291>0.291 where μC>μbu thus the compressed reinforcements is not
necessary.
Calculation of the section of steel(As)
As= Mu/ZuСst
DePm0h of the neutral axis:yu = au d = 0.439 * 0.36 = 0.158 m
Arm of lever:Zu = d-0.4yu = 0.36-0.4*0.158 = 0.296 m
Constraint:vСst= Fe/b = 400/1.5 = 347.82 Mpa
As = 85305*44/0.296*347.82*106
As = 8.26*10 -4 m2 either As = 8.26 cm2*
Checking of the condition of no brittleness
As*Fe = 8.26 * 10 -4 * 400*106 = 330400 N
0.23bdftj = 0.23*0.2*0.36*(0.6+0.06*20*106)

With ftj = (0.6+0.06*fc28) = 19972 N 330400 > 19972 from where Ace Fe > 0.23bdftj OK
Determination of the real section of reinforcement steel (As real)
As real = 8.27 cm2 = 3HA14 +3HA12
Drawing of reinforcement
3HA12

3HA14

3.4 Dimensioning of the pillar

Summary of the loads
Weight of the cover:12485.262 N
Weight veils: 455360 N
Weight of the raft foundation: 23716 N
Weight of water: 150000 N
Weight of the coating: 717.57 N
Weight maintains:5979.81 N
Weight of the beams: 2000*3.12*4 = 24960N
Actual weight of the pillar:(0.2) 2 * 5*25000*4 = 24000 N
Dead loads
G = 12485.268+45530+23716+717.57+24960+24000
G = 131408.838N
Live loads
Q = weight of water + weight of maintains
Q = 150000 + 5979.81+ 10709.158 = 166688.968 N
Pu calculation
Pu = 1.35G+1.5Q
Pu = 1.35*131408.838+ 1.5*166688.968 = 4274350.383N
Ultimate load applied to a pillar
Nu = Pu/4=1068587.59Ñ
Calculation of Pser
Pser = 131408.838+ 166688.968
Pser = 2980970.80Ñ
Load applied to a pillar
Nser = Pser/4 = 2980970.806/4 = 745242.70N
Calculation length of buckling
Lk = 0.7l lk = 0.7 * 5 = 3.5 m
Calculation of the twinge
=lk/i or i = thus = lk or A = b*h I = b*h3 / 12
AN: = 3.5 = 60.62
Calculation of a
Being lower than 70 
a=0.6 (50/) 2 0.6 (50/60.62) 2 = 0.408
Compressed calculation of the section of reinforcement
Asc> (-)
2 = (0.2-0.02)2 = 0.0324 m2

Asc = 6.14*10 -3 m2
Section max: with B = section of the pillar
Amax = 0.02 m2
Asc = 4.51*10 -6 m2< Amax=0.02m2
Minimal section: Amin = max with U: the perimeter of the pillar
U = 4*4*0.2 = 3.2m2 is 3.2*104 cm2
= 8*10 -4 m2 is 8 cm2
Amin? 8 cm2 are Amin = 8.042cm2 = 4HA16
.Drawing of reinforcement
4HA16

3.5 Dimensioning of the footing

Data available for dimensioning
Section of the pillar a*b = 20*20 cm
Charge Applied Nu = 1068587.59N
Determination of the section of the footings
It is known that a/A=b/B A=a/b*B gold Pu/AB СA
PUСadm Pu2СA with СA=0.8Mpa
B2u/СA with a=b
B=1.15m A=B
Determination of the section of reinforcement
 Calculation of the arm of lever (d)
D=max (A-A/4;B-B/4) A-a/4=115-20/4=23.75cm
d=0.2375m
In the transverse direction AS=Pu (A-a)/8dСst with Fe / = 400/1.15=347.82Mpa
As=1068587.59N (1.15-0.2)/8*0.2375*347.86*106
= 1 53*10-3m2=15.35cm2 is 10HA14
Diagram of reinforcement

10HA

3.6 Dimensioning of the cover of storage

Cover
Characteristic of the concrete and steel:fc28 = 20Mpa
Fe = 400Mpab = 1.5;S = 1.15;e=0.08cm; L=5m; l=2m
Distribution load
 Dead loads
Weight of the cover to the linear/meter
G=5*1*0.08*25000
= 10000N/m
 Live loads
q=1600N/m2
Q=5*1*1600 = 8000N/m
Calculation of the ultimate load (Pu)
Pu= 1.35G+1.5Q = 1.35*10000+1.5*8000 = 25500N/m
Calculation of the service load (Pser)
Pser = G + Q = 8000+10000 = 18000 N.m
Ultimate moment (Mu)
Mu = Pu l2 / 8 = 25500*(2) 2 / 8 = 12750 N.m
Moment of service
Mser=Pser l2 / 8 = 18000*22 / 8 = 9000 N.m
Determination of the section of reinforcement
D = 0.9 e = 0.9*0.08 = 0.072
Fbu = 0.85*fc28 / B = 0.85*20/1.5 = 11.33 Mpa
 Calculation of the ultimate reduced moment
μbu = Mu/bd2 fbu = 12750/2*(0.072) 2 * 11.33*106
μbu = 0.108
Position of the neutral axis (with)
au = the 1.25 (1-bu) at = the 1.25 (1)
au = 0.135
Calculation of the position of the neutral axis criticizes (ac)
ac = gold = 1.41
Thus ac = 0.405
Calculation of the reduced moment criticizes (ac)
ac = 0.åc (1 - 0.âc) = 0.8*0.405(1-0.40*0.405) = 0.271
0.108 < 0.271 from where μbu< ac thus compressed steels are not néccéssaire
Calculation of the arm of lever
Zu = D - 0.40yu = D (1 0.40au) = 0.072(1 - 0.40 * 0.135) = 0.068 m
Calculation of the section of reinforcement (As)
As Mu/ZuСst orСst= Fe/b = 400/1.5 = 347.82 MPa
As 12750/0.068*347.82*106 As 5.38*10 -4 M2
The real section determines starting from the abacus:As = 5.497 = 7HA10
Checking of the condition of no brittleness
As Fe = 5.497*400*106 = 2.152*105 m
Ftj = 0.6 + 0.06*20 = 1.8
0.23ftjbd = 0.23*1.8*2*0.072 = 0.596*105 m
2.152 105 > 0.596*105 thus As Fe > 0.23bd ftj ok
Diagram of reinforcement
7HA10
3,7 Dimensioning of the veil
Water:28000 N/m2
Live loads: Q = 1000 N/m2
Coating sealing multi layers: P2 = 120 N/m2
Dead load
G=P1 + P2 = 11250 + 120 = 11370 N/m
Live loads
Q = q1 +Pa = 1000+28000 = 29000
Calculation of the ultimate load
Pu = 1.35G+1.5Q
= 1.35*11370 + 1.5*29000
Pu = 58849.5 N/m
Calculation of the load at the service ¶
Pser = G + Q = 11370 + 29000 = 40370 N/m
Calculation of the moment ultime(Mu)
Mu = Pu l2 / 8 = 58849.5*52 / 8 = 1.83*105 N.m
Calculation of the moment of service(Mser)
Mser = Pser l2 / 8 = 40370*52 / 8 = 1.26*105 N m
Calculation of the section of reinforcement
Characteristic of material:
Fc28 = 20Mpa fe=400Mpa S = 1.15 B = 1.5 d=0.9 E = 0.9*0.15 = 0.135 m B = H = 3 m
Calculation of fbu
fbu= 0.85*20/1.5 from where fbu= 11.3.3Mpa
bu= Driven/bd2 fbu = 1.83*105 / 3*(0.135) 2 * 11.33*106 = 0.295 thus bu= 0.295
Calculation of ac
ac = + or = 1.45
Thus ac = + = 0.425
Calculation of μc
μc = 0.80ac (1-0.40ac)  μc = 0.80*0.425(1-0.4*0.425) = 0.282
0.295 > 0.282 thus bu>μc then compressed steels are necessary
Calculation of M1
M1 = μc bd2 fbu
= 0.282*3*(0.135) 2 * 11.33*106
M1 = 1.74*105 N.m
Calculation of M
M = Mu - M1
= 1.83*105 - 1.74*105?M = 8.31*103 N.m
comparison between M and 0.40Mu
0.40Mu = 0.4*1.83*105 = 73200 N.m
M = 8.31*103 N.m
8310 < 7320 M < 0.40Mu
Determination of the section of tended reinforcement (As)
As = Mu/Zc.Сst+?M/(D-of) Сstwith Zc = D (1-0.40ac) = 0.135(1-0.40*0.425)0.112
As = 183000/0.112*347.82*106 + 8310/(0.135-0.04)*347.82*106 = 46.97*10 -4 + 2.51*10 -4
Thus As = 49.14*10 -4 m2 either As= 51.65 cm2

Determination of the section of compressed reinforcement (Ace /)

As / =M/(D-of) Сsc gold Сsc= Esεsc for εsc<1.74‰ or Сsc= for εsc> 1.74‰
and with εsc = 3.5 (yc - d / yc)
εsc = 3.5(0.057-0.04/0.057) = 3.5(0.017/0.04)=1.487
1.487 < 1.74 then Сsc= = = 347.82 Mpa
From where As = 2.51*10 -4 m2 either Ace = 2.5çm2
In the final analysis we have As = 51.65cm2 and As' = 2.5çm
reinforcement

3.8 Dimensioning of the raft foundation of the cover (at the ultimate limit state)
Data available: e=thickness= 12cm L=length=5m l=width=2m density of concrete =
25000N/kg
Load of finishing=120N/m2 Live load of water = 2800N/m2
Load of maintains = 1000 N/m2
For this dimensioning we will take the length with the linear/meter L=1ml
dead loads (G)
Calculation of the actual weight of the foundation raft (P1)
P1 = L*l*e *
= 1*2*0.12*25000
= 6000N/ml
Calculation of the weight of the wall with the ml (P2)
In the longitudinal direction
P2 ' = 0.15*1.7*3*25000 = 19125 N/ml
In the transverse direction
P2 '' = (0.15*1*3*25000) *2 = 22500 N/ml
P2 = P2 ' + P2 '' = 19125 + 22500 = 41625 N
Charge of the watertight facing
Q = 120N/m2
P3 = 120*1 = 120 N/ml
Weight of the cover
P4 = 0.08*1*25000 = 2000N
Live load (Q)
Weight of water
P5 = 1*2800 = 2800N/ml
Charge of the watertight facing
P6 = 120*1 = 120 N/ml
From where G = P1 +P2 +P3 +P4 = 6000 + 41625+ 2000+120 = 49745 N/m G = 49745 N/m
Q = P5 + P6 = 2800 + 1000 = 3800 N/m Q = 3800 N/m
Calculation of the ultimate load Pu
Pu = 1.35G+1.5Q
= 1.35*49745 + 1.5*3800
Pu = 72855.75 N/ml
Calculation of the finishing load Pser
Pser = Q+G
= 3800 + 48745
Pser = 53545 N/ml
Calculation of the ultimate moment
Mechanical diagram

Mu = Pu*l2 / 8 = 72855.75*(5) 2 / 8 = 227674.21 N.m Driven = 227674.21 N.m

Calculation of the moment of service Mser
Mser = Pser*l2 / 8 = 53545*52 / 8 = 167328.125 N.mMser = 167328.125 N.m
Characteristics of material
fc28 = 20 Mpa b=1.5 S = 1.15 fe=400Mpa d=0.9e = 0.9*0.12=0.108m B = 2m
Determination of the section of reinforcement at the ULS
Calculation of fbu
bu = 0.85 fc28 / B = 0.85*20/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
Calculation of the ultimate reduced moment (μbu)
μbu = Driven/bd2 fbu = 227674.21/2*0.1082 * 11.33*106 = 0.205 μbu = 0.205
Calculation of the position of the ultimate neutral axis au
au = the 1.25 (1) = 1.25 (1 = 0.289 to = the 0.289
Calculation of the position of the neutral axis criticizes ac
ac = + or = 1.36
ac = 0.380 ac = 0.380
›› Calculation of the reduced moment criticizes ac
ac = 0.80ac (1-0.40ac) = 0.80*0.380(1-0.40*0.380) = 0.257 ac = 0.257
Control:0.257 > the 0.205 thus compressed reinforcements are not necessary
Calculation of the arm of lever Zu.
Zu = D (1-0.4 au)
= 0.108(1-0.4*0.289)
Zu = 0.095 m.
Calcul of the constraint of steel Сst
Сst = 347.82*106 Mpa
The section of reinforcement is: As = Mu/Zu.Сst
As= 227674.21/0.095*347.82*106
As= 7.2*10 -4 m2 either As 7.2 cm2
The real section of reinforcement:As = 7.70cm2 = 5HA14
Control of the condition of no brittleness
As* fe = 7.2*10 -4 * 400*106 = 288000 N
0.23bdftj = 0.23*2*0.108(0.6+0.06*20*106) = 89424
From where 288000 > 89424 ó As Fe > 0.23bdftj thus this condition are respected.
Diagram of reinforcement

3.9 Dimensioning of The Reservoir

Determination of The Capacity of The Reservoir
a. Variation of the consumption of water
The consumption is subjected to many variations in the course of the year. We notice 4 types of
variations in terms of water flow consumption due to 4 types of distinct phenomenon. The
superposition of their effects give us indications as project managers and also as operating staff.
These are:
NB: Point’s coefficients are taken from the book of BABBIT ET
DOLAND or in Roger LABONTE (poly. Montréal) in annexe 9.

The daily maximal consumption (Qj.max)

We have: Qj.max= Cj.max* Qj.moy

With Qj.moy = average daily consumption = Q2037
Cj.max= maximal daily point coefficient
Cj.max varies from 135% to 180%. We take Cj.max = 150% for our network
Therefore Qj.max= 1.5 * 840= 1260m3/D
Qj.max=1260m3/D
Minimal daily consumption(Qj.min).
It can be expressed in function of the average daily consumption through the formula stated
below:
Q j.min= Cj.min* Qi.moy
Cj.min=minimal daily point coefficient. It varies from 50% to75 %, we will take Cj.min = 60 %
in our network.65
Q j.min= 0.6 * 840 = 504m3/D.
Qj.min =504m3/D
Maximal hourly consumption Qh.max.
Qh.max= Ch.max* Qi.moy
Ch.max maximal hourly point coefficient varies between 200 %and 300 %, we will take it as250
%.
Qh.max= 2.5 * 840= 2100m3/D
Qh.max. = 2100m3/D
Minimal hourly consumption Qh.min.
Qh.min= Ch.min* Qi.moy
Ch.minminimal hourly point coefficient varies between 25 %and 50 %, we will take it as
Ch.min= 40 %.
Qh.min= 0.4 * 840 = 336m3/D
Qh.min = 336m3/D

Flow design

Dimensioning of distribution network is subjected to the exigency to satisfy the most important
demand resulting from one or the other following conditions:

Maximal daily flow plus fire flow;

Hourly point flow.
As far as the fire flow is concerned, Roger LABONTE says that a flow of 30 l/s corresponds to a
fire with minimal duration of 2hrs and a maximal duration of 10h.
For the University of Bamenda which has a high population which is concentrated at the same
place, we will take a fire flow of 20l/s which depends from the population but also from the type
of infrastructures present in place
Then: Qdesign =max (Qjmax + Q inc;Qhmax)
Qinc= 5 l/s= 432 m3/D
Qinc + Qjmax= 432 + 185 = 617 m3/D
Qh.max. = 308m3/D
Then Qdesign = 671 m3/s
Determination of the water tank capacity
The tank is an important tool for the distribution network. It also provides the following benefits:
 It helps to regulate flow rate in taps
 Regulate in the functioning of the pumping:
 Regular Solicitation of supplied points in water ( not directly due to the flow variation)
 Regularity of the pressure in the network distribution
 Security when fire occurs.
 It acts mostly as a key of the distribution functioning during hours Of maximal
consumption, points flow required which are sometimes superior to the potential
collecting flow
  Finally, the tank allows us to limit the pumping hours at the period where by the energy is
the least expensive. Before we determine the capacity of the tank, it will be necessary to
evaluate the following reserves:
 Equilibrium reserve (RE), it is defined as the amount of water necessary to satisfy the
need in water when this one is greater than the daily maximal consumption. Then, when
the need in water is greater than the capacity of production of the treatment factory, the
difference between the demand and the production capacity is taken from the equilibrium
reserve.In the course of this project, we take a night supply with10hours of pumping per
day (as recommended by DHA), and in this case, the equilibrium reserve approximates
80 % of the average daily consumption. In continuous supply, it is 50 % of Qj.moy Re =
0.8Qjmoy
Re= 0.8*840 = 672m3therefore the equilibrium tank calculated in this case therefore has a
volume of 672m3/s.
Fire Reserve (RI)The fire reserve is the necessary reserve to fight against a fire that can happen
during the maximal consumption day.The production factory being conceive to furnish the flow
associated to the maximal consumption day Qimax, and that the equilibrium reserve will be
completely used on the maximal day, it is necessary to plan for an additional reserve for the fire
protection.The fire reserve is function of the flow and the duration of the fire.The flow to fight
against fire has been fixed to 3,33l/s for duration of 2 hours; it represents a total volume of 24
m3The capacity of the tank is then:
Rcapacity=RE + R1
Rcapacity= 672+24 = 696m3Therefore, a volume of 696 m,3this amount of water is permanently
stocked in the distribution tank after collecting through the supply pipes. During the periods of
low consumption (night), that tank is filled and emptied during the periods of high consumptions.
3.9.1Choice of the type and dimensions of reservoir
In the course of our project, we have a raised reservoir with a cylindrical dome and a flat base
slab. The dimensioning will be done according to BAEL 91 mod 99 of fascicule 74 The choice of
the shape has been commanded by the high capacity (696 m3) of the reservoir and by the high
cost that would be generated by putting in place of dome with bottom and conical roof due to the
cost of their formwork and casting, Then the dimensions of the different elements of the water
tank have been chosen with respect to the limit rules while remaining economical. Studies
carried out concerning reservoirs have permitted us to establish the relationships between some
dimensions of the tank (Ref.: formula of Fonlladosa)
We have d = 1.405*(V) (1/3)
With: d = internal diameter of the tank;
v = volume of the tank.
As we dispose of a reservoir of 696 m3, we then have:
d = 1.405*(696) (1/3) = 12.45 m
d = 12.45 m
Then we will be able to determine the height of the water in the reservoir through the formula
h0= 0,460d ho=5.73m

The free height of the water up to the level of the covering is determined by the following
relationship:
hl = 0.1*d = 0.1*12.45 = 1.245 mhl = 1.25 m
Then, the total height of the cylinder is h = ho + hl = 5.73 + 1.25 = 6.975 m;h =7 m.
Rules of good practice (for example minimize the wind effects) incite us sometime to take a
height h not too different from the diameter, then we will readjust these two quantities
Finally, we will consider h = 7 m and d = 10 m. For the covering of the cylinder, due to the big
dimensions of that reservoir, from the difficulty to opt for the choice of domes and of low
exploitation overloads on the roof.we have preferred a thin flat slab. As thickness of the covering
slab, we take 120 mm; ec = 120 mm.
For the face, we take a thickness of150 mm; ep = 150 mm, constant which is greater than the
minimum which is 70 mm or 120 mm according to the rules of BAEL 91.That dimension would
be ok in the case that we would have at the level of the face two hoop beds.
For the base slab, we will also choose a flat slab because the erection of the dome would be very
costly meanwhile the economy of the material according to the big dimensions of the cylinder
would not be very appreciable. Its thickness is taken equal to er = 250 mm.
Then the external diameter of the cylinder will be D, with D = d + 2*0.150 = 10.3m;
D = 10.3m.
Summary of the characteristics of the reservoir see the following table:

Table 12: Pre-dimensioning of reservoir

 N° Designations Data unit
1 Height of the reservoir (h) 7 m
2 Internal diameter (d) 10 m
3 Cover slab (ec) 120 mm
4 Cylindrical face (ep) 150 mm
5 Base slab (er) 250 mm
6 External diameter (D) 10.3 m
7 Internal Volume (Vi) 700 m3
8 Useful Volume (Vu) 696 m3
3.9.2. Dimensioning of reinforced concrete elements
Hypothesis of calculation
 Mechanical functioning of elements
 The calculation method of the faces is that of superimposed rings.
 The calculations are made at the ultimate limit state (ULS) for very harmful cracks and
the verification of sections at the service limit state (SLS).
 The implantation sites of the works are supposed to be classified with very low concrete
 Density of concrete (gamma b) =25KN/m3
 Resistance to the compression of the concrete at 28 days of age 〖fc〗_28=25 Mpa
 Resistance to the traction of concrete at 28 days of age :
〖ft〗_28=0.6+0.06*〖fc〗_28=2.1Mpa
 Resistance of the concrete to the traction at ULS: f_bu=(0.85* 〖 fc 〗 _28)/(θ*γ_b )=15.74
Mpa
With θ=0.9 for a load application comprised between 1h and 24h and γ_b=1.5
The instantaneous deformations and deferred Eij and Eiv are:
E_ij=1100*(〖〖fc〗_28)〗^(1/3)=32164.195
E_iv=E_ij/3=10721.398
Steel
Highly adhesive bars will be used FE400 (apart from contrary indication). Then longitudinal and
transversal steels will be of type HA and Fe=400Mpa
 The resistance to traction of the steel at the ULS is fed=fe/γs=347.83 Mpa Bedding of
steels
  The bedding of steels will be taken equal to 5 cm for the faces of the reservoirs, 5cm for
the base slab and 3cm for the covering slab, beams and central pillars.
 Cracking of the concrete very prejudicial for the elements of structure in contact with
water such as the faces and the base slab of the reservoir;
 Cracks less harmful for the covering slab.
Water:
 The hydrostatic pressure of water is: 10KN/m3
Evaluation of loads
Permanents loads

Covering slab in reinforced concrete with average thickNess of 12 cm

G=0.12*25 KN/m2=3 KN/m2
Air tightness multilayer’s auto protected: G=0.12KN/m2
Shape of the slope with cement mortar with an average thickNess of 4cm; the:
G=(4 cmx0.18KN)/m2/cm2=0.72KN/m2
The total permanent load of the covering slab is: G=3+0.12+0.72=3.84 KN/m2
Exploitation load
Technical sun roof, not accessible apart for maintenance:Q=1.0KN/m2
Weighted loads to service limit states
At ULS Nu=1.35xG+1.5xQ=6.684KN/m2
At SLS Nser=G+Q=4.84 KN/m2
Covering slab
The dimensions of the carrying elements of the covering slab (slab panel and beams) of the
reservoir are:
For the covering slab of the reservoir the central panel has as dimensionsl_x=l_y=3m.
The ratio:α=lx/ly=1>0.4 allow us to say that the panels will be considered as carrying in the two
directions.
From the article B.7.5 « limit states of deformations » of BAEL91 mod99, the minimal thickNess
of a slab carrying in the two directions supposed none embedded allowing not checking the
deflection is: h_min=(0.75/20)xlx=0.1125 mwe take the thickNess of the slab equal to 12 cm
Face Of the Reservoir
The face embedded in the covering slab and the base slab is considered as a beam of 1 meter
band in vertical position, perpendicularly solicited by the internal pressure water and the external
earth pressures considered null here. From article B.6.5 « limit deformation states » in its general
dispositions at B.6.5.1 of BAEL91 mod99 which dispose that the minimal height of a beam
allowing not to check the deflection is:
h_min=L/30=3m/30=0.1m we take a thickness of 15 cm for the face of the reservoir
to better reduce the rate of steels as considering the traction efforts due to water in the reservoir
And minimize the eventual infiltrations of water in the concrete mass.
Bottom Base Slab
The minimal thickness of the base slab allowing not checking the transverse shear force for the
edge of the base slab is:
Hmin=((Dext-Dint)x2-20)/4= ((10.3-10)*2-20)/4=200m we take a thickNess 25 cm to better
reduce the rate of steels.
BEAMS
Here we work with continuous beams and for that type of beam the BAEL 91 mod(99) propose
the utilization of the following formula h≥l/18=≫h≥32.22 cm then a height of 60 cm.to reduce
the effects of the transverse shear force as from the beginning of the conception we have chosen
a base of 20 cm therefore we have for the beams a section
S=20x60 cm²
PILLARS
For all the four (04) pillars of the structure; the architectural conception led us to the choice of a
square section of dimensions:20x20 cm. Moreover, the choice of a great section also reduces the
quantity of steel to use.
3.9.3 Mechanical dimensioning of the carrying elements of the reservoirs
a) Covering slab
Calculation of solicitations
The overload to be considered in this case is of 1kN/m(minimal overload) because it is only
meant for the case whereby the operations will necessitate the presence of people on top.
As permanent load, we will only consider the dead load of the slab.
Permanent load of the covering(self-weight)
  Covering slab in reinforced concrete with average thickNess of 12 cm G_1=0.12*25
KN/m3=3 KN/m²
 Air tightness multilayer’s auto protected: G2=0.12 KN/m²
Shape of slope with cement mortar of an average thickNess 4cm then
4 cmx 0.18 KN
G= /cm 2=0.72 KN /m2
m2
The total permanent load of the covering slab is:
G=3+0.12 +0.72=3.84KN/m2
Exploitation load of the covering: Q = 1 kN/m2
Line load: Pu=1.35x3.84 + 1.5x1 = 6.684 kN/m²; Pser= 3.84 + 1 = 4.84 kN/m².
Here we have: Mu= 〖 p_u l 〗 ^2/8=(6.684 x(6.98/2)^2)/8=10.17 kN/m^2 ; Mser= 〖 P_ser
l〗^2/8=(4.84 x(6.98/2)^2)/8=7.36 kN/m^2 and Vu=RA=pl/2=(6.684x(5.8/2))/2=9.691 kN/m
Calculation of reinforcements and choice
For the dimensioning we consider the slab as a beam of base 1m of width and height for the
thickness of the slab.
At the ULS
Table 13: calculation of main reinforcement for
RECTANGULAR BEAM AT the U.L.S.
B.A.E.L 91 revised 99
Assumptions of studies
Beam subjected to the pure bending
Dimensions of the beam given
Requests with the kNown ELU
Lengthening of the steels limited to 1 %
Concrete contraction limited to 0.35 %
No slip between steel and concrete
Data
Characteristic dimensions Width of the beam b= 30cm
Useful height of tended steels d = 27cm
Useful height of compressed steels
(if necessary) d' = 5cm

Constraint of steelused Fe = 400Mpa

Compressive resistance of concrete after 28days Fc28 = 25Mpa

Linearly distributed load(Pu) 1.35 G + 1.5 Q Pu=6.67KN/m

Maximum bending moment

Reduced moment µ= 0,2947

Conditions of cracking Veryharmfull

Constraints of calculation

Compressive strength of the concrete at the (0.85 X Fc28)/1.5 Fbu = 14.67 MPa
Tensile stress of steel(feld) (Fe/1.15) Fsu = 347.83 MPa
Compressive stress of the concrete to the SLS 0.6 X Fc28 σbc = 15 MPa
Resistance of the concrete in traction 0.6 + (0.06 X Fc28) Ft28 = 2.10 MPa
Calculation of the reduced moments
Reduced ultimate moment Mmax/(b* d² * Fbu) µ= 0,315
State limits compression of the concrete if µ< µL = >>
No compressedsteels
if µ>µL = >> System of reinforcements retained
Compressed steels necessary Compressed steels necessary
If there is no compress steel
Table 15; calculation of the characteristic parameter of the section
Calculation of the characteristic parameters of the section
Coefficient of neutral fiber(α) 1.25 * [ 1 -√ ( 1 - ( 2 µ )] α= 0,490
Ordinate of neutral fiber α*d y= 8cm
Lever arm of the internal couple(Z) d[ 1 - ( 0.4*α )] Z= 14cm
Determination of the theoretical section of tended steels
Theoreticalsteel section(Ast) Ast ≥Mu / ( Z* Fsu ) Ast ≥ 7,82cm2
commercial section of steel
Choice of steel 4HA16 Real Ast= 8.034cm Ast = 8.034cm
Cover steel If h > 70 cm ; ( 3 cm² x heigth (m))
If there is compress steel
Table 14:case with compressive reinforcement
Calculation of the parameter’s characteristic of the section at the SLS
Service moment G + Q Mser =0.03394m
Tensile stress of steel Fe / 1.6 ↊st = 312,50 MPa
Coefficient of neutral axis ( 15 x↊bc ) / (( 15 x ↊bc ) + ↊st ) ᾱ= 0,817
Ordinate of neutralaxis ↊st x d y = 0,14 M
Resultant bending moment of concrete at the SLS 0.5* ↊bc* b*↊stx( 1 - (ᾱ / 3 ))* d² Mrbser
=0.046mNm
Compresive stress of steel 15* ↊bc* (( y - d' ) / y ) ↊st = 172,79 MPa
Determination of the theoretical section of compressed steels
Theoretical section of steel (Mser - Mrbser) / (( d - d' ) *↊st ) Asc = 6,00cm2
RECTANGULAR BEAM at the S.L.S.
B.A.E.L 91 revised 99
Data
Characteristic dimensions Width of the beam b= 20cm
Useful height of tended steels d = 54cm
Useful height of compressed steels d, =5cm
(if necessary)
Constraint of steel used Fe = 400 MPa
Stress the concrete at 28 days Fc28 = 25 MPa
Moment at SLS Mser = 0,222 MN.m
Conditions of cracking (1) Harmfull, (2) Very harmfull Type: 2

Calculation of working stresses

Compressive stress of the concrete (0.6* Fc28) ↊bc = 15MPa

Ultimate stress traction of the concrete 0.6 + (0.06* Fc28) Ft28 = 2.1MPa
Ultimate stress traction of steels FP = mini (2/3 Fe; maximum (1/2 Fe; 110* (( * Ftj)^1/2)))

Ftp = Ftp = 0.80 X St (FP) σst 161,31 MPa

Parameters characteristic of the section
Coefficient of neutral fiber ↊bc/(↊bc + (↊St/15)) ↊st = 0,582
Ordinate of neutral fiber d*↊st y= 0,315 M
Arm of lever of the internal couple D - (y/3) Z= 0,435 M
Moment of resistance of the concrete 0.5* ↊bc* b*↊st (1 - ( ᾱ / 3))* d² Mrser =
0,205 MN.m
State limits compression of the concrete if Mrser>Mser
= >> No compressedsteels
if Mrbser<Mser System of reinforcementsretained
= >>compressedSteelsnecessary Compressed steelsnecessary
Determination of the theoretical steel sections
Section of steels if not compressedsteels = >>
Mser/(↊St* Z)
if compressedsteelsnecessary = >>
[ Mrser/(↊St* Z) ] + [ (Mser - Mrser)/
(↊st* (d - d')) ] Ast = 31,36 cm²
Choice of commercial sections Reads n° 1 Choice: 4 HA 25
Constraint of compressed steels 15* [ (↊bc* (y - d'))/y ] ↊Sc= 189,23 MPa
Section of compressed steels (Mser - Mrser)/( ↊Sc* (D - of)) Asc = 1,80 cm²
Choice of a section commercial Reads n° 1 Choice 1: 2 HA 12
FP = (3 cm² per meter of facing)
Ftp = (5 cm² per meter of facing) Choice:
Checking Mser - Mrbser< 0.4*Mser Verify
Choice of the commercial sections of compressed steels
Choice of reinforcement 4 HA 14 Asc =6.1544cm2
Real steel section Asc= 6.1544cm2
Calculation of the parameter’s characteristic of the section at ULS
Ultimate Moment of compressed steels Asc* Fsu*( d - d' ) Mscu = 0,0313mNm
Ultimateresidual moment Mu –Mscu Mru = 0,0152mNm
Ultimate reduced moment Mru / ( b* d²* Fbu ) µ = 0,1029
Coefficient of neutralaxis 1.25* [ 1 -√ ( 1- ( 2µ )] α= 0,1360
Lever of Arm of the internal couple(Z) d* ( 1 - ( ᾱ / 3 )) Z= 16cm

Determination of the theoretical section of tended steels

Theoreticalsteel section ( Mru / ( Z* Fsu )) + Asc AST =3.85CM

CHOICE OF THE COMMERCIAL SECTIONS OF STEELS

Choice of reinforcement 2HA16 CM²

Real steel section 2*3.14*0.82 AST =4.0192CM2 8,04 CM²

Steels of cover if h > 70 cm ; ( 3cm²*height (m)) CHOICE :

Verification Asc< 40 % Ast VERIFIED

At the SLS

Calculation of reinforcements
With the help of the Excel file shown below conceived in the course of this project for the choice
of reinforcements at the level of beams, we obtain the following results:
Carrying reinforcement:
At the ULS, we have obtained section Ast= 5.25cm²
At the SLS, a section of As = 2.85cm²
The section that we will keep as we proceed will be As =5.25 cm² choice 7 HA 10 then a spacing
of St= 15 cm
Distribution reinforcements:The distribution reinforcements in this case will be frames
(stirrups)
Determination of the inclination angle:
Verification of the condition: τ≤min⁡〖( 0.13fc28 ;4 MPa)〗
We have: τ=vu/bd=(9.691x10^3)/1000x120=0.080 MPa
min⁡〖( 0.13fc28 ;4 MPa)〗=min⁡〖( 3.25 MPa ;4 MPa)〗
0.080 ≤3.25 Therefore, our frames will be vertically placed
Moreover we have St≤min⁡〖( 0.9d ;40 cm )〗 then a choice of St = 15 cm.
∅t≤min⁡〖( h/( 35); b/10;∅l )〗Then a choice of ∅t=6 cm for the distribution reinforcement.
B. Vertical face of the reservoir
Calculation of solicitations
The calculation of solicitation will be done according to the diagram below:
Figure 13: Mechanical diagram of the side

The face that will not lose its shape is subdivided into five (05) zones of vertical band of (01)
meter of height were the tangential efforts will be determined in each zone.
The unit weight of water is γ_e=10KN/m3
Q is the pressure of water in each point of the face of the thin wall (vertical face of the reservoir),
it is equal to:q=γxh
The pressure which is exerting on the face is as follow
Q1=10x5=50 KN/m2
Q2=10x4=40 KN/m2

Q3=10x3=30 KN/m2

Q4=10x2=20 KN/m2

Q5=10x1=10 KN/m2

The average pressure in each zone is then Q_m=(Q_n+Q_(n-1))/2 This is how we have the
following average pressures:

 Q1m= (q1+q2)/2=45 KN/m

 Q2m= (q2+q3)/2=35 KN/m
 Q3m= (q3+q4)/2=25 KN/m
 Q4m= (q4+q5)/2=15 KN/m
 Q5m= (q4+q6)/2=5 KN/m but q6=0
Let’s calculate the tangential efforts F_i corresponding to each zone under the action of these
pressures in each band dues to water:
 F_1=D/2 xQ_1m=10x45/2=225 KN
 F_2=D/2 xQ_2m=10x35/2=175 KN
 F_3=D/2 xQ_3m=10x25/2=125 KN
 F_4=D/2 xQ_4m=10x15/2=75 KN
 F_5=D/2 xQ_5m=10x5/2=25 KN
Determination of the steel sections
The traction efforts in each band will be absorbed by the circular reinforcements as hoops of
which the section will be:A=F_i/〖σ'〗_a
Being in the hypothesis of a very harmful cracking, from article 24.2.2.3.2.1 of fascicule 74
«open cracking limit states », the traction constraint of the steel cannot exceed the value of:
σ_s=α√(ηxft28/ϕ)
Where Ø (read phi is the diameter of the biggest bar, η is the cracking coefficient of the
reinforcements. We assume that, highly adhesive bars are of diameter 120 mm; and that the
cracking coefficient is1.6
From the same article above of “Fascicule 74”, for a mechanical structure support on an internal
coating with rigid air tightness and adhesive to the cement mortar we have: aα=245
Then σ_s=245√(1.6x2.1/12)=120.024 Mpa we will then take 〖σ'〗_a=σ_s
Calculation of reinforcements
Zone 1: A1=F_1/ 〖 σ' 〗 _a =□(2025/120.024 x10^4)=18.75 cm2 choice 10HA12, then
5HA12 per faces spacing of 20 cm
Zone 2: A2=F_2/〖σ'〗_a =□(0.175/120.024 x10^4)=14.58 cm2 then 8HA12, then 4HA12
per faces spacing of 25 cm
Zone 3: A3=F_3/〖σ'〗_a =□(0.125/120.024 x10^4)=10.43 cm2 then 8HA10, then 4HA10
per faces; spacing of 25 cm
Zone 4: A4=F_4/〖σ'〗_a =□(0.075/120.024 x10^4)=6.26 cm2 then 8HA10, then 4HA10
per faces spacing of 25 cm
Zone: A5=F_5/〖σ'〗_a =□(0.025/120.024 x10^4)=2.088 cm2 fixed in advance we retain
8HA10 per faces; spacing of 25 cm
Repartition reinforcements will have a section per development unit at least equal to half of the
principal circular reinforcements. Spacing between principal reinforcements and distribution
reinforcements are 15cm. The reinforcements are disposed in the bands as in the case of circular
beams of 1-meter height and 15 cm of thickness with frames, in occurrence hook tie bars in
RLØ6, but preferably in HA6 to a ratio of 4 pillars at the horizontal. The bedding will be of
2.5cm. As a matter of fact, these distribution reinforcements will be taken as being at their
minimal value. For an optimal security, we will maintain as all the height of the thin wall as base,
the average of sections of principal steel relative to the zone 1 to3 then as=8,019 cm2. We
therefore have:
Amin=(As/3)/2=((18.75+14.58+10.43)/3)/2=7.29 cm²/ml
Then 8HA8 per ml; spacing=15 cm
Their foot section at the junction with the foundation is effectively determined by the embedding
moment.
Verification of the concrete constraints
Verification of the efforts or limit state of cracks openings
Given A and B the steels and concrete sections in cm2, ft28 is the concrete constraint to the
traction at the ULS. The total effort of internal constraints is: T=Bxft28+σ_s xA
That effort should be at least equal to the tangential traction effort produced by the pressure of
water that we have determined above (F1, F2, F3, F4, F4),=∑▒F_i =∑▒S_i ; therefore F≤T

We have F=225 +175 +125+75+25=625 KN then F=0.625MN

T=2.1x205+120.024*44.963*0.0001 = 1.0285856MN>0.625MN so it is ok
C Calculation of the base slab
 Calculation of solicitations Apart from the loads and overloads exerted on the covering,
on the bottom base slab we have the action of the self-weight of the tank, the one of the
water present in the reservoir which is to be respectively estimated to:
 Permanent loads:
 Covering load: G1= 3.84 kN/m²
 Self-weight of the base slab: G2=25x205=6.25 kN/m²
 Load of the face: G3=(25x5xπ(〖2.9〗^2-〖2.75〗^2))/πx2.9²=12.60 kN/m²
Then G=3.84+6.25+12.60=16.44 kN/m²
 Permanent loads:
 Load of the water: G3= 10kN/m3x5m=50 kN/m²
 Maintenance load of the covering: 1 kN/m²
Then a total exploitation load of: Q= 51 kN/m²
Calculation of reinforcements and choices
For the determination of the section of the steel in this slab we will consider it as a square slab
and now from there we will use the formula find in the annex E1 of the BAEL 91 mod 99.

The mechanical diagram of the structure is as follow:

Figure 14: Mechanical diagram of the base slab

For this calculation, to gain in time and for more accuracy on the calculation we use a
programmed sheet of excels for the calculation.

Recapitulative: since it is a square slab the steel on the* side will be the same of the one for the y
side; so we have the section ofAs=18.45cm²/m^2on the span which lead us to the section 6 HA
16 + 2 HA 14ie two layer of 3 HA 16 + HA 14 which is equivalent to 19.16 cm². And the section
of As=5.39cm²/m² on the beam which is leading us to the combined choice of 2 HA 12 + 2 HA
14 which is equal to a real section of 5.44 cm²
D. Superior cross-bars
They will be calculated as a rectangular beam.

Evaluation of loads supported by beam 1: it will be made according to the influence zone of
beam shown below

Figure 15: Cross section of beam 1

 Permanent loads:
 Load carried by the slab : G1=16.44 kN/m^2 x(1+1.41)=39.62 kN/m
 Self-weight of the beam: G2= 20x0.6x25= 3 kN/m
Then a total permanent load of: G=42.62 kN/m
Exploitation load:
The total exploitation load is: Q=51kN/m^2 x(1+1.41)=122.91kN/m Q=122.91kN/m
Load uniformly distributed:
At the ULS: Pu =1.35 G + 1.50 Q=1.35x42.62 +1.5 122.91= 241.902 kN/m
At the SLS: Pser= G + Q=42.62+122.52 = 165.14 kN/m
mechanical study of the beam

Figure 16: Mechanical diagram of the main beam

Here we have the case of a uniformly charged beam with supports in A and B.
From the mechanical study we note that:
The reaction at the supports: RA=RB= (p(l+2a))/2=(241.902x(3.12+2x1.33))/2=651.1
kN
 The moment at cantilever: MA=MB= (pa^2)/2=(241.902*1.33²)/2=213.95 kN/mat the
ULS and MA=MB= (pa^2)/2=(165.14*1.33²)/2=146.05 kN/mat the SLS
The maximal Moment on the span: M0=(p〖(l〗^2+4a^2))/8
We Then obtain:Mu=(241.902x〖(3.12〗^2+〖1.33〗^2))/8=347.83 kN/m and
Mser=(165.14x〖(3.12〗^2+〖1.33〗^2))/8=237.14 kN/m
Calculation of reinforcements and choice
With the help of a software programmed (Robot) for the dimensioning of rectangular beams at
the ULS and another for the verifications at the SLS, we obtain the results below:
Table 16: Recapitulative of section of steel on the main beam

At ULS At SLS

Type of section As (cm²) As’ (cm²) As (cm²) As’ (cm²)

Beam 21.10 7.06 33.34 3.63
Cantilever 13.45 0 20.40 0
Choice Of Reinforcement
On span: 3 HA 25 + 2 HA 20 for tensile steel and 3 HA 16 + 1 HA 14 on compress steel.
At the cantilever: we choose 3 HA 25 + 2 HA 20
Verification of the non-fragility condition
Amin=0.203bd f_tj/f_e =0.203x20x0.6x 2.1/400=1.45 cm² condition is well respected.
Transverse shear force: transversal reinforcements
The value of the maximal transverse shear force is Vu = pa² at the right of support B.
τ_u=Vu/(b_0 d)=(241.90x10^3 1.41²)/200x540=2.45 MPa τ_u being the maximal shears
constraint.
We have only planned straight reinforcements (stirrups) transversals, then should be <0.13 * fc28
= 3.25 MPa. That is verified because 1.15 MPa< 3.25 MPa.
St≤min⁡〖( 0.9d ;40 cm )〗 Then St =30 cm
∅t≤min⁡〖( h/( 35); b/10;∅l )〗 Then a choice of ∅t=10 mm
E. Median cross-bars
They will be calculated as a rectangular beam.
Evaluation of loads carried by the beam:
Permanent loads:
 Self-weight of the beam: G1= 20x0.4x25= 1 kN/m
Weight of the filling wall: G2= 3x1.2= 3.6 kN/m
Then a permanent load G= 4.6 kN/m
Exploitation load:
As here we do not have exploitation loadQ=0
Uniformly distributed:
At the ULS: Pu =1.35 G =1.35x4.6= 6.21 kN/m
At the SLS: Pser= G = 1 kN/m
mechanical study of the beam

Figure 17: Mechanical diagram of the middle beam

here we have the case of a uniformly loaded beam and embedded at its two ends A’ and B’.
From the mechanical study we note that:
 The reaction at the supports: RA=RB= pl/2
 The moment at the supports: MA=MB=
 Maximal moment on the span maximal: Mu=pl²/8
 We then obtain: Mu=(6.21x3^2)/8=7 kN.m and Mser=4.6x3²/8=5.175 kN/m

Calculation of reinforcements

With the help of an Excel’s file programmed for the dimensioning of rectangular beams at the
ULS with verifications at the SLS shown earlier we notice that; the section does not contain
compressed reinforcement A_S=1.04 cm²

Table 17: Recapitulative of section of steel on the medium beam

At ULS At SLS

Type of section As (cm²) As’ (cm²) As (cm²) As’ (cm²)

Beam 1.04 0 0.74 0

Verification of the non-fragility condition

A>Amin=0.203bd f_tj/f_e

Amin=0.203bd f_tj/f_e =0.203x20x0.18x 2.1/400=0.434 cm²

Therefore, that condition is well respected.

Choice of tensed reinforcements for the theoretical reinforcement section of 1.04 cm² we
can choose 2 HA 10 which corresponds to a choice of real reinforcement of 2.01 cm²

Transverse shear force: transversal reinforcement

The value of the maximal transverse shear force is at the right of support A.

τ_u=Vu/(b_0 d)=(6.21x1.5x10^3)/200x200=2032 MPa τ_u beingVu= pl/2 the maximal shear

constraint

We plan that the right reinforcements (stirrups) transversals, then should be <0.13 * fc28 = 3.25
MPa.

That is verified because 2032 MPa< 3.25 MPa.

St≤min⁡〖( 0.9d ;40 cm )〗 Then St =15 cm

∅t≤min⁡〖( h/( 35); b/10;∅l )〗 Then a choice of ∅t=6 mm

Verification at the service limit states

Due to the small section of the reinforcements; it will not be necessary to do verifications at the
service limit state.

E. Dimensioning of pillars

Pillar of level I

All the pillars of level I of our structure have a square section of 20x20 cm² with a construction
joint materialized as indicated on the figure below.

Figure 18:Influence zone of pillars

Construction joint of pillars of level I

From that fact we will do the descent of load and will dimension only one pillar.

Given pillar P1 the one to study.

Evaluation of loads on pillar P1

Permanent loads :

Load transmitted by the slab: G1= 16.44x2.61x2.61= 112 kN

Self-weight of beams: G2= 3x20x20x25 = 3 kN

Then a total permanent load of G = 115 kN

Permanent loads

Exploitation load Q = 51x2.61x2.61 = 347.41 kN

Weighted load

At the ULS: Nu=1.35G+1.5Q=1.35*115+1.5*347.41=676.37 kN

At the SLS : Nser=G+Q=115+347.41=462.41 kN

Calculation of reinforcement and choice

For the calculation, we have conceived an Excel’s file in order to determine the sections while
using the rules prescribed by BAEL 91 revised 99 and we will use the load weighted at the ULS.

Square And Rectangular Pillar

B.A.E.L 91 Revised 99

Given data

Dimensions of pillar big size of pillar b= 20cm

small size of pillar a= 20cm

FeE Fe = 400 MPa

20strees of concrete at 28 days Fcj = 25 MPa

high of pillar Lo = 300cm

Bank Pillar : ( 1 ) yes ; ( 2 ) no Type : 2

Bearing force Nu= 1.35 G + 1.5 Q Nu = 0,676 MN

Duration of application of load variation(K)

If the load is applied after 90days, K =1

If the load is applied before 90days, K =1.1

IF the load applied before 28days K =1.2

reduction coefficient

K= 1,1

Results

Perimeter of the section ( 2* a ) + ( 2* b ) u= 0,80 M

Quadratic momentof the section ( IMIN) ( b* a3 ) / 12 I.min =0,000133 m4

Area of the section B ( a* b ) B = 0,0400 m²

Reduced section of pillar ( a - 0.02 )* ( b - 0.02 ) Br = 0,0324 m²

Length of buckling if bank pillar : Lf = Lo . else Lf = 0,7 Lo Lf = 2,10 M

Radius of gyration ( I.mini / B ) ^1/2 i= 0,0577 M

Slenderness ratio ( Lf / i )  36,37

Control: Slenderness ratio<70 : Verify

Slenderness ratio if>50 : = ( 0.6 ( 50 /  )² ) / K

if <50 : = ( 0.85 / (1 + 0.2 ( / 35 )² )) / K  0,635

Theoretical section of steel [( Nu / ↊st ) - (( Br* Fc28 ) / 1.35 )]* ( 1.15 / Fe ) Ath = 13,33
cm²

maximum section of steel (5%B) A.maxi = 20,00 cm²

minimum section of steel maxi ( 20 % B ; 4* u ; Ath )Asc = 13,33 cm²

Control : Asc<A.maxi Control : verify

choice of the commercial reinforcement choice of reinforcement Choice 1 : 4 HA
16

Choice 2 : 4 HA 14

Diameter of compressive reinforcemement l 16 mm

Diameter of steel rob tl t 10 mm

Spacing between transversal reinforcement if Ath<Asc : St = mini ( a+10 cm ; 40 cm )

else : St = mini ( a+10 cm ; 15 l ; 40 cm ) St = 24 Cm

Junctions by covering lr = 0.6 ls ( let 24 l for HA 400 )

( let 30l for HA 500 and RL 235 ) Lr = 38,4 Cm

Table 18:

Constructive disposition

max spacing between steel rob e <(a +10 cm ) OK

Armatures longitudinales si< 35 =>>Ascto be set at the angle

si> 35 =>>Asc to place alongb OK

We obtain a section of A_S=13.32 cm² which leads us to chose 4 HA 16 + 4 HA 14 that

correspond to a section of 14.20 cm² with a section ∅_t=8 mm and a spacing evaluated at St=25
cm

Pillar of level II

All the pillars of level II of the structure, we have a square section of 20x20 cm² receiving the
same effortsandNser . From that fact, we will do a descent of load and will dimension only one
pillar.

Given pillar P1’ the one to study.

Evaluation of load on pillar P1’

Permanent loads :

Self-weight of beams: G2= 3x20x20x25 = 3 kN

Effort of pillar of level I G = 115 kN

Then a total permanent load evaluated at G= 118 kN

Permanent loads

Exploitation load Q = 51x2.61x2.61 = 347.41 kN

Weighted load

At the ULS : Nu=1.35G+1.5Q=1.35*118+1.5*347.41=680.415 kN

At the SLS: Nser=G+Q=118+347.41=465.41 kN

Calculation of reinforcement and choice

For the calculation we have conceived an Excel’s file in order to determine the sections while
using the rules prescribed by BAEL 91 revised 99 and we will use the weighted load at the ULS

We obtain a section of A_S=13.51 cm²that lead us to operate a choice of 4 HA 16 + 4 HA 14

which correspond to a section of 14.20 cm² with a section ∅_t=8 mm and a spacing evaluated at
St=25 cm

Calculation of foundation

Calculation of sollicitations,

Permanent loads:

Self-weight of the base slab: G1= 4x4x0.4x25 = 160 kN

Efforts of pillars at level II G2 = 4x115 = 460 kN

Then a total permanent load evaluated to G= 540 kN

Exploitation loads :
 Exploitation load Q = 51x2.61x2.61 = 347.41 kN

Then a total exploitation load evaluated at Q= 347.41 kN

Determination of moments Mx and My for the foundation

Many theories have been elaborated for the calculation of foundations on the general base slab.
We will retain in this part, TIMOSHENKO’s formula « plaques et coques »

The calculation constraint of foundation floors is 0.075Mpa

The essential data for the calculation of moments are

The distance between the center of the base slab and the external plane of pillars a or
Rmin=1.6 m

Radius of the base slab with border b or Rmax=2 m

Poisson’s coefficient at the service limit state γ =20

calculation constraint of the foundation floor qu=σsol=0.075 Mpa

The determination of steels section (in the* and y-directions) will be done with to loading cases
attributing to* the values:*=0;*=Rmin;*=Rmax. We will then be supposed to calculate Mx and
My by superposition of the two loading cases.

For the calculation of superior reinforcement, TIMOSHENKO gives for Mx and My the
following formula for a plate of radius Rmax:

First loading case:

Mx1=-(σsol/16 (3+γ)(Rmax^2-x^2 )) ;

My1=-(σsol/16 ((3+γ)Rmax^2-1.6x^2 )).

γ=20 of poison coefficient of deposition

Second loading case:

Given P the total weight of the loaded reservoir: P= G+Q; we have: P=px2(2a+2a) then p=P/8a

Here * can only take the values:*=a=Rmax and*=b=Rmin;

Then:

For*=a, Mx2=My2=(σsol/4)*(0.8(a^2-b^2 )/2)+γ*a^2*loge(a/b) . as a reminder loge(x)=Ln(x)

For*=b, we have Mx2=0 and My2= ((p*a)/2)*0.8(1-(a^2/b^2 ))

From there the following results

Table 19: Determination of the moment on foundation

0.075

20

Rmax=2 M

Rmin= 1.6 M

G= 540 KN

Q= 347.41 KN

P= 887.41 KN

p= 0.0554631 MN/ml

Position Value of* 1st case of loading 2nd case of loading Superposition

Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mx My

x= 0 -0.06 -0.06 0 0 -0.06 0.317625

x=a=Rmax= 2 0 -0.03 0.189315 0.18931 0.1893148 0.1593148

x=b=Rmin= 1.6 -0.0216 -0.0408 0 -0.025 0 -0.065758

Choice: we are taking the maximun in the absolute value

Mx=My= 0.317625 MN.m for the superior face

Determination of steels in superior face

Superiors steels

Then A_s=M/βxdxσs=(0,317)/(1x0,9x0,5x156)=0.0064 m² =64.50 cm² Practical choice: then 24

HA 16 Therefore a spacing of 17 cm in the* and y-directions.

Repartition reinforcement associated to the superior steels

In a regular manner, minimal section of repartition steels is:

Ar=Ainf/4=64.50/4=16.125 cm²

Practical choice: 16 HA 12

We have a spacing of 25 cm on a distance of 4 meters

Inferior Reinforcements

The inferior radial reinforcements are Ainf=Asup/2=64.50/2=32.25 cm2

Practical choice: then 16 HA 16 distributed on the surface of the base slab

Then a spacing of 25 cm

Repartition reinforcement associated to the inferior steels In a regular manner, minimal section of
repartition steels is:

Ar=Ainf/4=32.25/4=8.06 cm²

Practical choice: 12 HA 10

We have a spacing of 30 cm on a distance of 4 meters

Verification of the whole stability of the reservoir

Verification of the punching shear

The verification will be done at the SLS:

Q= 347.41 kN
G= 540 kN

Pu=1.35xG+1.5xQ=1.35x540+1.5x347.41 =1250.115KN

Pser=G+Q=540+347.41=887.41KN

The stability of the structure is ensured when the shearing constraint is inferior to the limit
constraint of the soilτ: τ<τlim ; withτ=P/S

Let’s take,τlim=qu.we then have:

τlim=0.075MPa

P_u/S=1250.115/16=78.132KN/m2=0.0078 MPa

P_ser/S=887.41/16=55.46KN/m²=0.0554Mpa<0,075MPa verified condition

The edge of the reservoir is 0.7 meter

Verification of the stability of the structure to reversing

The reversing of the reservoir can be produced under the wind effect

Table 20: Verification of the stability to reversing

Designation Formulae ResultsUnit

Height of the structure offered to the wind with respect to the natural land is: H-Pf+hacr
11.8 M

the surface of the structure offered to the wind S=PIxRextxHv 51.705 m2

limit dynamic pressure of the wind Pv= 2,975 KN/m2

The resultant force due to the wind Fv=Pv*Sv 153.82 KN

overturning moment of the wind Mr Mr=Fv*Hv/2 930.62 KN.m

Lever arm of stabilizing moment Z=Rex 2.75 m

Stabilizing moment Ms=Pser*Z 2440.377 KN.m

Ratio of stabilizing moment and the overturning moment R=Ms/Mr 2.622

We see well that the structure is stable to the reversal because 2.622>1,5

Verification of the whole stability to the sliding

The structure being embedded in the soil on a depth of 0.7 m, it is not necessary to verify the
whole stability of the sliding to the wind

3.3. Dimensioning of the distribution network.

Table 21: The different tap points, altitudes, elevations and different lengths.

NUMBER POSITION GROUND ELEVATION OUTLET ELEVATION PIPE

LENGTH

1 Pm0o1 1430 1431 5.97

2 Pm002 1430 1431 3.08

3 Pm003 1430 1431 15.65

4 Pm004 1425 1426 56.83

5 Pm005 1425 1426 42.23

6 Pm006 1422.5 1423.5 22.73

7 Pm007 1420 1421 34.62

8 Pm008 1422.5 1423.5 34.61

9 Pm009 1420 1421 18.16

10 Pm010 1420 1421 12.01

11 Pm011 1420 1421 14.23

12 Pm012 1422.5 1423.5 14.2

13 Pm013 1402.5 1402.5 14.7

14 Pm014 1415 1416 23.31

15 Pm015 1415 1416 11.6

16 Pm016 1415 1416 12.26

17 Pm017 1415 1416 14.15

18 Pm018 1415 2416 10.89

19 Pm019 1410 1411 17.47

20 Pm020 1412 1413 30.1

21 Pm021 1412 1413 11.5

22 Pm022 1412 1413 24.74

23 Pm023 1415 1416 29.79

24 Pm024 1415 1416 29.8

25 Pm025 1405 1406 3.72

26 Pm026 1405 1406 70.4

27 Pm027 1405 1405 14.1

28 Pm028 1410 1411 14.02

29 Pm029 1402.5 1403.5 14.01

30 Pm030 1402.5 1403.5 14.11

31 Pm031 1402.5 1403.5 75.15

32 Pm032 1400 1402.5 50.43

33 Pm033 1400 1401 34.62

34 Pm034 1402.5 1403.5 34.51

35 Pm035 1402.5 1403.5 58.36

36 Pm036 1405 1406 8.25

37 Pm037 1405 1406 30.32

38 Pm038 1405 1406 43.05

39 Pm039 1402.5 1403.5 17.46

40 Pm040 1401 1402 40.04

41 Pm041 1401 1402 22.07

42 Pm042 1401 1402 56.47

43 Pm043 1401 1402 13.47

44 Pm044 1401 1402 20.69

45 Pm045 1402.5 1403.5 7.4

46 Pm046 1401 1402 36.6

47 Pm047 1407.5 1407.5 25.3

48 Pm048 1410 1410 25.56

49 Pm049 1412 1412 14.8

50 A 1430 1432.5 7.5

51 B 1430 1432.5 8.39

52 C 1430 1432.5 19.81

53 D 1430 1432.5 7.11

54 E 1430 1432.5 10.59

55 F 1430 1432.5 23.31

56 G 1430 1432.5 17.61

57 H 1427.5 1430 34.41

58 I 1422.5 1425 56.92

59 J 1417.5 1420 28.9

60 K 1420 1425.5 7.57

61 L 1415 1417.5 20.31

62 M 1415 1417.5 6.4

61 N 1415 1420.5 22.5

62 O 1412.5 1418 5.9

63 P 1412.5 1418 6.7

64 Q 1401 1403.5 36.49

65 R 1401 1403.5 11

66 S 1401 1403.5 7.8

67 T 1401 1403.5 14.7

68 U 1405 1407.5 56.46

69 V 1402.5 1405 6.83

70 W 1402.5 1408 4.18

71 X 1402.5 1411 11.94

72 Y 1405 1410.5 25.55

73 Z 1405 1410.5 25.45

74 a-1 1410 1415.5 57.15

Calculation of the network

Principle of calculation using the method of HARDY-CROSS

In a loop network, the direction of water circulating in a pipe can’t be determined with exactitude
just at the first try. The partition of flow rate into the pipes can only evaluated by taking into
consideration the fact to ensure normal circulation of water, we should have equality in a meeting
points of opposite flow.

For this network we chooseto calculate it using the method of HARDY–CROSS which is based
on two laws namely:

Law of nods:
For each nod the sum of flow rates entering the nod is equal to the sum of flow rates going out of
the nod. We have the following formula Qentering–Qgoing out=0

Law of loops:

For each loop the sum of head losses all around the loop is equal to zero. We then have ∑⧍Ht,i=
0

Steps involved in the method of HARDY CROSS:

Proposition of pressure at the ground level

Determination of the hydraulic gradient for each stump using the formula.

J=(⧍H )/L=(Pa-P b)/L

Where ⧍H : is the height difference in between the nods

Arbitrary repartition of pressure.

Determination of the geometric diameter D’ for each stump and j and the evaluation lies
on the parameters like: D’, R’, Q’ and R’. Then we have

D22 1 /5Q2/g J1/5

Then the Reynolds number R’is gotten on the basis of the relations Q’Q and

R’4Q/D’

Where is the kinematic viscosity.

The parameters D’ et R’ permit us to evaluate the factor of correction of the diameterthrough

the following relationship.

〖⦋-log⁡((0.0001√D)/4.75+8.5/R^' )⦌〗^(-2/5)and the frictional factor f=

Then from here we correct the diameter using the relationship,

DD’

We correct the Reynolds number,

R3/2R’
We correct the flow rates using the relation

Q= Q’+⧍q where ⧍q=-(∑▒〖⧍H〗)/(2∑▒(⧍H)/Q)

Then we correct the pressure according to the practical diameter and real flow rate

The network to be dimensioned has as input flow rate Q=0.0074m3/s and the elevation of the
reservoir is 1430m from the water level widely known then we take as resistance for the
pipe=0. 0001m.in application to the previous method we have the following table.

Table 22: Flow rates at each node and the different diameters of pipes

LOOP STUMP Q’(m3/s) pressure Elevation ⧍ht J D’(m) R’

 Dtheo Dprac

I N01-N02 0.0074 0-10 1431-1430 5.10-9 0.059 0.086 1.1.105 0.76

0.065 0.063

N02-N03 0.0071 10-14 1430-1426 5.04.10-9 0.07 0.08 1.13.105

0.76 0.060 0.06

N03-N05 0.0065 11-16 1426-1425 4.23.10-9 0.02 0.10 8.28.104

0.76 0.076 0.08

N05-N06 0.0064 16-20 1425-1422.5 4.1.10-9 0.072 0.078 2.34.106

0.68 0.053 0.060

N06-N07 0.0063 16-13 1422.5-1422.5 3.97.10-9 0.05 0.084 9.55.104

0.77 0.065 0.07

N07-N04 0.006 11-15 1422.5-1431 3.6.10-9 0.058 0.08 9.55.104

0.77 0.061 0.063

N04-N01 0.0038 10-17 1431-1431 1.44.10-9 0.15 0.05 9.68.104

0.77 0.04 0.04

II N01-N08 0.0107 17-24 1431-1430 1.14.10-8 0.015 0.1316 1.03.105

0.77 0.10 0.100
 N08-N13 0.0090 24-27 1430-1421 8.1. 10-9 0.036 0.065 1.76.105
0.75 0.049 0.05

N13-N12 0.0056 27-30 1421-1420 3.13.10-9 0.028 0.089 8.02.104

0.77 0.069 0.070

N12-N11 0.0049 30-33 1420-1420 2.4. 10-9 0.65 0.045 1.4.105

0.70 0.031 0.04

N11-N10 0.0048 33-36 1420-1417.5 2.3. 10-9 0.13 0.039 1.56.105

0.75 0.029 0.040

N10-N09 0.0041 36-30 1417.5-1420 1.68.10-9 0.087 0.063 8.29.104

0.77 0.049 0.05

N09-N14 0.0039 30-24 1420-1423.5 1.52.10-9 0.084 0.037 1.34.105

0.76 0.028 0.04

III N13-N15 0.0034 17-24 1421-1415 1.56.10-9 0.086 0.06 1.21.104

0.85 0.051 0.06

N15-N16 0.00034 24-27 1415-1412.5 1.56.10-11 0.12 0.021

2.062.104 0.82 0.017 0.04

N16-N17 -3.4.10-4 27-30 1412.5-1411.5 9.61.10-12 0.052 0.06

7.21.104 0.7 0.041 0.04

N17-N18 -5.1.10-4 30-33 1411.5-1415 2.6. 10-11 0.085 0.027

2.40.104 0.82 0.022 0.04

N18-N19 -6.8.10-4 33-36 1415-1415 4.62.10-11 0.0617 0.033

2.62.104 0.81 0.027 0.04

N19-N20 -8.5.10-4 36-30 1415-1415 7.22.10-11 0.17 0.029

3.73.104 0.80 0.023 0.04

N20-N21 -1.6.10-3 30-24 1415-1415.5 2.56.10-10 0.017 0.108

3.02.103 0.92 0.100 0.100
 N21-N22 -3.6.10-3 24-26 1415.5-1417.5 1.29.10-9 0.075 0.061
7.52.103 0.87 0.053 0.06

N22-N14 -3.7.10-3 26-30 1417.5-1423.5 1.36.10-11 0.08 0.0611

7.71.104 0.78 0.047 0.05

IV N15-N23 0.0031 11-15 10-14 9.61.10-10 0.04 0.065 6.08.103 0.88

0.057 0.06

N23-N24 0.00068 24-27 11-16 4.62.10-11 0.18 0.027 3.21.102

1.125 0.012 0.04

N24-N25 0.00051 16-20 1411-1410 2.6. 10-11 0.016 0.038

1.71.104 0.83 0.031 0.04

N25-N26 0.00034 16-13 1410-1412.5 1.17.10-11 0.045 0.027 1.61.

102 1.22 0.033 0.04

N26-N27 0.00017 11-15 1412.5-1412.5 2.89.10-12 0.22 0.026 8.33.

102 1.02 0.026 0.04

N27-N28 -0.00153 10-17 1412.5-1415 2.34.10-10 0.019 0.058 3.36.

103 0.920 0.053 0.06

N28-N29 -0.00323 17-24 1415-1415 1.5.10-9 0.45 0.042 9.79.

102 1.02 0.042 0.05

N29-N21 -0.0034 24-27 1415-1415.5 1.15.10-9 0.023 0.077 5.62.

103 0.9 0.068 0.08

V N23-N30 0.00238 36-30 1415-1407.5 5.66.10-10 0.101 0.05 6.06.

103 0.88 0.045 0.05

N30-N31 0.00102 30-24 1407.5-1402.5 1.04.10-10 0.064 0.04 3.25.

103 0.68 0.027 0.04

N31-N32 0.00017 24-26 1402.5-1400 2.89.10-12 0.03 0.022 9.84.

102 1.01 0.022 0.04
 N32-N33 -0.00068 26-30 1400-1399 4.62.10-11 0.024 0.039 2.22.
103 0.95 0.036 0.04

N33-N34 -0.00153 10-14 1399-1398.5 2.34.10-10 0.006 0.072 2.71.

104 0.69 0.05 0.050

N34-N40 -0.00238 11-16 1398.5-1398 5.66.10-10 0.008 0.081 3.74.

103 0.91 0.071 0.08

N40-N35 -0.00255 16-20 1398-1402.5 6.5. 10-10 0.056 0.056 5.80.

104 0.78 0.044 0.050

N35-N36 -0.00425 16-13 1402.5-1402.5 1.8. 10-9 0.13 0.06 9.02.

104 0.77 0.046 0.05

N36-N37 0.00017 11-15 1402.5-1402.5 2.89.10-10 0.064 0.018 1.20.

103 0.99 0.017 0.04

N37-N38 -0.00068 10-17 1402.5-1405 4.62.10-11 0.04 0.036 2.41.

103 0.94 0.033 0.04

N38-N39 -0.00068 17-24 1405-1407.5 4.62.10-11 0.025 0.04 2.17.

103 0.95 0.038 0.04

N39-N22 -0.0017 24-27 1407.5-1415.5 2.89.10-10 0.14 0.0403 5.37.

104 0.79 0.031 0.04

VI N36-N41 -0.00442 11-15 1400-1410 1.95.10-9 0.024 0.085 6.62.

104 0.78 0.066 0.07

N41-N42 0.00255 10-17 1410-1402.5 6.5. 10-10 0.041 0.06 5.41.

104 0.79 0.047 0.05

N42-N43 0.00204 17-24 1402.5-1402.5 4.16.10-10 0.25 0.038 6.84.

104 0.78 0.029 0.04

N43-N44 -0.00306 24-27 1402.5-1411 9.4. 10-10 0.089 0.055 7.09.

104 0.78 0.043 0.050
 N44-N45 -0.00323 27-30 1411-1412.5 1.05.10-9 0.074 0.051 8.07.
104 0.77 0.039 0.04

N45-N28 -0.0034 30-33 1412.5-1415 1.15. 10-9 0.021 0.077 5.62.

103 0.89 0.068 0.07

VII N41-N46 -0.00187 10-17 1410-1412.5 3.50. 10-9 0.0036 0.087 2.74.
103 0.93 0.081 0.08

N46-N47 -0.00255 17-24 1412.5-1415 6.5. 10-10 0.041 0.061 5.33.

104 0.79 0.048 0.050

N47-N48 -0.00425 24-27 1415-1420 1.8. 10-9 0.111 0.0608 8.9.

103 0.72 0.044 0.05

N48-N49 -0.00527 11-15 1420-1415 2.78.10-11 0.29 0.055 1.22.

104 0.85 0.046 0.050

N49-N50 0.00544 10-17 1415-1523.5 2.56.10-10 0.095 0.069 1.00.

104 0.86 0.059 0.06

Table 23: VERIFICATIONS

Loop

Stump

Q(m3/s) Ht

(m)

Ht/Q

C,M,P Qcor

(m3/s)
I N01-N02 0.0074 5.10-9 6.8.10-7 -0.00033 0.00707

N02-N03 0.0071 5.04.10-9 7.1.10-7 -0.00033 0.0067

N03-N05 0.0065 4.23.10-9 6.5.10-7 -0.00033 0.0061

N05-N06 0.0064 4.1.10-9 6.4.10-7 10-7 -0.00033 0.0060

N06-N07 0.0063 3.97.10-9 6.3.10-7 -0.00033 0.0059

N07-N04 0.006 3.6.10-9 6.10-7 -0.00033 0.0056

N04-N01 0.0038 1.44.10-9 3.8.10-7 -0.00033 0.0034

total 2.8.10-10 SumHt/Q =4.3.10-6 q=-0.0000033

II N01-N08 0.0107 1.14.10-8 7.1.10-7 00 0.0107

N08-N13 0.0090 -8.1. 10-9 6.5.10-7 00 0.0090

N13-N12 0.0056 3.13.10-9 6.4.10-7 10-7 00 0.0056

N12-N11 0.0049 -2.4. 10-9 6.3.10-7 00 0.0049

N11-N10 0.0048 2.3. 10-9 6.10-7 00 0.0048

N10-N09 0.0041 1.68.10-9 3.8.10-7 00 0.0041

 N09-N14 0.0039 -1.52.10-9 7.1.10-7 00 0.0039

total 1.1.10-10 SumHt/Q =4.3.10-6 q=-0.000031

III N15-N16 0.0034 1.14.10-8 6.3.10-7 00 0.0034

N16-N17 0.00034 -8.1. 10-9 6.10-7 00 0.00034

N17-N18 -3.4.10-4 3.13.10-9 3.8.10-7 00 -3.4.10-4

N18-N19 -5.1.10-4 -2.4. 10-9 2.8.10-10 00 -5.1.10-4

N19-N20 -6.8.10-4 2.3. 10-9 7.1.10-7 00 -6.8.10-4

N20-N21 -8.5.10-4 4.1.10-9 6.5.10-7 00 -8.5.10-4

N21-N22 -1.6.10-3 3.97.10-9 6.4.10-7 10-7 00 -1.6.10-3

N13-N15 -3.6.10-3 3.6.10-9 6.3.10-7 00 -3.6.10-3

N22-N14 -3.7.10-3 -2.4. 10-9 6.10-7 00 -3.7.10-3

total 2.1.10-10 SumHt/Q =4.4.10-6 q=-0.000022

IV N15-N23 0.0031 3.13.10-9 6.4.10-7 10-7 00 0.0031

N23-N24 0.00068 -2.4. 10-9 6.3.10-7 00 0.00068

N24-N25 0.00051 2.3. 10-9 6.10-7 00 0.00051

N25-N26 0.00034 1.68.10-9 3.8.10-7 00 0.00034

N26-N27 0.00017 -1.52.10-9 7.1.10-7 00 0.00017

N27-N28 -0.00153 4.23.10-9 6.5.10-7 00 -0.00153

N28-N29 -0.00323 4.1.10-9 6.4.10-7 10-7 00 -0.00323

N29-N21 -0.0034 3.97.10-9 6.3.10-7 00 -0.0034

total 3.1.10-10 SumHt/Q =2.10-6 q=-0.000032

V total 3.3.10-10 SumHt/Q =22.10-6 q=-0.00004

VI total 4.1.10-10 SumHt/Q =4.2.10-6 q=-0.00006

VII total 5.1.10-10 SumHt/Q =2.2.10-6 q=-0.00005

CHAPTER 4: PLANNING OF ACTIVITIES, AND QUANTITIES AND

ESTIMATE
4.1 Planning of the Activities
In the domain of civil engineering, in order to better execute a given activity or project, it very
important to applied the principals. this will avoid confusion and disorder; it is for this reason
that any plan produces is an imagination of what is likely to be. but by critical examination of
collected and use information, this imagination become a more calculated one. Thus, it is reliable
to avoid any problem and possible delay that may occur in the realization of the project. the
different operation (activities, task) must follow a logical step according to the evolution of the
site. Example, clearing, cleaning, (excavation) setting out, foundation, digging.
 Planning: is the systematic arrangement of various operations (activity) involve in the
realization of a given project. it involves the technical preparation of work organizing
programming and controlling, the project from the beginning and during it execution till
conclusion.
 PERT network: it is one of the forms of chorological method based on the notion of the
critical path. its principles are based on linking the various operation, task or activities.
 Critical path: it is a series of activities which permit us to respect the contractual delay
imposed by the client or Customer or owner. any delay in the execution of along the
critical path has an impact in the whole Project. The task situated on the critical path is
called are commanding or critical task. the other task which are not situated on the critical
path are called Accompanying task, the critical path of the planning which will help show
us the activities that determine the duration of the project and that when the duration of
any change even by abrupt, the duration of the whole project will change.

4.1.2 Terminology
 PERT: Program evaluation review techniques.
 C.P.M: Critical path movement.
 Activity Of Task: There are represented by an arrow
  A(2) Meaning that A is a task while 2 is the duration.
 Event: It is represented by a circle having three parts. An event marks the beginning or
the end of each task, there is no time, no labour consumptions in a event

 Fictive Task: It does not consume time; it is use to link two dependent tasks situated on
different task. It is denoted
4.1.3 Objectives Of Planning
To coordinate the given activities of a project.
To control the progress of the project.
To create a link between the different activities, involve.
To foresee any problem that may occurred in the realization of the project
4.1.4 Methods of Planning
They are several methods of planning bet we are base our attention on the following:
Pert method.
The critical path method.
The bar chart or grant planning.
Table 24:Activities for Planning
N Activities Duration manpower Previous Rank
(Days) Activity
A Site clearance 2 10 Nothing 1
B Installation of the platforms 2 15 Nothing 1
C Installation of the building site 3 12 B 2
D Establishment:castle1 2 6 C 3
E Establishment:castle2 2 8 C 3
F Establishment: reservoir in 2 10 A 2
campus
G Excavation:castle1 3 28 D 4
H Design: of catchment) and 15 20 F 3
treatment points
 I Excavation of castle2 5 32 E 4
J Realization castle1 20 15 M 5
K Realization castle2 23 20 N 5
L Pose pipes: cover- Castle 1 and 7 10 G,I 5
castle 2
M Excavation and realization of 5 20 D 4
castle 1 veil
N Excavation realization of castle 2 6 25 E 4
veil
O Excavation of supply trenches 5 6 L 6
P Installation of equipment for 4 14 N 5
treatment
Q Coating+ tightness +Painting 6 8 J 6
R General plumbing/ chiseling 10 12 P,Q 7
S Assembly of the floating pumps 2 6 R 8
T Completion 3 6 S 9
U Folding up 1 5 T 10
The listing and the ranking here is make according to the duration of activities and the
enrollment of the activity.
From the listing and ranking of these activities we had drawn the PERT network, the GANTT,
the Man Power Diagram and the Man Power Curve. Then it results that the duration of the work
will be forty-two (42) days with a maximum of thirty-eight workers.
For the Perth network, see figure 25.
For the GANTT, See figure 26.
For the manpower curve, see figure 27.
4.2. Specifications
 Agglomerates of 15×20×40 to limit the construction of the source.

 a strainer (left perforated control) being used as duct drainage with the cover.

Volume of one m3 for

Pave and covers coated walls

Cement 350kg/m3 cement 400kg/m3

Sand 400l/m3 at the end of sand 0/5:400l/m3

Gravel 800l/m3 mixing water:

Steel 90kg not containing oil or acid

insulators (damp-proof, cement sticks for the protection of the walls, cover and
flagstone).

formwork for the longitudinal beams, chaining and covers.

 COVER

The realization of the cover will have the circular form to fight against the water pressures which
arrive at the surface of the walls, and to envisage insulators to fight against moisture (protection
by fruikote) and against heat (fireproof protection). The cover will have a wall veils, a concrete
cover and reinforced slab.

Useful materials for 1m3

 Cement 375kg/m3

 Sand 400l

 Gravel 800l

 Steel 90 kg (steel HA.8)

 Insulators

 Sufficient mixing water

 Drink formwork

 The footing will be square of section 1.15×1.15m, thickness 30cm, even proportioning
that the veils but of steel (HA.14).

Excavations;
initially cutting of grass on the sites of the project (taps castle) before the establishment.
 the excavation of Castles 1 and 2 ,the distinct the drains (being used as footing of the
castles which will be used in their turn to feed the good fountains and the environment) will be
done with local tools and materials.(shovels, wheelbarrow, seals, gabaries, meters, ribbon, nail,
string, hammers, square, plumb line, water level, drink for the establishment, trucks) will be very
useful for us.
Castles (1 and 2)

The footing of the castles will be square of 115×115cm and thickness 30cm carried out in
drain.

The pillar 20×20 will be cased, reinforced and concreted by a proportioning identical to
the proportioning of the cover and protected terminally from the water pollution, insulators.

The floor will be in flagstone.

To envisage elbows with each distinct cover’s castles.

Sand for the trenches

To envisage a thick ballasting along sliced food for the installation of the pipes.

To envisage the adhesive during successive fitments of pipes PVC.

To compact the ballasting well before the installation of the pipes.

Fountain Realization of the pavements for the fountains of identical proportioning that that of the
cover.

Pump

To envisage a pump for the food of the two castles.

Choice of pump

Suction pump: who allows to drive back water of the cover towards the two castles
thanks to his vacuum cleaner.

The use of pipes PVC is used as power supply of the cover towards the castles, and the
castles towards the public tap thus supplying the population’s whit drinking water.
4.3 Estimate of the project
4.6.1 Descriptive estimate

This part presents as indicative title some examples of unitary prizes recently observed in
Cameroon (and an interval of reasonable variation).

Water Treatments: There are different method of water treatments and the cost is to be
studied case by case. anyway, the costs are always important and superior to production costs of
untreated water. For this project, we have justified the choice of chlorination treatmentsystem of
which the description will be done according to that choice.The chlorination installation
necessitates small initial investments in the range of some hundreds of thousands FCFA for the
most summary installations to some millions for important networks (it is about chlorination
dispositive proportional to the production, the injection of the chlorinated solution made from
proportioning pumps). The total cost of chlorination (investment and functioning) is then about
ten FCFA per m3 of water treated. Even if it is not about investment costs, the owner will have to
think about the putting in place of a supply unit in chlorinated products. The charges that
represent that type of supply may not be negligible for small isolated towns.

Pumping system

The prices of pumps do not then vary enormously from a year to the other and not generally from
a market to the other (apart if the scale factor is very big).

Meanwhile, there exist a very wide diversity of pumps and the investment charges then depend
greatly on the choice done by the owner, who should not only take into consideration the
investments charges, but also of the maintenance constraints, the exploitation and the renewal. A
good pumping system must ensure the points:

To envisage a pump for the fountain of the two castles.

Choice of the pump

Suction pump : who allows to drive back water of the cover towards the two castles
thanks to his vacuum cleaner.

The use of pipes PVC is used as power supply of the cover towards the castles, and the
castles towards the public tap thus supplying the populations whit drinking water.
The ranges of builders’ pumps are much extended to meet all types of needs (from small flows
with low pressure, up to pump with high pressure and high flow). The prizes then are variable
according to the power expected. We can take as reference a value of range 3 to 500 000 FCFA
per kW, for a pump and its control cabinet. The delivery cost of putting operations will mostly
depend on the localization (displacement of the placing shop).

The discharge (from the collection to the reservoir)

That type of investment generally matches well a modeling because the charges practically
depend on three simple physical parameters: the height of delivery from the dynamic level of
water in the boring, the flow to deliver and the length to cover.

Two others factors less predictable will still have a determinant influence on the investments
costs:

The choice of materials (cast iron, steel, PVC or polyethylene) which constitute a very
important factor of cost variation;

The repartition of charges between the initial investment and the recurrent:

Either the owner oversized the conduits (and then the investments), to limit head losses
and the future exploitation loads;

Or the owner can reduce the section (then the cost) of conduits by reporting on the
exploiter the supplementary pumping charges that it will induce.

Storage of water

The storage volume of storage (in absolute value and in proportion of the daily consumption)
that will be chosen by the owner, and it depends on many parameters:

The mode of management of the production: continuous or temporary pumping;

The continuity or not of the distribution service;

The will to guarantee a permanent putting in pressure of the network.

The reservoirs can be built on the soil or semi-buried, but their localization depend much on the
opportunities to place them in altitude (to have pressure in the network), which sometimes
induce to prolong the discharge and distribution conduits.

The raised reservoirs (water tank) are more expensive at the investment. Their realization
necessitates supplementary technical competencies, but allows economizing on the length of the
network. They can be realized in reinforced concrete (of which the life can pass 50 years) or in
lighter materials (steel or polyester / glass fiber), but less durables (10 to 20 years) The
investment charges for reservoirs on the floor and in reinforced concrete generally range from 80
000 to 150 000 FCFA per m3. That unit cost is multiplied by two or three; when it is a water tank
(from 200 000 to 500 000 FCFA per m3 approximately).

The increase of the storage volume is a factor of quality of service, that justify to consecrate it an
important part of the investments (frequently 10 to 20%). Meanwhile, the storage capacity can
generally be increased progressively, to accompany the increase of needs and exigencies of
quality of service, through the construction of supplementary reservoirs. It is then a differed
investment and there is no need to oversize the initial storage.

It is not the case of distribution networks, of which an important part of the cost is linked to
earthworks and the putting of conduits, which only partially depend on the diameter used.

For these networks, it then generally advised to realize the dimensioning based on the solvent
demand predictable at the horizon 20 to 30 years.

To calculate the cost estimate of this project we took references from the “MERCURIALE 2015”
which is an official and standard table of prices in the Cameroon market

Table 26: Unit price of the materials for plumbing

Designations Unit Price

01 Pipe galvanize pressure 80

3500
02 Pipe galvanize pressure Ø 25

1600

03 Valves with spherical plug Ø ¾

10000

04 Tap push rod Ø ½

7500

05 Adjustable pressure regulator with pressure checking gauge

15000

06 Pipe galvanize pressure Ø 50

2500

07 Bend galvanize pressure Ø 25

300

08 Bend steel galvanized Ø 1/2

300

09 Te galvanize pressure Ø 40
500

10 Te galvanize pressure 25

300

11 Te steel galvanized Ø 1/2

300

12 Pipe steel galvanized Ø ¾

7000

13 Valve anti return Ø ¾

8000

14 Oakum

1200

15 Geba - joint

3500

16 Nipple Ø 1/2

300
17 Sleeve Ø 1/2

300

18 Box union galvanize pressure Ø ¾

1500

19 Box union galvanize pressure Ø ½

1000

20 Water meter Ø 20

5000

21 Stick tangit (1kilo)

9000

22 Stopper galva Ø ½

300

23

Reduction galvanizeØ 40/25 500

24

Fit latticework on warning signal (color blue) 25000

25

300 End Threaded galvanize Ø 32/25/15 300

26

End Threaded galvanize Ø 32/25/20 300

4.7 COST ESTIMATE

Table 28 Of Quantities and Estimates

DESIGNATION OF WORK

UNIT QUANTITIES

TOTAL PRICE

100

Preliminaries studies

101 Topographic Levee

80000

160000

102 Calculation and Assembly of The File U

4

25000

100000

103 Handwork U 1 140000 1400000

SUB TOTAL 100

260000

200

Installation Of the Building Site

202 Installation Plate Forms

1000000

1000000

203 Barraque of The Building Site U 1

150000

150000

204 Panel Of the Building Site U 1

50000

50000
 SUB TOTAL 200

400000

Labour U 1 160000 160000

300

Collecting

301 Cleansing Of the Zone of Collecting U

10

30000

300 000

302 Excavation m3

100

2000

200 000

303 Excavate of Pipeline and Backfilling m3

1734.1

3500

6 069 140
304 Inspection Chamber U

150 000

305 Water Tightness m2

1500

21 000

306 VANNE(ROBINET) 2

100000

200 000

307 Pipes galvanizeØ80 103

3500

360 500

308 Pipes Ø50 (galvanize) 112

2500

280 000

309 Pipes Ø25 (galvanize) 71

1600

113 600
310 Pump and accessories 2

750 000

1500 000

SUB TOTAL 300

8 023 240

400

STORAGE TAN K

401 Excavation of The Ground

m3

130

4000

520 000

404 Fill of The Excavations

m3

10 500

5 000

405 Sealing Coat

0.5
47000

23500

406 Reinforced CONCRETE

m3

24

180000

14320000

407 Agglomerate of breeze block

945

700

94500

408 Water tightness

230

1500

345000

409 Handwork U 1 950000 950000

SUB TOTAL

1 192 185
500

Castles

501 Excavation

m3

2.7

2000

5 400

502 Sealing Coat

m3

0.528 47 000

24 816

503 Concrete Arms

m3

13.791

133 500

1 841 099

504 Labour U 1 550000 550000

TOTAL
 1 971 315

TOTAL

14 007 055

TOTALS

Totals LABOUR 4595 000

Total cost of material 14 007 055

Total cost of material plus total LABOUR 144602055

Determination of SPWT

SPWT=K DP, where K=selling coefficient or coefficient of adjustment

Dry price (DP) =material cost+labor cost=144602055

Hypothesis

Expenses

Site expenses--------------18%DP

General expenses----------16%DP

Special expenses------------3%DP

Profit-------------------------5%SPWT

Risk allowances--------------18%SPWT

Tax

VAT--------------------------19.25%SPWT

Determination of selling coefficient K

SPWT=DP+DP (0.18+0.16+0.03) +SPWT (0.05+0.18)

SPWT (1-0.23) =DP (1+0.37)

0.77SPWT=1.37DP SPWT=(1.37 DP)/0.77=1.789DP

SPWT=1.789DP but SPWT=K×DP⟹K=1.789

SPWT=1.789×144602055FCFA=258693077FCFA

SPWT =258693077FCFA

Determination of SPWAT

SPWAT=SPWT+SPWT (0.1925) =SPWT (1+0.1925) = 1.1925×SPWT

SPWAT=1.1925×258693077FCFAFCFA=30846562FCFA

SPWAT=30846562FCFA.

In words, the selling price with all taxes included is equal Thirty million Eight Hundred and
Forty-six Thousand Five Hundred and Sixty-Two Francs.

4.8 Quantitative and cost estimates for the reservoir in campus

The distribution networks

The cost of distribution networks is less modeled than that of supply in water, because the design
of the network could considerably change in function of the options retained by the owner, also
the configuration of the land: topography, urbanization, nature of the soil and the coating of
streets...

Globally, the unitary prices (price to the linear meter of network of a given diameter) increase
with the size of the network, because it imposes an increasing sophistication to limit the
frequency of leakage and the inconvenient, they cause (complexity of grid, number of
sectioning gate valves, depth of underground conduits). However, as for supplies, the choice of
materials (cast iron, PVC or polyethylene) constitutes a great cost factor:

Table 28: Cost of canalizations according to their diameter

Diameter (mm) PE(NP 12.6) PVC (PN 16 and 10) Galvanizedsteel Castiron
40 4200 2000 6000 -

50 6600 3500 10000 -

63/60 10000 5500 7500

75/80 14000 7500 10000 9500

90/100 21000 8500 32000 12000

125 37000 13500 15000

Earthworks represent an important part of investments on the distribution network, but, contrary
to the conduits themselves, these costs depend very few on the diameter of canalizations used
(that is what justifies the current practice which consists to dimension the network to a relatively
far horizon).

Table 29: Costs of furniture, putting and excavation of canalizations in PVC

N° Diameter Furniture Putting Excavation Total

1 63 2100 35% 1000 17% 3000 50% 6100

2 90 4000 50% 1100 14% 3000 27% 8100

3 110 6700 60% 1500 13% 3000 37% 11200

Table 30: Mixture of concrete and mortar

State of construction Dosage in cement Dosage in sand Dosage in gravel Dosage

in water

Lean concrete 200 Kg/m3 400 l/m3 800 l/m3 490 l/m3

Reinforcedconcrete 400 Kg/m3 400 l/m3 800 l/m3 4900 l/m3

Mortar 200 Kg/m3 800 l/m3 - 160 l/m3

Coating 200 Kg/m3 800 l/m3 - l/m3

4.6.2 Cost estimate for the reservoir in campus:

Table 31:QUANTITATIVE AND COST ESTIMATE.

QUANTITATIVE AND COST ESTIMATE

No DESIGNATION U QTY U PRICE T PRICE

0 PRELIMINARY WORKS

0.1 Site clearance U 1 70 000 70 000

0.2 General earthworks U 1 325 000 325 000

0.3 Installation of building site U 1 250 000 250 000

0.4 Setting out U 1 125 000 125 000

SUB TOTAL 645000

REALIZATION OF THE TANK

1. FOUNDATIONS

1.1 Excavations

1.1.1 Excavations out of well (5*5*0.7m) m3 17,5 2 500 43750

1.2 Leanconcrete m3 0,96 75766 72736

1.3 Reinforcedconcrete m3 7,6 191985 1 459 086

1.4 Formwork m2 8,4 4800 40 320

1.6 LABOUR U 1 620 000 620 000

SUB TOTAL 1 615 892

2 ELEVATION

2.1 Reinforcedconcrete m3 4,44 163000 723720

2.2.3 Elevation (bloc of 10x20x40 cm) U 88 7 170 630 960

2.3.1 Formwork m2 25 5 500 137 500

2.2.4 LABOUR U 1 650000 650 000

SUB TOTAL 2 1 492 180

3. Tank

3,1 Reinforcedconcrete m3 31,3 185975 5 821 018

3.2 Formwork m2 190 22 500 4 275 000

3.3 LABOUR U 1 800 000 950 000

SUB TOTAL 10 096 018

4 COATINGS AND COVERS

4.1 Coatings on walls m2 84 5200 436 800

4.3 Connections on posts and beams m2 4 6200 24 800

4.5 LABOUR U 1 550 000 550 000

SUBTOTAL 461 600

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

5 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

5.1 Pipe DiameterØ100 U 25 39000 975000

5.2 Pipe Diameter Ø80 U 298 2600 774800

5.3 Pipe Diameter Ø40 U 257 1600 411200

5.4 Pipe Diameter Ø20 U 185 700 129500

5.5 elbow50 ¼ U 97 300 29100

regulation valve U 10 16500 165000

stop valve 50/60 U 9 9700 87300

5.6 LABOUR U 1 900000 900 000

5.7 SUB TOTAL 8889900

6 Treatment center

5.5 fees of tools set 1 800000 800 000

5.6 LABOUR U 1 325000 325000

5.6 SUB TOTAL 800000

6 Pumping system

6.1 Pipe Diameter Ø150 U 187 62500 11687500

6.2 pump 3HP U 4 150 600

6.5 Boringfees U 1 800000 800 000

6.6 LABOUR U 1 100000 100 000

6.7 SUB TOTAL 5 12488150

TOTALS

Totals LABOUR 4095 000

Total cost of material 36488740
Total cost of material plus total LABOUR 40583740
Determination of SPWT
SPWT=K DP, where K=selling coefficient or coefficient of adjustment
Dry price (DP) =material cost labor cost=40583740FCFA
Hypothesis
Expenses
Site expenses--------------18%DP
General expenses----------16%DP
Special expenses------------3%DP
Profit-------------------------5%SPWT
Risk allowances--------------18%SPWT
Tax
VAT--------------------------19.25%SPWT
Determination of selling coefficient K
SPWT=DP+DP (0.18+0.16+0.03) +SPWT (0.05+0.18)
SPWT (1-0.23) =DP (1+0.37)
0.77SPWT=1.37DP SPWT=(1.37 DP)/0.77=1.789DP
SPWT=1.789DP but SPWT=K×DP⟹K=1.789
SPWT=1.789×40583740FCFA= 72604311FCFA
SPWT = 72604311FCFA
Determination of SPWAT
SPWAT=SPWT+SPWT (0.1925) =SPWT (1+0.1925) = 1.1925×SPWT
SPWAT=1.1925×72604311FCFA=86580641FCFA
SPWAT=86580641FCFA
In words, the selling price with all taxes included is equal Eighty-Six Million Five Hundred and
Eighty Thousand Six Hundred and Forty-One Francs.
TOTAL SPWAT for the whole project is=30846562FCFA+86580641FCFA=117427403FCFA
(One Hundred and Seventeen Million, Four Hundred and Twenty-Seven Thousand Four Hundred
And Three Francs Cfa)
 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary

This project titled “The Conception, And Designing of a Water Supply Network for the
university of Bamenda and its surrounding premises and Bambili Community Base on Solving
the Water Crisis” consisted of conceiving, designing and studying a water network for the
Bambili community to solve or wind away the problem of water crisis faced by the Bambili
community. The first step toward realizing this goal as to go to the site and collect basic useful
data relating to the study, then analyzing the data and interpreting the results. We then used the
results to conceive and design the water structures, and the distribution network while ensuring
that the elements of water tower and the storage tank will able to support their self-weights and
those for which they are designed to carry on one hand and the network distribution to satisfy the
need of the population of the community on the other hand. After verifying the safety of our
structures from the catchment, treatment tank, castles and reservoir to the foundations, we went
further to design the pumping system and the network distribution plan. We then finalized our
studies by making a bill of quantities and cost estimates for the realization. The above summary
has been elaborated in the different sections and subsections of this research, each of which gives
details of the different parts of the conception.

5.2 Difficulties and challenges encountered

A number of difficulties and challenges were encountered during this period in which we were
writing our project, most of which were greatly influenced by a number of factors. Some of these
are presented below

 Inadequate power supply: Due to heavy rain in Bambil, we had greatserious difficulties
of power failure this power failure brought some short comings at the level of printing
inother to meet with our task.
 Lack of water supply notes or text book: The lack of water supply notes was due to the
fact that we did not have a course on water supply; we had hydraulic courses but these
notes were not specified that is why we downloaded many documents from internet but it
was not easy to read, understand and apply in our project.
 Financial difficulties: Due to the crisis in our region, we faced a serious problem to make
up with our financial needs for the advancement of our project.
  Long working hours daily; This was an unavoidable situation considering the work we
were expected to do and considering the available time we had to realize this work. We
had to be working for at least nine (9) hours daily in order to be able to complete the
work as expected. we could make up very limited time for other daily activities such as
cleaning, relaxation and even time to prepare food for ourselves was not always
available, hence we sometimes could go without food for a whole day or even beyond
and sometimes just on water.

5.3 Recommendation
After working on this project with the many challenges and difficulties encountered, we hereby
present our recommendations as follows:
 We are in this light saying that the community of Bambili and University of Bamenda
should put in place effective strategies such as fund raising for the realization of this
project.
 We recommend that the school should always try to see into it that students have their
project topics before going on summer holidays so as to reduce the difficulties in finding
information. This will also enhance proper planning financially, materially and
academically.
 We recommend that the school should provide a printing press and lower printing prices
as this will help reduce the burden of printing of end of course projects and other works
both on students and teachers.
 To the school authorities, especially professional schools in the University of Bamenda
we recommend that they should implement a system in which project writing for every
group of students or individuals must be partly realization in order that students merge
the theoretical skills with the standards in practice for all engineering departments
irrespective of the option
5.4 Conclusion
The result of an effective project can be better seen in its realization and functionality. So
therefore, efforts put in place to carry out this study can be better appreciated if the said
structures are realized in accordance with the studies carried out and the results obtained. In this
light, we wish to say that the successes registered during the conception, design and study of this
project were enormous given that it entailed a lot of findings and discoveries that were very
essential for structural designs. However, despite all the pains, difficulties and sleepless nights
we went through, with the complete work in hand and the lessons we learnt, we believe all of this
is worth more than the pains, shortages and restlessness we went through.
 REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY
Béton Arme aux Etats Limites BAEL 99.
Les éléments des projects de construction 7e edition par Ernst Neufert edition Dunod
Electrical equipment and installation technology T.F Fofang
Beton arme Guide de calcul Henri Renaud,et Jean lamirault, Bordas Paris 1989
EURODE-CODE3
DR KATTE VALATINE YATO. (HOD) Courses of Hydraulic. BPW 200 2016-2017
DR KATTE VALATINE YATO. (HOD)notes of Soil Mechanics and Road Topometry. BPW 300
2015-2016
Mrs AMBI LINDA. notes of General Method of Construction BPW 300 2016-2017
Dr MBUH MOSES. Notes of potable water supply
PR YAMB B. ().Notesof RIENFORCED CONCRETE II. BPW 300 2017-2018
Mrs. AMBI LINDA notes of BASIC ON RIENFORCED CONCRETE. BPW 200 2016-2017
“Guide des projet d’alimentation en eau potable”
André DUPONT, Hydraulique urbaine, tome II. Edition Eyro les 1979.
Seydou SY SALI, Etude de l'amélioration du système d’approvisionnement en eau potable du
village de Thienahaet de ses environs. PFE, école polytechnique de Thiès, juin 1994
DOLAND or in Roger LABONTE (poly.Montréal)
Papa M. DIAGNE, Alimentation en eau potable de la ville de Bakel. PFE, EPT, 1998.
Rural water supply,volume1, by MANILA febuary 2012
Design sizing construction and maintenance of gravity fed system,module 2: principle and sizing
of a gravity fed system updated in 2008 MERCURIALE 2015
 
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3

APPENDIX 4
APPENDIX 5

APPENDIX 6
APPENDIX 7

APPENDIX 8
APPENDIX 9
APPENDIX 11
APPENDIX 12

APPENDIX 13
APPENDIX 14

APPENDIX 15
APPENDIX 16

APPENDIX 17
APPENDIX 18
APPENDIX 20
 APPENDIX 23

APPENDIX 25
 
 APPENDIX 27

APPENDIX 28
APPENDIX 29
APPENDIX 30

APPENDIX 31