COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

DEPARTEMENT OF SOIL RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENT OF FACTOR AFFECTING LAND DEGRADATION IN KEYKELA

KEBELE ,GIMBO WEREDA KAFA ZONE SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

BY

1. Debre Ferede………...........//

2. Eyerusalem Endale…….....BRA/0456/09

3. Gebeyehu Molla..…...........BRA/0473/09

4. Mihiretu Godancho ….......Bu/1495/12

5. Solomon Teka .................

6. Tigabu Azimaraw ..............Bu/1840/12

ADIVISOR:

Balwe Y. (MSc.)

MAY, 2022

Bonga,Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and Above all, we want to thanks our heavenly father, that almighty God who helps us in
our daily life and in our long journey, from beginning up to end of our work. Next, we need to
express our deepest and special appreciation to our advisorBalwe Y. for his constrictive and
intellectual advice, comments and directives starting from senior research project proposal to the
end of research.

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 ABSTRACT

Soil erosion and erosion results land degradation in the main problem that reduces the
productivity of the agricultural land.Land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands has contributed
to low in agricultural productivity, extreme poverty and food in security. Land degradation is a
result of complex interaction between physical, biological, socio economic and political issues of
local and national or global.

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 Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................ii
ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Back ground....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives of the study......................................................................................................................2

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1.3.1 General objective................................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................................2
1.4 Research Question…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1.5 Significance of the study.....................................................................................................................2

1.6 Scope of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………...........................................................................................

2. LITRETURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................................3
2.1 The concept of land degradation.......................................................................................................3
2.2Causes of land degradation................................................................................................................4
2.3 Consequence of land degradation.....................................................................................................4
2.4Approaches to land degradation........................................................................................................5
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD.......................................................................................................................8
3.1 Description of the study area............................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Location and topography............................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Population and socio-economic level of the area.......................................................................8
3.1.3 Climatic condition and land use type..........................................................................................8
3.1.4 Soil type and vegetation cover....................................................................................................8
3.1.5 Major economic production activity...........................................................................................8
3.1.5.1 Crop.........................................................................................................................................8
3.1.5.2 Livestock..................................................................................................................................9
3.1.5.3 Source of income.....................................................................................................................9
3.2 METHOD............................................................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Data collection method..............................................................................................................9
3.2.1.1 Primary data collection method..............................................................................................9
3.2.1.2 Secondary data collection method..........................................................................................9
3.3. Research Design................................................................................................................................9
3.4. Sampling Technique and Procedure.................................................................................................9
3.5. Sampling Size Determination..........................................................................................................10
3.6. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................11
4. Expected Outcomes...............................................................................................................................11
5. Work plan and Budget Analysis.............................................................................................................12
5.1 Work plan........................................................................................................................................12

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 5.2 Cost break down.............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................14
6. APPENDIX...........................................................................................................................................17

ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATIONS

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Product

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

SWC Soil Water Conservation

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WMO World Meteorological Organic

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Back ground
Ethiopia is one of the countries on the African continent with highest agricultural potential. Its
natural resources base in the foundation of any economic development, food security and other
basic necessities of its people. Predominantly small holder agriculture is the dominant sector of
the national economy. Agriculture provides over 87% of the total employment and 90% of the
foreign exchanges earnings and approximately55% of the GDP. The country populations
estimated at around 77.4million (in ss) of this 85%live in rural areas (Pendeer, et al., 2001).Land
degradation, in the form of sever soil. Soil erosion and nutrient depletion, in the most serious
environmental problem particularly in the Ethiopian high lands (Fitsum, 2003). The average net
soil loss in the Ethiopian highlands has been estimated be 42tones per hector per year on
cultivated land, while soil loss on single field may reach up to 300 tons per hector per year. This
makes the country to be one of the countries with highest rate of soil nutrient depletion in sub-
Sahara Africa (Hurni, 1988).

Many studies attributed water erosion, particularly on crop lands a major cause for such a high
level of soil erosion in Ethiopia. Other authors emphasized the significant role livestock (over
grazing in fueling the soil degradation process as livestock production is integrated in to a mall
holder farming system (Hrni,1988).Land degradation in the Ethiopia high lands has contributed
to low agricultural productivity, food insecurity, extremes poverty and hung, as evidenced by
recurrent problems of famine and income of less than one dollar per person per day(Pender et .,
2001).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Soil erosion and erosion results land degradation in the main problem that reduces the
productivity of the agricultural land in the Keykela kebele. For this land degradation is the
increasing of population, due this they need to expand agricultural land leads to deforestation
which is the cause of erosion which leads to the removal of soil from the surface of the soil. This
results the loss of soil fertility, soil organic matter and other. These all problems result in
declining the productivity or the land and agricultural products from year to year. This soil

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erosion generally damages the socio – economy of the area and even it is obstacle for the
development of country. The greatest potential for increasing agricultural productivity is likely to
come from increasing yields through efficient and wide spread application of improved
agricultural inputs, improved land management practices and related technologies. The vast
majorities of farmers in the country continuous to use traditional farming system that increases
land degradation(Achalu et al..2019)

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objective

 The general objective of this study will be to assess that factor affecting land degradation
of keya kela kebele

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To identify social, institutional, economic and physical factor that affect land degradation
in kaffa.
 To understand the severity land degradation
 To assess the main consequence of land degradation.
 To assess the main cause of land degradation.

1.4 Research Questions

In order to assess the factors affecting land degradation, the following research question will be
answered.

What are the socio economics factors affecting the practice of land degradation
What are the technical and institutional factors affecting the practices of land degradation?
What are the farmer’s perceptions about the RWH practices in the study area?

1.5 Significance of the study

Land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands has contributed to low in agricultural productivity,
extreme poverty and food in security. To solve the problem it have been mode in promoting
deferent land management practices in the area. The study supports to describe the factor
affecting land degradation and in what it is possible to maintain and increase the land
productivity. Increasing the farmers’ perception towards land management and increasing soil
and water conservation practices using following the land and introducing conservation tillage
(zero tillage) and also this study supports to maintain environmental condition of the surround

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area. It can also be used as source of information for further studies of target area and for local
government developing plans(Achalu and Teshom,.).

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study will be limited to keykela keble, Southern Zone of Ethiopia.. Among 25
kebeles of Gimbo Woreda, the study we will be selected Keykela kebele.

The study will be focus on assessing the factors affecting the practices of Land degradattioin the
study area in the year 2019.

2. LITRETURE REVIEW

2.1 The concept of land degradation

Different scholars define land degradation in different ways. According to FAO (2012).Land
degradation is the temporal or permanent lowering of the productive capacity of the land.

Head worth and steines(2011) defined land degradation at the loss of utility or potential of the
land through the Reduction or damage of physical, socio-cultural, economic feature and
reduction of ecosystem diversity. There are six form of land degradation: soil erosion, nutrient
depletion, deforestation, siltation, salinization and water logging. Soil erosion a process that
describes human induced phenomena, which lower the current and /or future capacity of the soil
to support human life. In a general sense, soil degradation could be described as the deterioration
of soil quality or the partial or entire loss of one or more function of the soil (Oldman et al.,
1991).

Land degradation includes all process that diminishes the capacity of land resources to perform
essential functions and services in ecosystems (Hurni et al. 2010) are caused by two interlocking

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complex systems: the natural ecosystem and the human social system. Interactions between the
two systems determine the success or failure of resource management (Berry 2003). Principal
processes of land degradation include erosion by water and wind, chemical degradation
(comprising acidification, salinization, fertility depletion, and decrease in cation retention
capacity), physical degradation (comprising crusting, compaction, hard-setting, etc.) and
biological degradation (reduction in total and biomass carbon, and decline in land biodiversity)
(WMO 2005). It is a continuous process and has become, however, an important concern
affecting food security and the wealth of nations, and has an impact on the livelihood of almost
every person on this earth (Bezuayehu et al. 2002).
Ethiopia is one of the most well endowed countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in terms of natural
resources (Gete et al. 2006). However, natural resource degradation in Ethiopia has been going
on for centuries (Hurni et al. 2010). Similarly, Berry (2003) also stated that loss of land resource
productivity is a big problem in Ethiopia and that with continued population growth the problem
is likely to be even more worsening in the future. The major causes of land degradation in
Ethiopia are rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and
unbalanced crop and livestock production (Girma 2001). Topography, soil types and agro
ecological parameters are also additional factors playing significant role in the degradation
processes influenced by man (Paulos 2001). To combat land degradation, the Ethiopian
government launched a massive soil conservation programme in the middle of 1970’s (Hawando
1997). A slogan of environmental movement in 1980s and 1990s i.e. “think globally- act locally”
face failures. Thus, a new slogan namely “think locally- act globally” have to be created (Hurni
2002). In addition, afforestation and conservation programs have been made in the last three
decades (Badege 2001). However, success to date has been limited (Badege 2001; Paulos 2001).
Nutrient depletion refers to the deterioration in soil physical, chemical and biological. It is
occurred when the inflow of nutrients to the soil through manure, chemical fertilization,
biological nitrogen fixation, addition of plant materials from out side. The system , atmospheric
deposition and sedimentation are less than out flow due to the crop harvesting removal of crop
residue, erosion, leaching and gaseous losses(Stooryogel and Smalling ,1990).

2.2Causes of land degradation

According to Berry (2003), the cause of land degradation involves two interlocking complex
systems: the natural ecosystem and the human social system. Interactions between the two
systems determine the success or failure of resource management. While, WMO (2005)
classified the causes of land degradation into biophysical factors such as unsuitable land use
(land use for the purpose for which environmentally unsuited for sustainable use),
socioeconomic factors such as poor land management practices, land tenure, marketing,
institutional support, income and human health, and political factors such as lack of incentives
and political instability. In parallel, Mulugeta (2004) argued that land degradation is a
biophysical process driven by socioeconomic and political causes in which subsistence
agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in
Ethiopia. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85
percent of Ethiopia’s growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a
major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Similarly, studies conducted by
Temesgen et al. (2014a, b) in Dera District, Ethiopia exemplified the increased of land

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degradation which mainly caused by the growing population of the area. Additional study by
Fitsum et al. (1999) illustrated that there are multiple interacting forces which have caused and
are causing land degradation in Ethiopia. These are the proximate and interacting or root causes.
Thus, the above classification indicates that land degradation in Ethiopia is caused by the
interaction of many forces.
Land degradation is a result of complex interaction between physical, biological, socio economic
and political issues of local and national or global context (Taffa, 2000).

2.3 Consequence of land degradation

Land degradation manifests itself in many different ways: vegetation becomes increasingly
scarce, water courses dry up, thorny weeds predominate in once rich pastures, footpaths grow
into gullies, and soils become thin and stony. All of these manifestations have potentially severe
impacts on the environment, for land users and for people who rely for their living on the
products from a healthy landscape (Berry 2003).

The damnations of land degradation are large and growing. Land degradation has major
ecological and economic consequences. Land degradation is now through to affect 2/3 of the
total crop land of Africa and 1/3 of the pasture lands. About ¾ of these degraded lands lie in dry
regions. Moreover, about 3.7million ha of closed forest are lost each year and this rate is
accelerating. There is accompanying loss of biodiversity (plant and animal species extinction) ,
increase siltation, and flooding of ri8vers that treats down streams uses such as dams and
irrigation agricultural and changes in regional and global climate (Whitmore et al.,1994).

Majority of the region either produce just enough for subsistence just during good rain fall year
or face chronic food deficit. Among the major cause of structural food deficits ever
environmental degradation, low soil fertility, poor organic and soil management practices
coupled with the lack of improved farm implements and high moisture stress played a leading
role towards this end (Berhanu et al., 2000). Has clearly notes severity resources degradation of
the region in reference to soil erosion, soil nutrient depletion, moisture stress, deforestation, and
over grazing as the major environmental problems. In general, many of the areas of greatest land
degradation concern in Ethiopia’s high lands. These problems are particularly severing the high
lands of resulting is cereal yields averages less than one tone per ha, fragmentation of land
holding size, which is only one ha and to subsist on income of less than one dollar per day(Ufot
et al.,2016).

2.4Approaches to land degradation

Most developing countries have official recognition to the fact that current agriculture,
characterized by an expansion of impoverished small holder and land scarcity, is making

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traditional fertility maintaining impossible, and try to devote their scarce resource to land
rehabilitation. In order to mitigate the negative consequence of land degradation, various
approaches have been followed. For instance, Biot et al. (1995 as sited in Ayalnesh, 2002) has
identified three main approaches towards dealing with difficulties of land degradation in
developing counties, which are neither strictly sequential in the historical development nor
mutually exclusive. These approaches include: classic (technical), populist and neo-liberal
approaches (Ayalneh, 2002; Atakilt, 2003)

Classic approaches takes for granted that the extent of and solution the problem of land
degradation are well known, but the problem is to get people to implement them. It identifies
miss management of land by users, which are ignorant, irrigational and traditional and also their
subsistence fundamentalism as the core problems in soil and water conservation (SWC) practice
Lack of any account of the position of the participants, the natural resources users themselves,
and the extreme reliance on experts constitute the key points. Many SWC projects in developing
countries failed to make in account the factors determining resources users’ Land management
decisions the collapsed shortly after special incentives and subsidies are no larger available
(Ayalnesh ,2002; Atakilt ,2003).

Country to the classic approach, the populist approach argues that the nature and extent of land
degradation are imperfectly understood, that local peoples often reject conservation technologies
for good reasons and in fact adopt their own practices and adaptations. The idea of this approach
call for site-specific participatory study and design a multidisciplinary approach by teams of
specially trained and oriented natural and social scientist in combination with local farmers,
resource users and organizations. Indigenous technical knowledge is being taken seriously and
new forma of constructive dialogue between source users, for example participatory rural
appraisal (PRA) continued to be developed. However, the populist approach is not applied on a
widely not expanded, let alone, universal basis (Biot et al., 1995).

The neo-liberal approach shares same views with the classic in regard to soil and water
conservation technologies .This approach holds that suitable technologies presently exist or can
readily come in to existence; the problem is to understand the present structure of incentives that
present adopting them and to design incentives that will induce adoption.

3. MATERIALS AND METHOD

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3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location and topography

The survey will be conducted at kaya kelakebele in Gimbo Woreda which is found in kafa
Zon,442km south-west of Addis Ababa. It is situated between 07° 00_7° 25, N Latitude and 35°
55`_36` 37' E ` Longitude and within the altitudinal rang from 1600 to 1900m abov sea level
m.a.s.l.

3.1.2 Population and socio-economic level of the area

The total population in the study area is estimated 1568 from this about 757 males and 811 are
females. The numbers of households of the area is 151 . Agriculture is the base for the livelihood
of the population and cultivates different crops. In addition, some people of the kebele are
merchants.

3.1.3 Climatic condition and land use type

In the study area the annual rain fall rages from 1710- 1892 mm and the mean annual
temperature is from 27.1 c° and 11.8 °c. The climatic zone is weina-dega(70%) and kolla
(30%).The land use type of the area is 46% flat, 18% mountain,8% is rift valleys and others 2%
on the other hand 15ha of the total area is forest land, 282ha grazing land, 1285ha agricultural
land, valley about 8 ha and about 49ha out of the use(free area).

3.1.4 Soil type and vegetation cover

The soil type of kayakela kebele is highly dominant in silt soil. This loam soil is black andredin
fertile soil which has high water holding capacity. The soil of the area which is found on arable
land is highly compacted as a result it is difficult to cultivate. The area is covered by different
vegetation partially but Eucalyptus trees andGravilia are the most common species.

3.1.5 Major economic production activity

3.1.5.1 Crop

Most of the farmers around and in this kebele were cultivated deferent crop specious depending
on their productivity, profitability, climate condition and sustainability of their land. The main
crop which are grown in this area includes cash crop, coffe, mango, avocado, teff, bean, and
maize. Those types of crops produce more productivity with the help of fertilizer applications.
But the application of fertilizer depends on the fertility status of the soil.

3.1.5.2 Livestock

Livestock play a great role for the purpose of injuring food security for the animals which are
found in the areas as follows oxen, cow, goat, and sheep are considered as a source of food, like
gaining of milk, meat for those animals. Like donkey, horse, and mule are also serve as for the
purpose of transportation.

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3.1.5.3 Source of income

The main source of income for the people is highly depending on subsistence of mixing farming
system. in the area mixed farming system is not the only source of income for the society, but
also there is a great contribution of trade in the area for the purpose of improving of their
economy.

3.2 METHOD

3.2.1 Data collection method

The relevant data will be collected through primary and secondary data collection method.
3.2.1.1 Primary data collection method
Primary data will be collected through interviews, field observation and questionnaires. Some
information obtains from the primary data gathering are land holding per household land use of
the catchment areas.

3.2.1.2 Secondary data collection method

Secondary data would be collected from DA and wereda statistics office both published and
unpublished sources are used for data gathering.

3.3. Research Design

This research proposal was designed to assess cause and effect of land degradation and its socio-
economic impact in kayakela kebele, in Gimboworeda, South West Zone. Both quantitative and
qualitative descriptive survey was used. Interview schedule is now in preparation to collect data
from the farmers, development agents, and agricultural institutions. Questions are formed in a
way that was easy to understand for the respondents using simple words or expressions.

3.4. Sampling Technique and Procedure

Sampling technique was used the systematic way to select the sample from the given area. A
mixed multi stage sampling procedure was unused to select sample respondents. Keykela kebele,
in Gimboworeda have been selected purposively. This was been by considering or understanding
of the distance, the problem in the district and infrastructure availability of the area. The second
reason was since there was shortage of time and budget so it was difficult to conduct research in
other far places. After selecting Keykela kebele in Gimboworeda. Random sampling techniques
will be used to collect the necessary information from the respondents. The random sampling
technique use is an appropriate technique because it avoids bias of representative and all people

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in the population have an equal chance of being selected. The other was the study population at a
time of study there may be some households who are not present at that area to give response.In
addition, random sampling was helpful in timely performing the study.

3.5. Sampling Size Determination

Since we can conduct the entire household in the kebele, we have to know the total households in
the kebele.

When we conduct our sample size, we use the Slovenis’ formula:

Target population (N) =628

Then by using the formula;

Where, n =sample size

N= Target population

e = Margin of error (in social science margin of error is 10%)

After this we were used the systematic random sampling in order to get number of respondents
from the kebele.Total households of the kebele=628 HHs. From this our sample household is 86
or 13.7% of the total house hold, But due to shortage of time, budget and work load our
household’s number must be reduce to 57 HHs.

3.6. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The research will be employed both qualitative and quantitative method of data analysis. The
qualitative technique will be employed for the data obtained from development agents and the
information obtained from the sample respondents. The quantitative technique of analysis will be
employed on both qualitative as well as quantitative information obtained from both sources and
employ descriptive method of interview.

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 4. Expected Outcomes
After studying this proposal research the following outcomes will be expected.
 The people will identify the effect of land degradation
 It will be easy to find better solution for land degradation measures.
 The people will distinguish the conservation measures of soil and water.
 Identify the challenges of land degradation measures.

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 5. Work plan and Budget Analysis

5.1 Work plan

N Activities by Ma may may may may2 ma may26- jun5
o components y5- 10- 14- 17- 0-22 y2 230
9 13 16 19 3-
25
1 Select the title x

2 Write the x
literature

3 Write the X
research
proposal
4 Data collection x

5 Analysis to x
data

6 Submission of X
the proposal

7 Defense of x
report

8 Final x
submission
report

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 5.2 Cost break down
It is clearly known that the budget is one of most important components to accomplish the
research work. The total amount of budget required to carry out the research is eastimated to be
birr 550.

The study will have the following cost break down

No Items Quantity Unit price Total price

Birr Cent Birr Cent
Stationary materials

1 Writing pads 1packet 180 00 180 00

(paper)
2 Pens 5 20 00 100 00
Secretarial purpose

1 Printing 150 00 150 00

2 Copying 50 00 50 00
3 Composing & 40 00 40 00
covering
III Secondary 300 00 300 00
storage device
Total 820

REFERENCES
Atakilte Beyene, 2003. Soil conservation, land use and property right in northern
Ethiopia:Understanding environmental change in smallholder farmingsystems. Doctoral thesis.Swedish
University of Agriculturalsciences Uppsala .206p.

Ayalneh Bogale, 2002. Land degradation, impoverishment and livelihood strategies of rural
households in Ethiopia: Farmers’ perception and policy implication. PhD dissertation.
Institutional change in Agriculture and Natural resource, Bd. 8 Zugl: Berlin, Humbolds,
Germany.208p.

Badege B (2001). Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy
for physicalrecovery. Northeast African Studies. 8(1):7-26.

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 Berhnu Gebremedihine, J. Pender and Girmay Tefay, 2000. Community natural resources
management : The case of woodlots in northern Ethiopia. EPTD paper No.60
(Environmental and Production Technology Division). IFPRI 2033 K Street,
N.WWashington, D.C., 20006 U.S.A.

Berry L (2003). Land degradation in Ethiopia: its impact and extent in Berry L, Olson J. and
Campbell D (ed): Assessing the extent, cost and impact of land degradation at the national
level: findings and lessons learned from seven pilot case studies. Commissioned by global
mechanism with support from the World Bank.

Bezuayehu T, Gezahegn A, Yigezu A, Jabbar M and Paulos D (2002). Nature and causes of
land degradation in the Oromiya Region: socio- economic and policy research working
paper 36. International Livestock Research Institute
FAO, 1994. Land degradation in South Asia: Its severity causes and effects up on the people.
World Soil Resource Reports, 78.
Fitsum H, Pender J and Nega G (1999). Land degradation in the highlands of Tigray and
strategies for sustainable land management: Socio economics and Policy Research
Working Paper 25. International Livestock Research Institute.
Fitsum Hagos, 2003. Poverty, institution, Peasant behavior and conservation investments in
Northern Ethiopia. Department of Economics and Social Sciences Agricultural University
of Norway. PhD. Dissertation no.2003: 2 .174p.
Gebreyesus B and Kirubel M (2009). Estimating Soil Loss Using Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE) for Soil Conservation planning at Medego Watershed, Northern Ethiopia.
Journal of American Science. 5(1):5869
Gete Z, Menale K, Pender J and Mahmud Y (2006). Stakeholder Analysis for Sustainable
Land Management (SLM) in Ethiopia: Assessment of Opportunities, Strategic Constraints,
Information Needs, and Knowledge Gaps. Environmental Economics Policy Forum for
Ethiopia (EEPFE). pp4-91.
Girma T (2001). Land Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia. International Livestock
Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp815-823.
Hawando T (1997). Desertification in Ethiopian highlands. Norwegian Church AID,
Ethiopia, Rala report no. 200. pp75-86
Hurni H (2002). Current international actions for furthering the sustainability use of soils.
Symposium paper no.63 on 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002. pp 1-8.
Hurni H, Solomon A, Amare B, Berhanu D, Ludi E, Portner B, Birru Y and Gete Z (2010).
Land degradation and sustainable land management in the highlands of Ethiopia. In Hurni
H, Wiesmann U (ed) with an international group of co-editors. Global change and
sustainable development: A synthesis of regional experiences from research partnerships.
Georaphica Bernensia. 5:187-201.
Hurni, H., 1988 Degradation and Conservation of Resources in the Ethiopian Highlands.
Mountain Research and Development 8(2/3): 123-130p.

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 Mulugeta L (2004). Effects of land use change on soil quality and native flora degradation
and restoration in the highlands of Ethiopia. Implication for sustainable land management.
Ph.D Thesis. Swedish university of Agricultural Science. Uppsala, Sweden

Oldeman, L.R., R.T.A. Hakkeling and W.G.Sromrok, 1991. World map of the status of
human induced soil degradation. An explanatory note, second revised edition, ISRLC/
UNEP, Wageningen.

Paulos D (2001). Soil and water resources and degradation factors affecting their
productivity in the Ethiopian highland agro-ecosystems. Michigan State University Press.
8(1): 1-18.

Pender, J., Berihanu Gebremedhin S., Benin and S. Ehui, 2001. Strategies for sustainable
agricultural development in the Ethiopian Highlands. American J. Agr. Econ. 83(5): 1231-
1240.

Stoorvogel, J.J., and E.M. Smaling, 1990. Assessment of soil nutrient depletion in Sub-Saharan
Africa. 1983-2000. vol 1: Main Report 28, the wind and starting center for integrated soil and water
resource. Wageningen University, Netherlands.

Taffa Tulu, 2000. Soil and water conservation for sustainable agriculture. Mega publishing
Enterprise, Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia.
Temesgen G, Amare B and Abraham Mahari (2014a). Population dynamics and land use/land cover
changes in Dera District, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health sciences.
3(1):137-140.
Whitmore, T., I., M. Brenner, D.R. Engstorm, and S. Xueliang, 1994. Accelarated Soil Erosion in
watershed of Yunnan province. Chaina Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol.49.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (2005). Climate and land degradation.

http://www.wmo.int/web/wcp/agm/agmp.

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 6. APPENDIX
Bonga University College of Agriculture and Natural Resourse
Department of Soil Resource And Water Shade Management

1. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FARMERS

Date/ /

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This questionnaire is research study prepared by soil resource and watershd management

Science (BSc) , the topic of the research in entity by causes and consequences of land

degradation.

Instruction; please use this mark”X” in the CHOISE for your closed ended questions and give

explanation briefly and precisely for open ended question.

33

Name……………………………..

Age …………………. Sex……………………..

Educational level

Illiterates……………………

Literate………………

Primary………..

Secondary……….

Collage…………

University……….

Your land area(ha)

Question related with about cause and consequences of land degradation1. Is there land degradation
problem in your area?

a. Yes b. no

2. If your answer for question no,1 is yes what are the cause of land degradation

A. deforestation b. Overgrazing c. if any……………………..

3. What is the effect of land degradation?

A. loss of nutrient b.loss of biodiversity

C. poverty d if any…………………………4. What are the solutions you use to reduce land degradation?
………………………………………………………………….

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5. If there is any erosion problem in your area

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a. yes b. no

6. If your answer questions no 5 is yes what the causes are?

………………………………………………………….. 7. What are the effects that come due to soil
erosion in your land?

a. Low soil fertility b. low production

C. if any…………………………………..

8. Is there shortage of farm land in your land area?

A. yes b. no

9 if question no 20 yes what are the mechanism used to the problem of land shortage

a. Expanding land by cutting land

b. By polouging marginal land

c. By renting from the other

d. If any other…………………………

10. is there challenges of land degradation of the farmers?

A. yes B. no

11. If question no 10 yes what is the challenges of land degradation

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