PM291 Errata
PM291 Errata
PM291 Errata
Optics, Lectures in Optics Volume 4 by George Asimellis
(PM291)
Errata to first printing
The first printing of this book has errata on pages 74, 100, 112,
374, 462, 511, 517, and 687, as indicated on the following
corrected pages.
VISUAL OPTICS
Pupillary response or pupil light reflex is a physiological response that leads to a change in
the pupil diameter (size). While the pupil diameter (PD) is about 3.5 mm, the pupil constricts
under a bright light to 1.5 or 2 mm in diameter and expands under dim light up to 8 mm.
Pupil constriction and dilation can be brought about by the contraction of the sphincter
and the dilator pupillae, two antagonistic autonomic (reflex) muscles. The sphincter muscle
(σφιγκτήρας), innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, is a circumferential muscle
that forms a ring around the iris edge; its contraction leads to pupil constriction. The dilator
muscle (διαστολέας), innervated by the sympathetic nerve system, forms radially from the iris
edge into the ciliary body; its contraction leads to excitation of the radial fibers of the iris, which
leads to an increased pupillary aperture.
Figure 2-43: Scheimpflug images taken before (left) and after (right) pharmacologic mydriasis.158
158
Razeghinejad MR, Lashkarizadeh H, Nowroozzadeh MH, Yazdanmehr M. Changes in ocular biometry and anterior chamber
parameters after pharmacologic mydriasis and peripheral iridotomy in primary angle closure suspects. J Optom. 2016; 9(3):189-95.
2-74
VISUAL OPTICS
corrected
label:
The crystalline lens of the eye strongly absorbs UV, mainly due to its longer optical path
(being much thicker than the epithelium). UV absorption by the lens is associated with cataract
development: Studies suggest that doubling the lifetime of UV-B exposure increases the risk of
cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract by 60%;218 other studies conclude that individuals with
a high, long-term UV-B exposure have over 3× increased chance of developing a cortical cataract.
While the UV radiation is strongly absorbed (1% remaining) before reaching the retina,
even this small fraction, if phototoxic, is of concern.219, 220, 221 Lens removal by cataract surgery
leads to an increase in the UV that reaches the retina if the IOL does not effectively block it.222
Willmann G. Ultraviolet keratitis: from the pathophysiological basis to prevention and clinical management. High Alt Med Biol.
212
2015; 16(4):277-82.
213
Guly HR. Snow blindness and other eye problems during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration. Wilderness Environ Med. 2012;
23(1):77-82.
214
Taylor HR. Ultraviolet radiation and the eye: an epidemiologic study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1989; 87:802-53.
215
Li X, Dai Y, Xu W, Xu J. Essential role of ultraviolet radiation in the decrease of corneal endothelial cell density caused by
pterygium. Eye. 2018; 32(12):1886.
216
Spoerl E, Mrochen M, Sliney D, Trokel S, Seiler T. Safety of UVA-riboflavin cross-linking of the cornea. Cornea. 2007; 26(4):385-9.
217
Cullen AP, Chou BR, Hall MG, Jany SE. Ultraviolet-B damages corneal endothelium. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984; 61(7):473-8.
218
Taylor HR. The biological effects of UV‐B on the eye. Photochem Photobiol. 1989; 50(4):489-92.
219
van Kuijk FJ. Effects of ultraviolet light on the eye: role of protective glasses. Environ Health Perspect. 1991; 96:177-84.
220
Zuclich JA. Ultraviolet induced damage in the primate cornea and retina. Curr Eye Res. 1984; 3(1):27-34.
221
Youn HY, McCanna DJ, Sivak JG, Jones LW. In vitro ultraviolet-induced damage in human corneal, lens, and retinal pigment
epithelial cells. Mol Vis. 2011; 17:237-46.
Longstreth J, de Gruijl FR, Kripke ML, Abseck S, Arnold F, Slaper HI, Velders G, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC. Health risks. J
222
2-100
VISUAL OPTICS
44) Back to Q 43. The examiner rotates the pen from (OS) eye appears to be shifted temporally. This
vertical to horizontal. The pen image, as formed suggests (select two) …
by reflection off the anterior cornea, … a) exodeviation OS eye
a) remains fixed b) esodeviation OS eye
b) enlarges horizontally c) probably normal OS eye
c) shrinks horizontally d) exodeviation OD eye
d) rotates along the direction of the pen e) esodeviation OD eye
f) probably normal OD eye
45) Where is the first Purkinje image formed, and what is
its size if a 10-cm-side-square white screen is held 25 48) Back to Q 47. For a different subject’s eye, the
cm in front of the eye? Purkinje reflex is shifted nasally in both eyes by
a) 3.79 cm inside the eye; size 1.5 cm about 0.4 mm. This suggests (select two) …
b) 3.79 mm inside the eye; size 1.5 cm a) exodeviation OS eye
c) 3.79 mm inside the eye; size 1.5 mm b) esodeviation OS eye
d) 3.79 mm outside the eye; size 1.5 mm c) probably normal OS eye
e) 25 cm outside the eye; size 1.5 mm d) exodeviation OD eye
e) esodeviation OD eye
46) Which Purkinje reflex image is weaker (dimmer) f) probably normal OD eye
and why?
The two 49) When the ambient light decreases from photopic
a) P1 because it is subject to just one reflection
highlighted b) P2 because the aqueous and the cornea have to scotopic, John’s pupil increases from 3 to 6
questions very similar refractive indices mm in diameter. This corresponds to _______ x
on this page c) P3 because it is absorbed by the aqueous more pupil area?
50) The two axes that pass via the center of the pupil … d) nodal point
a) the optical axis e) fovea
b) the visual axis f) first Purkinje image
c) the fixation axis
d) the line of sight 53) The three points that the line of sight intersects
e) the pupillary axis are the …
a) fixation point
51) The three axes that pass via the fixation point are … b) vertex
a) the optical axis c) pupil center
b) the visual axis d) nodal point
c) the fixation axis e) fovea
d) the line of sight f) first Purkinje image
e) the pupillary axis
54) The two axes perpendicular to the cornea are the…
52) The three points that the visual axis intersects are a) optical axis
the … b) visual axis
a) fixation point c) line of sight
b) vertex d) pupillary axis
c) pupil center e) fixation axis
2-112
VISUAL OPTICS
Depth of Field
3) Back to Q 1. What is the vergence of the 9) Back to Q 6. What is the linear depth of field?
conjugate object point?
a) 12.5 cm
a) –2.0 D b) 20.0 cm
b) –2.5 D c) 37.5 cm
c) –3.0 D d) 50.0 cm
d) –3.5 D e) 62.5 cm
4) Back to Q 1. What is the linear depth of field? 10) Gilda is fixating on a point 50 cm in front of her
a) 20 cm eye. The proximal point of the depth of field is 40
b) 28 cm cm in front of her eye. Where is the distal point?
c) 30 cm a) 10 cm
d) 50 cm b) 26.6 cm This question has been
e) 70 cm c) 30 cm reworded.
d) 50 cm
5) Back to Q 1. Where is the location of the e) 60 cm
conjugate object point? f) 66.6 cm
a) –20 cm
b) –28 cm 11) Back to Q 10. What is the linear depth of field?
c) –30 cm
a) 10 cm
d) –50 cm
b) 26.6 cm
e) –70 cm
c) 30 cm
d) 50 cm
6) If the dioptric depth of field of Giorgio’s eye is
e) 50 cm
±3.0 D and the conjugate point vergence is
f) 66.6 cm
– 5.0 D, where is the distal point?
6-374
VISUAL OPTICS
37) Laertes, an uncorrected –1.00 myope, is fixating 43) When not wearing correction, what amount of
on a medial plane target placed 50 cm in front of accommodation does Eurymachus use to fixate at
his eyes. What is the accommodative demand [D] infinity?
and the convergence effort [MA]? a) 0.00 D
a) 4 D; 2 MA b) 7.00 D
b) 1 D; 1 MA c) 8.00 D
c) 1 D; 2 MA d) 15.00 D
7-462
ASTIGMATISM
Note 2 : In several textbooks, we read: ‘The JCC lens is a spherocylindrical lens with twice as much
cylindrical power as spherical power.’ This description is not proper because there is no true spherical
power. It disregards the origin of the JCC, which is a low-power Stokes, purely astigmatic lens.
Clinical Pearl : JCC lenses are available with different powers (±0.12, ±0.25, ±0.50, ±0.75, ±1.00)
because individuals with poor visual acuity need to be presented with a greater Sturm interval (larger JCC
cylinder) to distinguish just-noticeable differences during the flip comparison. In general, the ±0.12 D JCC
can be used for visual acuity 20/15 to 20/20, the ±0.25 D for 20/25 to 20/30, the ±0.50 D for 20/40 to
20/60, and the ±1.00 D for 20/70 to 20/200. Typically, the ±0.25 JCC lens is built in to most phoropters.
In the primary JCC orientation (Figure 8-56), the +.50 mark (if present, in black or white) is
at the 12 o’clock position and reads left to right; the red –.50 mark is at the 9 o’clock position and
reads down to up. The marks are on the front surface (facing the examiner). In this orientation,
the optical lens cross form is +0.50 @ 180° (+0.50 D power along the horizontal meridian) / –0.50
@ 90° (– 0.50 D power along the vertical meridian). The JCC axis in this orientation is the horizontal
line. If this JCC lens is placed in front of a lensometer, its power reads –0.50 +1.00×090.
The JCC is used clinically to subjectively determine refractive astigmatism (cylinder power
and axis). The lens can be flipped by a simple twirl of the stem handle between the thumb and the
index finger. When flipped, the lens undergoes a rotation of 180° about the flip axis. As the back
surface is brought to the front of the examiner, the red and white marks trade places, and the
principal meridians alternative rapidly. When flipped, the positive power meridian, which is
horizontal in the primary orientation, becomes vertical; the negative power meridian, which is
vertical in the primary orientation, becomes horizontal. Effectively, the flip is akin to a swift 90° turn.
8-511
ASTIGMATISM
8-517
OPHTHALMIC LENS OPTICS
9-607
APPENDIX
687