..

L
~~ ·

Drill
~ ~;ls).9 ~Uz.olf;ls )~.~.r.?~ }} 0~Li::1~),...utah! )~_~ ;lS>I), ~I)'! d$ .: 1~I ~, ~
d$~ (twist drill) ~)L. ~Ub~ ~i .:..J'!.:i)S)'!"
.:..J'!.~ d$ .: 10~Li::1~),... ~ ~Ub

, (shank) 0~L...: j ,~ jl d$~~ ~~'1,; ~1,:-.1 ~ ~ wl,:.:..o, o~¥. .:...:> ~i ~

.: j .:..J'!.1
~),>)'! J=o , .: 1~,~ ~ ..s';...\.ilo~ ~ bodyrli <l?~)L. (flute)}~)~
~I~ ~I ~ ~)L. ~Ub)~~ .,la..\.:oo~ I) (land) ~ J.)'! ~Ub .y ~)L. ~Uz.)~ ~

~ )~, ~1:i w'>:? ~ )~.~ J.)'! ~Uz..y w~:? ..5..;.>~I)'! 0.l:..:S...s:.:.:>

t;!L.,( chip )~I:i )~
l; Land ).\ ~ ~ t..i..1>'"
y,.,. .. 1.:1
;::' "It')~ ..:J*""
CHISEL
POINT--
ANGLE "/
115. .135. ./ CUTTING
.~~ cl}' ojl.1>1
~lA.oLand
I ,.' I~ . /"rEDGE

-
:
t
f
:

f
11'
11'
' -'-- ,
..-WEB
MARGIN
LAND
:.u.o ..s,.; ~,Ij
~. ' \ ~ 6.S .L:.~ ~)~1l8 ~;1.1>I: I),b ~ wl}.lA..
DEAD/ T> )1 80DY
CENTEPI \,..,.~' CLEAPlANCE 59 ~ wi ~ , ~ Included angle wl
FLUTE
DRILL POINT NOMENCLATURE. o~b w~ ~.& .~~ 0..\.:ooli
drill angle ~)~

~)IS tl), ~I)'! ~ ..s,; ~,~ ~,Ij 6.S.: 1

UP RELIEF
OR HEEL ul)S ~I)'! '~J~ 135 l; J18 ~~ c.SUb.:N,;
ANGLE
150 t .:...:> ul).9 ~I)'! , ~)~ 100 lj 90 r;'
).9 olf;A' ~}S tl), r~ ~ ..: 1,,:-,L:...~)~
r;' ).9 olf;A' , ~~j )~, ~ )'~ ..L:.~ .:...:>.....

~~ J~I .: ~ ~ )~, J)~ ~~j)'~..L:.~

DRILL PO1Nl' ANGLES. LAND FLUTE

olf;A'.~~ )'!1)'!
~~ ~ r w~:?:r.;r~
~ ~b- ~~I,j ~ , J.)'! .y ,~ ~ d$~:1..:.j~.l.!.~ ~
:i~,j , ~b)'! )~ ~~ .y }~ .y ~ ~~ u,lA::...o
~I,j ~, o~¥.~,Lo ~ ~ ~ .y ...9.;k ,~
~ J.)'! ~Ub.y ~, )'!I)'!~,Ij ,~ olf.fb~~ .:.Jb- )~..).JII..\.:oo
.: ~ jI :i~,j I)~,> ~,lA.o , o~ .J.;$

3-1
~L high carbon steel .:..r.yS'
fl, \Sk~),,; jl )'~ k ~ .~~~ oversize tl),...~W

..1.:.0,...,... high speed drill ~ ,o..\.i,.::...:..o

Drill Size Classification

\SrS u)}-"> ,~ ~ as o~~ ~I ..: 1 ~k ~ ojl..)..il

:~I ~~ ~ .1

tY )~ ...\.i~..:...9lt 0.284 ".)..;jlo(decimal) \S)L:.d, 'l4", ~" .)..;jlo(fractional)

...: 11164 ~j ul~ J..:.I,;, or-1I64 jllSrS

or- ;;-0~ 0.35 jI ~I
, 0'>"':' 0 jl..\.il~I..).> ~ro \Sk ~ : ..5..J..~ c.S~ ~ .2
.'>"':'Lo- ~I
.- .r-o - 0.05 ~)
I.:j 0'I..\.il.:..1
~ .- ...,I "'I"j
T

¥ 80 l; 1 ) k ~ \S~ ¥.:..r..1 J.:.b: (Number Size) c.S~~ c.S~ ~ .3

...: 1(0.0135" ) .:..r..~,s-80 o} :. , (0.228" ) .:..r..;;S)j-!
1 o)W ...\.i10'>"':'
\S~
..\.i~.:..Slt Z l; A jl k ~ \S~ ¥.:..r..I)~: (Letter Size) ~.J> c.S~ ~ .4
...: 1(0.413" ) .:..r..;;5)j-!
Z , (0.234" ) .:..r..~:f AdS.
: Cooling Liquid
, 01~ ~lS' ~ u;1r- .:..r..1, 0'>"':'~,; lS~ltj I.:.:-.i u;1r- ~ ..s,. )~ ~1~ ~ I"~

,-:-,1)01 tl,.1 "s~:? ~r ~4 \SI o~..$..;> ~lo ~ 1}1~I~ ~,).:..r..1 jl.~~~ 01 \Sk.y 1S.xS

.,)~ J.<.~I) ,)))' ~') l; cl; 0~L:. ,

Reamers

I) ~I),... J:>b 0j ~~ ,0 ..: 1~ 1S)lS'

,s~
(A):Tapered reamer with 8t:reight: Dut:es.
tl),... .,)yS' ..jL:., ~ )"" 01~ 0'>"':'tl),... ~ 4 ,0
F
(B):
~
Tapered.riaJner with
.~.~
spiral Dut:es.
S ~ ,~ Y-~ 0L..S:...I
~ ~ 4 ~,) 1S)lS'

~I),... ,.f-!.Ijl..>...:,
~I,> 6.:..0
) ;;5)j-! tl),... yh9
.h ,.- ( 1164) " 0'1..\.i1
<L:..a )., ~,) A ,)L.:.u1 J.JI..
-. <L5
(C): Expansion reamer with atzaight: Dut:_.
ojl..)..il
~,o ,s~) ~, 0..\..01
~Y?"~) -<::'::;:f

.~ 0~li: 1.>...:,'-:-::-o
tl),... ~
(D): BottomiDg reamer with straight: flut:es.

Reamer is used to enlarge the hole to accurate size.

3-2
 Tap
~ fl.~ .,),)::"'")~ lAoyA>, 4?-1), ),) ~b cSLt.oJj) ~I; , ,)~I ~ d$ ..: 1cS}~1fl.,')l9

,)),>)'! ~ . ..: 1o~ o~l; )~ )~ 4~ ~) J,J.> ),) , ..: II.$!IAo..\.i,)

cS').:>
d$ ~~ ~ ~

),) , ..: 1lAo*" , ~ ~t.. Lt.~,')l9 ojl..\.i1

.~ .:>~II) )jl ~)'! cSw .y lAo..\.i.:>
4 Lt.)~
~ 4 1Sfl.'')l9 )C ...: 1 o~ .c..:.,. ( ~I ),) o~,) .:>1.1JU
4> rLJ , c.?")1> ~ 4i' JL.. cS,)
32 ~I ),) w1 o.,).j,) .:>1.1JU , o':>~
fl.) o..\.i.:>I.$!~.J""I
~
~ .l?,')l9 d$ ..: 1 L: o 0-!.1"-? NF-32-3/32
.

NF = National Fine ...: 13/32 .:>.:>;

fl.,')l9.1JI>1~
d$ tl), ~b )J , ..: 1.:>~

HANDLES FOR TAPS.

(A):Taper Tap

(B):Plug Tap

(AI: T-HANDLE.

'..J
)0
IQ]
"--
(CI:BottomiDg Tap (BI: SOLID HANDLE

Die
-
T.HREAD CUTTING DIES
IS,) ).:> wl~ I.} .h ~ d$ ..: 1 cS)}' o~..\:>

~
o.l.!,..\:> ..:>,.-J (thread) oJj).:>~11A "-4-0

).:> .~~(~> .:J'!~ ~ .:>'J,!jl fl.,')l9~t.. .J=.i

.
.:>1.1JU cf~ o..\.i.:>~ o.l.!,..\:> 6,j~ cS,)

.:>~o-,j).1JI>I~ d$ ISI "-4-0 )J ~ , ~I ).:> o..\.i.:>

. Die is used to make external thread on

bars.

3-3
 - --

Precision Measurement

..s yIb c:;!.~ "'-!...1.)j1~;; "'-!.u,).r..~ ';"J~ ~,> , ro,~ ~~ ~,) cSr.? ojl..).jl~
..~ "l.o..;,
-
..s ~,ro ~ ...~.; 9')I; cSr.?ojl..).jl
cSl.r..u~ ~L, kro,~ : Micrometer-l
..5.>ro,~ cS'J.r.JolS"0'>":'j4 ~ ~ }} 0,)lA::1,)J}">~1 ...).rz.~
.u..~J""6.L:.l!...).j ~, ...}.rz.

: jl .).;..j
J~ ro,~ ..s o~,) ~ .;.,tb9..: 1o~

I-Frame 2-Anvil 3-Spindle 4-Sleeve 5-Barrel 6-Ratchet 7-Locknut

..u~ yIb ~~ ~I ro,~ ~~ ~ ...I.)jl.: 1~IJ ~I ~ c}~l~ ~ J,) 0~

u.1~.... - ~ I. y-o,~
.r.:' c.Sy-o - <- J lS".t..
Jr
MICROMETER CALIPER
RATCHETSCREW --, c.S'J J,) ~I yIb ~1 c.SUb
ro,~ J,)

RATCHETSTOP \ I .u o~ ~ c.S,Lo .: o ! 0,) ~ barrel

RATCHETPLUNGER
RATCHET BODY
\ \ J 0'>":' ~ .: o ! J~ "'-!,),> ~,. "'-!..s yIb

~,> J..:>1,s ~I jl ..s yIb ,.f-!1 jI .,\.j1

c.S'JJ,) ..,\.jH-o 0.025" ~ ~1 (1/40) .r.1.r.

BARREL SPRING
, ,) Jb ,)~, .;.,~ ~ 6.L:.l!25 .sleeve

LOCK NUT ~,
~ J.> y; J olS" J',) yIb J,) sleeve 0~

SPINDLE \. jl ',),.r.:-o ~ 0.025" ~ (1140)". ojl.,\.jl

.r.1.r.01 cS'JJ,) ~,> <\.l.al!
yIb 'J ~I

..:.!,)1}1.u .>..:.~ (1140)": 25= 0.001"

...).;...01..:.::-0
ro,~ ~1

~ o.)~1 ~')

,.~ Jots"IJIJ"'W~ ..s..oS~ , o,)b )} 01J..: 1 ,~ 0:! IJ)iU ,)J}">~ cSr.? oj\..l.ilcSl.-r.
~, o,)~ J~ barrel c.S'J~~ ~,JJY! 6.L:.l!...IJSc.S'Jjl sleeve .u~~ ~.; ~

<LoA 0,) ~ ~ 4 .,)Jb )} barrel cS? J"" JS .b>~li..J,) sleeve cS'J c.SkcS~ ~ J,) jI..s r'JS
.~ 1 .so .: ~ cSr.? 0jl.,\.j1.::..=>U~ ~,) 0jl..).j1rt;;I ~ 1

3-4
 6
5
4
\5 0.125 INCH
2
I
THE THIMBLE
0 0.000 INCHES HAS MOVED OUT
24
23 RYE COMPlETE
REVOLUTIONS
22 OR 0.125 INCH.
2;
20
19

(A) (C)
7 18
6 17 0.187 INCH
5 16
4 15 THE tHIII8LE HAS
\5 CI..OO1INCH
14 IIOYED OUT
2 13
THE 1ttIII8LE sEveI CQIIPlETE
I 12
HAS MOVED REYOWTIONS
0 OUTU01INCH. 11 PlUS 12
24
23
22
,. 10 MORE.OR
21 7 G.1871NCH.
6

.~ . ~
JIk:tometerca/lp8r 1NdIntI. {A}-aDOOInch. (B}-D.D01Inch. (C)-4125 Inch. (D)-41811nch.

Vernier Caliper-2
..sd ojb..il..sIr.wi tl,;1 jl ~ )~ , ~b , ~)I> "b! ..s~ ojl.>..il..slr.
4S .: I..sl ~, ~,f
.~,.r--o)~ ~ , tt.a;;I
..;.s ..6> ~ jl .: ;JL:r-~ti .: 9 ..: 1o~ ~ oS~ , ~ti .: 9,~ jl ~,f wt :>L

6..?4S ~14J, jl ~ oS~..: 9, ~;)~ ~t1xed jaw ~ti...s:3 6..?4S~..u, ..s~':J~

.~ .::.Sy> (main scale) ~..u J.S ..6>..s'J , o~~ J.a::...movable Jaw oS~ ...s:3

J'b ~ .: 1o~ ~ ..s,L..o .: o i 40 6..? J.S ..6>..s,) J~ ~I ~ J'b ~I ..slA~,f )~

~I jl .: 9 )~ J'b JS...6> ..s,) )~.~~ 0.025" ~ (1/40)" ..s,L..omain scale ..s,) )~ ..: 9

..>..il
o~ ..s;lJ! 0}.o~ ..I.;Jb..\.:o
w~ I) 0.1 4S .:.4-)~

(A}:VERNIER CALIPER

I
,,\',,1
o 5 10 1& 20 25 o .10 .20 ..50 .40 .eo
I
IOOQ INCH

(B}:VERNLER SCALE (C}:METRIC VERNZER

3-5

-- --
 -- -

yIb 0~ ~)::> jI ..>.jl

o~.! ~ ..:: j 25 ~ 1)~), 1.5,))~ J-S ..b.>.:.~)~ jI ..:: j 24 yIb'J,...,..,.....

, o~~24 x 0.025 = 0.6" I.5,Lo 01 ..:: j 24 0-!.1y!~o~~ 0.025" I.5,L o J-S .b> 1.5,) ..:: 9

...>...:.
~1,.> 0.6 + 25 = 0.024" I.5,L o 01 ..:: j yIb, o~~ 0.6" 0L,..,. ~ ~), 1.5,) ..:: j 25
~ J-S ..b.>jl..b.> ~,14 ~)' jl ..b.>~,1 ..>...:.4
~ ~ y! J-S ..b.>, ~)' ~ ,~ olfyIb 0-!.'y!~

)~ 0-!.1y!~.~~ 0..>.j1,.>
~,s 0-!.'.:.-3~dS ..>.j)~~1.9 ~4 jI 0.025 - 0.024 = 0.001" ojl..>.j1

:~~ ~1,.> r-j J.,) ~ ~ ),:; ~ .u.W ~ ..: ~ 1.5.r.? oj\..>.j\

~ u-:;-" ~1 ~~.:.~ ~~ ~ , J..lS" ~1 ~ ~1A.ajl ~)' ~ dS~.!~,; ~4 J,I

.~'''> f$'> ~), 1.5~ ~ 1.5,)jl ro,h ~l..:..4
~)::> ~ I)~ , o~.! )~ 0.025" .:.~ ~~

Screw Threads
y! dS ..: :.1..b,~ 4 6.j1,:; 1~ jl .:.}-:~ , 0">"':'
o~y! )~ .:.L.r.h9.:.-3,...Jl.a;II5Iy! dS ~I ~, ~

4 ~)l> )~ .: 1~ ~)lo ),. 0-!.1..:1o~ o~ .:..>I~ J..<>1,i4~)lo ;,.b ~ 15)" 0115')

.~,f nut ~b r'~ .:.Jb-)~, screw 4, t.?)l>I) ~ J,I.:.Jb-)~ dS~4 ~~ o~.u.W J>b
:..>.j' .1"'~d.A...k...;J;.;;...,.:.1
J-'="',-" . . ~)t:.: '11.-
~ __1 ~LT ~I~I

Forms Of Threads - lAo.J.j~~ ~ jl .1

(Jack Screw) U J,u J~I , J~I ~~.~~ f~1 dS ~JlS ~ jl 2
t 2...:. ~ I ~I", , I - ~?
~'.r-' ~~..u . v---
I<~. r-
-~:'IJ .3

(Stud)Y"" w,~, JI~ ~ ~\A ~ - ~T ~ ~ j' .4

: .: I.!~ ~lj r-j I.5llbojl, threads 4 ~I; )~ -~l>~1

~
I) ~1 f$'>.:s~~ o..>.j~ )'~ e:;hw,~ .h...,; is I; 1.51
~,Ij , ~ root I)01 ~ , crest I)o..>.j~
,-",I)
I) ~1A.aroot ~ root, major diameter I) ,; ~') crest ~ crest ~1j .~,f tread angle

.~h minor diameter

PITCH
I- . -.

3-6
.)~ ~~ )~.~~ o~l.i pitch )'~ crest ~ crest .u...lS , lead I) )'~ ~ )~ ~'.J :. _; )..1i.o

.r.1.r.pitch4 k ~ o..u~ ~
01 lead ,) ~I jl fI>'!.')::"" ojl..ul ~ )'~ ~ )~ (single start) ~,~
triple ~1) ~ )~, pitch .r.'.r.,~ lead )..1i.odouble start ~ f'''''¥, ~I),.) ~~ ).) lol...:: 1

...:: 1.Y-'.r.~ start

coarse thread ..: J)') o..u.), fine thread j.!.) o..u.) ..:.),.-:>,.) ~ ~ ~I ~ )~ o..u~ .)1..u; }i; jI

..>.:-:.4
.r.1.r.h~ 4 ~1 ..?")I:>;6S olfyA d$ ..:: 1~ ~l ~ ~~ )~ , ..u~ H .:.!4
~~ ).) ~ ~ ,~1 jl..:: 1~J- ~_: .).>b ;6S 1$1).)ij.!.) o..u.)~ , o.)~..:.,lA::..o
~1 .).>b ;6S
~ ...: Jb .lAI,> .),> ..: J)~ o..u.)~I..:..o"-! ~ ~~ .).r.)1S
~4 .c..:.b.)~, d,lA::..o~Ub,~ d$
...:: 1..: J)') o..u.)t'~1 jl r-s j.!.)o..u~.~~).) 0~ J:. Jl..::.>1~

~~ "-!.,Ij, Js:.:. f".1S"

yAd$..u~ 4:>L ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~Ub)~ )~ 0 j,)"'1

:..: I~.)}~ I~ ~1 ~ tl~1,..u).)

B.S.W= British Standard Whitworth 55 "-!.,Ij4(~')~I':'-:').) o..u.)~ .1

B.S.F= British Standard Fine 55 j' r-s "-!.,Ij4 (~I) ~I j.!.)o..u.)~ .2

, o~ 4:>L ~~ lo~, 60 "-!.,Ij4 ~ tY ~I: System International(S.I.) .3
..))b ~I ~ J>j)
N.C = American National Coarse ...:: 1~I ~Ub 0 jI..ul, 60 ~,Ij ~1}.) .4
N.F = American National Fine ...: 160 jl r-s ~,Ij, ~I ojl..ul
~I)~ .5
U.S.T = Unified Screw Thread .6

:.)~)} o.)\.A;:I.))¥'.r-.j c::r- "-!d)tS" ~ )'::'.).)H 0~ ~I dL1.r.lo~ d$ ~ tY ~I

Class I = General Engineering
Class 2 = Aeronautical Engineering
Class 3 = Avionics

~ ,(o..u.::.)~ tY ,~I ).) o..u.).)1..u;,..?")1:>

;6S 0~ ~Ub}::.~ thread ~ 0.).J" ~ ~I.r.

..)~ )} o.)lA: 1.))¥,0.)~ .)~1) 4 .)k 0 ~ ')'4, .u:.~)'"d)tS",o-*" 4 ~ 0.)~

...:: 1nut f'~ "-!B, bolt ~~ "-!A ~y> Ub~).): Hint

.~ ~L~ I) 3/8- 32 - UNF - lA ..:.~ "-!~1o..u'::'

: J~
o~~ .)~I) d$ ~I).) o..u.)32 .)I..u;,3/8" ..?")I:>;6S ,bolt ~ (A) ..?")I:>..:: 1~I o..u.)

.uL:.1 01 ~L:..:. ~ LH J,y> ~ 0.)~ .) k ..:.),.-:> ).)...:: 1o.::.lA:1 .))¥, (I) ~~ ~.>..:+o ).::. ,
..).::.~

3-7

- --- --------
 Bolt, Nut and Screws
;l0,s"~,s"IS~ ~ , 4K:. ~ l.:..:-o
~ j!' .>..i)~
~I,I} ;>j!)1S
~ ~ ~~I}"b , ~ IS~)IS);>
~
..>..i~ 6.:.>L.: o,lA...
:~~ y!j ..:..~ ISI);>.>..i~ ~ AN(army navy) ~ 4 60S.;)).>..il::I IS~ bolt

:, o;>y...}.,s"
~ ~ 0-!.1y-':Hex- Head Bolt .1
..: 1 steel bolt ~4 x .: o~ ~ .r' IS,) }'I(a

.~I' r~,Ji )~i tY jl ~ ~4 - - .: o~ ~ .r' IS,) }'I(b

.~I corrosion resistant steel bolt ~4 - .: o~ ~ .r' IS,) }'I(c

~~ );>, ~~ close tolerance bolt 0i ~ ~4 ~ ..:...o~ ~y-' IS,) }'I(d

0.002" 1; 0.000";>,> 1S4 4 ~4 , .c..:.b ;>~, vibration 60S;>~ 0;>U: 1

.~4 ~b tolerance
High strength bolts, like close tolerance bolts require close fits often with
. zero tolerance.

:Internal Wrenching Bolt .2

~ ~ ;>4.j}:J ;>~, .:..k ~ ;>~ ~ ~ high strength bolt 0i ~ 60S~ tY 0-!.'

.~~ tension d'~ ,shear IS'~ ~lA...);>;>4.j..:...o,lA...

ISI);>.;),>y-'
: Clevis Bolt .3

ISI).;), ~4 ~IIS'~ (shear) ~j! IS'~ 60S;>~ o;>\.A;...,IIS;>}}'O);>

~ tY 0t1 j1
nickel jl ~i ~ .;>,,r--o
)~ shear Nut 4 ol~ , o;>y.,o~o.>..i;>
.:::..o! );>~I),.....
AN 21 -+ AN 36 .~I r~;>1S~~ 4 steel
: Drilled Head Bolt .4

: Eye Bolt .5
.~1 tl), ISI);>o~ o.>..i;>
.::...09 );>, o;>:?J ;>u~~ I) ~ IS~'~ ~ tY 0-!.1

.~I cb-L;.,~ IS~ J.lLo...::,I ;>},-o, cutter pin jl 0.;)\.A;...,11S1j!

:~ ~LL:..:. 'y!j ..:..~ 4 I) ;>}.>..il: 1Bolt ,;>- Hint

( 8 j! ~) 0i J,b 8, (AI ;L:Ji)0i ~ DD, (6 j! ~) 0i }:J 6 - AN 6 DD 8

(8j!~)0i J,.b 7, (~j ~ ;>'1,.9)0i ~ C, (6 j! ~)0i}:J4 - AN 4 C 7

3-8
 ,~
~ 'tJ ..
STANDAR
D HEAD BOLT
1\1 @o
~-....:"
. "
DRILLED HEX HEAD BOLT

A
.-
Q
\.J

CID .
~~ .
COUNTERS

CQ].
EYEBOLT
U
III
O'-'
lj
INTERNAL HEX HEAD BOLT

CLEVIS BOLT
-
E)
AN STANDARD
STEEL BOLT
t)
AN STANDARD
STEEL BOLT
0
AN STANDARD
STEEL BOLT
0AN STANDARD
STEEL BOLT

e
CORROSION RESISTANn

.
-"_I '. "

SPECIAL BOLT
(59'1
SPECIAL BOLT
I'
,"
-.O"-

DRILLED HEAD
BOLT
,
....;.

"X: i -'-- 0 SPECIAL BOLT

0 NAS CLOSE
TOLERANCE BOLT
0 ALUMINUM
ALLOY
@
MAGNETICALLY
INSPECTED
0ORANGE-DYED
MAGNETIC INS,

o
(2024) BOLT

§CLEVIS BOLT REWORKED BOLT LOW STRENGTH

MATERIAL BOLT

NUTS

lA.0* 0~~ }r' ~}A)~ ~I (>j'1'.1J~~ 0~tA:.-.1O* At..:>..o

rWI, CI,;1jl ~I~ 0l.o.:.:>L..)~

:j I J.;;}~~ 0 i CI,.;1.~~; ",:-,l.?::.il

..s--)~ 0 i c.,.; ~,..:. ..:..i~

'~,.r--o)~ lock washer, 6$ - Plain Nut .1

fastening device tl,.;14 oly-oA

6$ ~1 ~,> 0')~)~ fiber 4. rubber 4. nylon <lib~I}~ - Self Locking Nut 2

locking )~ ~ 01~ )~ .hA! lA.0 *" ~I jl .~~ 0* ,~ 0~ ~ JA! ~
)~ l.:.o..Q.,);.:! }} o..:llA:1,))}A plain nut ~~ 01~ ~ ~w,) ~Iy. ~, ..:I"""o..:llA:1

o..:llA:1~lii )..:1lA.0* ~I jl .)S )~ ...:I~ o..:llA:10i jl ~1 ..:I4.j~}r- 6$ ~lii

',),.r--o 0*0'>":' ~ 0lS:.o1J.j) ~ 6$ ,)~

3-9
, ,)),) ,)p-, tension 1S,~ t!$ .: ,1 ~lA>~ ),) 0# ~I 0,)lA:; 1 ,))}A - Castle Nut .r
.,)~ JA.9cotter pin .b i ,)~ bolt 4

, O,)J!
;.5).j 4-i1 <\.i~ .:...ob...; d' O,)J!)14 1SlA>0# ~ lA> 0;+0 ~I - Shear Nut .1'
',),Y.:-A
)~ shear 1S'~ 4 ~li.o 1S1'y-
~I 4 01.rJb

1.5)14~ d' dY ~ o,)L 1SlA>

0# ~ \) ~4 ~ -Elastic Stop Nut. .0

~l> , ,)~ y.:f),)wl

. 4 t!$.: ,1~ yW jI ~ wi yW t!$ .: ,llS)bJ~ <\.Ab.
- wi

lA> 0 # ~I .,)~ 0,)lA:;I inspection 'panel w,).f ~ , j4 1S1'y-

- Anchor Nut .Y

~ wR ,~~ ~, I) ~li 0# ~ , o~ ~~ ~I~ o..: x ,-."~ ~ U ~ ,,) .b ~

wl~ t!$,))~ ~lA>~ ,))~ ,))b t!$ ~l> ~.:..k ~ - (~,.r> o.*") Wing Nut .A

.,)~ ~ ,j4 .: ,,) 4 I) 4-ii

A-Cast1e Nut 8-Shear Castle Nut C-P1atn Rut

D-Check Nut E-Machine Screw Nut

~H ! I'
'.

~ ,
G-Slotted
.~
Engine Nut SPlaiJl Engine Nut: I-Wing: Nut
... J\

3-10
 SCREWS
, j4 , )~ 4..::...:;u
~,f ~ 4 , o~ .t.:>t w,fli,f \SUbr 4 , ~I.:i ~I,I} ~X)1S~ tY ~I
.ut \SI)~ ,,).,j,)IS")~ "':-'~ \SIx 0fl.~ dS ~~~, .:: 11514.>1,: 1~ 0-!1.ut .,,).,j~ ~

Self tapping or sheet metal screws

~ ~'J,; ]I-dS ~~ ~)' \S')~'> \S~

(parker- kalon) P.K. 4 , ,,).,j1 o~ .t.:>t....

)~ .s jl.i I.S~)' j~ l.o~ , o~ 0~1.:iwL:..i

OJjJ ~~I wl5:.ol~__S).i ~ w~ .,,).,j,)':'"

o~t; ~), ..:..k ~ ~ , o~~ ~1 )~

.. ~;"i.;,i (sheet-metal screw) .,,).,j~
~~
r~

RIVETS

o*" , ~]I.; ~r , ~'.Flj) ~IY" ~ I.r-j.~~ 0~lA::1sheets ~b J~ll.Slx <r.r.~ ]I

..:-..1o~ ~ ~ ,r ..:: 9 ,~ ]I ~ ~.~~ .: ,ti.oshear-force~li.o)~, ~~ ~
\SUb~~ ~ ~i ~~ dS,,).,jjL..:-o
~ Jts:.:.1 ~ 1;lr L.I o~~ ~ 151 4.>1,:: 1 ~~ ~ ~.

AN 470 .J5 4 universa~ I.S~~ , AN 426 .J5 , ~)~ 100 ~,Ij 4 countersunk4. \SI ~.r>

wl .ut xix ,~ ~,.l> <r.r.~ ~1 r ):a!...:-..I o~ flat ~ '14 )~, o~~ ~.;f wl r dS ..:-..1

:,);1 ~ wl~ o,.;f ,,) ~ ~ ),.6 ~ I) ~ ~ ~...:-..1

.,),).;f IS" ~ .;; ,,)..s..os ~ dS :Common Rivet .1

~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ..r;:-'~ dS~I,... )~,~ ~ ..s..os~ dS : Special Rivtet .2

AL ~ jl aviation ),) 0~lA:: 1 ~),... \SUI.<r.r. ~ tY ~.; J,I..1.:..4
~ }:u j1.~~~

;1:x: \S),I.:i4.}:u jl ~I )~ , (O"!I

o~ L:...:.i~1 4 ~.;l.o <.Y')~),) dS ~ AL j~H,
:,,).,j~ 0,)1.:iwL:..i.r-] J,)l...o -.9,.;> 4., ~I~I 4 ~,> ~ ",:-,L:.-~ lJI>~ dS (O"!~ ~
2024~ DD 2017~D 2117~AD 1100~A
248T 178T A178T 28

3-11
, r.b ,)~ (dimple)~),} ~ AD tY I.Slfl...:;:..~)k ~ A ~ ~l> f~,n I.Slfl
~):> )~ ~ fl .b> ,~ DDtY I.Slfl
, (raiseddot) r )~ ~ fl 151.J.uj D tf ISI)'!

.~;I~ ~~, (doble dash)r

~ )C..o,~ ~') 1;1)"!.jJI= .,s ~,.r--o)~1S""l>I.S~~ .:.~ ~ jl rivet ~ ~L.,L:...:.

I.Slfl
4 o~~ 2117 f~,Jl ;l.;:Jl\,) ~ .,suniversal tY jl .: 1c..s=':.Y.
&-0p~ AN 470 AD-4-8
..:: 1( 16 j! ~ ) w1 J,b p~ 8 ( 32 r. ~) , w1yY P4.W
;l.;:Jl~ jl (countersunk) 151~j> r tY /..: 1~.Y. &-0P~ AN 426 DD-5-7
..: 1(7/16)" w1J,b , (5/32)" w1yY , 2024 f~,Jl

O~888PLAIN RAISED
CROSS
DIMPLE RAISED
DOT
TWO RAISED
DASHES
@ RAISED
RING

2024 7050
OD . E

HEAD MARKING OF COMMON AIRCRAFT RIVETS.

jl ~ ~4 ~ .~)lo J.!;Lo U")~)~.,s ),hiloA wL:. ~ ~ ~i 4 2024, 2017 I.S~Rivet

(~j~ 3 ~,..1.» ~~ ~ ...5;; w.>..ol
w'.)::'!jl ~ , o~ I.S;I~ ice box)~ heat treatment

w~') heat treat ~ ~4 ~~ o~lA: 1 1.S1r., ~ ..::.:; 4j; , -li":' ...5~ )15 )~ ~4

I.Sl~ ~lA.o )~ I.S~ ~IY"'! .: o,lA...I.SI;I~2117 ~ &-0 4 6 tlA... )~ tY ,~ I.Y.-I.~.r..~

.:.)~
.~ shear

. ....
: ('ix ~ ~ c.,YJlJ

1.S)~4- jl ~, o~;5"Cl),... rivet yY )~ 0.003 l; O.OOlojl-li1~ I) ~,~ ~4)15 1.Y.-11.S1fl

yY D jl)~.u ~41.5D ojl~1~ ~4 -lij.s>w,.)::'!)L..S~jl.,s w1J,b jll.S;I~ rivet

.: 1fllfl ~ J,b ~ ~ ~ ~ I)t' , t 1.S4;:.ob...:.~ J), ,.) ~I~ ;1 1.Y.-1r.~
. .: 1rivet
rivet cutter 4 1;1 6..9W,1~4 ~ ~),.,.)~ jl J..::.!~~,.,. ~ J,b ;1 , L = t + t' + (1.5 D)4
~4 w1w~~ , ~ jl ~ , -li~}iU).) J),,~.fb.: ob...:.r.'fl.~ I)~'y'yY'1, ,-li~
o~ o~~ ..: i t\.A;;I, 1.5D r.lfl (upset head or formed head) o~ o~~ ..: i yY
.~4 112.D l; 2/3 D (0.5D ~ O.65mains)

3-12
...,..~ \) shank «..S4;:.;Il;r' .r..j jI countersunktY jI~ ~ \.) ~ tl~1 ~ rivet J,b

..: 1shank 1S4;:.;'l;r' «..S'14

.J...:.lS~;> r' ~),... )~ lol ~

.-", COUNTERSUNK
ANGLE .........
-." '

~I
Jll
jl15D
~ DIAMETER
l
,,)1.
OF

TI I
D'AUEl ER
I
1.5D -I OF SHANK OF SHANK

WHEN DRIVER RIVET SWELLS TO THE SIZE OF THE MEASrnuNG VNrVJ!;RSAL & COUNTERSUNK
DRILL HOLE. HEAD RIVETS.

: ~)\S rix ~ .b~J"I ~I,.s

Multiple row, Double row, Single row J.'J "-' jl ~.JS "-!~,.:I Jkul «..Sly.

. .:-..1 .)!j }~ "-! Edge distance ,

.J.:.' ~.JS jl 4r.-.r. ~ ~ .J...:.lS.:I),...y1b).:14$ o~lA: 1

Min. Rivet Spacing 3D & MaL 6D

Single row:
{ Min. Rivet Edge Distance 2D & Max. 4D

Min. Rivet Spacing 4D

Double row:
{ Min. Rivet Edge Distance 2D

. Min. Rivet Spacing 3D & Max 6D .

Multiple row: . .
MID Ed ge D ISt ance 2D
{
4 I) 4;1 ~~ 0.:1~ ~.r>- 0~1 4$ ~4 ..sjl.i 1S),k ~ Jkul .:I),...J), ,.:1~, - Dimpling
.~ I$' dimpleot5:.: :I

I) r .h , (eenter punch) 0~ ~ 4 I~I ),b;-o ~I ISlfl-~~ (i~ ~ 0.)~ ~Jl>

jl o.:llA: 1 4 ~4; ).:1 , o~, ; ~ 1;lr rivet "w "-! ISI cC... jl o.:llA: 1 4 ~ , o~, IS)~ .:...o)L:
.~ ...,..l;
J? 0'~ "-!1).uL punch

Special llivets

.:-..1 uol> 1S4r.-.r.~ "-!~l,;.>1 (',.:1r .:I~I),b;-o "-! )S ~ "-!IS"'';-'.:I f'~ ..:...k "-!.:..1.9,'~).:I

..:-..1 o~.:I ~~ ~ ~I.).j 4 01 tl~1 4$

3-13

--
 EXPLOSIVE RIVETS-l

~~, o~ o~lo(.$)..li.oC:~ t.Y ~I shank)~

"-!~ ;::-b.id)y> o~~ 4 15).)$ ~ jl u-?, ~)~

~ &0 ~ .b~1 '-:-'-:-')4W1 dS~ (>.l'} 1
EXPLOSIVERIVET.
.~~ fl)~ ~ I) :;)',~, o~~.l

CHERRY RIVETS-2

..:.,tA;~14 o~~ d~ I.S~~ ~ ~~ ~I

~) .6 , jl stem ~ lol.:-..I dL>,. ~1 .ut dS

:.:-..1 ~ fl ~ I.SI)~' 4;:.;1)~ dS o~ o~b)~

..J'~ o~~ 4 ~ ~ r ..j.,b jl stem

, o~ shank .b~1 '-:-'-:-'~ )~~~ o~

..:.)~ ~. ~b ~jb.~, o~ o~fl~~ stem~,>

CHERRY RIVET.

RIVNUTS-3
~ &0 ~I ~..:-..I dL>,. I.S~ ~ }~ t.Y ~1

I1 ~ ~

.6 ,. j::J U
jl ~ wl~

~1.~~
wi jl dS ~)~ d..i1J,;~
J>b jl

0.)lA: 1 j::J 0* wl~

)~ wi Jt.-;...,I ~), ~~ ~ ..J'~ o~~

wl~ I) deicer boots dS .:-..1.J4 do.> <L...:J

INSTALLINGRIVNUT .~),) ,)~, j::Jwi ~ t.Y.,)~ ~

HI-SHEAR RIVETS-4

)~ ~lA: 1 shear I.S'~ ~lA..o ),) ~ ~ ~1

collar j::J, (.$~'J~ shank.::...o j,~ jl. J,;)~ (.$~~j

two ~i ~'.f-!.Ijl, ci~ ~()~1)~~,J1

:.- !<

~D
.
.
"' ~,
.
.il"
'~:
: ..
.
~ clearance ~4 ~
jl 0~tA:: 1
..J.: ~j::J piece

4 .~4o.000 j),,~, C:~t.Y ~I

rivet

, rivet
(A,

1::J2 IN. OVER

),) collar .: ,..!.bucking bar gun
i1!3ZIN.

~
(A). fB) MAJt'---I

-~=-~{O),
.--'-~
--==-==--~ _t
-====~~.
,E) - (I') ~
.- M

(A)
-- .~
{a~
{)~
(C)
-
(0) (e) (FI
.~~ r), o~.u.ut ~),)
Installation of Hi-Shear Rivets.

3-14
 CABLE
~~~I~ 4.Sjl,~~1} 0~ ~L.S:..o 4.S~ )~ (puD) ~ 4.S,.r-i J~I ~I.r.~!S" jl
~..li~ ~ .li1o~ o~ ~ ~ ~}"'),b ~ d$ po::-'4.S'>!.w
jl ':1, , ~~ 0~li:: 1.s.::~

~lS" t.li~ o~t ~~ ~ strand 4.S~!.w~),), o~,..; 1.1strand ~~) ~~I ~jl 0,./

:~,) ~ .:..S~.r..jJs:..:."-' ~, o~~stainless steel~ low carbon steel jl ~ ~lS' ~.~ i ':""'.l..!

Extra Flexible Cable .1

0!1 Ojl.1i1.~~ 0,)lA::1 Primary Control r~L.S:..o .J,) ~1 jld$(7x19)133 wire ~ ~lS'
strand ~...: 119 wire jl ~ strand 7" , o~~~1 ~ , X'6 , '" ~~ ~ jl ~lS"
...).ilo~ o~t 01 )~ ~ ~,) strand~ , o~~ ~b

Flexible Cable' 2

0!1.,bi.,)~ 0,)lA::1Secondary Controls r~~),) ~1 jl d$ (7x7) 49 wire ~ ~~ ~lS'

..>..:.~~I X'6 , ){6 ~lS'

tDIA. DIA.

(7x7) Flexible (7~19)Extra-f1exible

Cable Cable

Swaging
~.;; J~I tY 1oY.-1
~,tA.o, ~ 41~lS" 4.S,)Too~~ ~ I) ~lS" ~ fitting }i ~;. 0!1 )~

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j1go-no-go gage jl 0,)1A:1~~ .wl> j1 ~...: I ~lS' ~,> J~t.a...

opo!.":'
~,: ~~ JojiJ }"I fitting J>b jl ~t.S ~1 ),) t ~j::-o ~ .5.;.11.1~lS" 4.S~1 ~I ~

Swaged ~able terminals..

3-15

--- - ------
 ----

Nicopress-Swaging
.~),i «.5");)
(ring),-:"JUu),.-.:'~')~IS 1S4,;.;'
sleeve, thimble) o,:)lA:1~Y-~ ~ d') ~'),:)
.~; o~lA:1~I breaking strength 75% jl ~ o~), 1.S,~.6 IS.)),...).)~L;.;d')~'}

CC)

CA)

CD)

CB)

NICOPRESS OVAL SLEEVE CABLE TERMINATION. (A) : NlCOPRBSS SLlZVB.

~ \
(BJ:NICOPRESS HAND COMPRESSOR. (C) : THE SLEBVB IS SUPPBD ON 1'BB
CABLE. (DJ: TBREE SQUEEZES ARE THEN APPLlED WlTB TB SQVEEZlMJ
TOOL.(EJ:TIm COMPRESSED SLEEVE IS CHECKED WlTH A GO M).GO GAVGE.

2 3

Woven Splice
js::.:. "-!~IS \SUb.)!I,~~ U)~ AS ~"b ~Ijl
O(TlJlCCI
SERVING CORD
o.;)tA:1 ~~ 1,.-. )~ 0j,.,..1 .: 1 five tu ck
1OR.,. TIGHTl.Y AND VARNISH

'"

DETAil. 101
Starting a five-tuck splice.

Tensiometer
jl, o.)~ ~IS ~ .:.-.;, rSr.? ojl.J.i1ou:: ~

~t ~IS ~ .)!temperature .s ~~1

o.;)lA:...;1
w1 ~ ol;-eA u};> J,~ jl ~}~
~ .1 :-..
-

3-16
 Turnbuckle

01J~ ~ o~ , o,)~o~ r' ,,) ~, o*" .s,)~ o.)lA:' ~\S"~ ~ ~ ot!:...,,)

0!' jl
0"~ barrel j' o,1j,)3j' ~ ~\.:.i}Srl..1j' ~ ~I t*-.cS:; ..: 1,)k~,) J~ , .)p:;-')
4J,f yt>4!!LS ~~ ..s:=:- }:U j'..)~ r\::U1 safety~~ ...;.,) ~ ~t> ),) t.: ; ..).ij!

s ~1.r., o.)~~\S"da!"; .r..ftJ.)Oattening , .}.!\-

~') .r. ~)~ 0~ jl ~I~ (fraying)
~ o.)lA:1~L..S

..

tAt- A8SBIIBI.BD -nI_DUCKLB

(8)- TORRBUCKLB BARRBL.
(C)- TORRBUCKLE FORK. SWAGED C4Bf.B ~: JW'.L15DOUBU
(D)- TURJlBUCKLE PIlf BYE. SBAIIJ[.IBJ: &tU, & SlIIG£B SlUM[. fCJ: £OMJ
(B)- TUJUmUCBLE CABLE BYE. ~ ,.0 8fVD £NJ). fDI: SflOBT 1'IID1I'..A,.p

Fairlead

o})!..) ~ ~lS" ,-",W r.J&.~ .s .:-, 0' 4Abi

rubber j' 01~ , cl)}S ~ ~'''' 61A
.grommet 01-e1,;IjW~~,:.:.o ...,teOon,
01 j' o.)lA:\ ~)A ),) , o.)~~,at> 4S .: I.
~~ 3° jl ~ ~\.:.i J!tS"J\~\
.GUARD

Pulley
o.)lA: I ~I.L S ~~
~. ~ ". ~-",. ~ ...J! , ).,

.1'1 ~...
'"') u(" '"'
.,)".) ,",'r.:-!J.1.-l.:.:.>'
. .)~.-I.:."- 41 rei
~...:.- -

..)~ o,)lA:I puUey.guard j\

A cob le guard pin.

3-17
 PIPE & UNION

~lIb.u,J ~.,)~ o,)lA::,llIbjlf, u~l.o JlA;.;1~I)'!flexible uJ~ ~,rigid uJ~ ~ lIb.u,J jl

.~ seamless ~ jl ir~1 ~I)'!,o,)~u-" , ,)'1,s, f'~,Jl j~l ~I~J,) o,)Li::bJ,... ~
~ lib .u,J 0-!1 JL:u1 ~Ir...)j~ ~L..,L:..:.~ JI.> ~ , .:...ot:;w..~ J..o~ 4 1 .b ,. lib 4.1,10-!1
~ jl l.o~ , 0~,f JlS:.:.1~ d$ ,)~ o,)Li::1unions or fittings jl.4A~,) ~ ~.h~
,)'J,s~ r~,Jl j~l jl (hoses) ~ ~~1 J,) o,)lA:: ,1,)J"" ~lIb fitting..)j~ ~L..,.u,J ,),>

.~L .- JW. w.r--o.

.1' .u ~ .

J~I u~ 0l.o.A~ p_;;- A~lIb .u,J 01~ '-:-'~ ~lIb .u,J ~,.-; ~I)'! lIb~l~ jl ~ J,)

c*OcS:;..:..>L..,
IJ ~,I ~ fitting ~, flaring, bending, cutting ~ ...;.,)~ , 0,)""';
flare"!,lj ~..l.:.~ ~l ~b ~)'!I)'! 3 jl ;:-s~~ \.:.;.ul
tb.:. ~ ~lIb.u,J J-> rl!a ~ ~I
.~ ~IIJ gasket..;.:;; pA, o.)jL:.~I)fitting~,) IS~ .u,J~~I '-r~l; 0-!~ , .:-137° r.1r.

90DEGREEMARK

TUBE CUTtING

TU

~ .III .E..."

~..
... ...
~-. -
.
...

,:'
.' - , --'
. "'- ": .

.
- -
-,.
.
i'OPVlt'if
. u
~.

.ma '1L
ms " MAXIMUMFtARE MINIMUM FLARE

. '.
~ JfHIIE1
'. .. . .
,- . .
.
. ".
.,1.
IlDEVIEW

A handtool for flaringtubing

3-18
 Hose
hose jl rigid 4I,J ~~.: I (flexibility) ...9lb>\~ j~ ~~ ~';)'~ ~ ~1~.klAi jl ~ J,)

o~ ci4 po:-' ~LA ~ ';)' jl o,)La:1 4 , o,)~synthetic rubber jl ~1 ~ ~o,)~ o,)La: 1

~I ~4 j,)4.j J!;j ~~,,.\jl o~,);f (reinforce)~~ ,)4.jISlJbJ!;j4 ~lA.o~ Wire Braid

jl ,:,,,!,::'-::-o
pS'~lJbJ!;j J,)~' o~,);f J.A:.ohose ~~I ~ ~~ J.'J 4 fittings ~~ tA~';)'

~, ~4 4t>1c.J>1,)~ y.1y.12iro! tla..:.hoses iJ,)~ ~ r~

~~ l:.::oul ~.,)~ o,)\ia::...,1
clamp
~ ~,; 4 .u: ~I , ,),) ~ J,t;.;.o slack.1.a J,) 8 t 5. ,~I jl.~ ~ }} tension.:..;.u ~~
~ ~..: I ~I ~l> pressure.:..;.u iJL:.~ J.!ljl ~ ~ ~ \SlJb4J,J J,b..;.AIS

.,)Jb ,)~, iJ1~'J ~L:.iJ1~ ~ \S~ ,b:>';)',..-J~~.)..j.~":' twist ~~

.~~ blue \.S"'~,Jl jL:Jl,black ~J ~ \S,)';)',ifittings - Hint

MIL-H-B7BB has two ste.el wire braids ~Dr rein-

t'orcement and Is cBve~d with B smooth
Buter cover.

Medium-pressure hose 0' Tef'lon has a Tetlan

liner and a singe stainless ~I braid "or r~
In'orcement.

~~ Flareless fittings
. .. .
. -. - .. .

. ',' ". .. . .' .

. . '.-.. .
MSZ1923 MS21924
ADAIO'T1!R UNtON 'body,sleeve&nut 4abi 4...Ijl ~~J,)t:Y ~IJ,)
MS21816
REDUCER
,)~ o,)La:1CS,)
)1,.. ),) ~,..- , ,)~ o,)\ia::...,l

.~ flaring iJ~1 4J,J pS' .,bi ~ .6

~lJb 41,1 ~') ),) dent ,)~, u)~ ),) - Hint
FLARELESS FITTINGS.
10 % jl ~ iJ1 ~ ~ ~)~ ),) rigid
~ baU~1
~" 01~ ~I.
. v~ ~w . 41-'
:J' .:...oGw.
DENT REMOVAL USIl'IG A BULLET.

OENT~,
~ I.:..b J'11.:1
'1t' v.,) '.J'"
<',)) ,. ~ ~ -:oLi' '1t'
0 F.-'-) 1.:1 .r"--'

"',-- BULLET

3-19

---
 TUBE THREADS & Tube Thread
PIPE THREADS.
~4 uniform ..:,,)lI.uII.S~II.S~~.:I ,,31
.u,JIS~I.:..J,.-:' &!IJ~'~,J ~~) ~
.~4 flared ~4 01 ~ J.a:.o
Pipe Thread
.J-'!~ ~ fitting ISlA o.J.j.) 0'--5;A

.~,! ~ 01 ~ ~4 tapered
CLEARENCE
.)~, (clearance)~)l> ~4 4ti1~ ~ ~ }) .);> bearing J:>b J.:Ishaft ~ 4S ~ j

.)~I ..:.Jl> 4.,.,..sy.:fJ~~ .~4 cJi'J ~'J' 0tS:.olpAl, ~.:I; ~ .::..S

~ pAlli ~4 ...::..:.),)

~~fit 01~..s ~
.r.'running fit 01"-!4S~4 hole jl ~,f shaft .,bi 4S.: 1u=Jb : Clearance fit .1
~,r
.r.' push fit 01"-!, o.)~0~ ~.# hole, shaft .,bi 4S.: 1u=Jl>: Transition fit 2
~,r
.r.' force fit 01 "-!4S ~4 hole jl ;;5 J:r. .:..A.:,0jl.J.j1..s .: 1 u=Jl> : Interference fit 3
~,r
TOLERANCE
j~ J~U "-! ~,f J~ ..:"Ij__
;-:...:..>L ):ai ~J'" ojl..).jl"-!¥.) 01~ IJ hole~ ,~ ~ 0~

li-!Ijl.~,r ~I},; 01 ~ 6S .: 1
Tolerance on a dimension is the variation tolerated on dimension. it is the

difference between the high and low limits of size -for the dimension.
.,bi ~ ~~ ojl..).jI;1 ~ .~4 (bilateral) 4i;b,~ ~, (unilateral) 4i;b ~ .J.jl~ ~I},;

0.005" .r.1.r., o.)~ 4i}» ,.) 01 ~I}~ .),.:, 0.),)0~ 2"- 0.002 ,2"+ 0.003 .:..J,.-:' ~ ~ ~
01 .:1,.1>
, .: 14i~ ~I},; .:I":' 0~ 3"+ 0.003 ..:,,)~ "-!hole ~ .:..A.:, ~ ojl.J.jI./I.), .: 1

.~~ 3.003,3
0~ high limit, low limit 4, ~ limit I)hole ~ ~ ~ ojl.J.jI.fS1.1> ,
Jil.1> - Hint

ALLOWANCE
The difference between the high limit of the shaft and the low limit of the hole is
called allowance, which may be positive or negative.
Hint: Positive allowance is called clearance.

3-20.
 GEARS

.-
,~~~ .- .\
" . -
..r>r:~~ .- .r
~)~ c.A:~ Y..:..-: or

shaft,,) 0::-!.b~;I ,)~I \Slfl, o,)~~ Lt.o.l.i,)tY ~11SLt. <l.il..1.i,): Spur Gears .,
RadiallSl'~ ,),> 1SLa.
bearing ~ J-> ~ rl!a...1.i,) IS' )~ ISjI,...

.~4 ...?)I> ~ ~b ..1.i1~ o..1.i,)

,,) 0::-!1Sr.J),)...1.ij~ ,)},

~ ~ I)1.S.;:.o1)
, ?;. .::S ~ spur tY ~ ~.o..1.i,) tY ~I : Helical Gears .r
Diagonal ,),»~ ~~ 4-i11SLa.
<l.i1..1.i,)o,),)H
~,...~ V"W

tY ..>L;;ul 4 dS ,)~ ,)}, thrust load )~ ~ tY ~I ),) ,~

..)~ .j;k fl double helical

3-21
;Ib ~i c.SlAJ~ ~ .:: 1c.S1~,...J ~ o.1.i.),.) ~ c.Sr-fJ.).:Jb 0!1 J.): Bevel Gears .r

.r. tY 0!1 J~ ,.) oL$ y>b..>..:.:.4

~lA:..o , .1.ij~ .l;.jl~ pA41J c.S1~,Ij

o.1.i.),.) ;Ib ..}o.!."urL{a. ~.~~ Miter gear ~i ~ .>..:.:.4 .)~ pA

..1.i"':'..}o.!.",upA 4 ~4 bevel ~

~ (intersect) ~lA::..oJ~,.) 0iJ.) ~.:: IBeveljllS'""l>tY: Hypoid Gears .f

helical , ~ c.SlA
o.1.i.)
c.SI}.).1.iI~
Bevel Gears ~ J,b ~ ,
..>..:.:.4

. ~4 j;.;.)J"" c.S~~ J'.) J-IbLS ~ .)~ o.)1.A:1~t!..:.AtY 0!1 jl : Worm Gears .0

..:: 190° ~i ~ ~,Ij , )l.:: o.)~ ~lA: 0i J~ ,.)

3-22
 ..).j,~ )~ }l.:... shaft ,,) .bL:;;I~I)'! ~ ~ helical jll5"'l> cy : Skew Gears .r

)~ .b.:;J1p.:.A.:.-o.::.S~ ~ ~ r; .:;,.S~ ~~ ~1)'!~~0-!1 : Rack & Pinion .Y

~ ~ ~ .: 1~ governer ~~~ 0b..r.)lS"j)~<I..i,..,..;.,),~
r; .::.S
1)speeder spring )~ , o~ Rack ~ .::.-.S~ u4 Pully

Rack & Pinion Screw Jack

~ ,)~ o,)Li:: ,1 ~ 0-!1jI ~ .::.S~ ~ ~,);f ~,~ ~~ ~I)'!: Screw Jack .A

.,)~ o.llll~ H. , trim tab, flap,)~ ~),) 01 ~,))'!)lS"<I..i,..,..;

01 ~ p.:.A.:.-o~~)~ 0'~~,))~ "-!)~ ~ jI ,~ JlA:.i1

~I)'!: Belt & Pulley .'\
jI k <L..,;.,)~ o,)Li::,\ ~~ , <1..0-'jI~~ j' ,)~j <ILL;j,:-i, ,,)
.6 ,; ~i tension., ,)~ .c>L.fabric ~~ o~ ~~ ..s..;;-.~

,
0)4 j,:-i bearings )'! )~ ~ ~ I,r-j ,),);f ~ ~4 o~,)

~'))'! <1..0-'(slippage) 0,))'> r' ~,.. j,:-i~.,)~ <1..0-'0~

.,),)H ..;.j) , 1.1.D,0:):)

3-23

--
 Backlash
.b~1 '1,1 ~ .:I~ ciyf ojl.ljlfiller gage 4 ~~y gears J.:I IJ pJb4 xlJ.:I .ul.lj.:l,.:I ~ ~
..lA>~ IJlubrication 015:..1
~U ~L.. y.~ 015:..IIJloyf jl J..:>b

Cornice Brake

.:11..\.:..01
J.:I I.S)S ~ .:I~ ~ ~4 ..:I~ o.:l1A:10lS:: :I 0-!1jI (sheets) 1$)9 .::..b.A..,0.:1;S ~ 1.S'y.

.~y.~ .::..J}M")9 grains y. .:I~

Snips

01 jl hand snips "py. ~ ~ .: 10.:lLQi..,1

.:IJ't"..s<'~ ~L.., tl~1 t"~,J11.S4eSJ' 0~y.1.S'y.

.~~ ~ Aviation Snips b)l1w,1Lb~ 0-!1~ .: 1~

BEND ALLOWANCE

.u...,l!jI.::..}.~01 , .: 1~ ..}:>I.:I
tL :. .;..:.u01 J-> I.SIy.j~ ~J't"dj' J,k ojl, 0-!1j' J~
..: 101neutral axis J,k J~ ~ 1.S~1l; I~I ~
~ ~11.S1y. 'J 0-!' jI..:IJb ~ ~J.:I , ~~~I tL :..)9 tY.)9 .;...,Gw. 0~ ~I~ ~ .u...,l! 0-!'

dj' 1.S1y.
B.A.~ 1.S1y..~ ~k.o IJ B.A .: 1t"j'Y~~ ~ ojl.ljl ~ 1}1dj' 0.:1;5 ~ jl

:.:I~ 0.:l1A:
1y.j J't") jI t"~,J1 j~l

B.A = ( 0.01743 R + 0.0078 T) x degree of bend angle

,~I jl .: 1(R + 'i2 T) 01 tL :. ~ .: 11$1oy.'~C!Jy.1y.B.A ).>.i.o0~ 90° ~ ~ I.SIy. lol

B.A = 21t(R+~T)/4 : 011.S1y.

..:I~ J~ 'i2T 4.k.l!~ neutral line ~I J~

J~ 01 I..?}> 1.S4J,sJ't", v"~ .:Jb J~ 01 ..}:>b 1.S4J,s:JjA~ 0~.! ~ I'~ ~ - Hint

neutral axis 1.St IJJ~ ~h )} J-:> .;..:.u ~ dj' ~ )..1.i..,~I jl..ljh )} J-..;S.:Jb
0L:..;y.~ J~ .~ ~~ I.S~ bend tangent line l; bend tangent line jl01 )..li.o, ~b )}

3-24
 BEND TANGENT LINES
MLD 1

INNER MOLD LINE

OUTTER MOLD LINE

I
I
I
MLD2 ~
I

R= Bend Radius
T= Thicknessof the Metal

Set Back
"-! ~ P> ~ 1.Sl.:,;,u1
t~.;.;.u IJ~J,}'I ,u ~~ J;)~Li "-!~ .:.,9;)I.S""'XJb)'!.~,,-!}'f
t.S>y:-,ur> }9 1.S)..Ik~I, J;) , .:: 1j~ (sharp coner) ~ J;) 90 P>. "-!~ 1.Sy S dj' J,b
: .: 1~~) J,..},~,40 set back b)lb..:.1 o~ t.S>y:-,ur»..Ik 0-!1"-!,u ;)~
Set-Back = 2X - B.A
X=R+T
BEND TANGENT
LINES

-f~-
FLAT 1
.i--
I
.
,
,, .
,,
, ,
Bend ",
Allowance', .;.

. ...- - - - - :.
. FLAT 2

3-25

----
 : ..: 1"sJl~ )'!j "sUb0)1,w:.>L:...:...;-> ~ 4 ~IJ J~ 4.o.i1>J~

H ~
.~~ , b~ ~1 jl ~bul t!$ ~ ~# : BendTangentLine .,
, inner~ ..: 1mold ,oS "sl;l~ dj' ylb ,~I jI ~,f IJ ~ "sUb~'J : Mold .r

. outer"s~~
.~~ o~\; ~ outer mold ,~ ~JP )'! J:- : Mold Point .r
.~,f IJ'.lj ~ ;I} ..;-> ~ .:;..;.,:;
t!$~ jl cJ4=--9 : Flat .f

3-26