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se ha descrito, de modo que una persona, extendiendo el

brazo en toda extension, puede tocar uno de sus alambres.
Segun el Electricista de la Ciudad parece que aun un
alambre de triple trenza a prueba de las inclemencias del
tiempo, si se toca por una persona, pondrá en peligro la
vida de esta por electrocución."
Como se habrá observado, este caso de Astudillo difiere
mucho del de autos.
Por todo lo expuesto, fallamos confirmando en todas sus
partes la sentencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones objeto del
presente recurso, sin expresa condena en costas. Así se
ordena.

Avanceña, Pres., Imperial, Diaz, y Laurel, MM., estan

conformes.

Se confirma la sentencia.

———————

[No. 47800. December 2, 1940]

Maximo Calalang, petitioner, vs. A. D. Williams, et al.,
respondents.

1.Constitutional Law; Constitutionality of Commonwealth Act No. 548;

Delegation op Legislative Power; Authority of Director of Public
Works and Secretary of Public Works and Communications to

Promulgate Rules and Reg­ulations.—The provisions of section 1 of

Commonwealth Act No. 548 do not confer legislative power upon the
Director of Public Works and the Secretary of Public Works and Com­-
munications. The authority therein conferred upon them and under
which they promulgated the rules and regulations now complained of
is not to determine what public policy demands but merely to carry
out the legislative policy laid down by the National Assembly in said
Act, to wit, "to promote safe transit upon, and avoid obstructions on,
roads and streets de­signated as national roads by acts of the National
Assembly or by executive orders of the President of the Philippines"
and to close them temporarily to any or all classes of traffic
"whenever the condition of the road or the traffic thereon makes such
action necessary or advisable in the public con­venience and interest."
The delegated power, if at all, there­fore, is not the determination of
what the law shall be, but

727

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VOL. 70, DECEMBER 2, 1940 727

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    merely the ascertainment of the facts and circumstances upon which
the application of said law is to be predicated. To promulgate rules
and regulations on the use of national roads and to determine when
and how long a national road should be closed to traffic, in view of the
condition of the road or the traffic thereon and the requirements of
public convenience and interest, is an administrative function which
cannot be di­rectly discharged by the National Assembly. It must
depend on the discretion of some other government official to whom is
confided the duty of determining whether the proper occa­sion exists
for executing the law. But it cannot be said that the exercise of such
discretion is the making of the law.
2.Id.; Id.; Police Power; Personal Liberty; Governmental Au­thority.—
Commonwealth Act No. 548 was passed by the Na­tional Assembly in
the exercise of the paramount police power of the state. Said Act, by
virtue of which the rules and reg­ulations complained of were
promulgated, aims to promote safe transit upon and avoid
obstructions on national roads, in the interest and convenience of the
public. In enacting said law, therefore, the National Assembly was
prompted by considerations of public convenience and welfare. It was
in­spired by a desire to relieve congestion of traffic, which is, to say
the least, a menace to public safety. Public welfare, then, lies at the
bottom of the enactment of said law, and the state in order to promote
the general welfare may interfere with personal liberty, with
property, and with business and occu­pations. Persons and property
may be subjected to all kinds of restraints and burdens, in order to
secure the general com­fort, health, and prosperity of the state (U. S.
vs. Gomez Jesus, 31 Phil., 218). To this fundamental aim of our Gov­-
ernment the rights of the individual are subordinated. Liber­ty is a
blessing without which life is a misery, but liberty should not be
made to prevail over authority because then so­ciety will fall into
anarchy. Neither should authority be made to prevail over liberty
because then the individual will fall into slavery. The citizen should
achieve the required balance of liberty and authority in his mind
through education and, personal discipline, so that there may be
established the resultant equilibrium, which means peace and order
and happiness for all. The moment greater authority is con­ferred
upon the government, logically so much is withdrawn from the
residuum of liberty which resides in the people. The paradox lies in
the fact that the apparent curtailment of lib­erty is precisely the very
means of insuring its preservation.
3.Id.; Id.; Social Justice.—Social justice is "neither communism,

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Calalang vs. Williams et al.

      nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy," but the humanization of

laws and the equalization of social and economic for­ces by the State

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so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may

at least be approximated. Social jus­tice means the promotion of the
welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures
calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent elements
of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social
equi­librium in the interrelations of the members of the commun­ity,
constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legal­ly justifiable,
or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying
the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of
salus populi est supremo, lex. Social justice, therefore, must be
founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdependence among
divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should
be equally and evenly extended to all groups as a combined force in
our so­cial and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and
paramount objective of the state of promoting the health, comfort,
and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about "the greatest good to
the greatest number."

ORIGINAL ACTION in the Supreme Court. Prohibition.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Maximo Calalang in his own behalf.
Solicitor-General Ozaeta and Assistant Solicitor-General
Amparo for respondents Williams, Fragante and Bayan.
City Fiscal Mabanag for the other respondents.

Laurel, J.:
Maximo Calalang, in his capacity as a private citizen
and as a taxpayer of Manila, brought before this court this
pe­tition for a writ of prohibition against the respondents,
A. D. Williams, as Chairman of the National Traffic
Commis­sion; Vicente Fragante, as Director of Public
Works; Ser­gio Bayan, as Acting Secretary of Public Works
and Com­munications; Eulogio Rodriguez, as Mayor of the
City of Manila; and Juan Dominguez, as Acting Chief of
Police of Manila.
It is alleged in the petition that the National Traffic
Commission, in its resolution of July 17, 1940, resolved to

729

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Calalang vs. Williams et al.

recommend to the Director of Public Works and to the

Secretary of Public Works and Communications that ani­-
mal-drawn vehicles be prohibited from passing along
Rosario Street extending from Plaza Calderon de la Barca
to Dasmarinas Street, from 7:30 a. m. to 12:30 p. m. and
from 1:30 p. m. to 5:30 p. m.; and along Rizal Avenue ex­-
tending from the railroad crossing at Antipolo Street to
Echague Street, from 7 a. m. to 11 p.m., for a period of one
year from the date of the opening of the Colgante Bridge to
traffic; that the Chairman of the National Traffic Com­-
mission, on July 18, 1940, recommended to the Director of
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Public Works the adoption of the measure proposed in the

resolution aforementioned, in pursuance of the provi­sions
of Commonwealth Act No. 548 which authorizes said
Director of Public Works, with the approval of the Secre­-
tary of Public Works and Communications, to promul­gate
rules and regulations to regulate and control the use of and
traffic on national roads; that on August 2, 1940, the
Director of Public Works, in his first endorsement to the
Secretary of Public Works and Communications, re­-
commended to the latter the approval of the recommenda­-
tion made by the Chairman of the National Traffic Com­-
mission as aforesaid, with the modification that the clos­ing
of Rizal Avenue to traffic of animal-drawn vehicles be
limited to the portion thereof extending from the railroad
crossing at Antipolo Street to Azcarraga Street; that on
August 10, 1940, the Secretary of Public Works and Com­-
munications, in his second indorsement addressed to the
Director of Public Works, approved the recommendation of
the latter that Rosario Street and Rizal Avenue be closed to
traffic of animal-drawn vehicles, between the points and
during the hours as above indicated, for a pe­riod of one
year from the date of the opening of the Col­gante Bridge to
traffic; that the Mayor of Manila and the Acting Chief of
Police of Manila have enforced and caused to be enforced
the rules and regulations thus adopted; that as a
consequence of such enforcement, all animal-drawn
vehicles are not now allowed to pass and pick up passen-

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Calalang vs. Williams et al.

gers in the places above-mentioned to the detriment not

only of their owners but of the riding public as well.
It is contended by the petitioner that Commonwealth
Act No. 548 by which the Director of Public Works, with
the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Com­-
munications, is authorized to promulgate rules and regu­-
lations for the regulation and control of the use of and
traffic on national roads and streets is unconstitutional
because it constitutes an undue delegation of legislative
power. This contention is untenable. As was observed by
this court in Rubi vs. Provincial Board of Mindoro (39 Phil,
660, 700), "The rule has nowhere been better stated than in
the early Ohio case decided by Judge Ranney, and since
followed in a multitude of cases, namely: 'The true
distinction therefore is between the delegation of power to
make the law, which necessarily involves a discretion as to
what it shall be, and conferring an authority or dis­cretion
as to its execution, to be exercised under and in pursuance
of the law. The first cannot be done; to the latter no valid
objection can be made.' (Cincinnati, W. & Z. R. Co. vs.

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Comm'rs. Clinton County, 1 Ohio St., 88.) Discretion, as

held by Chief Justice Marshall in Wayman vs. Southard
(10 Wheat., 1) may be committed by the Le­gislature to an
executive department or official. The Legislature may
make decisions of executive departments or subordinate
officials thereof, to whom it has commit­ted the execution of
certain acts, final on questions of fact. (U. S. vs. Kinkead,
248 Fed., 141.) The growing tenden­cy in the decisions is to
give prominence to the 'necessity' of the case."
Section 1 of Commonwealth Act No. 548 reads as fol­-
lows:

"Section 1. To promote safe transit upon, and avoid

obstructions on, roads and streets designated as national roads by
acts of the National Assembly or by executive orders of the
President of the Philippines, the Director of Public Works, with
the approval of the Secretary of Pub­lic Works and
Communications, shall promulgate the nee-

731

VOL. 70, DECEMBER 2, 1940 731

Calalang vs. Williams et al.

essary rules and regulations to regulate and control the use of and
traffic on such roads and streets. Such rules and regulations, with
the approval of the President, may contain provisions controlling
or regulating the construc­tion of buildings or other structures
within a reasonable distance from along the national roads. Such
roads may be temporarily closed to any or all classes of traffic by
the Director of Public Works and his duly authorized repres­-
entatives whenever the condition of the road or the traffic thereon
makes such action necessary or advisable in the public
convenience and interest, or for a specified period, with the
approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications."

The above provisions of law do not confer legislative

power upon the Director of Public Works and the Secre­tary
of Public Works and Communications. The author­ity
therein conferred upon them and under which they
promulgated the rules and regulations now complained of
is not to determine what public policy demands but merely
to carry out the legislative policy laid down by the Na­tional
Assembly in said Act, to wit, "to promote safe transit upon
and avoid obstructions on, roads and streets designated as
national roads by acts of the National As­sembly or by
executive orders of the President of the Phil­ippines" and to
close them temporarily to any or all classes of traffic
"whenever the condition of the road or the traf­fic makes
such action necessary or advisable in the public
convenience and interest." The delegated power, if at all,
therefore, is not the determination of what the law shall be,
but merely the ascertainment of the facts and circumstan­-
ces upon which the application of said law is to be predi­-

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cated. To promulgate rules and regulations on the use of

national roads and to determine when and how long a
national road should be closed to traffic, in view of the
condition of the road or the traffic thereon and the re­-
quirements of public convenience and interest, is an ad­-
ministrative function which cannot be directly discharged
by the National Assembly. It must depend on the discre-
732

732 PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED

Calalang vs. Williams et al.

tion of some other government official to whom is confided

the duty of determining whether the proper occasion exists
for executing the law. But it cannot be said that the
exercise of such discretion is the making of the law. As was
said in Locke's Appeal (72 Pa. 491): "To assert that a law is
less than a law, because it is made to depend on a future
event or act, is to rob the Legislature of the power to act
wisely for the public welfare whenever a law is passed
relating to a state of affairs not yet developed, or to things
future and impossible to fully know." The proper
distinction the court said was this: "The Legisla­ture cannot
delegate its power to make the law; but it can make a law
to delegate a power to determine some fact or state of
things upon which the law makes, or intends to make, its
own action depend. To deny this would be to stop the
wheels of government. There are many things upon which
wise and useful legislation must depend which cannot be
known to the law-making power, and, must, therefore, be a
subject of inquiry and determination out­side of the halls of
legislation." (Field v. Clark, 143 U. S. 649, 694; 36 L. Ed.
294.)
In the case of People vs. Rosenthal and Osmena, G. R.
Nos. 46076 and 46077, promulgated June 12, 1939, and in
Pangasinan Transportation vs. The Public Service Com­-
mission, G. R. No. 47065, promulgated June 26, 1940, this
Court had occasion to observe that the principle of sepa­-
ration of powers has been made to adapt itself to the
complexities of modern governments, giving rise to the
adoption, within certain limits, of the principle of "subor­-
dinate legislation," not only in the United States and
England but in practically all modern governments. Ac­-
cordingly, with the growing complexity of modern life, the
multiplication of the subjects of governmental regulations,
and the increased difficulty of administering the laws, the
rigidity of the theory of separation of governmental po­wers
has, to a large extent, been relaxed by permitting the
delegation of greater powers by the legislative and vesting
a larger amount of discretion in administrative and execu-

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VOL. 70, DECEMBER 2, 1940 733

Calalang vs. Williams et al.

tive officials, not only in the execution of the laws, but also
in the promulgation of certain rules and regulations cal­-
culated to promote public interest.
The petitioner further contends that the rules and reg­-
ulations promulgated by the respondents pursuant to the
provisions of Commonwealth Act No. 548 constitute an
unlawful interference with legitimate business or trade and
abridge the right to personal liberty and freedom of
locomotion. Commonwealth Act No. 548 was passed by the
National Assembly in the exercise of the paramount police
power of the state.
Said Act, by virtue of which the rules and regulations
complained of were promulgated, aims to promote safe
transit upon and avoid obstructions on national roads, in
the interest and convenience of the public. In enacting said
law, therefore, the National Assembly was prompted by
considerations of public convenience and welfare. It was
inspired by a desire to relieve congestion of traffic. which
is, to say the least, a menace to public safety. Pub­lic
welfare, then, lies at the bottom of the enactment of said
law, and the state in order to promote the general welfare
may interfere with personal liberty, with prop­erty, and
with business and occupations. Persons and property may
be subjected to all kinds of restraints and burdens, in order
to secure the general comfort, health, and prosperity of the
state (U. S. vs. Gomez Jesus, 31 Phil., 218). To this
fundamental aim of our Government the rights of the
individual are subordinated. Liberty is a blessing without
which life is a misery, but liberty should not be made to
prevail over authority because then society will fall into
anarchy.   Neither should authority be made to prevail over
liberty because then the indivi­dual will fall into slavery.
The citizen should achieve the required balance of liberty
and authority in his mind through education and personal
discipline, so that there may be established the resultant
equilibrium, which means peace and order and happiness
for all. The moment greater authority is conferred upon the
government, lo-
734

734 PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED

Calalang vs. Williams et al.

gically so much is withdrawn from the residuum of liber­ty

which resides in the people. The paradox lies in the fact
that the apparent curtailment of liberty is precisely the
very means of insuring its preservation.

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The scope of police power keeps expanding as civiliza­tion

advances. As was said in the case of Dobbins vs. Los
Angeles (195 U. S. 223, 238; 49 L. ed. 169), "the right to
exercise the police power is a continuing one, and a busi­-
ness lawful today may in the future, because of the
changed situation, the growth of population or other caus­-
es, become a menace to the public health and welfare, and
be required to yield to the public good." And in People vs.
Pomar (46 Phil., 440), it was observed that "advan­cing
civilization is bringing within the police power of the state
today things which were not thought of as being within
such power yesterday. The development of civil­ization, the
rapidly increasing population, the growth of public opinion,
with an increasing desire on the part of the masses and of
the government to look after and care for the interests of
the individuals of the state, have brought within the police
power many questions for regu­lation which formerly were
not so considered."
The petitioner finally avers that the rules and regula­-
tions complained of infringe upon the constitutional pre­-
cept regarding the promotion of social justice to insure the
well-being and economic security of all the people. The
promotion of social justice, however, is to be achieved not
through a mistaken sympathy towards any given group.
Social justice is "neither communism, nor des­potism, nor
atomism, nor anarchy," but the humanization of laws and
the equalization of social and economic forces by the State
so that justice in its rational and objectively secular
conception may at least be approximated. Social justice
means the promotion of the welfare of all the peo­ple, the
adoption by the Government of measures calcul­ated to
insure economic stability of all the competent ele­ments of
society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and
social equilibrium in the interrelations of

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