Mild Tae 1850-B0s - Debits over socialism in Russia ~ Socialist ideas spread through Europe Party was founded. 1870s 1898 - The Russian Social Democratic Workers 1900 - The Socialist Revolutionary party was formed. 1905 - Socialists and trade unionists formed a Labou wr Party in Britain anc Socialist Party in France 1905. - Incident of Bloody Sunday took place. 1905 - The Tsar allowed the creation ‘of an elected consultative Parliament Duma. 1914 - The First World War began. 1914. — Tsar Nicholas 1! ruled Russia and its empire. 1917. ~ Socialist took over the government in Russia through the Octo Revolution or the Russian Revolution. 1917 — Food shortage were deeply felt in the workers quarters _ The Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from the exile 1917 = Civil War broke out 1918-20 1919 - Formation of Comintern — Towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplie 1927-28 1929 - Beginning of collectivisation NCERT Exercises 1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905? ‘Ans. The distressful conditions of Russia before 1905 led to the big revolution, known as the Revolution’. ()(During the beginning of the 20th century, about 85% of the Russian population » agriculturalist. Russia was the major exporter of grains. Most of the industries were rur the private industrialists. There were no limit of working hours and sometime the worke did not get even the minimum wages. This was leading to widespread of corruption « exploitations. Russia ruled by a Tsar and was an autocracy)The Tsar especially Tsar Nicho : TI was self-willed, oppressive and corrupt ruler. Due to his ignorance of the public welt " the working condition of the workers and peasants deteriorated (The workers and peasants were both divided. Peasants frequently refused to pay rent and even murdered landlons Being inspired by the democratic experiments by the Western European countries, th Russians also demanded a responsible government but all their demands were turned dow __ Therefore, it even led to the moderate reformers talk about revolution (ii) (During the reign of the Tsar Nicholas II, the general public including the workers an’ farmers had no say in the government whereas the privileged class has got special righ's The situation had collapsed to a level that even the Liberals campaigned to end this stat of affairs. It led to the foundation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 18° by the socialists who followed Marx’s ideas{In 1903, this party was further divided into tv Sroups ~ Mensheviks and Bolsheviks) The Bolsheviks were in majority and were led by Le" who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx. 4 a © scanned with OKEN Scanner EE2, In What ways was the working population in Russia 5 7? Europe, before 191 i i) Compared to the condition of the people of Europe, Russian people, especially the working "© class like the farmers and the factory workers was very deplorable )- The main reason frit was the autocratic ZOvernment ofthe Tsar Nicholag I, who exploited SeeacSs ESA by day by Hd ebrupr ond oppressive policies D} Much ofthe proce ofthe peasant workers went ino the hands ofthe londowners akilthe on privileged laste Large properties were owed bythe nobility, the crown andr Orthodox Church. GH) Inurope countries, the pests retpected nobles ad fought or them vnereasn flan the peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them, 7 (@) They often refused to pay rent and even murdered the landlords, This various oppressive policies and their built up frustration, (i) TheFactory workers faced equally miserable situation They couldnt fxm any tade Haida and political parties to express their grievances, (i) Theprivate industrialists exploited the workers and many times didnot give them ‘minimum fixed wages also, There was also no limit set for the working hours _3-Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917? a ‘Ans. The following points present the background of the mise‘al ‘of Russia, which were also the reasons for the collapse Hiferent from other countries in Ans: was because of the ble conditions of the working population of the Tsarist autocracy in 19 @ The pessants worked as serfon the land and much of their produce went into the hands of Tandlords and the privileged classes. Land hunger among farmers was a dominent fare Die to the various oppressive policies and out of frustration, often they refused 1, pay rent and ‘even murdered landlords. © The condition of the workers was also ve and political parties to express their "ty deplorable. They could not form any trade unions arievance. Most industries were run by industrialists. Many times these workers did not get even the minimum fixed w asno limit of working hours as a result of which they had to work from 12-15 fy © The autocratic rule of the Tsar had become quite inefficient. He was a slf-willed, corrupt and {oppressive ruler Who never cared forthe welfare of the people or the country, The teachings of Karl Marx also encouraged the people to raise a standard revolt. © The Tsar's participation and defeat in the First Wo camel’s back. ‘cake two lists: one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution, Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Get history, 4 Ans. February Revolution 22nd February ~ A lockout at a factory Demonstrations thronged the centre ofthe capital, and curfew was imposed 25th February: Suspension of Duma. 27th February ~ Formation of Soviet. 2nd March - Tsar leaves power and provisional government formed The February marked an end to the autocratic Tsarist rule in Russia and paved the way for an lected government. There was no leader of this movement. The tevolution had no political party its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy ‘and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history. Trade unions grew in number. 29 i ry Worl the private ages. There jours a day. tld War proved the last straw to break the ia © scanned with OKEN ScannerOctober Revolution © 16th October - Formation of Military Revolutionary Committee. © 24th October - Pro-government troops called in to deal with the situation © Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by night and ministers surrender. . The Bolshevik take control of the power. The leader of the October Revolution was Lenin and his subordinates. This event gave v., for complete control of the Bolsheviks over Russia and the beginning of a single party r Trotskii had involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning Lenin’s rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance. . What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after October Revolution? . The main changes brought by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution a follows — © The Bolsheviks were not in favour of any private property. Therefore all the industries an. banks were nationalised. AAs land was declared social property, the peasants were allowed to take-over the land on whic) they worked. K In cities the large houses were partitioned according to the family requirements. ‘There was ban in using old titles like aristocracy. i New uniforms were introduced in the army and officials by the Bolsheviks to assert the chang: ‘The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party. Russia became a one party-state and Trade unions kept under party control. were made. ies es ines shows yous Knee @ Kulaks ‘Ans. They were well-to-do peasants. By 1927-28 the towns of Soviet Russia were facing an acute pro of grain supplies. Kulaks were thought to be partly responsible for this. Also to develop mode farms and run them along industrial lines, the Party under the leadership of Stalin thought it necessary to eliminate Kulaks. (i) The Duma Ans. Throughout the 1905 Revolution, the creation of an elected consultative parliament in permitted by the Tsar. This consultative parliament in Russia was known as the Duma. “Gii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930 it Ans. (i) Women Participated in both, the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the February Revolutio 1917, to improve the conditions of Russia and shape its future. ; (Gi) Women workers made up to 31% of the factory labour force by 1914, but their wages v compared to men. (iti) Women shared double form of responsibilities; they took care of their duties at hom Care of their children and worked in the factories as well. They were active participant: country and inspired their male co-workers, e (iv) Let us take the incidence of Marfa Vasileva, where a female worker in the Loverz TelepLiberals e people, who wanted a nation which tolerated all religions, were known as liberals in sia. Their main motive was to safe-guard the rights of the individuals against the government. also opposed the dominating power of the dynastic rulers. One can say the outlook of the rals was conceived to a certain level as they agreed a representative, elected parliamentary rmment subjects to laws. They wanted an independent judiciary but disagreed with the idea iIniversal Adult Franchise and voting rights of women. in’s Collectivization programme. The towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies by 1927-28. The investigation of the problem was done by Stalin at that time, as he was the leader, He introduced some emergency measures regarding it. Stalin’s collectivisation measure programme in 1929 was one of these measures. All the farmers were forced to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhoz) under this programme. The profit or the produce from a collective farm was shared among the farmers who worked on the land. However, the farmers who refused to work collectively were severely punished. Stalin’s government did allow some of the cultivators to work independently but they were treated unsympathetically. Stalin’s collectivisation programme had adverse consequences; the production did not increase immediately in the collective harvesting led to one of the worst famines in the Soviet History in 1930-33. © scanned with OKEN Scannerss, In 1905, socialists and trade unionist 4 in France. ists formed a ‘Labour Patty’ in Britain and ‘Socialist ho was ‘father Gapon’? Narrate the eve FibosiRevsluon. i mts leading to the ‘Bloody Sunday’ incident and Gapon was the leader of the procession of : ke of workers, who marched towards the Winter Palace "When this procession of workers reached the Wint ter Palace, i Over a hundred workers were killed and about three hundred pti ie This incident known as the ‘Bloody Sunday’ started series of even a Its leading to the 1905 Strikes took place, universities closed down and student bodies staged walkou "Lawyers, doctors and engineers andl other middle class workers formed uni i : sedaabewetobly: inions and demanded was the Duma? How far was it successful? was an elected legislative body like the parliament having representatives of the third ‘Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected Second Duma within ths. He did oes any restrictions or reductions in his powers. He changed the votin; nm pent the Third Duma with the conservative politicians. Liberals and Sse «the impact of World War Ion the Russian economy? 4 strial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than any other European country 1916, railway lines began to break down and all able-bodied men were called up to the war. ‘a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essential goods were ince more ration was sent for the army, there was shortage of bread for the civilians. By the jid the Mensheviks resist the protest of the Bolsheviks? In industries, committees were formed to question the industrialists about the way they ran -ommittees were formed in the army. atives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets. becoming stronger, they rade unions were formed and soldiers’ c In June, about 500 Soviets sent represent: 4s the Provisional Government saw the grip of the Bolsheviks ded to take stern measures against the spreading discontent. the causes of the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of the es of the civil war were: Bolsheviks ordered soldiers, mostly peasants, Non-Bolshevik socialists, ing. leaders moved t' e troops and Bolsheviks fought a Jand re-distribution, the Russian army began t break up. ‘wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted. liberals and supporters of autocracy ‘condemned the Bolshevik troops to fight the Bolsheviks: o South Russia and organised : «d looting, banditry and famine became civil war; an 35 © scanned with OKEN Scannerpene Fraaeprered wy a well trated Porenery w= stieve in universal adult franchise They (i) ‘However, they did not be snainly should have the vote They also did not want the vote for women felt men who own pr ie dal Black Sea ar arenas < The map stows th the Russian empire and the European counties at war during the Fist World Wa. Q. 10. Why the period f the success of French Revolution can be called as the ‘age of soc Ans. (i) The French Reyoluti f lution opened ibili i TA Ip i ip the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the wa) TT 38 © scanned with OKEN Scanneri” pare Conan 60: 18th century, soctety was broadly divided into estates and orders and it wa ie secs sidchurch ohleh @tirolied apaeoind soil pores ale Suddenly, after the revolution it seemed posible to change this. n many parts of the worta e including Europe and Asia, new ideas about individual rights and who Controlled social power began to be a point of discussion. In india, Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio talked of the significance oft ‘and many others debated the ideas of post-revolutionary Europe. (9) Thedevelopments in the colonies, in turn, reshaped these ideas of societal change (0.11, “World War Feft Russia in such a situation that it led to Febru "Do you agree? ‘ans. (i) InWorld War I, Russian defeats were shocking and demoratis Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916, Mil) As they retreated, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent ti from being able to live off the land, The destruction of erops and buildings ls million refugees in Rus (iii) Thewar had a severe impact on industry. Russia's own industries country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by Sea, Pri (iv) Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia tl 1916, railway lines began to break down, Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, ‘workshops producing essentials were shut down. () “Large supplies of grain were sent to feet the army. For the people in the cities, bread and ‘lour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common, (oii In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd, were grim. In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers quarters, leading to lockouts and about fit factories called a strike, Fwnat was the global influence of Russian Revolution? OR ‘What were the effects of the Russian Revolution on the world? Ans. ()_Inmany countries, communist parties were formed like the Communist Party of Great Britain. (ii) The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment of taking power. (Gl) Many non-Russians from outside the USSR, participated in the Conference of the People ‘of Fast and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern (an international union of pro-Bolshevik _ socialist parties), (iv) Some received education in USSR’s Communist University of the Workers ofthe East. (®) Bythe time of the outbreak of the World War Il, the USSR had given socialism, a global face and world stature. i er Order Thinking Skills) 2 state one idea different from each other for liberals, radicals and conservatives. Ans. (i) Liberals: They believed in changing the society. They wanted a nation which tol¢rated all the French Revolution IY revolution in Petrograd,” ng: Russia's army lost badly in the enemy to over 3 S were few in number and the German control of the Baltic han elsewhere in Europe. By zs there was labour shortage and small m t rtied men should have the right to yote, They also did not want si © scanned with OKEN Scanner] Radicals: In contrast, they believed in the rule of majority of the country’s population. T},, downers and factory owners and supported women’s ri,,., di) a opposed the privileges of the lan to vote. Conservatives: They opposed both the liberals and radicals. Earlier they opposed any kj, at (iii) f of change but by the nineteenth century, they accepted the change but believed that the p, has to be respected and change had to be brought through a slow process. Q. 2. How was the first world war on the ‘Eastern Front’ differed from that on the ‘Weste,,, Front’? Explain. Ans. (i) On the Western front, war was strongly fought by Great Britain, who were having stro), | naval force and strong army. (ii) On the east front was Russia and there was already existing turmoil in Russia due to Russi, revolution, so they could not concentrate much on the war front leading to a large amount , casualties and destruction. (iii) Though Germany gave equal fight on both Eastern and Western part as they were fighting ; both the fronts as a part of a block called ‘central power’. Q. 3. Explain reasons, why Russian people wanted the Tsar to withdraw from the World War? Ans. (i) In Russia, the war was initially popular and people agreed to Tsar Nicholas’ policies. (ii) The First World War on the eastern front differed from western front. Xin In the west, armies fought from trenches along eastern France. In the east, armies foug battles with large casualties. (iv) Defeats were shocking and demoralising. As German armies further moved, the Russian arn destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy to enter easily. (v) Destruction of crops and buildings led to over three million refugees in Russia. The situatio discredited the government of the Tsar. Even soldiers did not like to fight such a war. © Scanned with OKEN Scanner 0.4. State anv thraa maaeurac talan ber Deneinninl On. s +oe was the difference between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks? + Q: a Ans_ following was the difference between Bolshevik and Mensheviks: fe Bolsheviks " Nis Mensheviks Meant ‘a member of the minority’ Meant ‘a member of the majority’. Believed in a highly centralised party of professional revolutionaries Not willing to work with middle class for their revolutionary aims. Believed in a more democratic party structure that allowed disagreements. Willing to work with middle class for their revolutionary ends. Drew more public support because of their inclusive ideas. 4. | Drew less public attention than Mensheviks. 5. | They scorned other ideologies. Inclusive in their approach to other political parties. They believed in going ahead step by step to make the country communist. 6. | They believed that Russia could directly go from an absolute monarchy to a communist society. SELF-ASSESSMENT © scanned with OKEN Scanner