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Keras

This document provides an overview of basic concepts for defining and training models with Keras, including: - Specifying model architecture using Sequential models and stacking layers like Dense and InputLayer - Compiling models by setting the optimizer, loss function, and metrics - Fitting models by passing training data, validation data, number of epochs, and batch size - Using callbacks like EarlyStopping and ModelCheckpoint to interact with and monitor training

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Achraf Boura
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44 views12 pages

Keras

This document provides an overview of basic concepts for defining and training models with Keras, including: - Specifying model architecture using Sequential models and stacking layers like Dense and InputLayer - Compiling models by setting the optimizer, loss function, and metrics - Fitting models by passing training data, validation data, number of epochs, and batch size - Using callbacks like EarlyStopping and ModelCheckpoint to interact with and monitor training

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Achraf Boura
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Basics of keras

Romain Tavenard
Specifying model architecture
The Sequential model class

I Sequential: easiest way to code a simple model in keras


I Requirements
I Single input (can be multidimensional)
I Single output (can be multidimensional)
I model is just a stack of layers (no loop in the model graph)

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential

model = Sequential(
[
# Here, we will put a list of layers
]
)
Layers used to define an MLP
I InputLayer (not mandatory, link to docs)
I Dense (link to docs)
I Can be used for both internal and output layers
I activation is the activation function (str)

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential


from tensorflow.keras.layers import InputLayer, Dense

model = Sequential(
[
# Input layer (16-dimensional)
InputLayer(input_shape=(16, )),
# Hidden layer (256 neurons, ReLU activation)
Dense(units=256, activation="relu"),
# Output layer (1 neuron, sigmoid activation)
Dense(units=1, activation="sigmoid")
]
)
Fitting a model
Setting optimization strategy (1/2)

I compile step
I optimizer (required)
I can be a string ("sgd", "adam", . . . )
I can be a keras optimizer instance (allows to set learning rate,
...)
I loss (required) can be a string
I "mse": Mean Squared Error
I "binary_crossentropy": Cross-entropy in the binary case
(single output neuron)
I "categorical_crossentropy": Cross-entropy in the
multiclass case (multiple output neurons)
I metrics (optional) is a list
I additional metrics to be reported during model training (eg.
"accuracy" for classification tasks)
Setting optimization strategy (2/2)

model = Sequential(
[
# Layers here
]
)

model.compile(
optimizer="sgd",
loss="mse",
metrics=[]
)
Setting fit options (1/2)

I fit step
I First 2 arguments: training data (required)
I validation_data (optional) is a tuple
I validation set organized as a pair (X , y )
I epochs: number of epochs (required)
I batch_size: number of samples per batch (strongly
recommended)
Setting fit options (2/2)

model = Sequential(
[
# Layers here
]
)

model.compile(
# Compile options
)
model.fit(X, y,
validation_data=(X_val, y_val),
epochs=10,
batch_size=64)
Callbacks
Callbacks in general

I Callbacks are ways to “interact” during training


I eg. report statistics, early stopping, save models
I at each minibatch or at each epoch

I A list of callbacks can be passed at fit time:


model.fit(X, y,
validation_data=(X_val, y_val),
epochs=10,
batch_size=64,
callbacks=[cb1, cb2, ...])

I See docs for usage (link)


I EarlyStopping
I ModelCheckpoint
I TensorBoard
History callback

I Returned by fit by default (no need to set up)


I has a history attribute
I dict
I losses and metrics recorded during fit at each epoch
h = model.fit(X, y,
validation_data=(X_val, y_val),
epochs=10,
batch_size=64)
print(h.history)
# {
# "loss": [...],
# "val_loss": [...],
# "accuracy": [...],
# "val_accuracy": [...]
# }

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