FORENSIC

• The word forensic was derived from the Latin word

“Forum” which means a “market place”, a place where
people gathered for “public discussion” . When it is
used in conjunction with other sciences it simply connotes
the idea of application to law or for the administration of
justice. Sometimes it is also referred to as “legal”.
 FORENSIC SCIENCE CRIMINALISTICS
• The application of • A profession or field of
techniques and principles forensic science that
in order to provide deals with recognition,
evidence to legal or collection, preservation
related investigations and and examination of
determinations. physical evidence for the
administration of justice
• Dr. Hans Gross
• An Australian magistrate who described
Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of all
investigative and detective works.
• He is known as the Father of Modern
Criminalistics.
• The founder of Criminal Profiling
(Offender Profiling)
• The creator of the field of Criminalistics
• Father of Criminal Investigation
• Father of Australian Psychoanalyst
• The birth of Criminalistics was in 1893
• He founded Institute of Criminalistics
(Institute of Criminology
• Res Ipsa Loquitor “the thing speaks for
itself”
 GOLDEN RULE OF CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION

“Do not touch, change or after anything

until it has been identified, measured
and photographed”.
ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS
• The Chinese are the one noted to be the first user of fingerprints.
“Hua Chi” is the name given by the Chinese in referring
fingerprints. They used fingerprints as symbolism in the early part
of the history as a part of their rituals, until they utilize it in signing
of a contract on the part of illiterate.
• The thumb mark of the destitute is place on the slip of bamboo
were the contract was written. Infants at that time were taken
fingerprints for possible identification and every mother is familiar
with the fingerprint of their newborn.
ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS

• The Chinese were well acquainted with the

essential characteristics of fingerprint.
• The Aches and Whorls are called by them
“LO” (snail); Loops are “KI” (sieve or
winnowing basket). The loops are look upon
as presages of good luck.
• Emperor Te’in Shi, (426-210 BC) was the first Chinese
ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade; on one
side of it was the name of the owner and the other side
the impression of the thumb.
• Such seal were used in sealing documents as a sign of
authenticity. Though the Chinese were well familiar with
the types of fingerprints patterns, they did not make any
system to develop a classification system.
• Law of Multiplicity of Evidence – The
greater the number of similarities and
dissimilarities; the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be
correct.
Dr. Edmond Locard
• He was a pioneer in forensic
science who became known as the
fingerprint “ Sherlock Homes” of
France”
• Father of Forensic Science
• First Police Laboratory in 1910
• Locard’s Exchange Principle
• He established the use of
“Poroscopy” in personal
identification in 1912.
• Father of Poroscopy
 Alphonse M. Bertillon
• The “Father of Personal Identification”. The first to
advise a scientific method of identification called
“Anthropometry”.
• He is also known to be the father of “Mug Shot
Photography”
a. Portrait Parle (Personal or Verbal Description) – It
means “speaking likeness”. It is an identification in which
a person is being identified through memory and
described the features and put into sketch. It is an
unreliable mean since certain cases of twins would likely
to occur and subject to wrong accusation.(literally means
word picture, describing people verbally)
b. Anthropometry – It is the measurement of several
bone structures of the human body and considered as a
first scientific method of personal identification. This
method was abolished because of the West Case.
 THE WEST CASE

WILLIAM WEST (1901) WILL WEST (1903)

• Primarily LOOP • Primarily WHORL
PATTERNS 13/32 PATTERNS 30/26
• Arrested in Kansas for • Not mention
murder

It was reported by Wilder and Wentworth in 1918 on their accounting or inventory

ANTHROPOMETRY

• It is the measurement of several

bone structures of the human
body and considered as a first
scientific method of personal
identification.
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
• 1. Prof. Marcelo Malphigi
• Professor of Anatomy at
the University of Bologna,
Italy and is known as the
Grandfather
ofFingerprints.
• He originated the term
loops and spiral. And one
layer of the skin was
named after him, the
Malphigian layer.
• 2. Sir Jean Johannes
Purkenjie
• A professor in physiology, theology and anatomy at
the University of Breslau, Germany, known as the
Father of Dactyloscopy.
• He was one of these scientists who advanced the
field of fingerprinting.
• In 1823 Purkenjie named nine standard types of
fingerprint patterns and outlined a broad method of
classification.
• Ridges(Rugae) and Furrows (Sulci)
• He was the first to recognize these patterns and
classify them into a sytem of classification is not
used today.(Never associated to identification)
• 3. Sir Francis Galton
• A British Anthropologist, a scientist, and cousin to
Charles Darwin, who divided the types of Fingerprint
into arches, loops, and whorls known as ALW. He also
stated that if there is possibility for two prints to be the
same it is: 1: 64 Billion.
• He publishes the first book on fingerprints. In his book,
Galton identifies the individuality and uniqueness of
fingerprints.
• The unique characteristics of fingerprints, as identified
by Galton,will officially become known as minutiae;
however they are sometimes still referred to
as"Galton’s Details".
• 4. Herman Welcker
• He took the prints of his
own palms and after forty-
one years he printed the
same palms to prove that
prints do not change,
except for some scratches
due to old age.
• 5. Sir William Herschel(British
Administrator in District of Bengal in
India)
• He printed the palms of the
natives in order to avoid
impersonation among laborer.
Prints of the entire palms were
used instead of signature.
RajyadharKonai was the first
person Herschel printed the palm
(He requires fingerprint and
signatures on civil contracts.)
6. Sir Edward Richard Henry
• An Inspector General of Police in Bengal,
India, develops the first system of classifying
fingerprints.
• He also developed his own system of
classification while working in Scotland Yard.
• His system was of classification was
established with the help of two Hindu police
namely Kahn BahadurAzizulHaque and Rai
Hem Chandra Bose.
• It was widely accepted by almost all English
speaking countries making him know as The
“Father of Fingerprint”.
• His system finally replaced the Bertillionage
system of identification in France.
(Anthropometry by Alphonse Bertillion)
• 7. Juan Vucetich(1891)
• Argentine Police
Official, Initiated the
fingerprinting of criminals,
• (First case used was the
Rojas Homicide in 1892)
First case used was the Rojas Homicide in 1892
• Six year old Ponciano Rojas and his four year old sister Teresa Rojas were found
brutally murdered in their home in Argentina. Francisca Rojas, the children's mother had
earlier rejected a man named Pedro Velazquez sexual advances and upon returning home
later that day found him fleeing the home. When she went inside she found her two children
dead.
• Police arrested Velazquez and utilized some painful interrogation techniques (i.e. torture) but
he denied any involvement in the murder. Since pain could not convince him to confess the
law enforcers tried something else, something quite ghastly.
• Velazquez had heard Francisca Rojas boyfriend say he would never marry her while
she still had “those two brats”.
• Investigator Alvarez re-examined the crime scene and found a small brown mark on a
bedroom door, later found to be a bloody fingerprint. He then removed the section of the
door containing the fingerprint and took it back to the station. Here he requested Francisca
Rojas to be fingerprinted.
• The prints were compared, found to be identical and upon being confronted with the
evidence Francisca confessed to the murder and was eventually convicted.
MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
MASTERY QUIZ

1. He published nine (9) fingerprint patterns

but he made no mention of the value of
fingerprints for personal identification.
A.John Evangelist Purkinje
B.Francis Galton
C.Malpighi
D.J.C.A. Mayer
MASTERY QUIZ

2. He discovered the three families of

fingerprint patterns.
A. Govard Bidloo
B. Dr. Marcelo Malpighi
C. J.C.A. Mayer
D. Francis Galton
MASTERY QUIZ

3. He published a 41-pages book entitled “The Origin

of Fingerprint” which describes his research starting
in 1858 when he practiced actual recording of the
finger and palm prints of India.
A. Govard Bidloo
B. Sir William Herschel
C. J.C.A. Mayer
D. Francis Galton
MASTERY QUIZ

4. He undertook in 1856 an experiment by printing his right

palm to prove himself if the ridges change. By 1897, forty
one years later, he again printed his right palm. Though
taken two scores apart, it proved that the ridge
characteristics do not change.
A. John Evangelist Purkinje
B. Herman Welcker
C. William Herscel
D. Francis Galton
MASTERY QUIZ

5. He devised the anthropometric system of

identification.
A. Alphonse Bertlillon
B. Alphense Bertillion
C. Will West
D. William West
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

• A system of recognizing and

identifying a particular person based
on his/her characteristics as different
from others.
a. Characteristics that may not easily be
changed:
• Mental Memory
• Speech
• Gait – It refers to the manner of walking or moving
on foot.
Mannerism – These are the characteristic movement of the
body peculiar to person.
• Way of sitting
• Movement of the hands
• Movement of the body
• Movement of the facial muscles
• Expression of the mouth while articulating
• Manner of learning
b. Identification applicable for both living and
dead person.
• Occupational (activity)mark
• Race (group)
• Color of the skin
• Tattoo marks
• Scar marks
• Birth marks
• Deformities
• Moles
• Injuries livings permanent result
• Tribal marks
• Sexual organs (presence of testes and ovaries)
• Blood grouping (A-B-AB-O System) and blood typing (M-
N-MN)
• Handwriting and signature
• Anthropometry
Dactyloscopy
• Derived from the Latin words:
• Dactyl - means finger; and
• Skopien – to study or examine.
• Is the practical, l application of the
science of fingerprints.
• Dactylography – is the scientific
study of fingerprint as a means of
identification.
• Dactylomancy – is the scientific
study of fingerprint for purposes of
personality interpretation
Fingerprints
• It is an impression
designed by the last
joint of the fingers
and thumb on
smooth surface
through the media of
ink, sweat or any
substance capable of
producing visibility.
Basic Principles of Fingerprint
• Individuality
No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on
Statistic Probability)
• Infallibility
That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of
identification. It cannot be easily be forged.
• Constancy or permanency
That the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement
will remain the same throughout man’s life.
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:

• 1.Chiroscopy
Derived from the Greek
words:
Cheir – means a hand; and
Skopien – means to
examine
• Is the science which deals
with the study of the prints
of the palms of the hand.
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:

• 2.Podoscopy
Derived from the Greek
words:
Podo –means the foot; and
Skopien – to examine.
• Is the science which deals
with the study of the
footprints.
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:
• 3. Poroscopy
Derived from the Greek words:
Poros– means a pore, and
Skopien – to examine
• Is the scientific study of the arrangement
of the sweat pores.
• the study of the configuration, size, and
relative position of the pores in human
skin, which are the external openings of
the sebaceous and sweat glands.
Together with dactyloscopy and palm print
identification, it is used in criminalistics for
purposes of identification.
• Edmond Locard- (Father of Poroscopy)
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:

• 4.Edgeoscopy
• Is a method of identification through
the examination of the unique details and
characteristics found along the edges
of individual fingerprint ridges. These
characteristics are the result of the
alignment and shape of the individual ridge
units and the relationship between
them, as well as the effects of pores that
are close to the edge of the ridges.. The
method was pioneered by Salil Chatterjee
in 1962, who created it while researching
the possibility of a new criminal
identification method.
Friction Skin
• Is an epidermal hairless skin
found on the ventral or lower
surface of the hands and feet,
covered with minute ridges
and furrows and without
coloring matters or
pigment.Are strips of the skin
on the end joints of our fingers
and thumb by which
fingerprints are made.Also
called as papillary or
epidermal ridges
Components of the Friction Skin

1. Ridge surface
• a. Ridge – are elevated
or hill like structure/ the
black lines with tiny white
dots.
• b. Furrow – the
depressed or canal like
structure/ the white space
between ridges.
• 2. Sweat pores – the tiny
openings that serves as
the exits of sweat/ the tiny
white dots.
• 3. Sweat duct – it serves
as the passage way.
• 4. Sweat glands – the
glands that produces of
sweat.
• 1. Epidermis – the outermost layer
• Stratum Corneum,- the outer layer
• Stratum mucosum- immediately
beneath the covering layer.
• Five Subdivisions of the Stratum Corneum
• 1. Corneous layer
• 2.Transparent layer
• 3. Granucar layer
• 4. Malphigian layer
• 5. Generating Layer
• 2. Dermis – the inner layer containing the
blood vessel, dermal papillae, various
glands and nerves.
• Ridge Formation:
• Ridges starts to form in the fingers and thumb during
the 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life

• Dermal Papillae
• These are irregular pegs composed of delicate
connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of
the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet.
Ridge Destruction
• The destruction of the friction skin can
either be temporary or permanent.
Generally temporary destruction occur
when only the epidermis layer of the
friction skin has been damage, while
permanent damage can be injected to the
friction skin due to damage to the dermis
layer.
General Rules on Ridge Destruction:

• Destruction of the Epidermis –

temporary, dermis – permanent
damage.
• Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm
will constitute permanent scar.
SOME ATTEMPTS OF DESTROYING RIDGES AND
DISGUISED
John Delinger
• Known as the U.S. public enemy number one
who attempt to destroy his own prints using
corrosive acids.
Robert James Pitts/ Roscoe Pitts
• Works on surgery to forged his own
fingerprints and was named “Man without
fingerprint”.
Various Conditions of the finger:

• a. Polydactyl – Born with more than the

regular number of (10) fingers.
• b. Macrodactyl – Having enlarged finger.
• c. Microdactyl – Having small finger.
• d. Ectrodactyl – Born with missing finger.
• e. Syndactyl – Side fusion of the fingers.
• f. Brachdactyl- short finger
Importance of Fingerprints

• It is used for identifying suspects for investigation

purposes.
• Used to provide identity for unidentified dead person and
missing person.
• Detecting criminal identity through fingerprints collected at
the scene of a crime and detecting recidivism or habitual
delinquency.
• Used a verification or confirmation of public documents.
• Used as records in the police departments and other law
enforcement agencies for the purpose of issuing
Uses of Fingerprint
• 1. Identification of criminals whose fingerprints are found at the
crime scene.
• 2. Identification of fugitives through a comparison of fingerprints.
• 3. Exchanging criminal identifying information with identification
bureaus of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest.
• 4. Means of personal identification
• 5. Identification of Unknown deceased.
• 6. Prevention of hospital mistakes in the identification of infants.
• 7. Licensing procedures for automobiles, firearms, aircraft and
other equipments.
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

1. BIFURCATION –
is a single ridge that
divides itself in two
or more branches. It
is sometimes called
as fork, making its
impression.
2. Converging ridge
• Is a ridge formation
characterized by a close
angular end and serves as
a point of convergence; or
it is the meeting of two
ridges that were previously
running side by side.
• 3. Diverging ridges
• Is the spreading of
two ridges that are
flowing side by side
and suddenly
separating or
spreading apart
• 4. Enclosure or
lake ridge/eyelet
• A ridge that divides
into two branches
and meets to form
the original ridge.
• 5. Ending ridge
• Refers to an
endpoint of a ridge,
or a ridge with
abrupt ending.
• 7. Type lines
• These are considered
as the boundaries of
fingerprint patterns.
• These are the two
innermost ridges that are
running parallel or nearly
parallel with each other
which diverge at a certain
point tending to surround
the pattern area.
• 6. Pattern area
• Is that part of the fingerprint that lies within
the area surrounded by the type lines. It is
where the core, delta, and other ridge
characteristics used for classification can be
found. The pattern area is only part of
the fingerprint impression with which are
concerned in regard to interpretation and
classification. It is present in all patterns, of
course but in many arches and tented
arches it is impossible to define.
• This is not important; however, the only
patterns in which we need to define the
pattern area for classification purposes are
loops and whorls.
• “The pattern area of loops and whorls
are enclosed by type lines.”
• 8.Recurving or
looping ridge
• Is a kind of ridge
formation that curves
back in the direction
from which it started.
It looks like a
hairpin.
• 9. Appendage
• Is a short ridge
found at the top or
at the summit of a
recurvingridge
• 10. Sufficient
recurve
• Is a recurving ridge
complete in its
shoulder and is free
from any appendage.
• 11. Rod or bar
• Is a short or long ridge
found inside the innermost
recurving ridge of a loop
pattern.
• 12. Obstruction
• Is a short ridge found
inside the innermost
recurving ridge that
spoiled the inner line of
flow towards the center
of the pattern.
THE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
A. THE THREE GENERAL/FAMILY OF
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS.
• 1. The Arch (5%)
• 2. The Whorl (35%)
• 3. The Loop (60%)
The (8) Eight Standard Types of Fingerprint Patterns

• Presently, there are eight standard patterns which

are widely used in the field of fingerprint. Before, on
the Galton and Henry System, they used the Nine
standard fingerprint pattern. Only that after the
• Galton-Henry System with FBI Modification and
Extension, we have our eight standard
fingerprint patterns.
• Galton and Henry System • Galton-Henry System with
• Groups/Families = 3 FBI Modification and
➢ 1. Arch (3) – Plain, Tented, and Extension
Exceptional • Groups/Families = 3
➢ Arch.
➢ 1. Arch (2) – Plain and Tented
➢ 2. Loop (4) – Plain, Lateral, Twin
Arch
and Central Pocket Loop
➢ 2. Loop (2) – Radial and Ulnar
➢ 3. Whorl (2) – Plain Whorl and
Accidental Whorl loop
➢ 3. Whorl (4) – Plain, Central
Pocket Loop,
➢ Double Loop, and Accidental
Whorl
The (8) Eight types of fingerprint patterns
• 1. Loops
• •The terms “radial” and “ulnar” are derived from
the radius bones and ulna bone of the forearm.
Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna
bone (towards the little finger) are called ulnar
loops and those which flow in the direction of
the radius bone are called radial loops.
• •To differentiate an ulnar loop in the plain or
rolled impression it important to know from what
hand it was taken
• Note: the classification of loops is base on
the way the loops flow on the hand (not the
card), so that on the fingerprint card for the left
hand, loops flowing towards the thumb
impression are ulnar, and loops flowing towards
the little finger impression are radial
• 2. Arches
• •The Plain arch is the simplest
of all fingerprint patterns, and
it is easily distinguished.
• •Is a pattern in which the
ridges flows from one side to
the other or flows towards the,
without recurving, usually
having a slight upward curved
in the pattern, making the
pattern like an arch. It has no
core and no delta.
• Whorls
• ❖ Basic Elements of Whorl
• 1. Two or More Deltas
• 2. At least one complete circuiting
ridge
• A. Plain whorl is a pattern
consisting of two deltas and
which at least one ridge
makes a turn through one
complete circuit. And if an
imaginary line was drawn
between two deltas, it must
touch or cross any circuiting
ridge. It consists of the
simplest form of whorl
construction and is most
common of the whorl
subdivisions.
• B. Central pocket loop – is a
pattern which possesses two
deltas with one or more ridges
forming a complete circuit,
which maybe oval, spiral or
circular: or it is a pattern
consisting of two deltas, with
one or more recurving ridges
with an obstruction at right
angle to the inner line of flow,
and when an imaginary line
was drawn between two
deltas, it should not touch or
cross any circuiting ridge.
• C. Double loop – this
pattern consisting of two
separate and distinct loop
formations, with sets of
• shoulders and two deltas.
• Elements:
• a. Two separate loop
formation
• b. Two separate and
distinct sets of shoulder
• c. Two deltas
• D. Accidental whorl – this is
a pattern consisting of a
combination of two different
types of pattern such
• as a loop and a whorl, a loop
and a central pocket loop, or
any combination of two
different loop and whorl
• type patter, but it cannot be a
combination of a plain arch
with any pattern. It can have
two or more deltas.
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points)

• 1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus)

is a point along a ridge formation found at
the center or near the center of the diverging
type lines.
• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or the
inner terminus) usually found at the center or
innermost recurve of the type lines.
❖ Rules on Selecting Delta

• 1. Delta must be located midway between the diverging

type lines at or just in front or where they diverge.
• 2. In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should open
towards the core.
• 3. When there is a bifurcation and other type possible
delta the bifurcation is selected.
• 4. If there are two or more possible deltas none is
bifurcation, the one nearest the core
• should be chosen.
❖ Rules in Selecting Core

• 1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it

is usually found inside the innermost
• sufficient recurve in a loop or at the center of the
circuiting ridge.
• 2. In case that the innermost recurve contains an
appendage, the core is located on the
• next innermost recurve without appendage.
Types of fingerprint impression

• 1. Rolled Impression –
are fingerprint
impression taken
individually by rolling
each finger from one
side to the other side
and from the tip to the
end of the first joint.
• 2. Plain Impression
– are impression
made by
simultaneously
pressing the finger to
the card, use as a
reference to
classification.
Basic Instrument in taking prints:

• 1. Ink Slab – is
a metallic or
glass plate
where the ink is
spread for
purpose
• 2. Ink Roller – is
a rubber made
roller designed to
spread the
fingerprint `ink to
the slab.
• 3. Fingerprint Ink –
is a special form of
ink designed for
taking fingerprint
impression
sometimes submitted
with a printer’s ink.
• 4. Fingerprint
card – is an 8” x
8” card designed
for recording
fingerprint
impression
• 5. Card holder –
usually a fixed card
holder placed in a flat
table designed to
prevent the
movement of the
card in the course of
the taking of the
fingerprint.
• 6. Latent Print
Transfer Card –
Used to
preserved
developed latent
prints.
• 7. Fingerprint
Strip Holder –
Used to hold card
for post-mortem
fingerprint.
• 8. Magnifying
lens (Horse-
Shoe Type) – An
expert magnifying
lens.
Basic Rule in taking Fingerprints:
• 1. Subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax facing
the slab.
• 2. The subject hand should be completely dry
• 3. Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other fingers
are rolled away from the body.
• 4. In case of Split/Webbed thumb, it should be rolled together and
be classified based on: = (1) get the bigger one; if of the same
size, Get the inner one.
• 5. In case of Polydactyl or Extra Finger which is totally separate:
Print the extra finger on the other side of the card and make a
note.
• Latent Prints – Are those prints that are
hidden or concealed which are usually left
accidentally on the crime scene. These are
prints naked to the human eye but they
actually exist.
• - The word “Latent” is a Latin word which
means “something indistinct or hidden”
Latent Prints are classified into different categories.

• According to imprinted surface.

• a. Soft Surface – (such as soap, wax,
wet paint, fresh caulk, etc.) are likely to
be three dimensional plastic prints.
• b. Hard Surface – are either patent
(visible) or latent (invisible) prints.
✓ According to Degree of Visibility
• Types of Latent Prints
• ➢ Visible Prints - are those prints which are readily
visible to the naked eye. Such as blood, dirt, ink, paint, or
any colored surface is transferred from a finger to a
surface. It can either be: Molded prints or Prints made by
contamination with colored substance.
• ➢ Semi-Visible Prints – Are prints found on clay, dust,
muds and another sticky surface.
• ➢ Invisible Prints - prints that are generally made by
sweat or perspiration that requires developing for visibility.
It is the common type observed in the crime scene.
 Methods of
Developing Latent
Prints:
• 1.Dusting Method =
considered as the simplest
and traditional methods
used in developing prints
at the scene of the crime.
(Use of Powder and
Brush)
• 2.Rolling Method =
basically used in
developing prints in paper
done by simply rolling the
paper with powder
spreading in its surface.
• 3.Fuming Methods =
done by using chemical
fumes such as Iodine and
Ammonium Fumes.
• 4.Silver Nitrate method –
done by spraying a 5
percent solution of silver
nitrate to the surface of the
paper.
• 5.Ninhydrin Method = is
considered as one of the
best method used in
developing prints in paper.
• 6.Laser Method = is a
modern method of tracing
and developing prints.
• Post Mortem Fingerprints- are prints taken from a
diseased person.
• Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(AFIS) – Is a kind of storage, search and retrieval
system for finger and palm print electronic images
and demographic data. AFIS software utilize the
impressions from the rolled and plain impressions
of all fingers to compare the unsolved crime latent
database.
MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
MASTERY QUIZ

6.The following are families of fingerprint

pattern except-
A. Whorl
B. Loop
C. Arch
D. Accidental
MASTERY QUIZ

7.The upper ten impressions in the fingerprint

card are taken individually. These are referred
to as the ___________.
A.Rolled impression
B.Plain Impression
C.Slapped Impression
D.Flat Impression
MASTERY QUIZ

8. These are the innermost ridges running

parallel or nearly parallel to each other which
diverge and surround or tend to surround the
pattern area.
A. Bifurcation
B. Type Lines
C. Pattern Area
D. Core
MASTERY QUIZ

9. It is a type of fingerprint pattern which

possesses either an angle or up thrust, or two
of the three basic characteristics of the loop.
A. Plain Arch
B. Tented Arch
C. Ulnar Loop
D. Radial Loop
MASTERY QUIZ

10. A type of fingerprint pattern in which the

ridges run its direction to the radius or to the
thumb.
A.Radial Bone
B.Radial Loop
C.Ulnar Loop
D.Arch
MASTERY QUIZ

11. It is a kind of fingerprint pattern consisting of

two (2) different types of pattern with the
exception of the plain arch.
A.Central Pocket Loop Whorl
B.Accidental Whorl
C.Double Loop Whorl
D.Plain Whorl
MASTERY QUIZ

12. In taking fingerprints, the technician must

encourage the subject being fingerprinted to
relax.
A.True
B.False
C.Partially True
D.Partially False
MASTERY QUIZ

13. It is that part of a loop or whorl in which

the core and delta appear which we are
concerned in the classification process.
A.Type lines
B.Pattern Area
C.Bifurcation
D.Delta
MASTERY QUIZ

14. The core and delta are also termed as

A.Focal Points
B.Inner Terminus
C.Pattern Area
D.Outer Ridges
MASTERY QUIZ

15. It refers to a fingerprint pattern wherein the

ridges flow from one side to the other without
recurving and make a rise at the center.
A.Plain Arch
B.Tented Arch
C.Plain whorl
D.Plain Loop
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
• The Henry- Galton System with the
FBI modification and extension as
adopted by almost all English-
Speaking countries of the world. The
Philippines as one is using this
system
Fingerprint Classification Formula:

• 1. Checking – Verifying the rolled impression using

the plain impression as guide or reference.
• 2. Blocking-Out – It is the process of placing
under each pattern the letter symbols representing
their pattern interpretation prior to the actual
classification formula.
• 3. Classification Formula – It is the result of the
evaluation and interpretation of the ten (10)
fingerprints applying the principle of ridge counting,
ridge tracing
• FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION - the
sorting of fingerprints into file groups so
that a file may be set upon the basis of
fingerprints alone. Fingerprints are
classified by General shape (arch, loop,
or whorl), position in finger, and relative
size.
• Blocking - It is the
process of writing below
each pattern the
corresponding symbol of
the fingerprints in the
spaces provided for in the
chart (smaller blocks)
conspicuously or in capital
letters purposely to
facilitate the attainment of
the Primary Classification.
P.W. CPLW RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP ACCIDENTAL
WHOR

W C / \ W
ULNAR LOOP RADIAL DLW PLAIN ARCH
CPLW

W U \ W A
*KMPSSF
1. Primary Division
• Is the summation of all
numerical value assigned to
Whorls appearing in fingerprint
chart which are Numerators
and denominators Plus the
pre-established fraction of 1/1.
It is always represented by
numerical value.
All Whorls Appearing in the following Fingers will
have its Corresponding Numerical Value, To
Wit:
• (1st Pair) 1st and 2nd Finger (Right Thumb and Right
Index) = “Numerical Value of 16”
• (2nd Pair) 3rd and 4th Finger (Right Middle and Right
Ring) = “Numerical Value of 8”
• (3rd Pair) 5th and 6th Finger (Right Little and Left Thumb)
= “Numerical Value of 4”
• (4th Pair) 7th and 8th Finger (Left Index and Left Middle)
= “Numerical Value of 2”
• (5th Pair) 9th and 10th Finger (Left Ring and Left Little) =
“Numerical Value of 1”
• ✓ All Values appearing on the EVEN
numbers will be the NUMERATOR
while those in the ODD
• number will be the DENOMINATOR.
✓ Patterns without numerical value
are the arches and loops.
Pairs of Fingers in a Classification Card
2. Secondary Division
• This division is obtaining by writing
the Capital letter symbols (taken
from the index fingers) and the
small letters (from thumb, middle,
ring and little finger.
• A. By capital letters – all letters
appearing at the index finger with
the right as the numerator
• and the left index denominator,
which can be (A, T, R, U, W, C, D,
or X)
• B. Small letters- only letter r
(radial), a (plain arch), and t
(tented arch) are included.
small letters-rat radial
loop,plain arc and tented
thumb,middle,ring and
little
CAPITAL LETTER
index finger
(A,T,R,U,W,C,D,X)
3. Sub-secondary division

• This is done by ridge

counting of loops and
ridge tracing of
whorls appearing in
the index, middle,
and ring fingers of
both right and left
hands.
• a. Ridge Counting of Loop • b. Ridge Tracing of Whorl
• Index = 1-9 Ridge Counts (INNER) • INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening
• = 10 or more Ridge Counts Ridges “INSIDE” or “ABOVE” the
(OUTER) Right Delta.
• Middle = 1-10 Ridge Counts • OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening
(INNER) Ridges “OUTSIDE” or “BELOW” the
• = 11 or more Ridge Counts Right Delta.
(OUTER) • Meeting (M) – 2 or Less
• Ring = 1-13 Ridge Counts (INNER) Intervening Ridges either “ABOVE”
or “BELOW” the Right Delta.
• = 14 or more Ridge Counts
(OUTER) • c. Appearance of Plain Arch and
Tented Arch should be represented
with a dash (-).
SAMPLE
• 4. Major Division
• This is similar to Sub-
Secondary division though
it is applying to the thumb
only and ridge
• counting has been
modified.
• it is similar to the previous division though it applies only on the both THUMB
ONLY but the ridge counting (for loop patterns) has been modified. Meaning in
the ridge counting, we will not use the inner (I) and outer (O) symbol. Still the
result from such ridge counting be exhibited on the upper right corner of the
frame where the pattern is found and deducted into symbol and later on
expressed in the classification line. Two sets of table for symbol are used for
loop whenever both patterns appear in the thumbs and the ridge count on the
left thumb is 17 or more making it called exceptional and marking it
automatically as large (L). For the whorl patterns, the same ridge tracing we
used in sub-secondary division. We will use the I,M,O system. The right thumb
will serve as the numerator while the left thumb will serve as the denominator.
• For whorl patterns – ridge tracing (I,M,O system)
• For loop patterns – ridge counting (modified) S,M,L and two table will be
used
• For arch patterns – represented by dash (-) in classification line
• Ridge Tracing of Whorl
• INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening Ridges “INSIDE”
or “ABOVE” the Right Delta.
• OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening Ridges
“OUTSIDE” or “BELOW” the Right Delta.
• Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening Ridges either
“ABOVE” or “BELOW” the Right Delta.
5. Final Division
• This is done by ridge counting of loops and whorls from the two little fingers. In
this division whorls
• are ridge counted not to be ridge traced.
• 1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way;
• 2. Whorls:
• a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl shall be treated as ulnar loop
from the hand of origin;
• b. A double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop or the ridge count of the
top loop; and
• c. An accidental whorl be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count will be
used.
• d. Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented with a
dash (-).
6. Key Division

• This division is derived by getting the

ridge count of the first loop formation
appearing in the ten fingers except the
two little fingers. In case of absence of a
loop, the first whorl will be ridge counted
following the rules of ridge counting a
whorl under final division.
Classification of amputated fingers:

• 1. When one or more fingers from same hand are

amputated or missing, it is given the classification of the
opposite fingers (including the ridge count or ridge tracing,
except the primary classification)
• 2. When two or more opposite fingers are amputated or
missing, it is given the classification of plain whorl with
ridge tracing of Meeting (M)
• 3. When all fingers are amputated or missing, they are all
treated as plain whorls with ridge tracing of Meeting (M)
MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
MASTERY QUIZ

16. The Classification formula is written

horizontally on the fingerprint card. It is consists
of six (6) classification.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially True
D. Partially False
MASTERY QUIZ

17. It is the sum total of all numerical values of

Whorls in a set of finger plus (+) a fraction of
over 1.
A. Secondary Classification
B. Key Classification
C. Primary Classification
D. Final Classification
MASTERY QUIZ

18. It is the process of writing the symbols of

the corresponding patterns on the space
provided in the fingerprint cards.
A.Pairing
B.Blocking
C.Tracing
D.Interpretation
MASTERY QUIZ

19. What is written between the Key

Classification and the Primary Classification?
A.Secondary Classification
B.Key Classification
C.Major Classification
D.Final Classification
MASTERY QUIZ

20. It is the ridge count of the loop appearing on

the set of prints on the fingerprint card.
A. Secondary Classification
B. Key Classification
C. Major Classification
D. Final Classification
MASTERY QUIZ

21. It is the process of counting ridges that

cross or touch an imaginary line drawn between
the delta and core of a loop.
A.Ridge counting
B.Ridge tracing
C.Ridge Ending
D.None of these
MASTERY QUIZ

22. It refers to the process of charting the ridge that

originates from the lower side of the left delta toward the
right delta to see where it flows in relation to the right delta.
A. Ridge counting
B. Ridge Tracing
C. Ridge ending
D. Short Ridge
MASTERY QUIZ

23. The numerical value of the right thumb and

right index for purposes of primary classification
is-
A.16
B.8
C.4
D.2
•
MASTERY QUIZ

24. The arch and loop patterns are not included

in the Primary Classification.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially True
D. Partially False
MASTERY QUIZ

25. Which of the following patterns was

considered to be the most common?
A. A. Arches
B.C. Whorls
C.Loops
D.D. Plain whorls