1

INTRODUCTION

Significance of the Study

The poultry species most commonly used for food production is the chicken

specifically the broiler chicken, scientifically named as, Gallus gallus domesticus.

Broiler chickens rank first as the economic source of meat and egg production in the

Philippines. Popularity of broiler meat is attributed to its affordability, versatility, and

perceived higher level of health advantages compared to red meat. Initially they

were originally kept for family consumption in the backyard; broiler production has

grown to become one of the most well-known farming industries worldwide and has

significantly boosted our economy. Despite these benefits, there is growing pressure

on the global broiler sector to improve its methods of production, with both

consumers and the government noting health, the environment and animal welfare

as areas for improvement.

Animals need sufficient amounts of all the necessary nutrients to remain

healthy and productive and basically, the amount of these essential nutrients varies

according to species, age, productivity level, environmental condition, and ultimately,

illness status. Providing the chicken with feed of the highest possible quality in terms

of the components utilized, processing techniques used, and lastly the manner in

which the feed is supplied to the birds is necessary for effective broiler production

(Aviagen 2009).Other broiler producers treat their broiler chicken a multitude of

different medicines and vitamins to help them grow. When, in fact, it may have

detrimental impacts for farm neighbours and consumers. Furthermore, the use of
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antibiotics in animal feeds has sparked growing public concern due to their build-up

in food derived from animals and environmental harm (Vishnuraj et al., 2016).

Thereby, organic farming contributes to the development of compassionate,

integrated, and economically and environmentally sustainable agriculture system

that places the greatest possible reliance on locally available and renewable

resources. Among the various plants that are added to animal diets as supplements,

oregano is one of the most popular. According to many studies that oregano will help

to boost the immune system and are believed to protect against prevalent poultry

diseases. Leaves of oregano plant and its essential oils are considered as

phytogenic substances that can be added in broiler diets to promote growth

performance and natural antibiotics of broiler chicken (Toghyani M. et al., 2011).

Water supplement has the major part in growing animals since this will also help to

boost its growth. Further research is needed to truly determine the effectiveness of

the intestinal microbial community, immune system status and the growth

performance of broiler chicken (Kai, Oiu et al.,2021).

Hence, this study is proposed in order to determine the advantages of

supplementing oregano decoction.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of oregano decoction

in terms of the body weight and what is the most effective dosage of oregano

decoction for chicken.

This study was conducted from June 2022 to July 2022 at Cañete residence,

Purok-5 Barangay Santo Niño, Kidapawan City, Cotabato.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Economic Importance of Broiler Chicken

The commercial broiler chicken production dominates in poultry farming in the

Philippines. Poultry farming is a lucrative business, with a market demand for poultry

meat and eggs (Jagdish, 2022). Poultry growers raised broiler chickens because of

its characteristics that grow rapidly and gain weight quickly. Broiler chicken can gain

weight up to 2.8 kg in 47 days (Farm Animal Welfare Compendium, 2019).

Broiler chicken raising can enhance the economic sustainability and

nutritional security (Anonymous, 2020). According to the Philippine Statistics

Authority (PSA) on the chicken situation report in 2022 that the total live weight

broiler chicken production was approximately 1.87 million metric tons which implies

an annual growth rate of 7.0% from the previous years with 1.74 million metric tons.

The increasing level of production in 2022 was a recovery from the annual declines

in 2020 (-6.1%) and 2021 (-3.6). Highest chicken producer was Bulacan with a

production of 203.80 thousand metric tons, live weight. In addition, the gross value

of chicken production in 2022 at current prices amounted to Php 234.95 billion,

which increase up to 21.8 per cent compared with the 2021 gross receipts of Php

192.97 billion.

Furthermore, the total volume of imported chicken meat in 2022 reached

433.09 thousand metric tons. This was 10.7 per cent higher than the recorded level

of 391.12 thousand metric tons in 2021. The highest importation of chicken meat in
 4

2022 was noted in the period of October to December at 124.04 thousand metric

tons. The value of imported chicken meat amounted to USD 525.75 million, which

was higher by 18.0 per cent than the previous year’s record of USD 445.45 million.

The highest value of imported chicken was reported during the period of July to

September 2022 at USD 154.32 million (PSA Chicken Situation Report, 2023).

The majority of this growth has occurred in emerging nations since the 1960s,

when broiler meat production began to rise globally. If modern methods and

excellent supplies are applied, raising chicken for meat can be extremely profitable

venture. Popularity of broiler meat is attributed to its lower cost, greater versatility

and alleged higher health benefits. In spite of its many advantages and the positive

outlook, the world broiler sector faces increasingly challenges according to Shane

(2004).

Morphological and Chemical Composition of Oregano

Oregano (Oreganum vulgare) is an herb that has been grown in the

Mediterranean region for generation which used for medicinal purposes. It belongs

to Lamiaceae family that has a bushy, and woody-branched which grows to 1-3

inches tall. The leaves are light green with round to ovate shape, Singletary (2010).

Oregano is a perennial, widely disseminated all over Euroasia and North Africa. Its

herbs are one of the most traded and consumed spice. Its leaves are usually

pubescent with dentate margin and acute rounded apex (Kosakowska and Czupa,

2018).
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Oregano has 44 accessions of genetic resources of both medicinal and

aromatic plants which have potential in creating greater biomass (Sivicka et al.,

2019). Oregano is coated with granular trichomes (hairs) which serve as storage for

the essential oil. In 1cm3 of oregano leaf blades contains between 207 and 734

essential oils, while dry herb contains between 0.50 and 5.1% essential oil

depending on population, as cited by Sivicka et al. (2019).

There were six subspecies of oregano that have been distinguished on the

basis of morphological features. Subspecies vary greatly in essential oil composition

and total content. The variation is closely correlated with their geographic origin, but

overall subspecies categorized by high amount of essential oil that regularly

accumulated with carvacrol, thymol and their precursors. Those subspecies had

lower content of essential oil are rich in other monoterpenes (Kosakowska & Czupa,

2018).

Carvacrol and thymol are two constituents of oregano that plays significant

contribution on health of human and animals (Marcincak et al., 2008; Coccimiglio et

al., 2016). It constitutes about 78 – 82 % of the essential oil of oregano are

principally responsible for this activity. The essential oil derived from oregano is

known to possess also antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities.

Antimicrobial activity of oregano has been examined as an alternative grow promoter

in broiler chicken, broiler turkeys and pigs, Marcincak et al. (2008). Other bioactive

compound found in oregano leaf includes phenolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeoyl

derivatives, ursolic acid, carnosic acid, and mixture of flavonoids (Singletary, 2010).

Oregano contains cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties of the extract

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mostly attributed to carvacrol and thymol. It also contains monoterpene

hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds (Coccimiglio et al., 2016).

Effect of Oregano in Chicken

The antioxidant compounds of oregano significantly enhance on the health of

chicken. It also improves productivity and reproduction performance of breeders and

layers. In broiler chicken, oregano can help for rapid growth (Surai & Kochish, 2019).

According to the article of Poultry DVM (2023), the primary bioactive components in

oregano are carvacrol, thymol, beta-terpinene and p-cymeme which are known to

aid in inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth, stimulation of the digestive system, and

developments of growth performance of birds. The antioxidant of oregano enhanced

growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved

production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota

composition. It also had positive effect in body weight and carcass traits.

Oregano can enhance immune system of chicken with 0.005 to 1% of diet as

humoral and innate immune responses (Galai et al., 2016). The antibacterial

properties efficiently prevent Salmonella shedding and reduced cecal persistence

(Junior, et al, 2014).

Utilization of oregano extract as poultry feed supplement brings advantage in

chicken diets because of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral immunomodulatory,

and antiparasitic result. It improved feed intake, feed conversion, enhanced

digestion, down-regulated disease incidence, and mortality. The use of natural

alternatives can improve overall productivity due to the absence of side effects and

residues of oregano (Alagawany et al., 2018).

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Oregano Decoction

Medicinal plants including oregano involves in the separation of

therapeutically active compounds of plants by using different extraction procedures.

Decoction is a water-based preparation to extract present compounds from

medicinal plant materials. This process includes boiling the plant material with water.

This method is suitable for extracting heat-stable compounds and does not require

more and expensive equipment, Rasul (2018).

Oregano decoction revealed the highest concentration of flavonoids and total

phenolic compounds, followed by infusion and hydroalcoholic extract. Decoction

significantly extracts the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of oregano. It also

helps avoid the toxic effects showed by oregano essential oil (Martins et al., 2014).
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METHODOLOGY

Experimental Design and Treatments

A total of one hundred (100) broiler chicken was randomly distributed to five

treatments following a Completely Randomize Design (CRD). Each treatment was

replicated four times with five birds per replication.

The treatments were as follows:

Treatments Dosage (ml /L)

Treatment 1 Control (Water)

Treatment 2 300 ml oregano decoction /1 L water

Treatment 3 350 ml oregano decoction /1L water

Treatment 4 400 ml oregano decoction /1L water

Treatment 5 450 ml oregano decoction /1L water

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Experimental Poultry House Lay-out

Figure 1. Poultry house Lay-out

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Management Practices in Broilers

Housing Preparation

Twenty cages were built and each cage measures 3x3 square meters in a

deep litter system with 3 inches depth rice hull as litter material. Rice hull was placed

inside the cage to minimize foul odors. The roof of the chicken house is made up of

sackolin and net was used to cover the cage. Every cage has its respective feeder

and drinker. Brooder cage was installed 50 watts incandescent bulbs for light and

heat.

Care and Management

All equipment such as cages, feeders, waterers and tools were cleaned and

sanitized frequently. A 160ml of Cypermethrin per 16 litters of water (1 knapsack)

were used to disinfect around the poultry house to eliminate the ants before the

arrival of chicks. Net was used to cover around the bird’s house to avoid the entry of

animals. Dead chicks were immediately removed and buried upon discovery.
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Figure 2, sanitizing the poultry house.

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Brooding Management

The chicks were brooded for up to 14 days and were reared under good

hygienic conditions. They were kept warm with the 50 watts incandescent bulbs as

an artificial brooder. The bulbs were turned on at 23 hours and provide 1 hour of

darkness for one week and 4 hours of lighting for the succeeding week, the bulb was

adjust depend on the temperature. The rice hull and newspaper as litter material

were added to maintain the dryness of floorings. They were provided with proper

amount of feed and water within 30 days.

Figure 3. Brooding stage of broiler

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Feeding Management

Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were confined in the brooder house.

Integra chick booster was given in the first 7 days. Integra starter feeds were

provided in the second week. Integra grower feeds were given in the third week.

Integra finishers were given at the fourth week to harvest period.

Water Management

The broilers were provided a clean and potable drink (Fig.4). Drinkers were

washed before they were used. Water with oregano decoction is provided to the

treated chicken after brooding stage.

Figure 4.boiler chicken on its third week Feeding

and providing water (treatment)
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Oregano Decoction Preparation

Decoction is a water-based preparation to extract present compounds from

medicinal plant materials. This process includes boiling the plant material with water.

This method is suitable for extracting heat-stable compounds and does not require

more and expensive equipment, Rasul (2018).

Washed thoroughly the collected fresh leaves of oregano and chopped it into pieces

then put it in the heater and add 1 cup of water and let it boil for 3-5 minutes. Let it

cool and transfer it in a cleaned container and ready to use for treatment.

Figure 5. Oregano Preparation

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Data Gathered

Feed Intake (g). Data for feed intake of the chicken was gathered every day.

This was done by subtracting the feed offer and feed refused divided by the number

of chicks. Amount of feed given was measured by grams.

Feed Intake = Feed offer- Feed Refused

Number of chicken

Water Intake (ml). Data for water intake of the chicken was gathered every

day. This was done by subtracting the water offer and water refused divided by the

number of chicks. Amount of water given was measured by ml.

Water Intake= Water Offer – Water Refused

Number of chicken

Weight Gain (kg). This was determined by computing the difference between

the initial body weight and final body weight. Initial body weight was taken 7 days

interval prior to the treatment period. The final weight was taken on the harvest

period. Five sample chicks per treatment were selected randomly. Weighing scale

was used to get the value.

Weight gain = ∑ Final Weight –∑ Initial weight

Number of chicken

Feed Conversion Ratio. This was gathered at 7 days interval. This was done

by adding the average feed consumed divided by total average weight gain every 7

days.

Average Feed Intake

Feed Conversion Ratio =
Average Weight Gain
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Statistical Data Analysis

All collected data was organized, tabulated and statistically analysed using

the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Orthogonal Polynomial Contrast and Least

Significant Difference Test in Complete Randomize Design (CRD).

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Feed Consumption

The result for feed consumption of broiler chicken supplemented with oregano

decoction as water supplement is presented in Table 1, 2, 3, Figure 3. Statistical

analysis showed highly significant effect in terms of feed intake in week 3, week 4,

during harvest day.

The result in week 3, linear trend was found highly significant while the

significant found in cubic trend. In comparison of mean, the highest feed intake was

observed in broiler chicken treated with 450ml oregano with a mean of 97.90a which

comparable with the broiler chicken treated with 400ml oregano (91.57b), 350ml

(89.58b) and 300ml (91.25b). Lowest mean was found in control (77.45c). However,

in week 4, the linear and quadratic trend found highly significant whereas the

significant was found in cubic trend. Highest mean was found in broiler chicken

treated with 450ml and 400ml oregano (98.69a),followed by 350ml with 98.25b,

respectively. Lowest mean was observed in control (97.57c) which comparable to

300ml (97.85c). On the other hand, during the termination period, the linear trend

found highly significant. In mean comparison, the broiler chicken treated with 450ml

oregano decoction had the highest mean with 94.49a, which is not significantly

different 400 ml (94.34ab). The 300ml oregano decoction (94.09b) was comparable

to 350ml (94.06b). The lowest mean was found in the untreated chicken that had

94.46c.
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The results of the study collaborate with the work of Vásquez R. et al., (2015)

Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Mexican Oregano (Lippia

berlandieri Schauer), that Supplementation of oregano in diets for chicken showed

significant effect on feed intake. However, according to the study of Blahova J, et al.,

(2007) Effects of low environmental temperature on performance and blood system

in broiler chicken(Gallus gallus domesticus), They concluded that under the low

temperature chicken were force to increase feed consumption in order to balance

their body temperature.

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Table1. Feed intake of Broiler chicken supplemented with oregano decoction as

water Supplement.
FEED INTAKE
Treatment
Week 3 Week 4 Final
0 77.45c 97.57c 93.46c
300 91.25b 97.85c 94.09b
350 89.58b 98.25b 94.06b
400 91.57b 98.69a 94.34ab
450 97.90a 98.69a 94.49a

Figure6. The feed intake performance of broiler chicken supplemented with different
levels of Oregano Decoction.
120

97.57 97.85 98.25 98.69 98.69

100
93.46 94.09 94.06 94.34 94.49
97.9
91.25 89.58 different 91.57
Means with the same letter are not significantly
80
77.45

60

40

20

Week 3 Week 4 Harvest

Source of DF SS MS F Value Pr (> F)

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Variation

Treatment 4 892.806 223.2015 18.48*** 0.0000

Linear 1 828.164 828.1636 68.57*** 0.0000
Quadratic 1 3.0952 3.0952 0.26ns 0.6200
Cubic 1 61.3705 61.3705 5.08* 0.0396
Quartic 1 0.1768 0.1768 0.01ns 0.9053
Error 15 181.162 12.0774
Total 19 1073.97
CV(%) =3.88

Table2. Analysis of Variance for Average daily feed intake (week 3)

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant

Table3. Analysis of Variance for Average daily feed intake (Week4)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F Value Pr(>F)
0.000
TREATMENT 4 4.0145 1.0036 17.94*** 0
0.000
Linear 1 3.1576 3.1576 56.44*** 0
0.006
Quadratic 1 0.5659 0.5659 10.12** 2
0.047
Cubic 1 0.2606 0.2606 4.66* 5
0.472
Quartic 1 0.0304 0.0304 0.54ns 1
Error 15 0.8392 0.0559
Total 19 4.8537
CV(%)= 0.24

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant
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Table 4. Analysis of Variance for Average daily feed intake (Final)

Source DF SS MS F Value Pr(> F)
TREATMENT 4 2.4591 0.6148 12.19** 0.0001
Linear 1 2.3523 2.3523 46.63*** 0.0000
Quadratic 1 0.0445 0.0445 0.88ns 0.3627
Cubic 1 0.0199 0.0199 0.40ns 0.5390
Quartic 1 0.0424 0.0424 0.84ns 0.3735
Error 15 0.7567 0.0504
Total 19 3.2159
CV(%)=0.24

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant
 22

Water Consumption

The result for water consumption of broiler chicken supplemented with

oregano decoction as water supplement is presented in Table 4, 5, 6 and figure 4. In

week 3 and week 4 the statistical analysis showed no significant effect in terms of

water intake. However, during the termination, broiler chicken treated with different

rates of oregano Decoction showed highly significant in linear trend.

The highest mean was observed in treatment 4(400ml) oregano decoction

with the mean of 98.42a which comparable with 450 ml (98.35ab), 300 ml (97.97ab)

and 350 ml (97.90b). The lowest mean was observed in untreated chicken which is

97.30c.

The researcher observed that during the termination period, environmental

factor affect the water consumption of the chicken. The results of the study

collaborate with the work of Orapoghenor O., et al., (2021) Effects of environmental

temperature on water intake in poultry; they concluded that when the environmental

temperature increases it tends to cause an increase in water intake while decrease

in environmental temperature causes decreases in water intake.

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Table 5. Water intake of Broiler chicken supplemented with oregano decoction as

water Supplement.
WATER INTAKE
Treatment
Week 3 Week 4 Final
0 77.12 88.09 97.30c
300 77.61 90.91 97.97ab
350 84.34 91.51 97.90b
400 81.55 91.79 98.42a
450 78.34 91.98 98.35ab

Figure7. The water intake performance of broiler chicken supplemented with

different levels of Oregano Decoction.
98.60
98.40
98.42
98.20 98.35

98.00
97.97
Means 97.90
97.80 with the same letter are not significantly different
97.60
97.40
97.20 97.30
97.00
96.80
96.60

Harvest
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Table 6. Analysis of Variance for daily water intake. (WEEK.3)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F Value Pr(>F)

TREATMENT 4 151.1332 37.7833 1.40ns 0.2812
Error 15 404.6303 26.9754
Total 19 555.7635
CV(%)=6.51

ns- Not Significant

Table7. Analysis of Variance for average daily water intake (WEEK 4)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F Value Pr(> F)

TREATMENT 4 40.7843 10.1961 1.60ns 0.2254
Error 15 95.5227 6.3682
Total 19 136.307
CV(%)=2.78

ns- Not Significant

Table8. Analysis of Variance for daily water intake (FINAL)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F Value Pr(> F)

TREATMENT 4 3.213 0.8032 8.70** 0.0008
Linear 1 2.88 2.88 31.19** 0.0001
Quadratic 1 0.0443 0.0443 0.48ns 0.4993
Cubic 1 0.0058 0.0058 0.06ns 0.8063
Quartic 1 0.283 0.283 3.06ns 0.1004
Error 15 1.385 0.0923
Total 19 4.598

CV(%)= 0.31

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant
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Weight Gain

The result for the body weight gain of broiler chicken supplemented with

oregano decoction is presented in Table 7 and figure 5. Statistical analysis showed

highly significant in linear and quadratic trend while the quartic trend was found

significant in 30 days during termination.

Chicken treated with different levels of oregano decoction found the highest

mean in 450ml with the mean of 975.15a. However, 400ml and 350ml of oregano

were comparable with each other with the mean of 816.70b and 749.95b. Treatment

0 (462.15d) and treatment 300 (550.20c) are significantly different among other

treatments.

The result of the study collaborates with the work of Hertrampf (2001) his

study proved that the 300ml oregano supplemented through the 1000ml drinking

water improved the chicken growth performance. However, the result of this study

shows highly significant effect toward the growth performance of broiler chicken at

450 ml oregano extract per 1000ml of water.

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Table 9. Weight gain of Broiler chicken supplemented with oregano decoction as

water Supplement.

Treatment Weight Gain

0 462.15d
300 550.20c
350 749.95b
400 816.70b
450 975.15a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different

Figure 8. The growth weight performance of broiler chicken supplemented

with different levels of oregano decoction.

1200

1000 975.15

816.7
800 749.95

600 550.2
462.15

400

200

GROWTH WEIGHT
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Figure 9. Weighing of Chicken

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Table 10. Analysis of Variance for weight gain (Grams)

Source of
Variation DF SS MS F Value Pr(>F)
TREATMENT 4 680990.532 170247.633 69.05*** 0.0000
Linear 1 514463.1048 514463.1048 208.65*** 0.0000
Quadratic 1 148126.3853 148126.3853 60.07*** 0.0000
Cubic 1 6656.0001 6656.0001 2.70ns 0.1212
Quartic 1 11745.0417 11745.0417 4.76* 0.0454
Error 15 36985.73 2465.7153
Total 19 717976.262
C.V (%) = 6.99

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant
 29

Feed Conversion Ratio

The feed conversion ratio of the broiler chicken supplemented with oregano

decoction is presented in Table 8 and figure 6. Statistical analysis showed highly

significant in terms of the feed conversion ratio.

During termination day, highly significant was observed in linear, quadratic

and cubic trend while the quartic trend is found significant. The lower the FCR, the

higher the efficiency, in comparing of means, the results revealed that the broiler

treated with 450 ml oregano has the highest mean of (1.27d) followed by 350 ml

oregano (1.64c) which is comparable to 400 ml oregano (1.50c). The lowest mean

was found in the untreated chicken (2.66a) followed by chicken treated with 300ml

oregano (2.23b). According to poultry study in United State (2018) that the lower the

feed conversion ratio, the more efficient animals are at converting feed into food.
 30

Treatment Feed Conversion Ratio

0 2.66a
300 2.23b
350 1.64c
400 1.50c
450
Table11.Feed 1.27d
Conversion Ratio of Broiler chicken supplemented with oregano
decoction as water supplement.

Figure 10. The feed conversion ratio of Broiler Chicken supplemented with different
Levels of oregano decoction
Means
3 with the same letter are not significantly different

2.5 2.66

2.23
2

1.5 1.64
1.5
1.27
1

0.5

0
Feed Conversion Ratio

Table12. Analysis of Variance for feed conversion ratio

 31

Source of
Variance DF SS MS F Value Pr(> F)
TREATMENT 4 5.2458 1.3115 87.13*** 0.0000
Linear 1 4.5542 4.5542 302.57*** 0.0000
Quadratic 1 0.4341 0.4341 28.84** 0.0001
Cubic 1 0.1749 0.1749 11.62** 0.0039
Quartic 1 0.0827 0.0827 5.49* 0.0333
Error 15 0.2258 0.0151
Total 19 5.4716
CV(%)= 6.60

ns = Not Significant
* = Significant
** / *** = Highly Significant

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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The study on “Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Supplemented with

Oregano Decoction as Water Supplement” was conducted to determine which

among the varying levels has the significant effects toward the growth and

performance of broiler chicken. The study was conducted at Purok-5 Sto. Niño

Kidapawan City, Cotabato from June to July 2022. This was carried out in

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments replicated Four times.

Result was computed and Analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and mean

was compared by Orthogonal Polynomial Contrast (significant Anova) and Least

Significant Difference Test.

The result of the study showed that Oregano Decoction had significant effect

on the feed intake, water intake, feed efficiency and growth performance of broiler

chicken. In connection with, the environmental factors truly affect the performance of

broiler chicken. Broiler chicken treated with 450 ml oregano showed to have the

highest average of feed intake, growth weight and the feed conversion ratio among

other levels of treatment on most parameters. However, In terms of water intake the

broiler treated with 400 ml revealed to have the highest average among other levels

of treatment but still comparable to the 450 ml oregano Decoction.

The researcher suggested, conducting for further study of oregano Decoction

as water supplement for broiler chicken from the level of 450 ml to higher dosage

and longer duration is highly recommended to get the best result in terms of growth

performance of chicken considering the environmental factors.

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 33

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Coccimiglio, J., Alipour, M., Jiang, H, Gottardo, C & Suntres, Z. (2016). Antioxidant,
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APPENDICES