04-Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
04-Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
04-Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Infectious and Parasitic
Diseases
BIOL 1050 – WEEK 4
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Overview
Chapter 1 of the ICD‐10
◦ Including communicable diseases
◦ Diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin
Non‐communicable diseases coded to other chapters of the ICD‐10
◦ Exceptions – Novel communicable diseases (Emergency Use) – COVID19
HIMs need to know
◦ Body site with infection
◦ Type of pathogen
◦ Specific organism responsible
◦ Etiology of disease
◦ Severity of the disease (acute or chronic)
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ICD‐10: Chapter 1 – Certain Infectious
and Parasitic Diseases
Organized by pathogens
• Carry and transmit disease
Based on the 16th century London Bills of Mortality
Evolution of ICD naming convention (2015)
• Best practices for naming new diseases which avoids using names of individuals,
animals, geographic locations, ethnic or cultural references
• Example: COVID 19 and variants
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Epidemiology
Study of the causes, conditions, and distributions of disease in a given population
◦ Cause of a disease is called its etiology
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Sites of Infection
•Locations where organisms can infect a host organism
•Collectively called reservoirs of infections: human, animal or nonliving (fomites)
•Examples:
• Human ‐ transmits disease‐causing agents to other humans
• Meningococcal disease (meningitis)
• Animal – transmits disease‐causing agents to humans. Both animal and human infected
• Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
• Nonliving – transmits disease‐causing agents to humans. Soil and Water
• Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
• Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
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Types of Transmission
Transmission occurs when a disease‐causing agent “gets out” (portal of exit) of the reservoir and
“gets in” (portal of entry) to the host
Can be caused by direct or indirect contact
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Epidemiological
Triad
The model that scientists have
developed for studying health
problems.
Helps to understand infectious
diseases and how they spread.
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How do Diseases Develop?
Incubation
• Time between the
Illness
initial exposure in • Acute phase of the
the start of infection disease; will present Convalescence
and appearance of with signs and
signs and symptoms symptoms • Recovery period
Prodromal Decline
period • Signs and symptoms
• Presents with mild begin to decline
signs and symptoms
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Communicable Disease Control
Communicable diseases – transmitted from one person to another
CONTROLLING MEASURES
Vector Control: removal of habitat or breading grounds
Immunization: Vaccines can be an effective way of controlling the spread of disease through
artificially acquired immunity
Quarantine: separation of humans or animals from others to prevent the spread of the disease
Isolation: Infected individuals can be prevented from making contact with others
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Disease Causing
Agents
Any pollutant or microorganism that
can cause an infection
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi,
Protozoa, Prions and Parasites
May also be referred to as the
pathogen
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Bacteria
Most common form of pathogens
Microscopic, one‐celled organisms
Named by the morphology & cell wall structure
◦ bacillus (rod),
◦ coccus (spherical) and
◦ spirillum (spiral).
◦ Spirillum is divided based on the degree of curl
◦ Dye differentiates the cell wall gram‐positive
(purple) and gram‐negative (pink)
Bacteria enter the body through
◦ Ingestion
◦ Inhaling
◦ contact
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Viruses
Second most common pathogen
Non‐living (require a host)
Categorized by shape, size, and genetic material
◦ Coronavirus ‐ shape (crown‐shaped),
Rotavirus (wheel‐shaped)
◦ DNA replicated (herpes viruses) vs. RNA
replicated (colds, influenza)
◦ Respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus
Transmitted by
◦ Person to person
◦ Animal or insect to person
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Fungi
Yeasts and molds
◦ Histoplasmosis, ringworm, candida yeast
◦ Antibiotics increase yeast production due to
reduction in bacteria
Transmitted by
◦ Person to person
◦ Object to person
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Protozoa or Protists
Parasites that can live in our
bodies
Acquired through:
◦ Contaminated food, water, and
fecal matter
◦ Insect to human
◦ Human to human
Examples: Malaria, Dysentery,
Trichomoniasis
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Helminths
Worms
◦ Also know as Helminths
Roundworm, hookworm and
whipworm: Soil‐transmitted
helminths (STH)
Trichinosis – carried by pigs and
obtained improperly cooked pork
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Prions
Protein + infection = prion (port‐
manteau)
◦ Other port‐monteaux (COVID,
caplet, botox)
Very small substance made up of a
protein that contains no nucleic
acids
Can replicate and cause infection
Can cause neurological disorders
(Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease) known
as transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs)
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Parasites
Any organism that lives off of a host
Lice, mites
Scabies‐ caused by mites and characterized by
a pruritic popular rash
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Treatment
For bacteria – antibiotics
• these target different parts of the bacteria
• must use correctly to prevent resistance
For fungi – antifungals
• these target walls and membranes of fungus but can affect human cells too
• topicals for skin infections
• if systemic, there is risk of serious side effects
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Treatment
For protozoa – use drugs that interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism
For viruses – antivirals
• these often interfere with how particles come together
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The Sepsis Continuum
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Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Sepsis is caused by the body’s immune
response to an infection
Immune system releases chemicals into the
blood to fight the infection and triggers
widespread inflammation
Impairs blood flow and damages organs
Sepsis does not occur without a reason
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Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Severe sepsis is an infection with associated acute organ dysfunction
Also referred to as systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to an infectious process with
acute organ dysfunction
One or more of the body organs will fail
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Sepsis, Sever Sepsis and Septic Shock
Septic shock occurs in extreme cases when the patient develops very low blood pressure and
heart failure (Hypotension)
Causes circulatory failure
Causes failure of the lungs, kidneys, and liver
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Disease
HIV virus can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HIV virus refers to HIV‐1
Virus destroys specific blood cells called CD4+ T cells which are essential in helping the body
fight diseases
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Disease
Human T cells come under attack by the HIV virus cells
Without enough T cells, the body’s immune system cannot block bacteria or viruses
Anyone with fewer then 200 T cells or a percentage of less than 14 percent is considered to have
AIDS
AIDS is a late stage of HIV infection
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Sequelae of
Disease
is a complication or condition resulting
from disease, injury, or therapy
A typical sequela is a chronic
complication of an acute condition
Sequelae differ from late effects,
which can appear long after—even
several decades after—the original
condition has resolved.
Example: Long COVID
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Disease/ Disorder
Profile Assignment
DUE WEDNESDAY
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Disease/Disorder Profiles
For each disease/disorder profile you must include:
• A brief description of the disease/disorder including etiology, signs, and
symptoms
• Common diagnostic tests used to verify and the test results that are used to
confirm the disease
• Common treatments for the disease, both medically and surgically
Due on Wednesday – taken up on Thursdays during class time
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Disease Disorder Profile – Week 4
This week you will construct your Disease/Disorder Profiles for the following
•MRSA •SIRS
•VRE •Sepsis
•CRE •MODS
•ESBL •MOF
•Tuberculosis •PUO or FUO
Due Wednesday, February 9th, 2022
Synchronous class on Thursday, February 10th, 2022 to review your answers
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