new qb acid and base 2 [221 marks]

Across period 3, elements increase in atomic number, decrease in atomic radius and increase in electronegativity.

1a. Define the term electronegativity. [1 mark]

Markscheme
ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons / attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of
electrons;

Do not accept “element” instead of “atom/nucleus”.

Do not accept “electrons” alone.

1b. Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.
[2 marks]

Markscheme
increasing nuclear charge/increasing number of protons / increased attraction of (valence) electrons to nucleus;

electrons added are in same (outer) energy level;

1c. State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Na2 O(s) + H2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq);
Accept N a2 O(s) + H2 O(l) → 2N a+ (aq) + 2OH − (aq).
P4 O10 (s) + 6H2 O(l) → 4H3 PO3 (aq);
Accept P2 O5 (s) + 3H2 O(l) → 2H3 P O4 (aq).
Accept P4 O10 (s) + 6H2 O(l) → 4H + (aq) + 4H2 P O−
4 (aq).
Ignore state symbols.

Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i). [2 marks]

1d.

Markscheme
NaOH: > 7;

Accept any pH greater than 7.

H 3PO4: < 7;

Accept any pH less than 7.

Award [1 max] if stated that “NaOH alkali/basic and H 3PO4 acidic”, but pH values not given.

1e. Describe three tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between [3 marks]
0.10 mol dm−3 HCl(aq) and 0.10 mol dm−3 CH3 COOH(aq).
 Markscheme
measuring electrical conductivity and strong acids have greater electrical

conductivity/weak acids have lower electrical conductivity;

Do not accept conductivity for electrical conductivity.

Accept explanation in terms of lightbulb in circuit.

measure pH/use universal indicator and pH higher for weak acid/pH lower for strong acid;

conduct titration with a strong base and equivalence point higher for weak acid / buffer region for weak acid;

adding a reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate and stronger effervescence/faster reaction with strong acids;

Accept converse argument.

Accept correct example.

adding a strong base and strong acid would increase more in temperature/weak acids increase less in temperature;

Accept correct example.

Award [1 max] for three suitable tests without correct results.

Accept specific examples with given strong acid and weak acid.

Accept “addition of AgNO3 (aq) and white precipitate with HCl (aq)”.

Do not accept “smell”.

1f. Explain whether BF3 can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Lewis acid (only);

electron pair acceptor / not a proton donor;

1g. Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Bonding: (electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions;

Do not accept ionic bonding without some description.

Structure: lattice/giant structure of ions / each Na+ surrounded by 6 Cl− (and vice-versa);

State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below. [2 marks]
1h.

Sodium and sulfur:

Magnesium and phosphorus:

Markscheme
Na2 S;
Mg3 P2 ;

PCl
 Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form PCl3 . Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) [4 marks]
1i.
structure, the shape and bond angle in PCl3 and explain why the molecule is polar.

Lewis (electron dot) structure:

Name of shape:

Bond angle:

Explanation of polarity of molecule:

Markscheme
Lewis structure:

Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.

Do not award the mark if lone pairs are missing.

Name of shape:

(trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;

Bond angle:

< 109.5 ∘ ;
Accept any value within the range 100°−109°.

Literature value is 100°.

Explanation of polarity:

dipoles do not cancel (as molecule is not symmetrical) / there is a net dipole (as molecule is not symmetrical) /
unsymmetrical distribution of charge;

Accept suitable labelled diagram.

No ECF if original structure is incorrect.

When nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are allowed to react in a closed container, the following equilibrium is
established.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ΔH = −92.6 kJ

Outline two characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium. [2 marks]

2a.

Markscheme
rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal / opposing changes occur at equal rates;

the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant / macroscopic properties remain constant;

closed/isolated system;

Accept “the same” for “equal” in M1 and for “constant” in M2.

Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc , for the reaction. [1 mark]

2b.
 Markscheme
[NH3 (g)] 2
(Kc =) ;
[ N2 (g)]×[ H2 (g)]3

Ignore state symbols.

Concentration must be represented by square brackets.

2c. Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of equilibrium. [2 marks]

The volume of the container is increased.

Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture.

Markscheme
The volume of the container is increased:

position of equilibrium shifts to the left/reactants and fewer moles of gas on the right hand side/pressure decreases /
OWTTE;

Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture:

position of equilibrium shifts to the right/products and [NH 3] decreases so [N2] and [H 2] must also decrease to keep Kc
constant

OR

position of equilibrium shifts to the right/products and rate of reverse reaction decreases / OWTTE;

Award [1 max] if both predicted changes are correct.

Do not accept “to increase [NH 3]” or reference to LCP without explanation.

Define the term activation energy, Ea . [1 mark]

2d.

Markscheme
minimum energy needed (by reactants/colliding particles) to react/start/initiate a reaction;

Accept “energy difference between reactants and transition state”.

Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the effect of a [2 marks]
2e.
catalyst on the rate of reaction.

Markscheme
rate increases;

more effective/successful collisions per unit time / greater proportion of collisions effective;

alternative pathway and a lower activation energy

OR

lowers activation energy so that more particles have enough energy to react;

Do not accept just “lowers/reduces the activation energy”.

Accept “provides a surface for reacting/reactants/reaction”.

2f. Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction, labelling both axes and showing the [2 marks]
activation energy with and without a catalyst.

Markscheme
Curve showing:

general shape of Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve and labelled y-axis: probability of particles / frequency
and labelled x-axis: (kinetic)energy;

Curve must begin at zero and must not cut the x-axis on the RHS.

Accept number/fraction/proportion of particles for y-axis label, but do not accept amount or just particles.

correct position of Ea catalysed and Ea uncatalysed;

Shading shown in the diagram is not required for the marks.

Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately 15% yield of [3 marks]
2g.
ammonia.

(i) Explain why a temperature lower than 500 °C is not used.

(ii) Outline why a pressure higher than 200 atm is not often used.

Markscheme
(i) slower rate / OWTTE;

uneconomic / OWTTE;

(ii) high cost for building/maintaining plant / high energy cost of compressor /OWTTE;

Do not accept “high pressure is expensive” without justification.

Accept high pressure requires high energy.

Define the term base according to the Lewis theory. [1 mark]

2h.

Markscheme
electron pair donor;

Accept lone pair donor.

Define the term weak base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. [1 mark]
2i.
 Markscheme
proton acceptor and partially/slightly ionized;

Accept “proton acceptor and partially/slightly dissociated”.

Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction below. [2 marks]
2j.

CH3 NH2 (aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ CH3 NH+ −

3 (aq) + OH (aq)

Markscheme

Award [1 max] for two correct acids OR two correct conjugate bases.

Outline an experiment and its results which could be used to distinguish between a strong base and a weak base. [3 marks]
2k.

Markscheme
solutions of equal concentration;

pH measurement/UIP;

strong base has higher pH;

OR

solutions of equal concentration;

electrical conductivity measurement;

strong base has higher electrical conductivity;

OR

solutions of equal concentration;

temperature difference in neutralization reaction with a strong acid;

strong base has a greater temperature difference;

Accept reverse arguments for observations.

50.0 c 3 1.00 mol d −3

 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and
magnesium sulfate.

Mg(s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → H2 (g) + MgSO4 (aq)

(i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental conditions. [3 marks]
3a.

Sketch two curves, labelled I and II, to show how the volume of hydrogen produced (under the same temperature and
pressure) changes with time when:

I. using the same mass of magnesium powder instead of a piece of magnesium ribbon;

II. 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to 50 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid.

(ii) Outline why it is better to measure the volume of hydrogen produced against time rather than the loss of mass of
reactants against time.

Markscheme

(i)

I: line which is steeper/increases faster and finishes at the same height;

II: line which is less steep/increases more slowly and finishes at the same height;

(ii) mass of hydrogen produced is very small (so not accurate) / decrease in mass is very small (so not accurate);
 Magnesium sulfate can exist in either the hydrated form or in the anhydrous form. Two students wished to determine
the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature
reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 (s), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the
following table.

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. [3 marks]

3b.

−1
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH1 , for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in kJ mol . State your
answer to the correct number of significant figures.

Markscheme
3.01
(i) n(MgSO4 ) = ( 120.37 =) 0.0250 (mol);
(ii) energy released = 50.0 × 4.18 × 9.7 × 2027 (J)/2.027 (kJ);
ΔH1 = −81 (kJ mol−1 );
Award [2] for correct answer.

Award [2] if 53.01 is used giving an answer of –86 (kJ mol–1).

Award [1 max] for +81/81/+86/86 (kJ mol−1).

Award [1 max] for –81000/–86000 if units are stated as J mol−1.

Allow answers to 3 significant figures.

The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 ∙ 7H2 O(s), and
−1
50.0 cm3 of water. They found the enthalpy change, ΔH2 , to be +18 kJ mol .

The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be
determined using the diagram below.

3c. (i) Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH , in kJ mol−1 , for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, [2 marks]
MgSO4 .

−1
(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is −103 kJ mol . Calculate the
percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your
answer to one decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (c)(i) then use the value of
−100 kJ mol−1 , but this is not the correct value.)
 Markscheme
(i) ΔH (= ΔH1 − ΔH2 ) = −99 (kJ mol−1 );
Award [1] if –86 is used giving an answer of –104 (kJ mol−1).
(103−99)
(ii)
103
× 100 = 3.9%;
Accept answer of 2.9 % if –100 used but only if a value for (b)(i) is not
present.

Award [1] if –104 is used giving an answer of 1.0% .

Accept correct answers which are not to 1 decimal place.

−1
3d. Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of −95 kJ mol . Outline two [2 marks]
reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.

Markscheme
MgSO4 not completely anhydrous / OWTTE;

MgSO4 is impure;

heat loss to the atmosphere/surroundings;

specific heat capacity of solution is taken as that of pure water;

experiment was done once only so it is not scientific;

density of solution is taken to be 1 g cm−3 ;

mass of 7H2 O ignored in calculation;

uncertainty of thermometer is high so temperature change is unreliable;

literature values determined under standard conditions but this experiment is not;

all solid not dissolved;

Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a
mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.

(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.
3e.

(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond
angle.

Lewis (electron dot) structure:

Shape:

Bond angle:
 Markscheme
(i) H2 SO4 (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → MgSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2 O(l);
Ignore state symbols.

Do not accept H 2CO3.

(ii) ;

Accept crosses, lines or dots as electron pairs.

Accept any correct resonance structure.

Award [0] if structure is drawn without brackets and charge.

Award [0] if lone pairs not shown on O atoms.

shape: trigonal/triangular planar;

bond angle: 120°;

Accept answers trigonal/triangular planar and 120° if M1 incorrect, but no other answer should be given credit.

4a. Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a 0.200 mol dm−3 solution of ethanoic [1 mark]
acid, CH3 COOH, and a 0.200 mol dm−3 solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl.

Markscheme
HCl is a strong acid and CH3 COOH is a weak acid so HCl has higher conductivity / HCl dissociates completely in
water and CH3 COOH does not, so HCl has higher conductivity / HCl is stronger acid (than CH3 COOH) so has higher
[H+ ] and higher conductivity;

25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid were added to 30.0 cm3 of a 0.150 mol dm−3 sodium hydrogencarbonate
solution, NaHCO3 (aq).

(i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate. [5 marks]
4b.

(ii) Determine which is the limiting reagent. Show your working.

(iii) Calculate the mass, in g, of carbon dioxide produced.

 Markscheme
(i) CH3 COOH(aq) + HCO − −
3 (aq) → CH3 COO (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g);
Accept NaHCO3(aq) and CH 3COONa (aq) instead of ions.

Ignore state symbols.

(ii) n(CH3 COOH) = 0.00500 (mol) and n(NaHCO3 ) = 0.00450 (mol);

NaHCO3 is limiting;

(iii) n(CO2 ) = n(NaHCO3 ) = 0.00450 (mol);

m(CO2 ) = 0.00450 × 44.01 = 0.198 (g);
Award [2] for correct final answer.

The molar mass of a volatile organic liquid, X, can be determined experimentally by allowing it to vaporize completely
at a controlled temperature and pressure. 0.348 g of X was injected into a gas syringe maintained at a temperature of
5
90 °C and a pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa. Once it had reached equilibrium, the gas volume was measured as 95.0 cm3 .

(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of X in the gas syringe. [4 marks]

4c.

(ii) Calculate the molar mass of X.

Markscheme
(i) T = 363 K and V = 9.50 × 10−5 m3 ;
Accept V = 9.5 × 10–2 dm 3 if P is used as 101 kPa in calculation.

PV 1.01×105 ×9.50×10−5
n= RT
= 8.31×363
;

= 3.18 × 10−3 (mol);

Award [3] for correct final answer.

(ii) M = (m = 0.348
=) 109 (g mol−1 );
n 3.18×10−3

Bromoethane, CH3 CH2 Br, undergoes a substitution reaction to form ethanol, CH3 CH2 OH.

(i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur. [4 marks]
4d.

(ii) Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron
pairs.
 Markscheme
(i) (dilute aqueous) NaOH/sodium hydroxide / KOH/potassium hydroxide;

Do not accept hydroxide/OH – .

(ii)

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO– .

curly arrow showing Br leaving;

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromoethane or in the transition state.

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;

Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180° to each other.

Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.

Bromoethene, CH2 CHBr, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of this polymer that contains six carbon [1 mark]
4e.
atoms.

Markscheme

Extension bonds required.

Ignore brackets and n.

Group 7 of the periodic table contains a number of reactive elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.

(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide. [3 marks]
5a.

(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.
 Markscheme
(i) from (pale) green/colourless to yellow/orange/brown;

Initial colour must be stated.

Do not accept “clear/transparent” instead of “colourless”.

(ii) chlorine more reactive/more powerful oxidizing agent (than bromine);

Accept opposite statements for bromine.

Accept “chloride ion a weaker reducing agent” / “bromide ion a stronger reducing agent”.

Accept “chlorine more electronegative than bromine”.

Cl2 (aq) + 2NaBr(aq) → Br2 (aq) + 2NaCl(aq) /

Cl2 (aq) + 2Br− (aq) → Br2 (aq) + 2Cl− (aq);
Ignore state symbols.

Do not accept with equilibrium sign.

The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very similar, but it [1 mark]
5b.
differs with an excess of aqueous chlorine. Describe the appearance of the reaction mixture when excess aqueous
chlorine has been added to aqueous sodium iodide.

Markscheme
solid (in a colourless solution);

Accept “dark brown solution”.

Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have
concerns about their use. In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid),
HOCl, the active bleach.

Cl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HOCl (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)

Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation [1 mark]
5c.
above.

Markscheme
chloric(I) acid (shown as) a molecule/molecular, but hydrochloric acid (shown as being) split into ions / OWTTE;

Accept “chloric(I) acid is partially dissociated and hydrochloric acid is fully dissociated”.

Reference needed to both acids for mark.

State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water. [1 mark]
5d.

Markscheme
HOCl(aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + ClO− (aq)/HOCl(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ H3 O+ (aq) + ClO− (aq);
Equilibrium sign required for the mark.

Ignore state symbols.

Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with [2 marks]
5e.
this kind of bleach.
 Markscheme
acid displaces the equilibrium to the left (to form chlorine);

chlorine is toxic/poisonous/harmful/lung irritant;

Accept answers that refer to the (c) (ii) equilibrium.

Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water. [2 marks]
5f.

Markscheme
chloric(I) acid has –OH group / hydrogen attached to a very electronegative atom;

Accept polar molecule.

can form hydrogen bonds to water;

hydrogen bonding to water increases its solubility;

(as a weak acid it is) in equilibrium with ions;

Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid. [1 mark]

5g.

Markscheme
;

Accept lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.

Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell electron pair [3 marks]
5h.
repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

Markscheme
∼104°;
Accept values between 102° and 106°.

four electron pairs/regions of high electron density around O atom / electron pairs/regions of high electron density
tetrahedrally arranged and two lone/non-bonding electron pairs on O atom;

Accept Lewis structure with two lone pairs on O and two angular bond pairs if given here as equivalent to M2.

lone pair–bonding pair repulsion greater than bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion;
 Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured
materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate
ion.

(i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below. [6 marks]
5i.

−
___ ClO + ___ H+ + ___ e− ⇌ ___ H2 O+ ___ Cl−
2− +
___ SO4 ___ H + ___ e− ⇌ ___ SO2 + ___ H2 O
(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the equations in part (i).

(iii) Use the half-equations to deduce the balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur
dioxide.

Markscheme
(i) (1) ClO− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ (1) H2 O + (1) Cl− ;
(1) SO 2− +
4 + 4 H + 2 e ⇌ (1) SO2 + 2 H2 O;
−

(ii) Award [2] for all correct, [1] for 2 or 3 correct.

Remember to apply ECF from previous equations.

Penalize incorrect notation (eg, 4 or 4+ rather than +4) once only, so award [1] for a fully correct answer in an
incorrect format.

(iii) ClO− (aq) + SO2 (aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ SO2− + −

4 (aq) + 2H (aq) + Cl (aq)
correct reactants and products;
+
balancing and cancelling e−, H and H2 O;

Ignore state symbols.

Do not penalize equilibrium sign.

 A group of students investigated the rate of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid
according to the equation below.

Na2 S2 O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2 O(l)

The two reagents were rapidly mixed together in a beaker and placed over a mark on a piece of paper. The time taken
for the precipitate of sulfur to obscure the mark when viewed through the reaction mixture was recorded.

Initially they measured out 10.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid and then added 40.0 cm3 of
0.0200 mol dm−3 aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The mark on the paper was obscured 47 seconds after the solutions
were mixed.

3
6a. The teacher made up 2.50 dm of the sodium thiosulfate solution using sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
[3 marks]
crystals, Na2 S2 O3 ∙ 5H2 O. Calculate the required mass of these crystals.

Markscheme
mol Na2 S2 O3 (= 2.50 × 0.0200) = 0.0500;
Mr Na2 S2 O3 ∙ 5H2 O (= (2 × 22.99) + (2 × 32.06) + (3 × 16.00) + (5 × 18.02)) = 248.20;
Allow 248.

mass Na2 S2 O3 ∙ 5H2 O = (0.0500 × 248.20) = 12.4 g;

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2] for 7.91g (water of crystallization omitted in Mr calculation).

The teacher asked the students to measure the effect of halving the concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the rate of
reaction.

(i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. [4 marks]
6b.

(ii) State why it is important that the students use a similar beaker for both reactions.

(iii) Explain, in terms of the collision theory, how decreasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate would affect the
time taken for the mark to be obscured.
 Markscheme
(i) ;

Accept other volumes in a 1:2:2 ratio.

(ii) depth of liquid in the beaker must remain constant / OWTTE;

Accept “same thickness of glass” and any other valid point, such as answers framed around minimizing uncontrolled
variables / making it a “fair test”.

(iii) increases the time;

decrease in collision frequency/number of collisions per unit time;

Do not award mark for decrease in number of collisions.

(i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution [6 marks]
6c.
curves for two temperatures, T1 and T2 (T2 > T1 ), at which the rate of reaction would be significantly different.

(ii) Explain why increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture would significantly increase the rate of the reaction.
 Markscheme

(i)

labelled y-axis: number of particles / probability of particles (with that kinetic energy) and labelled x-axis: (kinetic)
energy;

Allow fraction/proportion/amount of particles (with kinetic energy) for y-axis label.

Allow speed/velocity for x-axis label.

T 2 curve broader and with maximum lower and to right of T 1 curve;

Do not award this mark if both curves not asymmetric.

Curves must pass through the origin and be asymptotic to x axis.

Do not award this mark if curves not labelled.

Ea marked on graph;

(ii) kinetic energy of molecules increases;

This may be answered implicitly in the final marking point.

frequency of collision/number of collisions per unit time increases;

Only penalize use of “number of collisions” if not penalized in (b)(iii).

greater proportion of molecules have energy greater than/equal to activation energy / rate related to temperature by
the Arrhenius equation;

Award [1 max] for statements such as “there will be more successful collisions” if neither of last two marking points
awarded.

The teacher asked the students to devise another technique to measure the rate of this reaction.

(i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by one unit. Calculate [3 marks]
6d.
the initial pH of the original reaction mixture.

(ii) Deduce the percentage of hydrochloric acid that would have to be used up for the pH to change by one unit.

Markscheme
(i) [H+ ] = 0.5 × 10
50
= 0.1 (mol dm−3 );
pH (= − log [H+ ] = − log(0.10)) = 1;
(ii) 90%;
 Another group suggested collecting the sulfur dioxide and drawing a graph of the volume of gas against time.

3
6e. (i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in cm , that the original reaction mixture would produce if it were
[4 marks]
5
collected at 1.00 × 10 Pa and 300 K.

(ii) Suggest why it is better to use a gas syringe rather than collecting the gas in a measuring cylinder over water.

Markscheme
(i) mol Na2 S2 O3 = mol SO2 = 0.0400 × 0.0200 = 0.000800;
V = n×R×T
/ 0.000800×8.31×300
5
;
P 10
−5
(1.99 × 10 m3 ) = 19.9 (cm3 );
Award [3] for correct final answer.

Accept 20.0 cm 3 if R = 8.314 is used.

Award [2] for 17.9 cm 3 or 19.2 cm 3 (result from using molar volume at standard temperature and pressure or at room
temperature and pressure).

OR

mol Na2 S2 O3 = mol SO2 = 0.0400 × 0.0200 = 0.000800;

V = 0.00080 × 2.24 × 10−2 × [ 1.00×105 ] ×

5
300
;
1.01×10 273

(1.95 × 10−5 m3 ) = 19.5 (cm3 );

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Deduct [1] for answers based on amount of HCl, so correct calculation would score [2 max].

(ii) sulfur dioxide is soluble in water;

Accept other reasonable responses based on sound chemistry.

Accept “syringe more accurate/precise” or “less gas escapes”.

Acids play a key role in processes in everyday life.

The wine industry is important to the economy of many countries. Wine contains ethanol. In a laboratory in Chile,
chemists tested the pH of a bottle of wine when opened and found it to have a pH of 3.8. After a few days, the pH had
decreased to 2.8.

+
7a. Deduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration, [H ]. [1 mark]

Markscheme
[H+ ] increased by factor of 10;
Allow a difference of 1.426
× 10–3.

State the name of the compound formed that is responsible for this decreased pH value. [1 mark]
7b.
 Markscheme
ethanoic acid;

Allow acetic acid.

Sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced chemical [2 marks]
7c.
equation for the reaction between limestone and sulfuric acid including state symbols.

Markscheme
CaCO3 (s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → CaSO4 (s) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
correct chemical equation;

correct state symbols;

Allow CaSO4(aq) instead of CaSO4(s).

M2 can only be scored if M1 is correct.

Award [1max] if H 2CO3(aq) is given instead of H 2O(l) + CO2(g).

Chloroethene, C2H 3Cl, is an important organic compound used to manufacture the polymer poly(chloroethene).

Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle. [2 marks]
8a.

Markscheme
;

Accept lines, dots or crosses for electron pairs.

Lone pairs required on chlorine.

(approximately) 120°;

Accept any bond angle in the range 113–120°.

Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms. [1 mark]

8b.

Markscheme

Brackets not required for mark.

Continuation bonds from each carbon are required.

Cl atoms can be above or below carbon spine or alternating above and below.

Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of plastics is a [2 marks]
8c.
problem.
 Markscheme
plastics are cheap/versatile/a large industry / plastics have many uses / OWTTE;

plastics are not biodegradeable / plastics take up large amounts of space in landfill / pollution caused by burning of
plastics / OWTTE;

Do not accept plastics cause litter.

Allow plastics don’t decompose quickly / OWTTE.

Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation for the [2 marks]
8d.
reaction taking place.

Step 1:

Step 2:

Markscheme
(i) Step 1:

CH2 CHCl + H2 → CH3 CH2 Cl;

Step 2:

CH3 CH2 Cl + OH− → CH3 CH2 OH + Cl− ;

Allow NaOH or NaCl etc. instead of OH – and Cl– .

Allow abbreviated formulas C2H 3Cl, C2H 5Cl, C2H 5OH.

State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory. [2 marks]
8e.

Markscheme
H2 SO4 /H+ /acidified and Cr2 O2−
7
/(potassium/sodium) dichromate;

Accept suitable oxidizing agents (e.g. KMnO4 etc.) but only with acid.

Ignore missing or incorrect oxidation states in reagents.

(heat under) reflux;

Second mark can be scored even if reagent is incorrect.

State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water. Identify a Brønsted-Lowry [3 marks]
8f.
acid in the equation and its conjugate base.

Markscheme
CH3 COOH(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ CH3 COO− (aq) + H3 O+ (aq)
OR

CH3 COOH(l) + H2 O(l) ⇌ CH3 COO− (aq) + H3 O+ (aq)

OR

CH3 COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3 COO− (aq) + H+ (aq)

correct equation;

state symbols and ⇌;

− +
BL acid is CH3 COOH and cb is CH3 COO / BL acid is H3 O and cb is H2 O;

CO CH OH
 Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, CO2 and methanol, CH3 OH. [3 marks]
9a.

Markscheme

All outer electron pairs must be shown for mark in each case.

Accept electrons shown as all rather than ∙ and x.

List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond length (shortest [2 marks]
9b.
first).

Markscheme
CO < CO2 < CH3 OH;
triple bonds are shorter than double bonds which are shorter than single bonds / the more pairs of electrons that are
shared the stronger the attracting so the shorter the bond / OWTTE;

The order must be correct to gain the second marking point unless ECF from (a).

Predict the shape and bond angles for the following species:

9c.
CO2 [2 marks]

Markscheme
(CO2 )linear;
180°;

9d. CO2−
3
[2 marks]

Markscheme
(CO2−
3 ) trigonal planar/triangular planar;
120°;

9e. BF −
4
[2 marks]
 Markscheme
(BF −
4 ) tetrahedral;
′
109.5° / 109° / 109° 28 ;

Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid. [1 mark]

9f.

Markscheme
donates a proton / H+ ion;

Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following reaction: [2 marks]
9g.

H2 O(l) + NH3 (aq) ⇌ OH− (aq) + NH+

4 (aq)

Markscheme
(acid) (conjugate base)
H2 O OH− ;
NH+4 NH3 ;
[1 max] if all four acids and bases given but not clearly paired.

Ethanoic acid, CH3 COOH, is a weak acid.

Define the term weak acid and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water. [2 marks]
9h.

Markscheme
partially dissociated or ionized;

CH3 COOH + H2 O ⇌ CH3 COO− + H3 O+ /CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COO− + H+ ;

⇌ required for mark.

Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from the elements of [2 marks]
9i.
electric kettles. State the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.

Markscheme
2CH3 COOH + CaCO3 → Ca(CH3 COO)2 + CO2 + H2 O
Award [1] for correct reactants and products and [1] for balancing.
 State the names of the three organic functional groups in aspirin. [3 marks]
10a.

Markscheme
carboxylic acid / carboxyl;

ester;

Do not allow carbonyl / acid / ethanoate / formula(–COOH).

aryl group / benzene ring / phenyl;

A student reacted some salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid aspirin was obtained by filtering
the reaction mixture. Pure aspirin was obtained by recrystallization. The following table shows the data recorded by
the student.

Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid, C6 H4 (OH)COOH, used. [2 marks]

10b.

Markscheme
Mr (C7 H6 O3 ) = 138.13;
3.15
n = ( 138.13 =) 2.28 × 10−2 (mol);
Award [2] for the correct final answer.

Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, C6 H4 (OCOCH3 )COOH. [2 marks]

10c.

Markscheme
Mr (C9 H8 O4 ) = 180.17;
m = (180.17 × 2.28 × 10−2 =) 4.11 (g);
Accept range 4.10–4.14

Award [2] for the correct final answer.

Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin. [1 mark]

10d.

Markscheme
2.50
(percentage yield = 4.11
× 100 =) 60.8%;
Accept 60–61%.

State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and calculate the [2 marks]
10e.
percentage uncertainty associated with this mass.

Markscheme
3;
0.02
(percentage uncertainty = 2.50
× 100 = ) 0.80%;
Allow 0.8%
10f. Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher checked the [1 mark]
calculations and found no errors. Comment on the result.

Markscheme
sample contaminated with ethanoic acid / aspirin not dry / impure sample;

Accept specific example of a systematic error.

Do not accept error in reading balance/weighing scale.

Do not accept yield greater than 100%.

10g. The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin. [2 marks]

A third student measured selected bond lengths in aspirin, using this computer program and reported the following data.

The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “Since all the measured carbon-carbon bond lengths are equal, all
the carbon-oxygen bond lengths must also be equal in aspirin. Therefore, the C8–O4 bond length must be 1.4 × 10–10 m”.
Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.

Markscheme
hypothesis not valid/incorrect;

Accept any of the following for the second mark

C–O and C=O bond lengths will be different;

C2–O3 bond is longer than C8–O4 bond;

C8–O4 bond shorter than C2–O3 bond;

a CO single bond is longer than a CO double bond;

Accept C8–O4 is a double bond hence shorter.

10h. The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid, CH3 COOH. Define an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry [2 marks]
theory and state the conjugate base of CH3 COOH.

Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid:

Conjugate base of CH3 COOH:

 Markscheme
Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid

proton/H+/hydrogen ion donor;

Conjugate base of CH 3COOH

CH3 COO− /CH3 CO−

2 ;
Do not accept C2H 3O2– /ethanoate.

Some of the most important processes in chemistry involve acid-base reactions.

Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl. [3 marks]
11a.

Markscheme
Na, Mg: basic;

Al: amphoteric;

Do not accept amphiprotic.

Si to Cl: acidic;

Award [1] for stating oxides become more basic towards left/Na and more acidic towards right/Cl.

Do not penalize incorrect formulas of oxides.

11b. State one example of an acidic gas, produced by an industrial process or the internal combustion engine, which [1 mark]
can cause large-scale pollution to lakes and forests.

Markscheme
NO2 /nitrogen dioxide / N2 O4 /dinitrogen tetroxide / SO2 /sulfur dioxide / SO3 /sulfur trioxide;
Do not accept NO/NOx/CO2/CO.

11c. Suggest one method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish between solutions of a [2 marks]
strong acid and a weak acid of the same molar concentration. State the expected results.

Markscheme
measure electrical conductivity;

strong acids are good conductors/better conductors than weak acids / weak acids are poor conductors;

OR

react with magnesium or a named active metal/metal carbonate/hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate;

Do not accept Na/K

strong acids react faster/more gas bubbles (per unit time)/more heat produced / weak acids react slower/less gas
bubbles (per unit time)/less heat produced;

Do not accept answers based on titration curves as they are based on pH.

Accept Neutralization: weak acid would produce less energy/less temperature increase compared to a strong acid.

Define the term first ionization energy. [2 marks]

12a.
 Markscheme
the amount of energy required to remove one (mole of) electron(s);

from (one mole of) an atom(s) in the gaseous state;

Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium. [2 marks]
12b.

Markscheme
greater positive charge on nucleus / greater number of protons / greater core charge;

greater attraction by Mg nucleus for electrons (in the same shell) / smaller atomic radius;

Explain why:

calcium has a higher melting point than potassium. [2 marks]

12c.

Markscheme
calcium ionic charge is twice/greater than the potassium ionic charge / calcium has more delocalized electrons than
potassium;
+
greater attraction of delocalized electrons and Ca2+ / less attraction between the delocalized electrons and K ;

Do not accept calcium ion has a 2+ without comparison to K+ .

sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide. [3 marks]
12d.

Markscheme
Na2O ionic/(stronger electrostatic) attractions between Na+ and O2− ;

SO3 has (weak) intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipoledipole attractions;

intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipole-dipole forces are weaker/more easily broken than (strong)
ionic bonds / ionic bonds are stronger/harder to break than intermolecular bond/van der
Waals’/London/dispersion/dipole-dipole forces;

Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state one example of a weak acid [2 marks]
12e.
and one example of a strong base.

Markscheme
+ +
acid is a proton/H donor and base is a proton/H acceptor;

H2 CO3 /CH3 COOH and NaOH/KOH/Ba(OH)2 ;

Accept any suitable examples.

Describe two different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that could be [4 marks]
12f.
used to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid solutions of the same concentration.
 Markscheme
Chemical

reaction with reactive metal/Mg/Zn/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate;

hydrochloric acid would react faster/more vigorously / ethanoic acid would react slower/less vigorously;

OR

react with alkali;

temperature change will be more for hydrochloric acid / temperature change will be less for ethanoic acid;

Physical

conductivity;

hydrochloric acid will conduct more/higher / ethanoic acid will conduct less/lower;

Accept other suitable examples.

Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic and deduce how many [2 marks]
12g.
times the [H+ ] is greater in the more acidic product.

Markscheme
black coffee;

103 /1000 times;

Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for [3 marks]
12h.
each reaction and identify each oxide as acidic, basic or neutral.

Markscheme
Na2 O(s) + H2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq);
SO3 (l) + H2 O(l) → H2 SO4 (aq);
Ignore state symbols.

Na2 O: basic and SO3 : acidic;

Ammonia, NH3 , is a weak base.

Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles. [3 marks]
13a.

Markscheme
;

Accept any combination of dots/crosses and lines to represent electron pairs.

(trigonal/triangular) pyramid;

Allow 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of trigonal pyramidal molecule.

107°;

Accept any angle between 105° and 108.5°.

No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure.

+
 +
13b. The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, NH4 . Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium ion [3 marks]
and deduce its shape and bond angles.

Markscheme

Charge needed for mark.

Allow a 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of tetrahedral molecule.

109.5°/109°/109° 28';

No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure.

13c. Describe two different properties that could be used to distinguish between a 1.00 mol dm−3 solution of a [2 marks]
strong monoprotic acid and a 1.00 mol dm−3 solution of a weak monoprotic acid.

Markscheme
(measuring) the pH / the strong acid solution will have a lower pH;

conductivity (measurement) / the strong acid will be a better conductor;

the strong acid will react more vigorously with metals/carbonates / the reaction with metals/carbonates;

the heat change when it is neutralized with a base will be different / heat of neutralization / OWTTE;

Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In each case identify [2 marks]
13d.
the conjugate acid or base formed.

Markscheme
water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid by donating a proton/H+ to form OH− ;
+
water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry base by accepting a proton/H to form H3 O+ ;
Accept equations showing the above clearly labelling the acid and basic behaviour and the conjugate acid or base.

Award [1 max] for correct definition of how water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid or base.

Iron is more reactive than copper.

2+
13e. Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe(s)/Fe (aq) half-cell connected to a [4 marks]
2+
Cu(s)/Cu (aq) half-cell. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and
the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
 Markscheme

correct diagram including voltmeter/meter, 4 correct species (state symbols not required) and connecting wires;

No credit if wires to electrodes immersed in the solutions.

labelled salt bridge;

Do not accept name of salt (e.g. potassium nitrate) in place of salt bridge.

correctly labelled electrodes (+)/cathode and (–)/anode;

flow of electrons from Fe to Cu in external circuit;

13f. Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative [2 marks]
electrode (anode) of this voltaic cell.

Markscheme
positive electrode: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu;
negative electrode: Fe → Fe2+ + 2e− ;
Award [1] if equations correct but at wrong electrodes or if electrodes are missing.

Award [2] for correct equations if electrodes are missing but were correctly labelled in diagram.

Accept e instead of e− .

Ignore state symbols.

Penalize ⇌ once only in equations in (ii) and (iii).

Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which species acts as[2 marks]
13g.
the oxidizing agent and which species has been reduced.

Markscheme
Fe + Cu2+ → Fe2+ + Cu;
Ignore state symbols.

Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent and the species that is reduced;

One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe two features of a homologous series. [2 marks]
14a.
 Markscheme
same functional group;

successive/neighbouring members differ by CH2 ;

same general formula;

similar chemical properties;

gradation in physical properties;

Consider the following reactions.

The IUPAC name of X is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of Y and Z. [2 marks]
14b.
Y:

Z:

Markscheme
Y: 4-methylpentanal;

Z: 4-methylpentanoic acid;

Award [1] if student has correct endings for both molecules but has used incorrect stem.

State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert X to Y and X to Z. [2 marks]
14c.
X to Y:

X to Z:

Markscheme
For both reactions reagents:

named suitable acidified oxidizing agent;

Suitable oxidizing agents are potassium dichromate(VI)/K2Cr2O7 / sodium dichromate(VI)/Na 2Cr2O7 /

dichromate/Cr2O72– / potassium manganate(VII)/potassium permanganate/KMnO4 /
permanganate/manganate(VII)/MnO4– .

Accept H +/H 2SO4 instead of sulfuric acid and acidified.

Allow potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate (i.e. without (VI)) or potassium manganate (i.e. without (VII).

Conditions:

distillation for X to Y and reflux for X to Z;

Award [1] if correct reagents and conditions identified for one process only.

Z is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term weak acid. [1 mark]
14d.
 Markscheme
acid partially dissociates/ionizes;

14e. Discuss the volatility of Y compared to Z. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Y more volatile than Z;

hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acid/Z;

Accept converse argument.

An important environmental consideration is the appropriate disposal of cleaning solvents. An environmental waste
treatment company analysed a cleaning solvent, J, and found it to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and
chlorine only. The chemical composition of J was determined using different analytical chemistry techniques.

Combustion Reaction:

Combustion of 1.30 g of J gave 0.872 g CO2 and 0.089 g H2 O.

Precipitation Reaction with AgNO3(aq):

0.535 g of J gave 1.75 g AgCl precipitate.

Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in J, using the combustion data. [3 marks]
14f.

Markscheme
(( 2×1.01
18.02
) (0.089) =) 1.0 × 10−2 g H and (( 12.01
44.01
) (0.872) =) 2.38 × 10−1 g C;
(( 0.238
1.30
) (100) =) 18.3% C;

( 1.0×10 ) (100) = 0.77% H;

−2

1.30

Award [3] for correct final answer of 18.3% C and 0.77% H without working.

Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

14g. Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in J, using the combustion data. [3 marks]

Markscheme
(( 2×1.01
18.02
) (0.089) =) 1.0 × 10−2 g H and (( 12.01
44.01
) (0.872) =) 2.38 × 10−1 g C;
(( 0.238
1.30
) (100) =) 18.3% C;

( 1.0×10 ) (100) = 0.77% H;

−2

1.30

Award [3] for correct final answer of 18.3% C and 0.77% H without working.

Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in J, using the precipitation data. [1 mark]
14h.
 Markscheme
35.45
((1.75) ( 143.32 ) =) 0.433 g (Cl) and (( 0.433
0.535
) (100) =) 80.9% (Cl);
Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

14i. The molar mass was determined to be 131.38 g mol−1 . Deduce the molecular formula of J. [3 marks]

Markscheme
18.3
( 12.01 ) = 1.52 mol C and ( 0.77
1.01
80.9
) = 0.76 mol H and ( 35.45 ) = 2.28 mol Cl;
Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

Empirical formula = C2 HCl3 ;

Award [2] for correct empirical formula without working.

Mr = (24.02 + 1.01 + 106.35) = 131.38, so molecular formula is C2 HCl3 ;

Award [3] for correct final answer without working.

Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

14j. Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in J, using the precipitation data. [1 mark]

Markscheme
35.45
((1.75) ( 143.32 ) =) 0.433 g (Cl) and (( 0.433
0.535
) (100) =) 80.9% (Cl);
Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

14k. The molar mass was determined to be 131.38 g mol−1 . Deduce the molecular formula of J. [3 marks]

Markscheme
18.3
( 12.01 ) = 1.52 mol C and ( 0.77
1.01
80.9
) = 0.76 mol H and ( 35.45 ) = 2.28 mol Cl;
Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

Empirical formula = C2 HCl3 ;

Award [2] for correct empirical formula without working.

Mr = (24.02 + 1.01 + 106.35) = 131.38, so molecular formula is C2 HCl3 ;

Award [3] for correct final answer without working.

Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

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