shrink from responsibility , exchange places , the devotion ,endeavor , glow from

the fire , freedom of man

self evident , former slave , table of brotherhood , state of mississippi , state
of oppression
,oasis of freedom and justice , judged by color of thier skin , judged by the
content of thier character
door of no.10 , strive unceasingly , fulfil the trust and confidence
, remember some words of st francis of assisi , just particulary apt at the
moment , discord , harmony , despair

in formal email
greetings = dear mr hammond
request = i would like to invite you to speak...
mention of attachment = please find attached a document...
additional information = should you have any further questions, please don't
hesitate to contact me
future contact =i look forward to hearing from you
ending =your sincerely =full name

in informal email
greetings =hi james
request =fancy giving a talk...
mention of attachment =see attached for the...
additional information =any problems or queriers , just let me know
future contact = hope to hear from you soon
ending =best + first name

8a
formal one
dear Ms Conti
Thank you for your email of 5 february inviting me to speak at the conference in
milan, italy.
I am afraid that I will be unable to attend the conference this year due to a rior
engagement.
If you wish, i could recommend one of my colleagues to speak in my place. Once
again I would like to apologise for not attending this year and for any
inconvenience caused . pleasedo not hesitate to contact me should you organise
another conference in the future.
yours sincerely, James Hammond
informal one
Hi Lisa,
thanks for invite to talk at the conference in italy. sorry, but i won't be able to
make it this year as i've already got something on. if you want , i can find
someone to step in .Anyway , sorry again for not coming and i hope it doesn't put
you out too much. please let me know about any other stuff you are doing in the
future
Best,JAmes

powerpoint part
(1)
1-opening(thank you for you email dated may12)
2-details(the seminar will be held on the 27 of july from4:00 to 6:00 in room 22
building B)
3-closing(i look forward to hear from you soon)
(2)
1-Kindly -find- attached the conference proggram
2-if you need more information, please do not -hesitate- to contact me
3-i would -appreciate- it if you send me the catalogues
4-i -regret- that the order has been delayed
hardly any - few - assaults on innocent - some - self-defence - build your own
sense - self-respect - self-confidence - far too many - martial arts - a lot of -
self-discipline - self-control -
basic ettquette - courtesy and tolerance - good manners and considereation - all -
practice of blocking and striking techniques - self-defence - self-development -
therefore - muscle imbalances - strength - coordination - flexibility - agility of
both sides of the body -
physical stamina and suppleness - concentration - mental calm and assurance - many
- come overnight -
ongoing commitment - some - few

1-being happy about your character and abilities = self-respect

2-that certainty that you can do something succesfully =self-confidence
3-behaving calmly and sensibly even you are angry,excited or upset = self-control
4- the use of force to protect yourself when you are attacked = self-defence
5-making yourself do the things you should do = self discipline
6-becoming better at something = self development
5b
1-he shot her in self-defence
2-he lost his self-control and screamed
3-it is difficult to keep your self-respect when you have been unemployed for a
long time
4-he can only develop self-confidence if he is told he is good and clever
5-the children are so badly behaved .they have no self-discipline

i'm always nervous at interviews = i don't have any self-

confidence
2-i never lose my temper =i have a lot of self-
control
3-i want to improve my skills and understanding = i'm inerested in self-
development
4-i find it difficult to make myself work hard = i lack self-discipline
5-i'm not really happy with my personality and behaviour =i don't have much self-
respect

1-workers in medicine : pharmacist /midwife /radiologist /surgeon /psychiatrist

/anaesthetist
2-treatment/drugs : morphine /antibiotic /painkiller /injection /phsiotherapy /
transplant
3- medical conditions : alzheimer's /arthritis /cancer /chest infection
/diabetes /heart disease /anorexia / bulimia

diagnose disease - experimented by - projected onto the wall - puplished his paper
- diagnostic radiology - brilliant medical researcher - paved the way for - isolate
and concentrate penicillin - accidental discovery - marks the start
help aches and pains - reduce fever - synthesised the ingredient -synthetic drug -
patented
-marketed alongside - aspirin is efective against arthritis,diabetes and heart
disease -
anaesthetic - tooth extraction - first public demonstration - anaesthetise a
patient - key factor
infection apart - spread by - single-celled parasite -endemic in parts of the world
- occur among - neck stiffness - fits - contracted malaria -
to get serious illness =contract

RAIL :maglev train , tram ,

ROAD :coach , lorry/truck ,motorbike , quadbike ,scooter , tram , van
LAND :cable car , quad bike
AIR :ballon , cable car , glider , helicopter , hovercraft
WATER:barge , ferry , hovercraft , hydrofoil , submarine

AIR :fogbound runway , turbulence ,

SEA :rough weather , low tide , turbulence(it is less common problem in sea)
ROAD:lane closure , tailback , puncture
RAIL:signalling problem , platform alteration

1-speed limits
2-anti-lock brakers
3-traffic signals
4-airbags
5-speed cameras
6-seat belts
7-one-way streets

depend less on fossil fuels - pace of society -pander to the thrill-seeking - field
of aviation - airline tycoon - bring to the general public -build a fleet -
aviation expert -
manned craft - sub-orbital flight - eventually come down - week's initial training
- level where masses of people
6-possible and likely to work = feasible
7-raised off the ground, in ahigh position = elevated
9-a plane, bus or train that makes regular trips between two places = shuttle
we need to look at alternative renewable energy sources as solutions to the future
of transport that are(feasible)and likely to be successful
1-she was tired after the long and (gruelling)journey
2-we were impressed by the (impeccable) manners of the smartly dressed porters
3-the age of the railway brought an(era)of prosperity
4-he was struck by the (opulence)of the blue train, with its elaborate furnishings
and an en-suite bathrooms
5-breathing becomes more difficult at high(altitude)
6-the(nomads)travelled far looking for grass for thier animals
7-the historic(icon),maalard, is the holder of the world speed record for steam
locomotives
8-he had always felt a certain amount of(nostalgia)for his life on the railways

1-a (pie chart) shows the different parts of a total amount. for example, it could
show the percentage of money that a student spends on entertainment,study
materials, clothes, accommodation and food
2-a(bar chart)is useful for comparing things and showing amounts or quantities at
specific times. for example, the percentage of people who own certain
products(cars,televisions,etc...)in three different periods
3-a(table)contians a list of numbers or facts arranged in rows and columns. it
could, for example, be a list of results for football league tables.
4-a(line graph)is useful for showing how things change overtime, and for showing
two or more sets of measurements which are related to each other. for example, it
might show how the number of passengers of an airline has changed from month to
month

1-the flight was delayed because of a fogbound runway

2-the only time i hate flying is when you are going through turbulence
3-the rough weather made us seasick
4-can you repair a puncture
5-it took us hours to get here;there was a massive tailback on the motorway
6-there's been a platform alteration so we'll have to cross to the other side of
the station

2-the skytrain system in bangkok is(levitate)above the streets

positive: elegant , graceful , impressive ,magnificent , stylish , imposing ,

innovative
negative: derelict , dilapidated , run-down ,ugly
neutral: ancient , classical , contemporary , ornate , traditional

1-not in a good condition: derelict , dilapidated , run-down

2-not modern: ancient , classical , traditional
3-unattractive: ugly ,derelict , dilapidated
4- new and different : innovative , stylish
5-attractive : elegant , graceful , stylish , magnificent
6-decorative : omate
7-modern : contemporary , innovative
8-important-looking : imposing , impressive , magnificent

1-damage :harm
2-rebuild : erect again
3-construct : build
4-demolish : knock down
5-maintain : keep in good condation
6-restore : repair to put in original condition
7-commision : ask someone to build
8-design : plan

1- a circular building with seats arranged on a slope (AMPHITHEATRE)

2- conttinued to exist in difficult conditions (SURVIVED)
3- repair a building so it is in good condition (RESTORE OR RENOVATE)
4- scientifically advanced (HIGH-TECH)
5- umbrellas that protect you from the sun (PARASOLS)
6- a building which is easily noticed (LANDMARK)
7- not lasting or needed for very long (TEMPORARY)
8- something ugly or very unpleasent to look at (EYESORE)

ntegrated into euroland - developing nations - earth's surface - wedding pavilion -

substantial proportion
- significant advantage - terra firma -to cater for - envisages - rim of the wheel
- accommodation pods - dine on - artificial gravity - strapped to beds - space
sickness - potential - outel shell - inflated - commercialise - inflatable modules
- rigid walls - the impact of space debris

1-again = revitalise
2-not = indisputable , unusual
3-wrongly = misplaced
4-be too strong /too much = overcome

measured by the effect - stand as metaphors - nasty dilemma - burning my bridges -

building bridges -it's all water under the bridge - fierce battles and thrilling
heroics - embody the spirit - bosnian conflict - heritage site -chief reason - leap
of daring - windswept -occasionally -shattered - indisputable -innovative -
alamillo bridge - pylon and cables - shape of harp - span of... - costliest
suspension bridge
- withstand hurricanes - tidal waves - hard granite - vendors - pedestrains day -
spans the mile-wide mouth of san francisco bay
odd one in the group
1-derelict = dilapidated = run-down // ornate
2-elegant = graceful = stylish // innovative
3-imposing = impressive = magnificent // ancient
4-classical = contemporary = traditional //ugly

1-we'll never know the answer to that question - it's insoluble

2-some of the old houses in the city are terribly overcrowded
3-investment in industry has revitalised the town
4-i'm sorry - i obviously misunderstood what you said
5-don't worry about that - it's unimportant right now

1-after the fire many buildings had to be (made again*rebuilt)

2-the earthquake (harmed*damaged) large areas of the country
3-we decided to (ask*commision) german construction company to build our new
company headquarters
4-they plan to (knock down*demolish) the dangerous building
5-who (planned*design) the sydney opera house
6-this building is hard to (keep in good condition*maintain)
7-we'd like to (repair*restore) all the original decoration
8-they plan to (build*construct) a new library here

p41
8
1- i'm going to study medicine, but i don't know where yet.
2-will you be passing the doctor's when you're out? i need my prescription
3-i can't see you next monday i'll be starting my new job that day
4-i'm seeing the doctor next week
5-Don't contact me between 2.00 and 3.00 as i'll be operating on apatient then
6-i'm starting a new job at the hospital next week
7-in a few minutes,we will be landing in lusaka
8-i'm having an operation on monday. i'll be recovering next week and will miss the
monthly meeting

p141 _1
1) 1-we're seeing swan lake tonight , we've bought the tickets
2-we're going to see a ballet soon , we haven't bought the tickets

2) 1-i'm going to do some exercise , i'd like to get fit

2-i'll be doing lots of exercise , i'm spending two weeks at a health spa
next month

3) 1-i'll be speaking to the manager , we always have a meeting on wednesday

2-i'm going to speak to the manager , i want to make a complaint

4) 1-i'm going to do a yoga course , i think there's one in my local gym

2-i'll be doing a yoga class on tuesday, i enrolled for it last week

5) 1-we'll be repainting the house , we've arranged to take a week off work
to do it
2-we're going to repaint the house , we haven't decided when to do it yet