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    Class02 A

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Alraed
    The document provides an overview of how the web works, including: - The internet is a network of connected computers, while the web shares information over the internet using HTTP. - Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web in 1989 while working at CERN, and by 1993 it was opened up for commercial use. - Web servers store and deliver web pages and content, while browsers make requests to servers and assemble pages from the content received. - URLs identify resources on the web through domain names and paths, and browsers use these to request content from servers which then assemble the final web page from HTML, stylesheets, images and other files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Class02 A

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Alraed
    13 views16 pages
    The document provides an overview of how the web works, including: - The internet is a network of connected computers, while the web shares information over the internet using HTTP. - Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web in 1989 while working at CERN, and by 1993 it was opened up for commercial use. - Web servers store and deliver web pages and content, while browsers make requests to servers and assemble pages from the content received. - URLs identify resources on the web through domain names and paths, and browsers use these to request content from servers which then assemble the final web page from HTML, stylesheets, images and other files.

    Original Title

    Class02_a

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    The document provides an overview of how the web works, including: - The internet is a network of connected computers, while the web shares information over the internet using HTTP. - Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web in 1989 while working at CERN, and by 1993 it was opened up for commercial use. - Web servers store and deliver web pages and content, while browsers make requests to servers and assemble pages from the content received. - URLs identify resources on the web through domain names and paths, and browsers use these to request content from servers which then assemble the final web page from HTML, stylesheets, images and other files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views16 pages

    Class02 A

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Alraed
    The document provides an overview of how the web works, including: - The internet is a network of connected computers, while the web shares information over the internet using HTTP. - Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web in 1989 while working at CERN, and by 1993 it was opened up for commercial use. - Web servers store and deliver web pages and content, while browsers make requests to servers and assemble pages from the content received. - URLs identify resources on the web through domain names and paths, and browsers use these to request content from servers which then assemble the final web page from HTML, stylesheets, images and other files.

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    2


    HOW THE WEB WORKS


    OVERVIEW

    • The internet vs. the web

    • History of the web

    • What servers do

    • What browsers do

    • URLs

    • How web pages are constructed


    Internet vs. Web

    internet

    International network of connected computers

    protocol

    A standardized method for transferring data or documents over
    a network (for example, FTP, STMP, HTTP)

    web

    Information shared over the internet using the Hypertext Transfer
    Protocol (HTTP), which is one of many ways to share information
    over the internet

    A Brief History of the Web

    • Started at CERN, a particle physics lab in Geneva,


    Switzerland

    • 1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposed a system for sharing


    documents via “hyperlinks”

    • 1990: Prototypes built, first by Tim B-L, then Robert Cailliau

    • 1992: Approximately 25 servers worldwide

    • 1993: Web opened up for commercial use


    The Web Server

    server

    A program that delivers documents and data on
    request

    web server

    Any computer running web server software
    .
    The Web Server (cont’d)

    IP address

    A unique number assigned to a device connected to the internet (IP
    = Internet Protocol). Example: 199.27.145.64

    Domain Name System (DNS)



    A system that allows internet users to refer to servers by name rather
    than number

    Domain name

    A name assigned to a web server (easier to use than IP numbers).
    Example: oreilly.com

    DNS server

    A server that matches domain names to their respective IP addresses
    The Browser

    • The software that requests data or documents from the web


    server

    • Also referred to as the client or user agent

    • Could be on a desktop machine, smartphone, other


    connected device, or an assistive device such as a screen
    reader

    • The program in the browser that interprets HTML/CSS/


    JavaScript is called the rendering engine
    Server-side vs. Client-side

    Indicates which machine is doing the processing:

    • Client-side applications run on the user’s


    machine

    • Server-side applications use the processing


    power of the server
    Web Page Addresses (URLs)

    URL = Uniform Resource Locator

    Every page and resource on the web 



    has its own URL
    Parts of a URL

    1. Identifies the protocol as “web” (HTTP)


    2. Identifies the site by its domain name
    3. Path through directories on the server to the target file
    What’s Going On with Simple URLs

    http://example.com/index.html

    1. The protocol is implied and will be added by browser

    2. Domain name is identified

    3. If there is no path or filename, it means the URL is


    pointing to a default file (usually index.html)
    Anatomy of a Web Page

    The page you see in the browser window is nearly always made
    up of multiple files, including:

    • An HTML document (gives the content structure)

    • Style sheets (describes how it should look)

    • Images and other media (embedded on the page on the fly)

    • Scripts (add behaviors and functionality)


    A Web Page and Its Components
    What Style Sheets Do

    Browser’s default rendering Simple style sheet applied


    Web Page Assembly Process

    1. Request a page using its URL

    2. Browser sends HTTP request to server

    3. Server returns the file (or a “404 Not Found” message)

    4. Browser looks at the HTML document. If there are external


    files (like images or style sheets), it contacts the server
    again for each resource

    5. The server returns the additional files, and the browser


    assembles the final page

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