Appoved COSH Manual REV.2

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.
8/9/2021igan
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FOREWORD
The Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training Manual is intended to equip the
CONSAFE participants with the most important aspects of performing the job of a safety
personnel professionally and effectively. Training is the most important element in becoming a
professional safety personnel.
This straightforward and easy-to-follow procedures, protocols and practices covers the
essentials safety personnel needs as they face issues of growing technology and an emphasis on
pro-activeness and vigilance is based on the requirements strictly being implemented by the
divisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Center.
The Construction Occupational Safety Health Manual, also covers many topics of current
concern such as workplace prevention and control of COVID-19, accident investigation,
employee compensation program and much more. This manual is a comprehensive tool for
developing successful and trusted professional safety officers.
ROGER V. FLORES. DHum, CSSP, CSSI, CCSM

DOLE -OSHC Accredited OSH Consultant
CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

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Table of Contents
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................... 1
COURSE DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 4
MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ................................... 4
MODULE 2: THE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS (UNSAFE ACTS & CONDITIONS) ........................ 11
MODULE 3: CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES .............................................................................. 15
MODULE 4: EXCAVATION SAFETY ................................................................................................... 19
MODULE 5: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY ............................................................................. 21
MODULE 6: CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (Mobile Equipment Safety) .................................... 28
MODULE 7: CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (Crane Safety).......................................................... 34
MODULE 8: FALL PROTECTION AND LADDER SAFETY ............................................................. 36
MODULE 9: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES (SCAFFOLDING SAFETY) ....................................... 41
MODULE 18: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ....................................................................................... 47
MODULE 11: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY......................................................................................... 50
MODULE 12: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ........................................................................................... 84
MODULE 13: COVID-19 PREVENTION MEASURES....................................................................... 89
MODULE 14: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................................................................ 108
MODULE 17: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 113
MODULE 15: DEMOLITION AND EXPLOSIVES ............................................................................. 116
MODULE 20: COMMUNICATING OSH ............................................................................................. 120
MODULE 16: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION ................................................................... 125
MODULE 19: ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICERS .................................................................................. 128
MODULE 21: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS .............................................................................. 133
MODULE 22: EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM .......................................................... 136
MODULE 23: SALIENT FEATURES OF OSH LEGISLATIONS .................................................... 138
MODULE 24: Development of an Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program .................. 146
RE-ENTRY PLAN .................................................................................................................................. 150
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................... 150
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................... 152
ANNEX A-1 : Employee Health Declaration Form ........................................................................ 152

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ANNEX A-2: Client/ Visitor Contact Tracing Form ................................................................................ 153
ANNEX D: Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Disease (PSMID) Guidelines ................ 156
ANNEX E: COVID-19 WAIR FORM ......................................................................................................... 157
ANNEX F: WAIR FORM .......................................................................................................................... 158
.............................................................................................................................................................. 158
ANNEX G: AEDR FORM.......................................................................................................................... 159
.............................................................................................................................................................. 159
ANNEX H: 1020 BWC IP3- FORM (REGISTRATION OF ESTABLISHMENT) .............................................. 160
ANNEX I: RSO ........................................................................................................................................ 161
ANNEX J: DOLE LABOR ADVISORY NO. 4-2019 ..................................................................................... 162
ANNEX K: JHA FORM ............................................................................................................................. 164
ANNEX L: HIRAC FORM ......................................................................................................................... 165
ANNEX M: DOLE LABOR ADVISORY NO.10-2019 .................................................................................. 166
ANNEX N: DRUG FREE WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM ......................................................... 167
ANNEX O: HEPATITIS-B WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM ....................................................... 171
ANNEX P: HIV/ AIDS WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM ............................................................ 176
ANNEX Q: TB WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM ....................................................................... 180

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COURSE DESCRIPTION
The forty (40)-hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for Safety Officers is a
mandatory training course in pursuant to Republic Act No. 11058 and DOLE Department Order
198 s. 2018. It is designed to impart knowledge and skills on basic concepts and principles of
occupational safety and health to enable safety officers to implement their respective company’s
safety and health program.
This is offered by the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC), Occupational Safety and
Health Networks (OSHNets), and DOLE-accredited Safety Training Organizations (STOs).
COURSE TITLE: CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR OFFICER 2 (SO2)
TYPE OF COURSE: Basic; Mandatory
METHODOLOGY: Lecture & discussions, exercises, workshop, presentation and reporting
DURATION: Forty (40) Hours including 2-Hour Communicating OSH
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and principles
of occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers in the construction
industry to develop and implement their company’s safety and health program.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER

• Created by E.O. 307 on November 4, 1987
• Government corporation attached to the Department of Labor & Employment
• National focal point on training, research, information and technical services on OSH
• The services of OSHC covers the preventive aspects of OSH both in the public and private
workplaces
MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH
OBJECTIVES:
• Participants will be able to express appreciation on OSH, recognize the importance of
various OSH data and state legal basis of OSH.

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• To explain the status of safety, health and welfare among the workers in the various
fields of the construction industry.
So, Why OSH?

Every workers has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHY workplace!
The occupational health and safety are about providing safety and health measures in
different work environments and sectors. It is an area that is concerned with the health,
safety, as well as welfare of people engaged in an organization. Every kind of work exposes
individuals to a number of hazards, for instance, dangerous machinery, loads that have to be
manually handled, electricity, toxic substances, working with display screen tools, risk of fire,
or even psychological hazards like stress. It might seem obvious, but management of health
and safety in the workplace
is very important because along with protecting employees, it also increases productivity
when employees are healthy and happy.
OSH (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH) IN COMPANIES IS

IMPORTANT FOR LEGAL, ECONOMIC, AND MORAL REASONS.
LEGAL reason for OSH is related to the compensatory, punitive, and preventative effects of
laws that protect the safety and health of workers. OSH legislation requires all organizations to
ensure the safety, welfare, and health of employees and to conduct all work-related activities in
such a manner that they should not pose any harm to them.
ECONOMIC There are powerful economic reasons for decreasing work concerning accidents
as well as ill health. In addition to decreasing costs, efficient safety and health management
promotes the productivity of a business. Ill health and diseases related to work can result in many
days absence from work. Accidents can hinder normal operations and is a possible addition to
the operating costs of a company. Additionally, the strain and stress on other employees can
demotivate them, or might lead to more mishaps. The medical expenses incurred by injured and
ill workers in hospitals will be borne by the company.
MORAL It is morally right to safeguard a worker from any kind of harm. It is the duty of all the
companies to provide the best care to their employees. Friends and families would expect their
loved ones who go out to make their livelihood to come back home safe. The grief, pain, and
suffering of people who have their health affected or are hurt while working for their companies
are felt by workers as well as their family members.
GLOBAL OSH SITUATIONER

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According to recent estimates released by the International Labour Organization (ILO), each year
2.78 million workers die from occupational accidents and work-related diseases (of which 2.4
million are disease-related) and an additional 374 million workers suffer from non-fatal
occupational accidents. It is estimated that lost work days globally represent almost 4 per cent
of the world’s GDP, and in some countries, this rises to 6 per cent or more (Hämäläinen et al,
2017; Takala et al, 2014).
According to the report, globally 1,000 people are estimated to die every day from occupational
accidents and a further 6,500 from work-related diseases. The aggregate figures indicate an
overall increase in the number of deaths attributed to work: from 2.33 million deaths in 2014 to
2.78 million deaths in 2017.
Estimates suggest that circulatory system diseases (31 per cent), work-related cancers (26 per
cent) and respiratory diseases (17 per cent) contribute to almost three-quarters of the total work-
related mortality. Diseases are the cause of the great majority of work-related deaths (2.4 million
deaths or 86.3 per cent), in comparison to fatal occupational accidents (which make up the
remaining 13.7 per cent). Together, these account for 5 to 7 per cent of deaths globally
(Christopher and Murray, 2016; ILO, 2006; Murray and Lopez, 1996.C
In addition, the most recent
estimates from the WHO show that
when accounting for both deaths
and disability, the fraction of the
global disease burden in the general
population due to occupation
amounts to 2.7 per cent (WHO,
2018).
Most recent figures suggest that

ergonomic factors, injury risk
factors, particulate matter, gases,
fumes and noise make the largest contributions to the total global burden of occupational disease
(Driscoll, 2018). There is also some evidence that the relative contributions of various
occupational risk factors are changing. Of 18 exposures measured in the Global Burden of Disease
Survey 2016, only occupational exposure to asbestos had fallen between 1990 and 2016 while all
other exposures increased (by almost 7 per cent) (Gakidou et al, 2017).
Recent research indicates that worldwide about 20 per cent of lower back and neck pain and 25
per cent of hearing loss in adults are attributable to occupational exposures (WHO, 2018). This
suggests both that occupational exposures to traditional and well-known harmful physical,
chemical, and biological agents continue to occur on a large scale, and that there is still some way
to go before the trend of increasing levels of occupational exposure to such risk factors is
reversed globally.

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According to estimates, the burden of occupational mortality and morbidity is not equally
distributed across the world. About two-thirds (65 per cent) of global work-related mortality is
estimated to occur in Asia, followed by Africa (11.8 per cent), Europe (11.7 per cent), America
(10.9 per cent) and Oceania (0.6 per cent). This reflects the distribution of both the world’s
working population and hazardous work, as well as differing levels of national economic
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development. The rates of fatal occupational accidents per 100,000 workers also show stark
regional differences (Figure 1), with those in Africa and Asia between 4 and 5 times higher than
those in Europe (Hämäläinen et al, 2017).
There are also differences in relative contributions of various causes of work-related mortality by
region (Figure 2), though this is also affected by differences in reporting and recording.
Developed countries appear to have a higher proportion of work-related mortality from cancers
(over 50 per cent) and a much smaller proportion from occupational accidents and infectious
conditions (under 5 per cent). Africa has the highest relative share of work-related communicable
diseases (over a third) and occupational accidents (over 20 per cent) and lowest for cancers (less
than 15 per cent) (Takala et al, 2017).
These regional differences in work-related deaths and diseases reflect the multiple and multi-
faceted national, social, political, demographic and occupational differences between countries
and regions globally. They also reflect different capacities to manage health and safety issues in
workplaces and different capacities of national governments to effectively put in place and
enforce health and safety rules. While there has been a long-term fall in occupational accidents,
in global terms this has been offset by the increase in occupational injury fatalities as a result of
the growing share of production to rapidly industrially progressing countries, particularly in Asia
(Takala et al, 2014). Occupational accidents and work-related diseases have a substantial global
impact. While underreporting of OSH data often undermines its reliability, the data here suggests
that this impact varies according to where workers live and work, reflecting inequalities in their
exposure to risks.
Aiming to strengthen global capacity for evidence synthesis and disease burden modelling in
occupational health, the ILO and the WHO have joined efforts for estimating the global burden
of work-related diseases and injury.
Source:https://safety4sea.com/ilo-2-78-million-workers-die-from-occupational-accidents-
annually/?fbclid=IwAR20rpdwPacXxx9Ol1cMSVwRDLJBuNFPvPCosh4Atl-57SK_xPMwITUKSqI
PHILIPPINE OSH SITUATIONER
Safety and health at work in the Philippines

Occupational accidents and diseases cause human suffering and loss. Their economic cost is high,
with some 2 million workers dying each year from work-related accidents and diseases, and the
figure is on the increase in spite of efforts to make inroads.
The Philippine Government estimates that 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and large
enterprises enjoy effective occupational safety and health (OSH) protection and services. In other
words, 17 of 18 persons in the nation’s workforce of 38.8 million do not benefit from acceptable
working conditions. Studies substantiate that OSH conditions in micro-firms and the informal
sector pose risks and hazards.
The ILO Country Office for the Philippines (CO-Manila) supports programs to promote a culture
of safety and health that bring OSH services to those that need them the most. A range of
government and non-government agencies are partners, with beneficiaries that include agrarian
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reform farmers, informal workers and trade unions and their members. The office works with
constituents – governments, workers and employer’s organizations to promote ratification of
the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No.187).
A national occupational safety and health culture is one in which the right to a safe and healthy
working environment is respected at all levels, where governments, employers and workers
actively participate in securing a safe and healthy working environment through a system of
defined rights, responsibilities and duties, and where the highest priority is accorded to the
principle of prevention.
2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment(ISLE)

Occupational Injuries and Diseases (OID): 2017
Reference Number: 2019-214

Release Date: Friday, December 13, 2019
• A total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related accidents

were reported by about 16.3 percent of the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or
more workers in 2017.
• As a result of workplace accidents, about

46,283 cases of occupational injuries were
recorded in 2017. Both cases of
occupational accidents and cases of
occupational injuries in 2017 were
comparatively lower by 14.5 percent and
9.2 percent, respectively from 2015. (Figure
1)
• Among cases of occupational injuries,
about 43.9 percent were non-fatal cases
with lost workdays while about 1 percent
were fatal cases. More than half of all
occupational injuries (55.1%) were
accounted to cases of injuries without lost workdays.
• By industry, manufacturing accounted for the highest share of occupational injuries at
49.7 percent of the total cases. Far second was wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motorcycles at 11.4 percent, followed by administrative and support service activities at
7.2 percent share.
MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES
• The frequency rate in 2017 was registered at 1.75 percent. Approximately, there were 2
cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per 1,000,000 employee-hours
of exposure.

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• The incidence rate in 2017 was posted at 4.27 percent which indicates that there were
around 4 cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers.
• The severity rate was recorded at 9.68. This means that about 10 workdays were lost in
cases of occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-
hours of exposure.
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY CLASSIFICATION
TYPE OF INJURY
• Superficial injuries and open wounds were the most common type of occupational
injuries with more than half or 50.8 percent of the total cases reported. This was followed
by dislocations, sprains and strains with 12.0 percent and fractures with 10.7 percent.
PART OF BODY INJURED

• Wrist and hand was collectively recorded as the most injured part of body accounting for
35.9 percent. Lower extremities and arm and shoulder came next with 18.7 percent and
17.6 percent, respectively.
CAUSE OF INJURY
• The leading cause of work-related injury in establishments was stepping on, striking
against or struck by objects, excluding falling objects (36.3%). Other causes of injury
include caught in or between objects (21.0%) and falls of persons (10.5%).
AGENT OF INJURY
• The top three (3) agents of injuries in 2017 were machines and equipment (26.2%);
materials and objects (24.4%); and hand tools (18.3%).
MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP

• By major occupation group, 30.2 percent of the total 20,797 cases of occupational injuries
with workdays lost in 2017 affected plant and machine operators and assemblers. Injuries
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to service and sales workers; and elementary occupations followed at 19.3 percent and
18.7 percent, respectively.
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Occurrences of occupational diseases in
establishments employing 20 or more
workers accounted to 101,851 cases in 2017.
This was a decrease of 19.1 percent from
125,973 reported cases in 2015. (Figure 3)
• Topmost work-related diseases suffered by

workers was back pains with 31.3 percent.
Other most prevalent occupational diseases
experienced were essential hypertension
(15.5%) and neck-shoulder pains (11.4%)
• Workers engaged in administrative and support service activities reported the highest
share of cases with occupational diseases with 31.8 percent. Followed by manufacturing
industry (28.9%) and wholesale and retail trade; repair of motorcycles (9.6%).
Source:https://psa.gov.ph/content/20172018-integrated-survey-labor-and-employmentisle-part-6-module-
occupational-injuries-and
MODULE 2: THE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS (UNSAFE

ACTS & CONDITIONS)
It begins with knowledge of the causes of accidents – Acts and

Conditions.
ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident.

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For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors
in any workplace injury or accident is the key.
MAN MACHINE MATERIAL

Workforce Tools Used or Worked or
Management of Machinery made
the workforce
Policies
Behavior
METHOD ENVIRONMENT
Policies Physical surroundings
Programs Natural environment
Work Methods Community, social & legal
influences
THEORY OF ACCIDENTS
DOMINO THEORY
• Scientific Approach to
Accident/Prevention
• “Accident” is one factor in a
sequence that may lead to
injury.
The Iceberg Effect on Cost of Accidents (Employer)

• Direct Cost
o Medical Treatment
o Insurance Claims
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o Lost Man-hours
• Indirect Cost
o Litigation
o Delays in schedule
o Damage to customer relations
o Damage to equipment / materials
o Training new labor
o Lost productivity and quality
o Overtime pay
WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT?
Is usually a result of contact of the body (or man) with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body.
Safety Health
Freedom from accidents Freedom from illness;
Absence of hazardous conditions and acts State of wellness, not just the absence of
disease
Hazard Risk
An event or disagreement that is likely to The chance of physical or personal loss
cause serious problems
Focus of OSH
• MAN
• MACHINE
• MATERIAL
• METHOD
• ENVIRONMENT or CONDITION
What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

Occupational safety and health are a discipline with a broad scope involving three major fields:
• Occupational Safety - deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways
to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any workplace. Safety at work discusses
concepts on good housekeeping, proper materials handling and storage, machine safety,
electrical safety, fire prevention and control, safety inspection, and accident
investigation.
• Occupational Health - is a broad concept which explains how the different hazards and
risks at work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in
controlling work-related and/or occupational diseases.

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• Industrial Hygiene - discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical,
chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards (more on this in the section on Industrial
Hygiene).
OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of

workers is the “Whole Person”.
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is targeted towards achieving:
1. The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-
being of workers in all occupations;
2. The prevention of adverse health effects of the working conditions;
3. The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to
physical and mental needs;
4. The adaptation of work to humans (not vice versa).
Types of accidents:
• Fall from height and fall from the same level (slips and trips)
• Struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects
• Struck by falling objects
• Caught in, on or in between objects
• Electrocution
• Fire
Basic Causes of Accidents are classified as:

1. Unsafe Condition - These are the circumstances that foretelling an accident or condition
that is containing a hazard.
a. Circumstances which could permit the occurrence of an incident or accident
b. Deviation from standard conditions (equipment, materials, or environment)
2. Unsafe Act - is any act that deviates from a generally recognized safe way or specified
method of doing a job and which increases the probabilities for an accident.
a. Act of omission – omitted the action which resulted in an accident
b. Act of commission – committed the action which resulted in an accident
Examples of an Unsafe or Unhealthy

Examples of an Unsafe or Unhealthy Act
Condition
a. Slippery and wet floors a. Horse playing
b. Dusty work area b. Smoking in non-smoking areas
c. Congested plant lay-out c. Using substandard or defective tools
d. Octopus wiring d. Non - wearing of PPE’s
e. Scattered objects on the floor/work area e. Driving without license
f. Poor storage system f. Reporting to work under the influence of liquor
g. Protruding nails and sharp objects or drugs

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INCIDENT
OCCURANCE
TYPE
Struck by
Struck against
Slip, trip fall
Caught on or in
Fall on same level
Caught in between
Overexertion
CONTACT WITH
Electricity
Equipment
Noise
Vibration
Chemical
Radiation
Workshop:
List the causes of the accident, separating the unsafe acts from the unsafe conditions.
As a Rule, … Be SPECIFIC, not General!
MODULE 3: CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
Objective:
The aim of the participant is to be able to identify the hazards in a typical construction workplace;
to show to other that these dangers exist’ to list ways to keep the workplace clean, safe and
healthy; and to provide guideline for all employees to follow.
Accident Prevention:
• Real factor in the economic success of any construction job
• Methods of prevention
• Ample evidence
• Profitable
• Lower Cost and greater efficiency

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General Construction Site Requirements
• Accident prevention is a legal requirement
• Complete understanding between practical experience in running construction jobs
• Accident prevention as part of advance planning
• Protection of workers and the public
• Applicable gov’t standard regulations
Construction Hazards
• Open excavation
• Falling objects
• Welding operations
• Dust and Dirt
• Temporary wirings
• Temporary overhead electrical lines
Construction Site Requirement – construction premises shall have adequate signs for fire,
emergency or danger, and safety instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times.
Construction safety signage must be provided to warn workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace:
• Areas where there is potential risk from falling objects
• Tripping or slipping hazards
• Periodic update of man-hours lost
LOCATION
Safety signs shall be placed such that they will:
• Be readily visible to the intended viewer
• Alert the viewer to the potential hazard in time to take appropriate action
PROTECTION
Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra-violet light,
or substance such as lubricants, chemical and dirt.
WARNING SIGNS DIMENSION
S > L2/2000
Where:
S & L= expressed in the same unit of measurement
S = Area of Safety Sign
L = Distance of Observation
PANEL
Area of safety sign having distinctive background colors different from adjacent areas of the sign,
which is clearly delineated by a line, border or margin
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• THREE (3) PANELS PER SIGN
o Signal Word - Area of safety sign that contains the signal word and the safety alert
symbol
o Message - Area of the safety sign that contains the word messages which identify
the hazard, indicate how to avoid the hazard and advise of the probable
consequence of not avoiding the hazard
o Symbol - Area of the safety sign that contains the symbol/pictorial
Standard Color of Signs for Safety:

RED – Fire protection ORANGE – WARNING
To call attention to fire To designate dangerous parts
protection equipment of machines energized
apparatus and facilities equipment. Electrical hazards.
BLUE – NOTICE
To designate caution, limited
GREEN – Designating Safety, to warning against starting
First Aid use of or the movement of
equipment, which is under
repair.
WHITE – Traffic PURPLE – Radiation
White, black, or a combination To designate hazards. Yellow
of these, are the basic colors for is used in combination with
the designation of traffic and purple for markers, such as
housekeeping marking. tags, labels, signs.
YELLOW - CAUTION
For marking physical hazards,
such as striking, against
stumbling falling, tripping and
“caught in between”.
Worker’s Welfare Facilities

OSHS RULE 1060: PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS
Employer Shall provide for adequate supply of safe drinking water, adequate sanitary and
washing
facilities in order to ensure humane conditions of work.
Worker’s Welfare Facilities
• Source of drinking water
• Sanitary and washing facilities
• Living accommodation
• Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women
Housekeeping
• Good housekeeping is the foundation of a safe, healthy and pleasant workplace.
• It is essential that all areas be kept clean, orderly, and with all necessary things in the
proper places.

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OSHS RULE 1060 OSHS: PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines
and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage and filling of
materials.
• WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?
o Housekeeping is not just keeping your workplace clean and safe but it is an
effective workplace organization.
o Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and everything is in place. It
is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace.
o Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and
illnesses; it therefore improves productivity, and minimizes direct and indirect
costs of accidents/illnesses.
What are the signs of DISORDER

• Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
• Untidy piling of materials]
• Piled-on material damaging other material
• Items no longer needed
• Blocked aisle ways
• Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way places
• Materials gathering dust and dirt from disuse
• Excessive quantities of items
• Overcrowded bins and containers
• Overflow storage areas and shelves
• Broken containers and damaged materials
The 5S System
It is a systematized step of good housekeeping to organize work areas, keeps rules and standards,
and maintain the discipline needed to perform a good job.
• Sort (Seiri)
• Set in Order (Seiton)
• Shine (Seiso)
• Standardize (Seiketsu)
• Sustain (Shitsuke)
5S System Philosophy
1. Eliminating waste raises productivity.
2. Attack the root cause of the problem.
3. Everyone should participate
4. It is necessary to standardize and conduct continuous training since human is by nature
forgetful and tend to commit mistakes.

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MODULE 4: EXCAVATION SAFETY
Objective:
• By the end of the session, the participant will be able to list the different hazards related
to excavations
• To illustrate the corrective actions to address the hazards involved.
Safety requirements in Excavations:

• Prior to opening an excavation, check excavation permit if any.
• All underground installations (i.e. sewer, water, fuel, electrical and communication lines,
etc., shall be located and protected from damaged or displacement.
• Trees, boulders, stumps, monuments or other surface encumbrances located so as to
create hazards at any time during operations shall be removed before excavation is
started.
During Operations
• Men working in trenches shall wear goggles & hard hats as protection against falling
objects/materials.
• Excavated materials shall be stored and retained
at least 1.0 meter from the edge of the
excavation and at a distance to prevent
excessive loading on the face of the excavation.
• Boulders or other materials such that may slide
/roll into the excavation shall be removed or
made safe.
• Do not stockpile materials or store equipment
nears the edge of excavation, excessive loading
on the face of excavation will tend to collapse.
• Special attention shall be given to side slopes,
which may be adversely affected by weather,
moisture content or vibration.
• The sides of excavations 4.0 ft. or 1.22 meter
or more in depth unless in solid rock, hard shale, or cemented sand and gravel shall either
be sloped to the angle of repose or be supported by sheeting, shoring or other support
systems.
• Where it is necessary to undercut the side of an excavation, overhanging material shall
be safely supported.
• Pick & shovel men working in excavation/trenches shall keep a sufficient distance apart
so they cannot injure each other.
• Where excavations are to be made below adjacent foundations of structures, such
foundations shall be supported by adequate shoring, bracing underpinning or other

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supports shall be inspected daily and after every rainstorm or other hazards increase
occurrence by a competent person.
• Ground water shall be controlled. Diversion ditches dikes or other suitable means shall be
constructed and used to prevent surface water from entering an excavation/trenches.
• Where pedestrian and vehicular traffic is to be maintained over or adjacent to
excavations, proper safeguards should be provided, such as walkways, bridges, guardrails,
barricades, warning flags or lights.
Equipment Operations at Excavation

• If it is necessary to operate power shovels, trucks, materials or heavy objects on a level
above and near an excavation, the sides of excavation shall be sheet piled, shored and
braced as necessary to resist the extra super imposed loads.
• Excavating or hoisting equipment shall not be allowed to raise, lower or swing loads over
people in the excavation without substantial overhead protection.
• When mobile equipment is utilized or allowed adjacent to excavations, substantial stop
logs, warning signs, or barricades shall be installed.
• Don’t work too close to the cliff/edge of the excavation. Avoid rework due to cave in.
• When starting the machine to move forward and backward, sound the horn or give signals
to ensure safety
• Always pay attention to the people around the machine provide signalmen for workers
safety.
• If concrete placement will be done at the excavation, stop logs shall be placed near the
edge of excavation
During Break Times - Workmen shall

never stand or take rest on high banks
of soft material where there is danger
of a cave-in.
Access to Excavations
• Excavations over 1.0-meter-deep
should be by ramps, ladders and
stairways. Workmen should not jump
into the trench and shall not use the
bracing as a stairway.
• Ladders used as access-ways shall extend from the bottom of the trench to not less than
3.0 ft. or 91. 44 cm above the surface. Lateral travel to an exit ladder shall not exceed 25.0
ft. or 7.62 meters.
After Operations
• Guardrails, fences or other barricades and warning lights or other illuminations
maintained from sunset to sundown shall be placed at all excavations.

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• No tools, materials or debris should be left in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of
excavations. Such material might be knocked off or cause a worker to lose his footing.
Excavation in Confined Spaces

• Check the atmosphere condition before entry. Do not work alone in confined space.
Provide lifeline. Provide ventilation or blower before entering the confined spaces.
Emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harnesses and line and
basket stretcher shall be readily available where adverse atmospheric conditions are
suspected or may develop in excavations.
MODULE 5: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY
Objective
In the process of removing or avoiding the hazards, workers must learn to recognize the hazards
associated with the different types of tools and the safety precautions necessary to prevent those
hazards.
Hazard Recognition
Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that they may pose
hazards. All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but, tragically, a serious accident often
occurs before steps are taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.
Hand Tools
Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches. The greatest
hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.
• Some examples:
o Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the
screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or other
employees.
o If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is
loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user
or another worker.
o A wrench must not be used if its jaws are
sprung, because it might slip.
o Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift
pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed
heads. The heads might shatter on impact,
sending sharp fragments flying.
o The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used
by employees but the employees have the responsibility for properly using and
maintaining tools.

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o Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be
directed away from aisle areas and other employees working in close proximity.
Knives and scissors must be sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp
ones.
o Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc.,
should be worn due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable
power tools and hand tools.
o Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent
accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools.
o Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can
be a dangerous ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools
made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for safety.
Power Tool Precautions

Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used. There are several types of power tools,
based on the power source they use: electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-
actuated.
Employees should be trained in the use of all tools - not just power tools. They should understand
the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent those hazards from occurring.
The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users:

• Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
• Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.
• Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
• Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing
• accessories such as blades, bits and cutters.
• All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work
area.
• Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the
tool.
• Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button
• while carrying a plugged-in tool.
• Tools should be maintained with care. They should be kept sharp and clean for the best
performance. Follow instructions in the user's manual for lubricating and changing
accessories.
• Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance.
• The proper apparel should be worn. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in
moving parts.
• All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged "Do
Not Use."
Guards

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Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded. For example, belts, gears,
shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating,
or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by
employees.
Guards, as necessary, should be provided to protect the operator and others from the
following:
• Point of operation,
• In-running nip points,
• Rotating parts, and
• Flying chips and sparks.
Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used. For example, portable circular
saws must be equipped with guards. An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw. A
retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes contact with the
work material. The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool
is withdrawn from the work.
Safety Switches
• The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact "on-
off" control switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders
with wheels larger than 2 inches in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws,
saber saws, and other similar tools. These tools also may be equipped with a lock-on
control provided that a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn it on can
accomplish turn off. The following hand-held powered tools may be equipped with only
a positive "on-off" control switch: platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less
in diameter; grinders with wheels 2 inches or less in diameter; routers, planers, laminate
trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws and jigsaws with blade shanks ¼-inch wide or less.
• Other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater
than 2 inches, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means
must be equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the
pressure is released.
Electric Tools
• Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers; the most serious is the
possibility of electrocution.
• Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in two ways:
by normal insulation on the wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity
to the operator in the event of a malfunction.
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical accidents:
• Direct
o Electrocution
o Burns
o Electrical Shock
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• Indirect
o Falls
o Electrical Fire - A failure or malfunction within the electrical components of
equipment or machinery can cause electrical fires. Electrical fires originate in
electric wires, cables, circuit breakers, and within electrical components.
▪ Electric short circuiting
▪ Arcing blast & sparks
▪ Overloading
▪ Use & misused of defective electrical equipment
Clues That Electrical Hazards Exist:

• Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses
• Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes
• Circuit breaker that shuts off a circuit
• Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
Electrical Shock - is the most serious electrical hazard.

• This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool or a machine with poor insulation.
• You then become a conductor. The shock that you feel is the electrical current going
through your body.
Severity of the shock depends on:

• Path of current through the body
• Amount of current flowing through the body (amps)
• Duration of the shocking current through the body.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES:

• Don't guess every line should assume energized & Inspect regularly
• Avoid using temporary electrical lines & Observe PEC Requirement
• Only qualified Electrician should be allowed to work in electrical jobs & Never Work Alone
on electrical lines
• Always have a high respect for electricity
• Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations.
• Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools.
• When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place.
• Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations.
• Work areas should be well lighted.
• Practice LOTOTO System & Use Appropriate PPE & insulated tools
EFFECTIVE ENERGY CONTROL PROGRAM

• Must have a written Management Directive on ENERGY CONTROL PROGRAM requiring all
employees & contractors strictly comply with its requirements.

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• Must have promoted awareness of safe work practices, including proper dissemination
to all employees and contractors
• Must have identified energy control points.
• Must have written machine-specific procedures.
• Must have a method of auditing and updating procedures.
• Must have identified personnel authorized to perform LO/TO.
• Must have used training methods for all authorized & affected employees, including all
supervisors and service providers.
• Must have provided solutions for labeling or tagging valves, switches, breakers, etc.
• Must have equipped employees with the proper lockout tools and warning devices.
• Must have conducted periodic audits of procedures and equipment/devices/tools.
• Must have proper records and documentation.
• Must have an annual program review & program effectiveness measure.
Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools

• Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special
safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments.
• Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and sound- or ring-
tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects. To test, wheels should be tapped
gently with a light non-metallic instrument. If they sound cracked or dead, they could fly
apart in operation and so must not be used. A sound and undamaged wheel will give a
clear metallic tone or "ring."
• To prevent the wheel from cracking, the user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle.
The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place, without distorting
the flange. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Care must be taken to assure
that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel specifications.
• Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating (exploding) during start-up, the employee
should never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed.
• Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers not
only from the moving wheel surface, but also from flying fragments in case of breakage.
In addition, when using a powered grinder:

• Always use eye protection.
• Turn off the power when not in use.
• Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.
Pneumatic Tools
• Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include
chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.
• There are several dangers encountered in the use of
pneumatic tools. The main one is the danger of getting hit by
one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the
worker is using with the tool.

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• Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended for employees working
with pneumatic tools.
• Noise is another hazard. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper,
effective use of hearing protection.
• When using pneumatic tools, employees must check to see that they are fastened
securely to the hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or
positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safeguard.
• A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a
chipping hammer, from being unintentionally shot from the barrel.
• Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments
around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.
• Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Users should never "dead-
end" it against themselves or anyone else.
Powder-Actuated Tools
• Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated
with the same respect and precautions. In fact, they are so dangerous
that only specially trained employees must operate them.
• Safety precautions to remember include the following:

o These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.
o Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean,
that all moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions.
o The tool should never be pointed at anybody.
o The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded tool
should not be left unattended, especially where it would be available to
unauthorized persons.
• Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end. To prevent the tool from firing
accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing: one to bring the tool into
position, and another to pull the trigger. The tools must not be able to operate until they
are pressed against the work surface with a force of at least 5 pounds greater than the
total weight of the tool.
• If a powder-actuated tool misfires, the employee should wait at least 30 seconds, then
try firing it again. If it still will not fire, the user should wait another 30 seconds so that
the faulty cartridge is less likely to explode, than carefully remove the load. The bad
cartridge should be put in water.
• Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder-actuated tool.
• The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered
perpendicularly on the barrel to confine any flying fragments or particles that might
otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired. The tool must be designed so that it will
not fire unless it has this kind of safety device.
• All powder-actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so that the user
can select a powder level necessary to do the work without excessive force.

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• If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of service
immediately until it is properly repaired.
Fasteners
• When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, there are some precautions to
consider. Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to
the other side. The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any
closer than 3 inches to an edge or corner. In steel, the fastener must not come any closer
than one-half inch from a corner or edge. Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or
brittle materials which might chip or splatter, or make the fastener ricochet.
• An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole. A
fastener must not be driven into a spilled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening.
Hydraulic Power Tools

• The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid and must
retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be
exposed.
• The manufacturer's recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes,
filters, and other fittings must not be exceeded.
Jacks
• All jacks - lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks - must have a device
that stops them from jacking up too high. Also, the manufacturer's load limit must be
permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not be exceeded.
• A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must
immediately be blocked up.
• Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary, to make the jack level and secure. If
the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and
the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage.
To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

• the base rests on a firm level surface,
• the jack is correctly centered,
• the jack head bears against a level surface, and
• the lift force is applied evenly.
• Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be inspected before each use
and lubricated regularly. If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be
thoroughly examined to make sure it has not been damaged.

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MODULE 6: CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (Mobile
Equipment Safety)
Objective:
• The participant is expected to list the hazards when working with heavy equipment;
• Cite the dangers when working with or around heavy equipment;
• Prepare checklists for management and staff for safe operation and care of heavy
equipment.
Heavy Equipment
Any machine w/ engine or electric motor as prime mover; with
minimum operating weight or horsepower rating of 1,000 Kg. or
10 HP. respectively. Used either for Lifting, Excavating, Levelling,
Drilling, Compacting, Transporting, Breaking works in
construction site;
Oftentimes, heavy equipment is used in construction sites for speed and accuracy. To name a
few:
• Front-end loaders; Rubber-tired and tracked
• Crawler tractors/bulldozers, skid steer bobcats
• Wheel tractor-scrapers, elevating scrapers, tandem powered scrapers
• Rubber-tired backhoes and tracked hydraulic excavators
• On and off-road haulage vehicles
• Asphalt Pavers and associated support equipment - Vibratory rollers and compactors
• Motor graders, grade tractors, industrial tractors
• Concrete mixers and pump trucks
• Special use construction equipment: grinding,
• Pulverizing, milling, water trucks, etc.
Heavy Equipment: What Do They Do?

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PHOTO: Google
Concerned Personnel:
• Equipment Operator
• Workers on Foot & Spotters
• Management People and Supervisors
• Other Construction Site Personnel
Goal and Objectives

• Prevent workplace accidents!
• Prevent personal injuries between moving equipment and those workers who are on foot.
• You must see and be seen!!!
Today’s Situation
Being struck by, or caught in- between, are two of the leading cause of injuries and fatalities on
construction sites! Struck by (22%); Caught in-between (18%)
Why?
• A nation-wide, past history of persons being struck or crushed by operating or moving
equipment.
• The impression that the equipment operator always knows where the ground personnel
are located.

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Available Solutions
• Management commitment
• Workers’ involvement
• Pre-construction job safety analysis
• Hazard prevention and controls
• Equipment maintenance
• Workers’ awareness training
• Periodically review procedures
Management Commitment
• Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
• Establish controlled entry points to site.
• Coordinate operations of various trades working in the same areas.
• Provide fundamental site rules and training to all persons at risk.
• Adequate lay-down areas established.
Workers’ Involvement
• All workers who are at risk must receive basic indoctrination.
• Absolute need to address problem with employees on a regular basis. (Toolbox Safety
Meetings).
• Workers must learn, follow, and obey established rules.
• Realize that they must see, and be seen.
Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis

• Identify potential known hazards.
• Job conditions: haul roads, access points.
• Lay down/storage areas.
• Office, tool, storage and change trailers.
• Methods of construction, (increases risk?)
• Also consider: unwanted side effects of the job schedule.
Hazard Prevention and Controls

• Perimeter fencing, enclosures, signs.
• Spotters provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment.
• Poor planning forces workers to commit unsafe acts! (office trailers, change trailers, haul
roads,
• parking areas).
• Be alert; stay clear; hear warnings.
• Temporary barricades around hazards.
Proper Equipment Maintenance

• Machine in proper working order.
• Back-up alarm, horn, lights, mirrors.
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• Cab glass not cracked or broken.
• Machine windows, mirrors, kept clean.
• Pre-operational inspection conducted by operator.
• Prompt repair of any noted deficiencies
Workers’ Awareness Training

• Does your job require you to approach moving or backing machines?
• How does the operator know where you are?
• Do you understand all signs, markers and flags? Know what they mean!
• You must always be alert to changing job conditions and your particular situation.
Equipment Operator Responsibilities

• General Guidelines:
o Safety features on equipment, know how they operate, and use them properly.
o Systematic maintenance and repair.
o Trained operators and repair personnel.
o Pre-operational inspection of equipment.
o Review manufacturer’s operating manual
• Specific Guidelines:
o The most dangerous movement is backing!
o Know where your blind spots are.
o Look for people on foot around you.
o STOP! When signaled; when waived at violently; or when in doubt
o Maintain a safe operating speed.
o Keep machine under control at all times.
o Take machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate.
o Make sure you’re familiar with the operating characteristics of your machine.
o Be on the look-out for other trades working in the same area.
o Be aware of other machines operating in the area. Frequently check for the location
of other machines. Keep lights and backup alarm in operating condition.
o Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!
o Clean windows and adjust mirrors.
o Always inform appropriate personnel of any abnormal conditions, defects, or changes
made in machine and/or job procedure or conditions.
o Report unsafe workers to supervisor.
o Talk-up safety with those who work with you. Maintain “constant awareness”.
o Do not attempt repairs or maintenance that you do not understand.
o Always check the mirror on the blind side, making sure of your clearance.
o Learn and follow safe work practices!
o Have a signalman present when moving in or out of a building (or structure).
o Stop machine frequently at night, walk around, inspect it and stay alert.
o Clear all obstacles from the path of the machine, beware of hazards such as wires,
ditches.

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Spotter Responsibilities
1. Wearing of high visibility vests or equivalent and other appropriate PPE’s.
2. Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control devices , (i.e. signs,
etc.)
3. Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain visible to the operator
and be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given.
Manufacturer’s Recommendations
• Clear all personnel from the machine and the area.
• The operator must be satisfied that no one will be endangered before moving the
machine.
• Look behind machine before backing.
Observations
• Small machines have small blind spots, while large machines have large blind spots, both
can cause serious injury or death!
• The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area.
• All Involved must give constant attention to what they are doing!
Danger of being Struck-by, items to consider:

• Revolving machines; cranes & backhoes.
• Struck by attachments of machines.
• Crowbar related accidents, hooking and unhooking.
• Articulated machines - pinch points.
• Attaching homemade devices to a machine, not approved by mfg., (hooks).
Danger of being Struck-by

• The hazard of a water cooler mounted on a piece of equipment. storing crew lunch boxes
on equipment.
• Hand tools placed or stored on mobile equipment platforms or decks.
• Environmental design of the machine; noise suppression-vs.-hearing protection.
In Defense of the Equipment Operator
• Where do all these people come from?
• Machine design; not much thought given to persons on foot in the working area.
• Faster and bigger machines; not as forgiving as older, slower, machines.
• Can’t see everything that goes on around the machine.
Responsibilities of workers on foot

• Wearing of high visibility vests or equivalent and other appropriate PPE’s.
• Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment.
• Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees
you.
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• Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
• Watch out for swinging parts.
• Separate on-foot workers from equipment as much as possible
• Design the work space and operations to eliminate/minimize backing and blind spots
• Train workers and equipment operators on communication methods
• When necessary, use a spotter so the vehicles do not run over workers or back into
other vehicles
BLIND SPOTS
4. Small heavy mobile equipment have
small blind spots and heavy mobile
equipment have large blind spots, both can
cause serious injury or death
5. The taller and wider the machine,
the bigger the blind spot area
6. Operators, spotters and workers on
foot need to be aware were the blind spots
are.

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MODULE 7: CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (Crane
Safety)
Objective:
• The participant is expected to list the hazards when working with crane;
• Cite the dangers when working with or around heavy equipment;
Cranes
A Crane is a machine with a boom, primarily designated to raise and lower heavy loads.
Two basic types of cranes

1. Mobile Crane
a. Mobile Hydraulic Crane
b. Truck-Mounted Crane
c. Crawler-Mounted Crane
2. Stationary Crane
a. Tower Crane
b. Overhead Traveling Crane
c. Gantry Crane
Photo: Google
General Procedures:
• Do not perform any work on a machine unless you are authorized and qualified to do so.
• Read the manufacturer’s service and operator’s manuals.
• When performing maintenance always apply the LO-TO-TO Procedures.
Operator’s Qualification and Certification

• Vision test 20/30 in one eye & 20/50 in the other (corrected & uncorrected), normal
depth perception, field of vision & color vision.
• Sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordination & responsiveness to meet the
demands of the equipment operation.
• Adequate hearings.
• No physical defects or emotional disorders.
• No evidences of seizures or loss of physical control.
• Trained & Certified.
Inspection and Testing:

• Third Party Inspection:
o Accredited agency by DOLE/BWC...
o Yearly or after modification, alteration, repairs, transfer or re-install
o Load testing = 125% above the max. Load
• Internal Inspection:
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o Before using on site.
o Monthly
Knowing the working area
• Location of slopes
• Open trenches
• Drop-offs or overhangs
• Soil conditions
• Exact location of any Surface & Sub-Surface Encumbrances
• Rocks and stumps
Crane site condition

• Provide proper working area.
• Assure adequate ground stability
• Maintain clearance overhead power lines.
• Provide overhead protection for other workers.
Meeting with others involved to organize work arrangements

• Always plan the lift
• Identify all hazards
• Evaluate lifting procedures.
• Install all control measures
SAFE OPERATIONS
• BARRICADE THE SWING RADIUS: Ensure no one gets into the area
o Prevent struck-by
o Prevent crushed-by
• CAUSES OF CRANE TIP-OVERS

o Not accounting for poor ground condition.
o Failure to properly use outriggers or additional support.
o Failure to level the crane.
o Exceeding the load chart
• MAINTAIN SAFE WORKING CLEARANCE

o NOTE: Will be established by the
utility owner/operator or a
Registered Professional Engineer who
is a qualified person with respect to
electrical power transmission and
distribution.
• MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS AND

LIMITATIONS

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o Comply with all specification requirements.
o Comply with regulatory requirements.
o Follow maintenance schedules
• CONSPICUOUSLY POST
o Rated load capacities
o Recommended operating speeds
o Special hazard warnings
o Instructions
• HAND SIGNALS: Prescribed by ANSI Standard
MODULE 8: FALL PROTECTION AND LADDER SAFETY
Death from falls comes when the construction employee disregards safe work in high places.
Since majority of the work is located in high phases, falls are so significant and need attention.
Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding, ladder use, temporary structure,
roofing and unguarded openings. Likewise, alarming, are falling materials that cause damage to
properties and even serious injuries and death to pedestrians.
Fall Statistics
• Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
• An average of 362 fatal falls occurred each year, with the trend on the increase.
• The cost of care for injuries related to falls is a financial burden for the entire construction
industry and to the affected families.
Categories of Fall
• Fall on different level
• Fall on the same level
Evaluating the Risk

The occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS) requires that a worker must be protected
from falling a vertical distance of 6 meters (20 ft) or more. Thus, it is important to undertake a
complete risk evaluation in each phase of the construction work in order to identify potential
sources of fall accidents. This Evaluation can be done in the form of a job hazards analysis, where
the work task is broken down into a number of the distinguishable steps. The steps are then
analysed to determine the hazards and identify preventative measures to protect against the
hazards. It is important to regularly review and update the job hazards analysis, especially if there
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are changes in the work environment or new technology, equipment and machines are
introduced.
Control Measures
• Best practice dictates that fall protection becomes an integral part of the work planning
process, from constructability, to systems installation, to use and maintenance
• The workplace cannot be truly safe unless fall protection is incorporated into every phase
of the process
• Planning will keep workers safe and minimize fall exposures
Fall Protection Systems Categories

• Surface protection (non-slip flooring)
• Fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails)
• Surface opening protection (removable covers, guardrails)
• Travel restraint systems (safety line and belt)
• Fall arrest systems (safety line and harness)
• Fall containment systems (safety nets)
Surface Protection against Slipping & Tripping Hazards

• Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace, it is important
to keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are not required for the task
at hand. Oil spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared immediately.
• Floors that may become slippery due to work operations should be provided with non-
slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface.
• Footwear with special soles may be also required. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers A
fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past the edge of a
work level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending
on the circumstances at the workplace. Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning
barriers, & ladder cages
o Guardrail – is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail,
mid-rail and toe board secured to vertical post intended to stop a worker from
inadvertently stepping off a working level falling to a level below. Variations of
guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope, steel frame, safety fencing, tube and
clamp, perimeter netting and others. Any of these variations is acceptable, as long
as the system meets the basic design specification
o Guardrail specifications include:

▪ At least 1m from the floor level to the upper surface of top rail

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▪ Vertical post should be at least 2 meters apart
▪ The complete structure shall be capable of
withstanding a load at least 100 kgs. Applied
from any point of the top rail.
▪ Toe board shall be at least 15 cm. (6 in.) in
height. It shall be not more than 6 mm. (0.3 in.)
clearance above the floor level.
▪ For wood railings - top rails & post of at least 5
cm. X 10 cm. & immediate rails of at least 5 cm. X 5 cm. or by 2 cm. x 10
cm.
▪ For pipe railings – top rails & post of metal pipes of at least 30 mm.
Diameter. For structural metal railings – top rails & post of angle iron of at
least 38 mm. x 38 mm. x 5 mm. & intermediate railings of angle iron of at
least 32 mm. x 32 mm. x 3mm.
o Guardrails and toe boards are put at open edges of floors and working platforms
to prevent workers from falling. All working platforms, runways, and ramps from
which workers are liable to fall a distance of more than 2 meters (6 ft), a strong
guardrail shall be provided. Prior to and during the installation, it is essential that
a safety harness and an independent lifeline, properly secured to an adequate
fixed anchor is used by each and every worker who may be exposed to the risk of
falling.
o Warning Barrier – is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a

hazardous work area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barrier is
used where it is not reasonably practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or
a guardrail has been temporarily removed from an area. This system may utilize
a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least 2 meters from the work
surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is increased
when high visibility flagging or other means is used to mark the warning barrier.
Note: A warning system is not a substitute for guard railing as it is usually of lesser
strength and offers no protection to the worker who must go near the edge of a
work area. Workers who are required to go beyond the warning barrier must use
a travel restraint or fall arrest system. Lifelines must not be tied to the warning
system or barricade. Where a guardrail is temporarily removed, warning signs or
warning tape should be used to mark off the hazard area.
o Handrail – on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access,
proper handrail must be provided. These serve as both a physical barrier and a
means of support to a worker moving up and down the access way. Handrails
should be designed the same as a guardrail.
o Ladder Cage – is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a

barrier between the worker and the surrounding space. It serves as a support to
a worker, if he needs to rest against the barrier. The worker would be able to
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secure to the rung or side rail of the ladder at any time during the climbing of the
ladder. However, it does not provide complete fall protection on its own. It should
be used in conjunction with a full body harness and lanyard.
SURFACE OPENING PROTECTION - Guardrails/Floor, Coverings, Surface openings in floors and

other walking surfaces where workers have access, must be protected by guard railing or secured
wood or metal covers. The covering must be capable of supporting all loads to which it may be
subjected. The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an opening below.
• When plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be 19mm (3/4”)
with proper support for the plywood.
• If work must be undertaken near unprotected openings from which a worker could fall 2
meters or more, access must be restricted to workers who are wearing full body safety
harnesses and lifelines secured to proper anchorage. As soon as the necessary work is
completed, the opening should be protected by guard railing or adequate covering.
• If a fixed barrier or surface cover is removed for any reason, proper travel restraint or fall
arrest systems must be provided for any worker who becomes at risk of falling.
PERSONAL FALL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (PFRS) – Safety Belts/Lifelines/lanyards/Anchorage. A

Travel restraint system is intended to limit a worker’s movement so the workers is unable to
reach a location where there is a risk of falling. The restraint system is made up of safety belt (or
safety harness), lifeline and/or lanyard and anchor. The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having
a fixed length that is attached to a secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker
can only proceed to within approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no circumstances
should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a worker is in a position to fall.
PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (PFAS) - A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint
system. Unlike travel restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall, it reduces the chance
of injury when a fall takes place. A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point,
lifeline, fall arrestor, lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
Note: A fall arrest system must be rigged to the limit the fall of a worker to a maximum
of 1 meter (3 feet).
Specifications for a Fall Arrest System

a. Anchorage Point – anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it, as
it is dangerous to work above the point of anchorage. Belt anchors shall be made of metal
machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a pull of 2730 kgs.
(6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction. If the anchor is exposed to the elements, it must be
corrosion resistant.
b. Lifeline – This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and the user
of the system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs.
(2500 lbs.) without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point
and be protected from abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run
vertically or horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on the
application. Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent systems
may be made of rigid steel or aluminium rails, wire ropes, or similar materials.
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c. Fall Arrestor (Rope Grab) – This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline when
a fall occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely on the
lifeline until there is a sudden downward motion. When this sudden motion occurs, the
fall arrestor “grabs” the lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms are also built
into retractable lifeline devices, which play out and retract as necessary, but hold fast in
the event of a fall (similar to a seat belt in an automobile).
d. Lanyard – A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the
worker’s safety harness. Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with
double action devices.
e. Shock Absorber – This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall
occurs. It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The
shock absorber prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force transferred
to the lifeline and anchor. A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the
lanyard design.
f. Full Body Safety Harness – This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic area
of a worker and to support the worker during and after a fall. Body type harnesses of the
parachute type should be used. The harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline
at the dorsal (back) position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply sloping
surfaces. The user needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe manual
operation of the mechanism Safety belts and harness must be used when working in
heights.
FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

a. Safety Net – Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall arrest system, an
alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety nets are used most often where
it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or to provide a proper anchoring
and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common applications for safety nets are bridge
work structural steel erection.
Safety nets are requirements include:
o It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling person
or debris.
o The sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against contacting
any surface or structure below the net.
o It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the work
area & no further than 7.5 m. (25ft.) below the working surface.
o No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
o Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
o Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.
b. Safety Mesh – Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof
installers and offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair
works. Safety mesh should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection,
guardrails or fall arrest systems and devices. However, it should not be used for access to
or egress from a work area or as working platforms.
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o Use a scaffold only for the purpose for which it has been provided and makes sure
it is securely anchored or tied to the building.
o Use safe anchorage points.
o When installing safety net or safety mesh, elevating work platforms, scaffolding
or fall arrest systems should be used.
LADDER SAFETY
The chief hazard when using a ladder is falling. A poorly designed, maintained, or improperly used
ladder may collapse under the load placed upon it and cause the employee to fall.
A ladder is an appliance consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by crosspieces on
which a person may step to ascend or descend.
Types of Ladder
• Self-Supporting Ladder
o Stepladder – A self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, having
flat steps and hinged back.
• Non-Self-Supporting Ladder
o Single Ladder – A non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length,
consisting of but one section. Its size is designed by overall length of the side rail.
o Extension Ladder – A non-self-supporting portable ladder adjustable in length.
Ladder Safety Guidelines

• Place the ladder on stable ground
• Inspect the ladder for damage or stability issues
• Always store the ladder in upright position
• For self-supporting ladders, lock the metal spreader for security. If your ladder does not
have them consider another one.
• Place the ladder at a safe angle, Follow the 4:1 Rule
• Wear proper footwear with treads
• Always have 3 Points Contact with the ladder (2 Hands & 1 Foot, or 2 Feet & 1 Hand
• Face the ladder when ascending or descending
• Don’t lean outside the ladder’s rail
• Use a Spotter for extra safety.
• Don’t carry tools in your hands. Use tool belt or hand line
MODULE 9: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

(SCAFFOLDING SAFETY)
Objective:
To inform the participant on the safe use of scaffolding

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A familiar sight in most construction areas is the erected scaffolds. This is a temporary structure
made of timber, metal or bamboo with platform and support and used as workplace or for storage
of materials in the course of any construction works, including maintenance and demolition works.
DO No. 128-2013, amending Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 1989 OSHS, as amended, May
3, 2013, to improve the standards of safety for working on scaffolds.
DO No. 128-2013: Training and Competency Requirement

a. Competent Person - Refers to the one who is capable of identifying existing & potential
hazards in the surrounding or working conditions, and who has the authority to take
prompt corrective action to eliminate them.
o Training & Competency Requirements:
▪ COSH Training Certificate from DOLE Accredited Training Organization
▪ TESDA Prescribe Scaffold Erection Certificate
▪ At least 2 years’ experience on scaffold erection14.2 Scaffold Erector
b. All Qualified Scaffold Erectors - Refers to the one who, by possession of a recognized
technical degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge,
training & experience, has successfully demonstrated his or her ability to solve or resolve
problems related to the work
o Training & Competency Requirements:
▪ One-Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited STO’s
▪ Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC-IITESDA
Prescribe Scaffold Erection Certificate of assessment prescribed by DOLE
and TESDA
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolding

• Fall of person from height
• Fall of materials and objects from height
• Collapse of scaffold
• Overloading of the scaffold
• Safe access not provided
• Electrocution
Selection of a Scaffolding System (Basic considerations)

a. Weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment
b. Site conditions
c. Height of scaffold
d. Type of work that will be done
e. Duration of work, Weather conditions
f. Requirements for pedestrian traffic
g. Means of access to the scaffold
h. Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
i. Special erection or dismantling circumstances

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Classification of Scaffolds Steps in Scaffold Erection
General Requirements
• Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and strength for the
purpose for which it is intended.
• Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark completely stripped off,
and not painted or treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen.
• All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for re-use shall be kept under
good condition and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.
• Timber/bamboo scaffoldings shall be limited to a height of 6 meters from the ground
or base.
• At heights over 6 meters, structural metals should be used and shall be designed by a
structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate authority
• Timber & Bamboo scaffolds with heights less than 6 meters
• Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall be destressed
at welded or bent joints and design construction approved by the proper authority.
• All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a
working load of 150 kg/m² shall be designed & inspected by a structural engineer and
duly approved by the appropriate authority.
• No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantle, altered except under the supervision
of a competent person,
• Fall protection equipment shall be used when working in 2 meter & above.
• Scaffolding 6 meters in height shall be designed by a structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate authority.
• All personnel involve in scaffolding activities shall have appropriate training and
certification.
• No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the wind velocity exceeds 48 kph. For
erected scaffold, additional precaution shall be considered during typhoon.
• Always maintain the base width to height ratio of 1:4 during erection for stability.
Otherwise, Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures. In
the absence of permanent structures, guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall
be used;
• No other work shall be allowed to commence below the scaffold during erection
phase.

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Platform
• Fully planked and decked
• No more than 1” gap
• Platforms Length < 3m (10 ft.) Extension < 30cm or (12 in.)
• Platforms Length >3m (10 ft.) Extension < 45cm or (18 in.)
• Platform overlap at supports only Overlap Length > 30 cm (12 in.)
• Deflection < 1/60 of span, L
Platform Span
• Maximum Intended Nominal Load (psi)
• Maximum Permissible Span Using Full Thickness Undressed Lumber (Ft)
Criteria for Supported Scaffolds

a. Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be restrained from tipping by ties and braces.
• 4:1 height from bottom and top most Vertically:
• every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 feet wide
• every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3 feet wide
• Horizontally every 30 feet from one end
b. Firm Support
• Jack Base Requirement Not More than 2/3 of height
• Jack Base Fixed to Mudsills
OUTRIGGER SCAFFOLDS
a. Inboard end shall be at least 1 ½ times the outboard end in length
b. Fulcrum point at least 15 cm (6 in.)
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS:
a. Support Device rests on surfaces capable of supporting at least four times the load
imposed
b. Counterweights
c. Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping moment
d. Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
e. Made of non-flowable materials
f. Tiebacks must be installed
g. Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both
h. Suspension Ropes:
• Support at least 6 times maximum load
• Drum hoists must contain at least 4 wraps of rope at the lowest point
• Wire rope must be replaced under the following conditions:
• 6 randomly broken wires in 1 rope lay or 3 broken wires in 1 strand in 1 lay
• One third of the original diameter of the outside wires is lost

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• Physical damage such as kinks, flattening & Heat damage
Safety Considerations
a. Fittings and Accessories - To install all the parts, fittings and accessories
b. Base Plates and Screw Jacks – Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the outside (visible)
length of exposed screw to inside screw length.
c. Erection and Dismantling – By trained personnel only

• Dismantling
o Proceed in reverse order to its erection
o Workers should wear a safety harness and lanyard tied off to a secured
anchor before attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
o Do not hammer or pry apart the scaffold components.
• Training Areas
o Nature of Electrical, Fall & Falling Object Hazards
o Correct Procedure for protection
o Proper use of scaffolds
Load capacities of scaffolds
d. Inspection
SCAFFOLD MINIMUM CLEARANCES FROM ELECTRICAL LINES
Insulated Lines
Less than 300V 3 Feet
300V to 50KV 10 Feet
More than 50KV 10 Feet + 4” for KV
Uninsulated Lines
Less than 50KV 10 Feet
More than 50KV 10 Feet + 4” for KV
e. Supervision and Inspection

• Scaffolds shall be erected, altered or dismantled only under the supervision of
competent person.
• Inspection before use
• Lumber with 2 nail-holes along its width and 4 nail-holes along its length shall be
discarded.
f. Ladders
• Used as work platform only when in use of small hand tools and handling of light
materials.
• Shall be of sufficient length and be placed such that worker will not stretch
• Damaged ladders shall be removed and tagged “unsafe” or “destroyed”
• Follow 4:1 Rule

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g. Do’s and Don’ts
• Don’t stand length of tubes or frames against wall, and then leave them
unattended.
• Don’t straighten deformed tubes or frames by heating. Excessively bent tubes
should be discarded.
• Don’t use excessively corroded tubes or frames
• Don’t mix different systems in the same scaffolds.
• Do use sufficient quantity of components for scaffolds.
h. Loading:
• Don’t overload any scaffold or platform
• Spread out the load on a platform. If necessary, place concentrated load as near
the standard as possible.
i. Construction:
• Scaffolds should be plumbed as well as levelled
• Place scaffold standards or frames systematically on sole boards.
• Don’t use bending stresses to scaffold members.
• Arrange tubes so that they converge at the same nodal points.
• Don’t cover a scaffold with sheeting unless it is designed for such purpose.
• Insert a temporary tie or brace before removing any tie/brace from the scaffold
• Replace tie or brace after you have finished your job.
• Remove all materials and loose objects from a mobile scaffold before moving the
scaffold.
• Don’t ride on a mobile scaffold. Push only from the ground level.
j. Dismantling:
• Don’t throw scaffold members from height.
• Don’t dismantle the scaffold unless you know the sequence. Instability and
collapse may result from the removal of the wrong tie or the premature removal
of certain members.
k. Loading /Unloading and Transport

• All loading and unloading operations, including transport of scaffolds, shall be
properly planned by a competent person, appropriately supervised and carried
out in a safe manner.
o Planning
During loading /unloading and transport of scaffolds, the following shall
be considered:
▪ Information on scaffolds to be handled as provided by
manufacturers, e.g. weight, shape and center of gravity of material
components/bundles of materials;
▪ Selection of most appropriate vehicle and certified driver as
applicable;

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▪ Loading/unloading operation
a. Location
b. Methodology
c. Provision of spacer during loading of scaffolds
d. Safe loading and unloading sequence
▪ Provision of safe access to the vehicle
▪ Any manual handling, including required PPE
▪ Hazards for the stocks yard workers, slingers/riggers and driver
▪ All loose parts shall be strapped on a box or bag indicating the total
weight before loading.
During transport the following shall be considered:
▪ Site restrictions, e.g. speed limits, reversing constraints, danger
areas.
▪ Duties of driver in respect of the process, e.g. de-sheeping,
strapping, checking, etc.
▪ Inspection of loads to check stability after transport from stockyard
to work site and vice versa.
MODULE 18: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Objective:
To teach the participant to conduct investigations systematically
Accidents are the result of:

• Hazardous Acts
• Hazardous Conditions … which comes first?
Investigations are conducted to:
• Prevent recurrence
• Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
• Improve Supervisor’s Management Approach
• Maintain employee awareness - HSE
Prevention is the reason for conducting an Accident Investigation, Unless the
unsafe acts/conditions are:
• Identified,
• Eliminated or
• Controlled… similar mishaps will occur.
All accidents must be investigated:
• LTI
• Non-LTI
• Property Damage
• Near Misses
o Did not happen
o Could happen … it is still investigated
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Advantages of Supervisors over other investigators:
• Accident Investigations are usually considered a Supervisors responsibility.
o More familiar with the people involved
o Better understanding of the operations and equipment
o Personal interest in Investigations
Employees Responsibility (DO 198-2018):
• What to report
• How to report
Managing the Accident Scene:
• Two Priorities:
o Care & Treatment of the Injured
o Elimination or control of Remaining Hazards
• Steps in Managing the Accident Scene

o Care & Treatment of Injured - Supervisors can increase their ability to respond to
Medical Emergencies by:
▪ Training in First Aid
▪ Drills under normal and abnormal conditions
▪ Liaison with hospitals
o Controlling Remaining Hazards - If a hazardous environment or toxic materials exist:
▪ Notify necessary personnel
▪ Provide PPE to potentially exposed
▪ Refer to SDS
o Isolate the site
▪ To protect people from further injury
▪ To preserve evidence and valuable clues
Successful investigation is done ...
• Immediately
• Completely
• Thoroughly
Investigate immediately, because:
• Operations are disrupted
• Memories fade
• Employees are at risk
Conducting the Investigation
1. Gather information (Preliminary Facts)
• NOI, POI, DOI, TOI
• Personnel involved
• Property damage
• Environmental harm
• Sources of Information
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o Witnesses
▪ Victim and onlookers
▪ Those who heard what happened
▪ Saw area prior to incident
▪ Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or
circumstances
o Physical evidence at the scene
o Existing records
2. Analyze the facts
3. Make recommendations
A Healthy tip in asking Questions

When you ask questions, pretend you are blind, and you want a description which you can picture in
your imagination.
• Physical Evidence - Provides information about an accident that witnesses may overlook
or take for granted
• Sketches - To record important details at the accident site for later study Include
everything that could be important:
o Floor plan from overhead view
o Location of involved man, machine, tool
o Size/location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)
• Photographs
o When taking Photographs, follow some tips
▪ General area
▪ Detailed shots
▪ Color differences
▪ Complex shapes difficult to recall
▪ Show scale on small objects
▪ Indicate reference point
▪ Better to take too many than too few
o Examining :Materials, Machines, Environment
o Physical condition
o Position of switches/levers
o Reading of gauges
o Safeguards
Documenting an Accident Investigation
• Report forms require four basic types of information
o General information
o A Summary
o An Analysis
o Recommendations
• Reports should be
o Clear
o Detailed
o Neat
o Legible
Reminder:
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• Look beyond the direct causes of the accident …
• Find out what can be done to eliminate the underlying reason for the hazardous behaviors and
conditions that lead to the mishap.
Management Approach
• Training
• Inspections
• Job Hazard Analysis
• Safety Meetings
Summary
Investigations are a valuable Accident Prevention Tool
• Be prepared
• Investigate thoroughly
• Determine the causes
• Develop and recommend appropriate corrective measures
Accident Investigation is not just for incidents involving serious injury, it’s for ANY occurrence
that has even the POTENTIAL of causing harm.
Please refer to DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees Work Accident /

Illness Report” form on page 89 or to your OSH standards
MODULE 11: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

Objective:
• Identify or recognize the occupational health hazards in the workplace
• Identify the evaluation methods to assess the levels of exposure to hazards
• Introduce control methods to address the hazards
DEFINITION OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Industrial Hygiene - is both a science and an art devoted to the anticipation,

recognition, evaluation, prevention, and control of those environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the workplace which may cause sickness, impaired
health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of
the community.
DEFINITION OF HEALTH HAZARDS
Health hazards are chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic factors in our
environment that can have negative impacts on our short- or long-term health.
Understanding the risks of these hazards can help us to take action to avoid or
mitigate these risks.
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CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS
Chemical
Chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in
such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It
covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure
situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their
extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal.
How do chemicals become a hazard?
When they become airborne and the concentration is excessive and they
undergo different processes such as heating, spraying, plating, mixing.
Chemical Hazards Nature/ Form

1. Organic Solvents Vapor
2. Acids Mists
3. Dust/ Particulates Powder/ Fibers
4. Heavy Metals Fumes
5. Gases Gas
(1) Vapors
- Gases formed when liquid evaporates, associated with solvents, adhesives
and alcohols.
Example: hydrocarbons, (toluene), ketones (methyl ethyl ketones), esters

(ethyl acetate), ether (ethyl ether), alcohols (ethyl alcohol).
Occupational Exposure
➢ Degreasing of metals
➢ Painting (Hand)
➢ Gluing woods, and
➢ Installing wall paper and vinyl tiles
Photos: Google
(2) Mists
- are tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air. Mists are measured as a
concentration of airborne particles in a given space (weight/volume); and are

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measured in either milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter of air (mg/m³) or
(µg/m³).
Mists are generated on construction job-sites by spraying
liquids, such as, paints/coatings, form oil, pesticides, etc.
Example: associated with acids, formaldehyde, phenols,
etc.
➢ Mist produced from lubricants used in metal cutting
operations.
➢ Paint mist from spraying operations.
➢ Pesticides sprayed to control or eliminate foliage.
➢ Aerosols from cans and bottles.
Photos: Google
(3) Particulates/ Fibers
3.1 Particulates
- Solid particles capable of being blown about or suspended in the air. It is
classified according to size:
• Total Dust -all dust particles in the area
• Respirable Dust -a fraction of total dust which passes through a selector

whose size is 7 microns and below in diameter. A size which is most likely to
lodge in the human lung
• Inhalable Dust – dust that can be trapped in the nose, throat and upper
respiratory tract
Occupational Exposure:
➢ Cement Mixing
➢ Cutting of Tiles
➢ Demolition
➢ Excavation
Photos: Google

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3.2 Fibers
- a type of material consisting of extremely fine
filaments of glass that are combined in yarn and
woven into fabrics, used in masses as a thermal
and acoustical insulator, or embedded in
various resins to make boat hulls, fishing rods,
and the like.
Asbestos
- The term uses to describe a group of naturally occurring fibrous mineral
silicates.
- Mineral which consists of needle-shaped and thread-like fibers.
- Comes from the Greek word meaning “incombustible”
Uses of asbestos
➢ Fire proof clothing;
➢ Roofing felts or related products;
➢ Asbestos cement roofing;
➢ Asbestos cement flat sheet;
➢ Friction materials;
➢ High temperature textiles products;
Safety and Health Standard on the use of and management of asbestos

in the workplace
Department Order 154-16
Section 3 Asbestos safety and Health program – the employer shall
ensure the development and Implementation of an asbestos safety and health
program (ASHP) for the workers in the compliance with RULE 1045 of
occupational safety and health standard (OSHS) Annex “A” Occupational
diseases of the IRR of PD 626. The ASHP shall include the ff:
➢ Hazard Identification and risk assessment
➢ Information and Education
➢ Access of occupational health /medical services
(4) Fumes
- are solid particles that are formed when a metal or other solid vaporizes and
the molecules condense (or solidify) in cool air. This usually occurs during
welding/cutting of metals, e.g., welding fumes. Fumes are also produced by
hot asphalt during hot tar roofing and paving. Coal tar (naphtha) and plastics
also produces fumes when heated.

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Examples: lead fumes, chromium fumes, tin fumes
➢ Welding Fumes – result from various
welding operations. The primary
components are oxides of the metals
involved such as lead, zinc, iron,
chromium, aluminum, or nickel.
➢ Lead Fumes and the Plumbers Melting
Pot – melting of lead to make cast iron
joints and fittings.
Photos: Google
(4) Gases
- aeriform fluid which have neither shape nor specific volume but tends to
expand indefinitely.
( aeriform- having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic invisible fluid;
gaseous. The gases are aëriform fluids.)
- Do not have warning odor at a dangerous concentration.
Examples: chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia carbon dioxide, SOx, NOx
➢ Exhaust from engines (hydrocarbons,
CO2 & CO)
➢ Sewers and dumpsite (methane)
➢ Excavation (methane & H2S)
Photos: Google
Physical Hazards - is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with
contact. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or environmental hazard.
Physical hazards include radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration hazards,
and noise hazards.
Noise - or unwanted sound is a form of vibration conducted in solid, liquid and

gas. The level of noise in industrial operation can constitute a physical hazard to
the exposed workers. The extent of hazards depends not only in the overall noise
level but also on the time period and frequency and type of noise the worker is
exposed.

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Type of Noise
1) Continuous noise – is a steady state of noise with negligible level

fluctuations during the period of observation.
2) Intermittent noise – levels shifts significantly during observation.
3) Impact noise – consist of one or more burst of sound energy, each lasting
than one second.
Arm’s Length Rule

“If two (2) people with no hearing impairment have to raise their voices or shout
to be heard in a distance of less than arm’s length from each other, the sound
level is potentially hazardous.”
Photos: Google
Example of Occupational Exposure

o Jack hammer operation
o Concrete breaking
Vibration – is the results in the mechanical shaking of the body of parts of the body. It
is mechanical phenomenon wherein oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.
There are two types of vibration. We have the Whole Body or Low Frequency
Vibration and Segmental or High Frequency Vibration. Whole body vibration is the
mechanical energy oscillations which are transferred to the body as a whole. Workers
occupational exposure in the construction industry includes the operation of weaving
looms, harvester-thresher, tractors and among others. Hand Arm Vibration on the
other hand is the transfer of vibration from a tool to a worker’s hand and arm.
Workers occupational exposure in the construction industry includes the use of hand
driven power tools such as chain saw, portable grinder and polishers.
Inadequate illumination
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The measure of the stream of light falling on a surface is known as “illumination”. The
key aspects of illumination include lux, luminance, reflectance, glare and sources of
lighting. Occupational exposure is when worker’s perform activity especially at night
with insufficient lighting system.
Lux – unit of measurement.

Luminance – measure of light coming from the source.
Reflectance – ability of a surface to return light.
Glare – is caused by a bright light sources which can be seen in the range from
straight ahead 45 degrees above the horizontal.
Sources of Lights
There are two sources of light;
Day light, also called a natural light depends on the availability at the location and
weather condition.
Electric light, came from incandescent lamp or bulbs, fluorescent lamps or tubes and
high intensity discharge or mercury.
Types of Lighting
Illumination can also be viewed in terms of:
1) General lighting illuminating the entire premises
Photos: Google
2) Local lighting directing light in a particular object that you are working with

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Photos: Google
Factors in determining the quantity of light:

Nature of work – more light will be required if one is working with small objects.
Environment – the ability of the surrounding surfaces to reflect light.
Eyesight of the workers – the ability of the eye to adjust rapidly to different
distances declines as people grow older.
Types of fixtures that provide ambient outdoor lighting used in Construction.
• Spotlight
• Hanging fixture
• Garage and canopy lighting
• Post lantern
• Wall lighting
Photos: Google
Extreme Temperature

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Extremes of temperature (low or high) affect the amount of work that man can do
and the manner in which they do.
A change in body temperatures due to extreme work environmental conditions can
lead to stress or illness from heat and cold. If not treated in time, both heat and
cold stress can develop into life-threatening situations.
Heavy work in high temperatures can cause muscle cramps, dehydration, sudden
collapse, and unconsciousness.
Cold temperatures can lead to fatigue, irregular breathing, confusion, and loss of
consciousness (hypothermia).
Temperature –is the measure of the intensity of the heat or the hotness of an
object.
Heat –is the measure of energy in terms of quantity; it is a form of energy.
Factors Affecting Heat Exposures
1) Thermal factors
● temperature & humidity
2) Physical Workload
● light, moderate, heavy & very heavy
● Work-Rest Regimen
Occupational exposure – Operations involving high air temperatures, radiant heat

sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects, or strenuous physical
activities have a high potential for inducing heat stress in the employees.
Source: ACGIH
The table below takes a look at some common heat and cold injuries on a construction
site.
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Heat Illnesses Cold Illnesses / Injuries
Heat rash Frost nip
Fainting Immersion injury (trench foot)
Heat exhaustion Frostbite
Heat stroke Hypothermia
Heat cramps
Hot Working Conditions

Hot working conditions can occur in a variety of different instances. For example:
 Prolonged work under direct sunlight in summer (i.e.: asphalt paving or roofing in
summer)
 Wearable impermeable protective clothing when doing heavy work
 Working in an enclosed area with a strong heat source, poor ventilation, and high
humidity (i.e.: heavy equipment operators in an enclosed cab without sufficient
ventilation)
Cold Working Conditions
Cold working conditions can also cause problems for construction workers. For
example, rain, snow, sleet and other wet and windy conditions can be unbearable for
extended periods of time. Below are some other examples of cold conditions:
 Cold air temperatures
 Underground construction work
 Working over water and falling in
Extreme Pressure
It has been recognized as from the beginning of caisson work (work performed in
watertight structure) that men working under pressure greater than at a normal
atmospheric one, are subject to various illness associated with the job.
Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressure) environments are also encountered by divers
operating under water, whether by holding the breath while diving breathing from a self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures
supplied by compression from the surface.
Occupation exposure occur in caisson or tunneling operations, where a compressed
gas environment is used to exclude water or mud and provide support for structures.
Man can withstand large pressures due to the free access of air to the lungs, sinuses
and middle ear.

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Radiation
Radiation is the emission of particles or energy in wave form and an electromagnetic
radiation which is formed by the movement of molecules, electrons, neutrons, etc.
Two form of Radiation
1) Non-ionizing radiation – it is a radiation that has enough energy to move
atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to
remove electrons.
POTENTIAL SOURCES ARE:
• Infra-Red Radiation – hot metal and molten glass.

• Ultra-Violet Radiation – normal sunburn.
• Microwave – overheating of body tissues and resultant tissue
destruction
2) Ionizing radiation – Radioactive materials that decay spontaneously

produce ionizing radiation, which has sufficient energy to strip away
electrons from atoms (creating two charged ions) or to break some
chemical bonds.
Any living tissue in the human body can be damaged by ionizing radiation
in a unique manner. The body attempts to repair the damage, but
sometimes the damage is of a nature that cannot be repaired or it is too
severe or widespread to be repaired.
Also mistakes made in the natural repair process can lead to cancerous
cells. The most common forms of ionizing radiation are alpha & beta
particles, or gamma & X-rays.
Photos: Google

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External exposure is when the radioactive source is outside of your body. X-rays
and gamma rays can pass through your body, depositing energy as they go.
Internal exposure is when radioactive material gets inside the body by eating,
drinking, breathing or injection (from certain medical procedures).
Inadequate Ventilation
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly
used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also
be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal
comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other objectives.
Purpose of Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and
displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity,
and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor
environment, or other objectives. Ventilation is the mechanical system in a building that
brings in "fresh" outdoor air and removes the "contaminated" indoor air. In a
workplace, ventilation is used to control exposure to airborne contaminants.
Types of Industrial Ventilation

General Ventilation (GV)
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
General Ventilation - Supply and exhaust (or remove) air in the work environment such
that airborne contaminants are diluted to levels considered to be not harmful to health.
Removes airborne contaminants at the point of dispersion or generation before they
become fugitive and contaminate the work environment.
General or Dilution Ventilation
1. Mechanical Ventilation
2. Natural Ventilation - Preferred if significant health hazards exist
DOLE DO 224 -2021

GUIDELINES ON VENTILATION FOR WORKPLACES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO PREVENT AND
CONTROL THE SPREAD OF COVID-19
Pursuant to the authority of the Secretary of Labor and Employment under Article
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168 of the Labor Code, as renumbered, to set and enforce Occupational Safety and Health
Standards OSHS) in all workplaces, the following guidelines are hereby issued to improve and
maintain the quality of ventilation in workplaces and public transport.
Section 2. Coverage. - This Guidelines shall cover all commercial and industrial
establishments, projects, sites, and all other places, where work is being undertaken indoors.
This shall not however, cover healthcare facilities requiring special considerations in the control
of COVID-19.
Section 6: Ventilation Assessment. - The employer shall be responsible for maintaining
an acceptable and safe indoor air quality.
A. Qualitative Assessment
1. The safety officer or any qualified personnel may use the attached self- assessment checklist
(See Annex 1) in conducting the assessment.
2. He/she shall ensure that the ventilation system is working or functioning during the conduct
of assessment in order to determine how air enters and exits from the space. Other measures to
assess could include, but not limited to, the following:
a. lingering smell;
b. stuffiness of room;
c. feeling of high humidity; or
d. smokiness of room.
3. The use of natural or mechanical ventilation or the combination thereof depends on the
ventilation assessment conducted by a trained safety officer or ventilation/indoor air-
quality specialist.
B. Quantitative Assessment
1. For air movement, the directional airflow and objectionable air drafts shall be
considered. Airflow direction should be from cleaner source to prevent contaminant
transmission.
2. Carbon Dioxide (C02) is commonly used as a surrogate indicator for assessing indoor air
quality (IAQ) and ventilation efficiency. C02 concentration shall not exceed 1,000 ppm. To
achieve this, the minimum ventilation in breathing zones as set by the Philippine Green
Building Code, could be used as a guide (Annex 2). C02 level inside an enclosed space
may be determined using calibrated C02 monitoring devices. During the C02
monitoring, position the device strategically in locations such as those far from windows,
doors and other openings. A calibrated C02 monitor shall be used to ensure reliability of
results.
Note: Use of indoor plants and indoor gardens will convert the C02 to 02
3. Refer to Annex 3 on how to determine ACH.
4. Quantitative ventilation measurements shall be performed internally by the trained
safety officer or EHS personnel of the company, DOLE-OSHC, or by DOLE accredited WEM
Service Providers.
Ergonomic Hazards - “Ergonomics” literally means the customs, habits, and laws of
work. According to the International Labor Office it is “… The application of human
biological science in conjunction with the engineering sciences to achieve the optimum
mutual adjustment of man [sic] and his [sic] work, the benefits being measured in terms
of human efficiency and well-being.”
Occupational Exposure:
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➢ Awkward position while doing manual handling.
➢ Prolonged sitting and standing in the same position.
➢
4) Biological Hazards – are type of hazards that arises from anything that has life such as
bacteria, viruses that can be carried by animals and transmitted through unhealthy workplace
environment.
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Enzymes
• Micro-organism
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are common- infectious and parasitic
diseases can also result from exposure to contaminated water, insects, or infected
people.
5) Psychosocial Hazards
- This refers to the hazards that destroys the mental wellbeing of the body that
was caused by the organization. Workers are likely to be exposed to a combination
of work-related psychosocial hazards and risk factors. These include stress,
fatigue, bullying, violence, aggression, harassment and burnout, which can be
harmful to the health of workers.
Signs of Psychosocial Hazards

In most cases, employees will voice concerns that indicate an increased risk of
psychosocial hazards. Any one sign on its own is concerning, but when several appear
together, employers must evaluate their practices and procedures.
Conflict in the Workplace

One of the first signs of stress is a heightened sense of conflict or a “short fuse”. Employees
who were once easy going or non-combative who suddenly seem to have problems with every
other employee are likely in the first stages of destructive psychosocial hazards.
Physical Complaints
Stress almost always manifests itself in physical pain or discomfort. Over time, employees at
risk of psychosocial hazards will complain of fatigue or headaches. If an employee starts to
complain of “burnout”, it’s time for employers to take definitive action.
Poor Productivity, Absenteeism or Presentism

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When workplace stressors begin to weigh heavily on an employee, that person’s motivation to
continue working erodes quickly. Employees become increasing dissatisfied with their work, and
soon their level of productivity drops to reflect the change in their mood. In extreme instances,
employees will feel so unmotivated that they cease coming to work altogether. On the other
hand, companies can deal with the issue of presentism. This is where a worker shows up to
work but and illness, medical condition, or fatigue hinders their performance.
Accident or Injury Prone

Most workplace accidents are the result of employee errors, either by neglect of safety protocols
or inattention. Stress at work or at home causes the employee’s mind to drift away from work,
and the lack of concentration can and will lead to an increase in the number of accidents and
injuries on the job.
Failure to heed the initial warning signs will only lead to more serious complications in the
future, especially if the behavior leads to costly worker’s compensation claims.
The Role of the Workplace

Employers play a role in the development of psychosocial hazards through the working
environment that that create for their employees. The International Labor Organization points to
several areas of the workplace that have a direct impact on the presence and severity of
psychosocial hazards.
Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation,
item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe
the full process is risk assessment: Identify hazards and risk factors that have the
potential to cause harm.
Methods of recognition of environmental stress/ hazards
1) Walk – thru / ocular inspection – this is necessary in identifying the potential
hazards and determining the critical conditions in the workplace. It is possible to
make a checklist to be used during the inspection.
2) Review of process involved – The identity of the chemical intermediates formed

in the course of an industrial process and the toxicological properties of these
intermediates may be difficult to establish. Undesirable chemical by-products such
as carbon monoxide resulting from the incomplete combustion of organic material
may be formed.
3) Knowing raw material, by - product and finished product – to recognize

hazardous environmental factors or stresses, we must first know about the raw
materials used and the nature of the products manufactured. This will lead to the
determination of the specific contaminants where workers are actually exposed.
Possible impurities in raw materials, such as benzene in some solvents should be
considered.

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4) Gathering of workers’ complaints – the actual chemicals or substances handled
may be determined by interviewing the workers.
5) Safety data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of the important health, safety and
toxicological information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients.
As per DO 136-14- Guidelines for the implementation of Globally Harmonize

System (GHS) in Chemical Safety Program in the workplace
• To protect the workers and properties from the hazards of chemicals
• To prevent and reduce the incident of chemically induced accidents, illnesses, and death
resulting in the misuse of chemicals
DO 136-2014: LABEL
All industrial chemicals
shall be labelled with the
following GHS label
elements:
• Product Identifier
• Supplier Identifier
• Chemical Identity
• GHS Pictograms
• Signal Words
• Hazard Statement
• Precautionary Statement

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Salient Point of DO 136-14: Globally Harmonized System of Labelling and
Classification of Chemicals
Coverage: ALL WORKPLACES engaged in the manufacture, use, storage of industrial

chemicals, in the private sector, including their supply chain.
Objectives: To protect the workers and properties from the hazards of chemicals • To
prevent and reduce the incident of chemically induced accidents, illnesses and death
resulting in the misuse of chemicals.
Roles and Responsibilities:

EMPLOYER(S) shall
 Ensure development, implementation and monitoring of the Chemical safety

policy and program
 Ensure that all chemicals are properly labeled and Safety Data Sheets are
provided in accordance with GHS.
 Provide the necessary control measures including the appropriate personal
protective equipment;
 Ensure that workers are provided with the appropriate information, education and
training on GHS and chemical safety;
 Establish and implement chemical emergency response plans to mitigate
accidents like accidental exposure, inadvertent release, and fire or explosion.
 Ensure that the Safety Officer is in charge of the overall responsibility for
chemical safety in the establishment.
EMPLOYEE(S) shall
 Comply with the chemical safety policy and program.

 Take all reasonable steps to eliminate or minimize risk to themselves and to
others from the use of chemicals at work.
 Observe proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.
 Report immediately to their supervisor any situation which they believe could
present a risk of chemicals
HEALTH and SAFETY COMMITTEE
 Adopted Rule 1040 of the DOLE-OSHS
 The committee is composed of management and worker representatives
 The composition is based on the size of establishment

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GHS Hazards classification criteria
Confidential Business Information (CBI)
Claims should be limited to the names of chemicals and the concentration in mixtures
No disclosure shall be done except for:
1. When the provisions for CBI compromise the health and safety of workers;
2. During emergency situations
Chemical Safety Program Elements

 Facilities and Control Measures
○ Interventions to provide protection of workers through Engineering and
Administrative Controls and PPE
 Workers’ Right to Know

○ shall cover training and information on chemical safety and orientation
on chemical safety data sheets
○ Has the right of refusal to work if an imminent danger situation exists
until the corrective action to eliminate the danger is achieved.
Storage Requirement and Inventory

 Chemicals procured shall have GHS label and safety data sheet;
 Have adequate, well-ventilated storage space for chemicals and proper
segregation of chemicals. Chemicals classified to any GHS Health Hazards
Danger Category should be kept under strict control.

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 Stored chemicals should be examined periodically for replacement, deterioration,
and container integrity.
 Storage temperature, humidity and ventilation requirements as stated in the SDS
should be followed.
 Quantities of chemicals to be stored shall be kept to the minimum amount.
 There should be adequate security of and access to chemical storage areas.
 Periodic inventories shall be conducted regularly.
Existing OSH Rules Adopted

1) Personal Protective Equipment – Rule 1080
2) Work Environment Measurement – Rule 1070
3) Occupational Health and Medical Surveillance – Rule 1960
4) Waste Management - DENR
Occupational Health and Medical Surveillance

 This shall include regular biochemical monitoring for workers exposed to toxic
substances classified under toxicity categories I and II of WHO standards
 It shall be free of charge for the workers
 The employees’ medical record is considered confidential and only upon the
expressed approval of the employees that the employer furnishes a copy to
any third party
Emergency Preparedness and Response

 A written emergency procedure posted in the workplace and communicated
to all workers in the area.
 Appropriate and adequate emergency equipment provided and well-trained
emergency response team.
Monitoring Procedure
The Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) through the DOLE Regional Offices shall
monitor compliance to the Guidelines.
Penalties
All violations of the provisions of these guidelines shall be subject to the applicable
penalties provided for in the Labor Code, PD 442 as amended.
Transitory Provision
All establishments using industrial chemicals shall be required to comply with all the
requirements in this Guidelines within one (1) year upon effectivity.

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Who is responsible for implementing the GHS in the Philippines?
 The GHS provisions become mandatory in countries or regions that adopt the
GHS
 Overseeing national implementation is the responsibility of the competent
authorities that adopt the GHS provisions.
 There is no international body that monitors implementation for compliance
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological
information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. SDS contains sixteen (16)
sections.
Contents of SDS
Section 1: Identification of the chemicals -

This section identifies the chemical on the
SDS as well as the recommended uses. It
also provides the essential contact
information of the supplier.
Section 2: Hazards identification - This
section identifies the hazards of the
chemical presented on the SDS and the
appropriate warning information associated
with those hazards.
Section 3: Composition/ information on
Ingredients - This section identifies the
ingredient(s) contained in the product
indicated on the SDS, including impurities
and stabilizing additives. This section
includes information on substances,
mixtures, and all chemicals where a trade
secret is claimed.
Section 4: First-aid measures - This
section describes the initial care that
should be given by untrained responders to
an individual who has been exposed to the
chemical.
Section 5: Fire-fighting measures - This
section provides recommendations for
fighting a fire caused by the chemical.

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Section 6: Accidental release measures - This section provides recommendations on
the appropriate response to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and
cleanup practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, or the
environment. It may also include recommendations distinguishing between responses
for large and small spills where the spill volume has a significant impact on the
hazard.
Section 7: Handling and storage - This section provides guidance on the safe
handling practices and conditions for safe storage of chemicals.
Section 8: Exposure control and personal protection - This section indicates the
exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective measures that can be
used to minimize worker exposure.
Section 9: Physical and chemical properties - This section identifies physical and
chemical properties associated with the substance or mixture.
Section 10: Stability and reactivity - This section describes the reactivity hazards of
the chemical and the chemical stability information.
Section 11: Toxicological information - This section identifies toxicological and health
effects information or indicates that such data are not available.
Section 12: Ecological information - This section provides information to evaluate the
environmental impact of the chemical(s) if it were released to the environment.
Section 13: Disposal considerations - This section provides guidance on proper
disposal practices, recycling or reclamation of the chemical(s) or its container, and
safe handling practices.
Section 14: Transport information - This section provides guidance on classification
information for shipping and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail, or
sea.
Section 15: Regulatory Information - This section identifies the safety, health, and
environmental regulations specific for the product that is not indicated anywhere else
on the SDS.
Section 16: Other information - This section indicates when the SDS was prepared or
when the last known revision was made. The SDS may also state where the changes
have been made to the previous version. You may wish to contact the supplier for an
explanation of the changes. Other useful information also may be included here.
What is Confined Space?
A confined space is a fully or partially enclosed space that:

 is not primarily designed or intended for continuous human occupancy
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 has limited or restricted entrance or exit, or a configuration that can complicate
first aid, rescue, evacuation, or other emergency response activities
 Can represent a risk for the for the health and safety of anyone who enters, due
to one or more of the following factors:
○ its design, construction, location or atmosphere
○ the materials or substances in it
○ work activities being carried out in it, or the
○ mechanical, process and safety hazards present
Examples of Confined Spaces
PHOTO: Google
All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined space.
However, they can be even more hazardous in a confined space than in a regular
worksite.
Hazards in confined spaces can include:
● Poor air quality: There may be an insufficient amount of oxygen for the worker to
breathe. The atmosphere might contain a poisonous substance that could make
the worker ill or even cause the worker to lose consciousness. Natural ventilation
alone will often not be sufficient to maintain breathable quality air.
● Hazards from asphyxiants – Simple asphyxiants are gases which can become so
concentrated that they displace oxygen in the air (normally about 21 percent).
Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) can cause symptoms such as rapid
breathing, rapid heart rate, clumsiness, emotional upset, and fatigue. As less
oxygen becomes available, nausea and vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma
and death can occur. Unconsciousness or death could result within minutes

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following exposure to a simple asphyxiant. Asphyxiants include argon, nitrogen,
or carbon monoxide.
● Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion as well as inhalation of 'bad'
air.
● Fire hazard: There may be an explosive/flammable atmosphere due to
flammable liquids and gases and combustible dusts which if ignited would lead to
fire or explosion.
● Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals, release of contents of a
supply line.
● Physical hazards – noise, heat/cold, radiation, vibration, electrical, and
inadequate lighting.
● Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards,
engulfment, entanglement, slips, falls.
● Vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
● Shifting or collapse of bulk material.
● Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-flowing solid or liquid.
● Visibility (e.g., smoke particles in air).
● Biological hazards – viruses, bacteria from fecal matter and sludge, fungi, or
molds
SUMMARY
• Industrial Hygiene is the science and art devoted to the identification, evaluation
and control of hazards.
• The different types of health hazards are physical, chemical, biological and
ergonomics.
• Safety Officers have the role of classifying their establishments through proper
identification of the different health hazards as part of the risk assessment
process.
• Identification of different health hazards in workplaces can be done by:
- Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular inspection
- Reviewing processes
- Knowing the raw materials, product and by-products
- Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
- Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
What is Work Environment Measurement?

Work Environment Measurement, or WEM, is aimed at evaluating levels of workers’
exposures from various physical and chemical hazards emanating from workplace
operations and recommending appropriate control measures for the improvement of the
working environment.

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Rule1070: Working Environment Measurement (WEM)
 The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the working
environment in comfortable and healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting
and maintaining the health of workers.
 The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other workplaces where
hazardous work is performed and shall keep a record of such measurement
which shall be made available to the enforcing authority.
 The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be performed periodically as
maybe necessary as but not longer than annually.
 The WEM shall be performed by the safety and medical personnel who have
taken adequate training and experience in WEM (internal monitoring)
 In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the employer shall commission the
Bureau / OSHC / Regional Office concerned and other institutions accredited
or recognized by the Bureau, to perform the measurement.
DEPARTMENT ORDER IN THE CONDUCT OF WEM

DO NO. 160-16Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting Organizations to provide
WEM Services
1. Establishments shall only seek WEM services from accredited WEM Providers.
Otherwise, the WEM shall not be regarded as compliance to Rule 1077 (Working
Environment Measurement) of the OSHS.
2. NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or provided WEM services

unless the requirements of this rule and complied with.
Purpose of WEM
 To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents;

 To periodically check the environment through measurement;
 To predict Harmfulness New Facilities, raw materials, production processes and
working methods;
 To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
 To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted
improve the workplace; and;
 To Maintain Favorable Environment Conditions.
WEM EQUIPMENT

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Lux Meter - Illumination
Psychrometer - Humidity
Anemometer - Air Movement
Smoke Tester - Air Direction
Globe Thermometer - Heat
Sound Level Meter – Noise
TYPES OF WEM MONITORING

Area/Environmental Sampling - is the measurement of contaminants in the
workroom. This helps pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure levels of
contaminants.
Personal Sampling - is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure to
airborne contaminants. The data collected approximates the concentration of
contaminant by which the worker is exposed to.
Evaluation of Health Hazards

After the determining the magnitude or extent of the health hazards, the employer shall
proceed with the evaluation and identification of control measures.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

o In general, the TLV represents the maximum airborne concentration of a toxic
substance to which a worker can be exposed over a period of time without
suffering any harmful consequences.
Remember! A legal limit or guideline (such as a threshold limit value) should

never be viewed as a line between "safe" and "unsafe". The best approach is to
always keep exposures or the risk of a hazard as low as possible.
Categories of Threshold Limit Values

Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): The concentration of a hazardous
substance in the air averaged over an 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek
to which it is believed that workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, for
a working lifetime without adverse effects.

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Short-term exposure (TLV-STEL): A 15-minute time weighted average
exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday, even if the
overall 8-hour TLV-TWA is below the TLV-TWA. Workers should not be exposed
more than four times per day to concentrations between TLV-TWA and TLV-
STEL. There should be at least a 60-minute interval between exposures. The
short-term exposure threshold has been adopted to account for the acute effects
of substances that have primarily chronic effects.
Ceiling (TLV-C): This is the concentration that should not be exceeded during
any part of the working exposure.
ACTION LEVEL
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) Noise standard
(29CFR1910.95) requires employers to have a hearing conservation program in place if
workers are exposed to time-weighted average (TWA) noise level of 85 decibels (dBA)
and 90 decibels for OSH Standard or higher over an 8-hour work shift.

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Exposure Limits for Select Chemical Agents
(as 8-hour time-weighted-average except for C notation)
TLV (ACGIH) TLV (ACGIH) TLV (DOLE) PEL (OSHA)
Chemical
U.S.A., 2015 U.S.A., 2003 Phil., 1990 U.S.A., 1997
1. Ammonia 25 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
2. Asbestos, all forms 0.1 f/cc 0.1 f/cc 0.1 f/cc 0.1 f/cc
3. Benzene 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm C 25 ppm 1.0 ppm
4. Carbon monoxide 25 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
5. Cotton dust, raw 0.1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3
6. Ethyl ether 400 ppm 400 ppm 400 ppm 400 ppm
7. Formaldehyde C 0.3 ppm C 0.3 ppm C 5 ppm C 0.75 ppm
8. Hydrogen sulfide 1 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm 20 ppm
9. Lead, inorganic 0.05 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.15 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3
ACTION LEVEL
The level of a harmful or toxic substance/ activity which requires medical surveillance,
increased industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. Reference OSHA and
NIOSH
Rule 1075 of OSH Standard: Illumination
1075.04: Intensity
(1) Artificial lighting shall be adequate at the place of work for the operation or work
performed.
(2) A minimum of 20 lux (2-foot candles) shall be provided for yards, roadways and
outside thoroughfares.
(3) A minimum of 50 lux (5-foot candles) shall be provided:
a. where discrimination of detail is not essential, such as handling coarse materials,

coal or ashes, rough sorting or grinding of clay products;
b. for passageways, corridors, stairways, warehouses, storerooms for rough and bulky
materials.
(4) A minimum of 100 lux (10-foot candles) shall be provided:

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a. where slight discrimination of detail is essential such as for the production of semi-
finished iron and steel products, rough assembling, milling of grains, opening, picking
and carding of cotton, or other primary operation in most of the industrial processes;
and
b. for engine and boiler rooms, passenger and freight elevators, crating and boxing
departments, receiving and shipping rooms, storerooms, and stockrooms for medium
and fine materials, locker rooms, toilets, and washrooms.
(5) A minimum of 200 lux (20-foot candles) shall be provided where moderate
discrimination of details is essential, such as for medium assembling, rough bench and
machine work, rough inspection of testing of products, sewing light-colored textile or
leather products, canning and preserving, meat packing, planning of lumber and
veneering.
6) A minimum of 300 lux (30 foot candles) shall be provided where close discrimination
of details is essential such as for medium bench and machine work, medium inspection,
fine testing, flour grading, leather finishing and weaving cotton goods or light colored
cloth/ goods or for office desk work with intermittent reading and writing for filing and
mail sorting.
(7) A minimum of 500 to 1,000 lux (50 to 100 foot candles) shall be provided where
discrimination of fine details is involved under conditions of a fair degree of contrasts for
long assembling, fine bench and machine work, fine inspection, fine polishing and
beveling of glass, fine wood- working and weaving dark colored cloth/goods, or for
accounting, bookkeeping, drafting, stenographic work, typing or other prolonged close
office desk work.
(8) A minimum of I 000 lux (1 00 foot candles) shall be provided where discrimination of
extremely fine detail is involved under conditions of poor contrast for long periods of
time, such as for extra fine assembling instrument, jewelry, and watch manufacturing,
grading and sorting tobacco products, makeup and proof-reading in printing plants, and
inspection of sewing dark-colored cloth products.
(9) The provisions of paragraphs 2 to 8 apply to lighting equipment under average

operating conditions. Where conditions allow, it may be necessary to provide initially an
illumination of at least 25% more. In locations where dirt will collect rapidly, the initial
level should be at least 50% above the recommended standards.
(10) Any windowless room shall be provided with general lighting sufficient in intensity
for the most exacting operations carried therein.

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(11) Detailed standards of lighting intensity for different operations of work environment
shall be as provided in Table 8c. Note: I foot candle = 10.75 lux For purpose of
computation use I foot candle = 10 lux
ACGIH Guidelines
*WBGT - Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
SUMMARY
WEM is an exposure assessment process of measuring the magnitude, frequency and
duration of exposure to physical and chemical hazards. Industrial Hygiene focuses
essentially on a preventive approach through the minimization of exposure to work
environment hazards thereby preventing an occupational diseaSEASA
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CONSAFE: (Construction Occupational Safety and Health) COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.3/2/2021
Principles of Hazard Controls

Hazards are always present in the workplace; if not controlled or eliminated it may result in
the occurrence of an unwanted incident that may result in injury or illness.
Hazard control consists of all steps necessary to protect workers from exposure to a
substance or system, the training and the procedures required to monitor worker exposure
and their health to hazards such as chemicals, materials or substance, or other types of
hazards such as noise and vibration.
Reason for control of Hazardous Substances

1) Protecting workers' health from exposure to substances.
2) Protecting workers' comfort.
3) Complying with the standards implemented.
General Diagram of Controlling Hazards

Controls are usually placed:
1. At the source (where the hazard "comes from").
2. Along the path (where the hazard "travels").
3. At the worker.
Photo: Google
Control at the source and control along the path are sometimes also known as engineering
controls.
METHODS OF CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS OR HAZARDS
Selection of controls according to a hierarchy that emphasizes engineering solutions

(including elimination or substitution) first, followed by safe work practices, administrative
controls, and finally personal protective equipment. Avoid selecting controls that may directly
or indirectly introduce new hazards.
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CONSAFE: (Construction Occupational Safety and Health) COSH for SO2
Hierarchy of Control Measures
Photo: Google
1) Elimination - is the process of removing the hazard from the workplace. It is the
most effective way to control a risk because the hazard is no longer present. It is
the preferred way to control a hazard and should be used whenever possible.
2) Substitution - occurs when a new chemical or substance that is less hazardous

is used instead of another chemical. It is sometimes grouped with elimination
because, in effect, you are removing the first substance or hazard from the
workplace. The goal, obviously, is to choose a new chemical that is less
hazardous than the original.
The table below provides some examples:

Instead Of: Consider:
carbon tetrachloride (causes liver 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
damage, cancer) dichloromethane
benzene (causes cancer) toluene, cyclohexane, ketones
pesticides (causes various effects on body) "natural" pesticides such as
pyrethrin’s
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organic solvents (causes various effects on water-detergent solutions

body)
leaded glazes, paints, pigments (causes various versions that do not contain lead
effects on body)
sandstone grinding wheels (causes severe synthetic grinding wheels such as
respiratory illness due to silica) aluminum oxide
Remember, however, that you need to make sure the substitute chemical or substance is
not causing any harmful effects, and to control and monitor exposures to make sure that the
replacement chemical or substance is below occupational exposure limits.
Another type of substitution includes using the same chemical but to use it in a different
form. For example, a dry, dusty powder may be a significant inhalation hazard but if this
material can be purchased and used as pellets or crystals, there may be less dust in the air
and therefore less exposure.
Photo: Google
Remember!
When substituting, be very careful that one hazard is not being traded for another. Before
deciding to replace a chemical/substance with another, consider all the implications and
potential risks of the new material.
3) Engineering Controls - are methods that are built into the design of a plant,
equipment or process to minimize the hazard. Engineering controls are a very
reliable way to control worker exposures as long as the controls are designed, used
and maintained properly.
The basic types of engineering controls are:

 Process control.
 Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source.
 Ventilation.
Process Control
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Process control involves changing the way a job activity or process is done to reduce
the risk.
Examples of process changes include to:
 Use wet methods rather than dry when drilling or grinding. "Wet method"
means that water is sprayed over a dusty surface to keep dust levels down or
material is mixed with water to prevent dust from being created.
 Use an appropriate vacuum or "wet method" instead of dry sweeping (e.g.
with a broom) to control dust and reduce the inhalation hazard.
 Instead of conventional spray painting, try to dip, paint with a brush, or use
"airless" spray paint methods. These methods will reduce the amount of paint
that is released into the air.
 Decrease the temperature of a process so that less vapor is released.
 Use automation - the less workers have to handle or use the materials, the
less potential there is for exposure.
Enclosure and Isolation
These methods aim to keep the chemical "in" and the worker "out" (or vice versa).
An enclosure keeps a selected hazard "physically" away from the worker.
Enclosed equipment, for example, is tightly sealed and it is typically only opened for
cleaning or maintenance. Other examples include "glove boxes" (where a chemical
is in a ventilated and enclosed space and the employee works with the material by
using gloves that are built in), abrasive blasting cabinets, or remote-control devices.
Ventilation
Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing
indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air
motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor
environment, or other objectives
4) Administrative Controls - limit workers' exposures by scheduling shorter work

times in contaminant areas or by implementing other "rules". These control
measures have many limitations because the hazard itself is not actually removed or
reduced.
 Restricting access to a work area.
 Restricting the task to only those competent or qualified to perform the work.
 Scheduling maintenance and other high exposure operations for times when
few workers are present (such as evenings, weekends).
 Using job-rotation schedules that limit the amount of time an individual worker
is exposed to a substance.
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5) Personal Protective Equipment - includes items such as respirators, protective

clothing such as gloves, face shields, eye protection, and footwear that serve to provide
a barrier between the wearer and the chemical or material.
Ventilation
Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor
pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to
benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other
objectives
Purpose of Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing
indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion
to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or
other objectives. Ventilation is the mechanical system in a building that brings in "fresh"
outdoor air and removes the "contaminated" indoor air. In a workplace, ventilation is used
to control exposure to airborne contaminants.
Types of Industrial Ventilation

General Ventilation (GV)
General Ventilation - Supply and exhaust (or remove) air in the work environment such
that airborne contaminants are diluted to levels considered to be not harmful to health.

Removes airborne contaminants at the point of dispersion or generation before they
become fugitive and contaminate the work environment.
General or Dilution Ventilation

1. Mechanical Ventilation
2. Natural Ventilation - Preferred if significant health hazards exist
Operators Breathing Zone

1. Zone of Contaminant Release
2. Operators Breathing Zone
3. Clean Air Supply
4. Discharge Opening
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5. Direction of air flow must remove contaminants from workers breathing zone
Pointers on the Use of Industrial Ventilation
1. Air removed must be replaced by supply air

2. Short circuiting of air must be prevented
3. Lay-out of equipment and process should be considered in relation to the direction of air
flow
4. Avoid cross drafts of air near exhaust outlets
5. Contaminated air must be correctly discharged outdoors such that its re-entry inside 3.
the work Environment is avoided.
MODULE 12: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by:
• PREVENTING workers from getting sick,
• PROTECTING workers from health risks,
• PLACING worker in tasks adapted to his ability.
What are Health Hazards?

• Any agent or activity posing a potential hazard to health
• Any organism, chemicals, conditions, or circumstance that may cause illness
Factors that Determine Disease Development

• PERSONAL FACTOR
o Age
o Health Habits
o Reproductive Status
o Medical History
• JOB FACTOR
o Duration of Exposure
o Concentration of Agent
o Route of Exposure
o Workplace and Personal
Hygiene
o Control Measures in place
PHYSICAL HAZARD
• NOISE
o Health Effects
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▪ Acute noise-induced damage: exposure to high intensity sound stimuli such

as explosions
▪ Temporary Hearing Loss
➢ Decrease in the sensitivity of auditory sensory cells
➢ In early stages, is reversible
▪ Permanent Hearing Loss
➢ Exposure to high-intensity sound over several years
➢ Involves frequency to which the ear is sensitive, 4000 Hz
Action Level – The upper action value is set at a daily or weekly average noise
exposure of 90dB, above which the employer is required to take reasonably
practicable measures to reduce noise exposure, such as engineering control or
other technical measure. The use of hearing protection is also mandatory if
the noise cannot be controlled by these measures, or while these measures
are being planned or carried out.
• VIBRATION
o Health Effects
▪ Fatigue of leg muscles
▪ Chronic venous insufficiency (veins cannot pump enough blood back to the
heart)
• TEMPERATURE EXTREME
o Health Effects
▪ Factors influencing heat stress
➢ Air Temperature
➢ Air Humidity
➢ Air Velocity
➢ Radiant Temperature
➢ Physical Workload
▪ Factors influencing cold stress

➢ Cold Climates
➢ Refrigerated Space
➢ Wind Chill
• ILLUMINATION
o Type of illumination hazard:
▪ Bright - if the workplace illumination is higher than the recommended
▪ Dark - if the workplace illumination is lower than the recommended
o Health Effects
▪ VISUAL FATIGUE
▪ Double vision
▪ Headache
▪ Painful irritation
▪ Production of excess tears
▪ Redness of eyes
• RADIATION
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o IONIZING RADIATION A radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with

sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.
▪ Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation
➢ Physical damage to cells

➢ Possible genetic damage
o NON-IONIZING RADIATION refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does

not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules that is, to completely remove
an electron from an atom or molecule.
▪ Health Effects of Non–Ionizing Radiation

➢ Arc flash erythema, skin cancer, sunburn
➢ Can interfere with pacemaker & medical devices
➢ Cataracts
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
How do chemicals become a hazard?
• When they become airborne and

• The concentration is excessive…
Types of Chemical Hazard
Chemical Hazards Routes of Entry

• INHALATION The lungs is a major route of entry of chemicals
• INGESTION The process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by
swallowing or absorbing it.
• DERMAL Chemicals may be absorbed through healthy skin into the bloodstream and carried
to different parts of the body where they can have damaging results.
o Skin Contact
o Injection
o Eye Splash
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• Corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes
• Dermal contact may produce severe burns, ulceration, and scarring in humans
• Oral exposure may cause corrosion of the mucous membranes, esophagus, and stomach
Effect of Chemical Hazard

• ACUTE or IMMEDIATE
o Occur rapidly after single dose
o Reversible
• CHRONIC or DELAYED
o Occur after the lapse of some time
o Irreversible
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Biological Hazard are dangers come from living organisms and includes Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses,
Parasites, Insects, Plants, Birds, Animals and Humans.
Biological Hazards: Occupational Exposure

• Poor sanitation and housekeeping
• Hospital works
• Removal of industrial waste and sewage
• Poor personal cleanliness
Infectious Diseases remains a major cause of death and debility and are responsible for worsening
the living conditions of millions of people around the world.
• Example: How does COVID-19 spread
COVID-19 spreads primarily through close contact with someone who is infected, but it can
also spread if you touch contaminated objects and surfaces. You can protect yourself: clean
your hands and your surroundings frequently!
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to the people who work in them
• Ergo(work)
• Nomos(law) “Fitting the TASK to the HUMAN”
Ergonomic Hazards are condition that:

• Cause low productivity or output
o Lead to muscle and skeletal pains.
• Risk in Ergonomics:
o Position or Posture
o Force
o Frequency
What are WMSDs?
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WMSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints or spinal
discs that are shown or suspected to have been caused by workplace activities.
Common Symptoms of WMSDs

• Less strength for gripping or hand grasping
• Less range of motion
• Loss of muscle function, and
• Inability to do everyday tasks.
• Painful joints
• Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists, forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
• Shooting or stubbing pains
• Swelling or inflammation
• Fingers or toes turning white
• Back or neck pain
• Stiffness
Types Ergonomic Hazard:

• PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARD - Is any hazard that affects the mental well-being or mental health
of the worker by overwhelming individual coping mechanisms and impacting the worker's
ability to work in a healthy and safe manner.
• PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARD - Those basically environmental factors that cause stress to the
worker.
o Non-recovery of the body
o Repetitive nature of the work
o Uncomfortable working station
What can be done to minimize this strain?
• It is recommended that a person break for 5-10 minutes for every hour spent at a workstation.
• Vary the work tasks, by carrying out other duties or tasks that involve moving around or
changing body position.
• Stand up and move around.
• Look away from the screen occasionally and focus your eyes on an object far away.
• Take regular rest breaks to ease muscle aches, eye strain and stress.
• Relax your muscles, stretch and change position.
RULE 1960: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

• Health Programs shall include:
o Entrance
o Periodic
o Special examination
o Transfer examination
o Separation examination
• Monitoring: Medical Surveillance
o Systematic monitoring of health events
o To prevent, detect and control occupational hazards and their associated diseases
o Entrance (baseline) examinations
o Periodic screening (specific, job related)
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o Fitness for duty (specific cause)

o Exit examination
Why Do Medical Surveillance?
• Identify Cases
o Early detection of job-related health problems (2°)
o Determine their causes
• Analyze Trends and Patterns in the Workforce to Guide Prevention Efforts (1°)
o Supplement Environmental Monitoring to Confirm the Effectiveness of Controls
• Meet Regulatory Requirements
MODULE 13: COVID-19 PREVENTION MEASURES
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
• Describe the basic facts and recent information on CoViD-19
• Recognize CoViD-19 as a workplace issue
• Identify relevant laws and guidelines on CoViD-19
What is CoVid-19 and its cause?

A coronavirus is a virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses
aren't dangerous.
In early 2020, after a December 2019 outbreak in China, the World Health Organization identified SARS-CoV-
2 as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak quickly spread around the world.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It
can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe
and lungs).
Signs and symptoms

COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without hospitalization.
Most common symptoms:

• fever
• dry cough
• tiredness
Less common symptoms:
• aches and pains

• sore throat
• diarrhea
• conjunctivitis
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• headache
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes
Mode of transmission
How does COVID-19 spread between people?
COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads between people, mainly when an
infected person is in close contact with another person.
The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they
cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe heavily. These liquid particles are different sizes, ranging from
larger ‘respiratory droplets’ to smaller ‘aerosols’.
Other people can catch COVID-19 when the virus gets into their mouth, nose or eyes, which is more
likely to happen when people are in direct or close contact (less than 1 meter apart) with an
infected person.
Current evidence suggests that the main way the virus spreads is by respiratory droplets among
people who are in close contact with each other.
Aerosol transmission can occur in specific settings, particularly in indoor, crowded and inadequately
ventilated spaces, where infected person(s) spend long periods of time with others, such as
restaurants, choir practices, fitness classes, nightclubs, offices and/or places of worship. More
studies are underway to better understand the conditions in which aerosol transmission is
occurring outside of medical facilities where specific medical procedures, called aerosol generating
procedures, are conducted.
The virus can also spread after infected people sneeze, cough on, or touch surfaces, or objects, such
as tables, doorknobs and handrails. Other people may become infected by touching these
contaminated surfaces, then touching their eyes, noses or mouths without having cleaned their
hands first.
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Photo: WHO
When do infected people transmit the virus?
Whether or not they have symptoms, infected people can be contagious and the virus can spread from
them to other people.
Laboratory data suggests that infected people appear to be most infectious just before they develop
symptoms (namely 2 days before they develop symptoms) and early in their illness. People who
develop severe disease can be infectious for longer.
While someone who never develops symptoms can pass the virus to others, it is still not clear how
frequently this occurs and more research is needed in this area.
What is the difference between people who are asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic?
Don’t they both mean someone without symptoms?
Both terms refer to people who do not have symptoms. The difference is that ‘asymptomatic’ refers to
people who are infected but never develop any symptoms, while ‘pre-symptomatic’ refers to infected
people who have not yet developed symptoms but go on to develop symptoms later.
Difference of COVID-19 to other ailments
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Are there certain settings where COVID-19 can spread more easily?
Any situation in which people are in close proximity to one another for long periods of time increases
the risk of transmission. Indoor locations, especially settings where there is poor or no ventilation, are
riskier than outdoor locations.
Transmission can occur more easily in the “Three C’s”:
• Crowded places with many people nearby;

• Close-contact settings, especially where people have conversations very near each other;
• Confined and enclosed spaces with poor ventilation.
The risk of COVID-19 spreading is higher in places where these “3Cs” overlap.
Classifying Risk of Worker Exposure to COVID 19 in the Workplace
Jobs that do not require contact with people known to be, or suspected of being, infected with
COVID 19. Workers in this category have minimal occupational contact with the public and other
coworkers. Examples include:
1. Remote workers (i.e., those working from home during the pandemic).
2. Office workers who do not have frequent close contact with coworkers, customers, or the
public.
3. Manufacturing and industrial facility workers who do not have frequent close contact with
coworkers, customers, or the public.
4. Healthcare workers providing only telemedicine services.
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Medium Exposure Risk

Jobs that require frequent/close contact with people who may be infected, but who are not known
to have or suspected of having COVID-19. Workers in this category include:
1. Those who may have frequent contact with travelers who return from international
locations with widespread COVID-19 transmission.
2. Those who may have contact with the general public (e.g., in schools, high population
density work environments, and some high-volume retail settings).
High Exposure Risk

Jobs with a high potential for exposure to known or suspected sources of COVID 19. Workers in this
category include:
1. Healthcare delivery and support staff (hospital staff who must enter patients’ rooms)
exposed to known or suspected COVID-19 patients.
2. Medical transport workers (ambulance vehicle operators) moving known or suspected
COVID-19 patients in enclosed vehicles.
3. Mortuary workers involved in preparing bodies for burial or cremation of people known to
have, or suspected of having, COVID-19 at the time of death.
Very High Exposure Risk

Jobs with a very high potential for exposure to known or suspected sources of COVID - 19 during
specific medical, postmortem, or laboratory procedures. Workers in this category include:
1. Healthcare workers (e.g., doctors, nurses, dentists, paramedics, emergency medical
technicians) performing aerosol-generating procedures (e.g., intubation, cough induction
procedures, bronchoscopies, some dental procedures and exams, or invasive specimen
collection) on known or suspected COVID-19 patients.
2. Healthcare or laboratory personnel collecting or handling specimens from known or
suspected COVID-19 patients (e.g., manipulating cultures from known or suspected COVID-
19 patients).
3. Morgue workers performing autopsies, which generally involve aerosol-generating
procedures, on the bodies of people who are known to have, or are suspected of having,
COVID-19 at the time of their death.
Prevention
• Protect yourself and others around you by knowing the facts and taking appropriate
precautions. Follow advice provided by your local health authority.
• To prevent the spread of COVID-19:
• Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
• Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
• Wear a mask when physical distancing is not possible.
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
• Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
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• Stay home if you feel unwell.

• If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.
• Calling in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right health
facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and other infections.
Public Health Standards prescribed by the Department of Health (DOH), Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI) and the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
Operating establishments have been directed to comply with public health standards prescribed by
the Department of Health (DOH), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE)
1. The DTI issued DTI Memorandum Circular No. 20-22 dated May 5, 2020,1 which directs operating
establishments to:
a. strictly implement the required public health standards prescribed for
offices/workplaces under DOH Administrative Order No. 2020-0015 dated April 27,
2020 and the DTI-DOLE Joint Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control
of COVID-19 dated April 30, 2020;
b. notify public health authorities of employees and/or staff who show signs or
symptoms of COVID-19; and
c. implement contact tracing in coordination with the DOH and the local government
unit concerned in case their employees and/or staff have been exposed to COVID- 19.
2. DOH Administrative Order No. 2020-0015 dated April 27, 20202 specifies the DOH’s prescribed
interventions in various settings, such as offices/workplaces, depending on the risk severity grading
of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID). For each prescribed
intervention, concrete examples (e.g., engineering control, administrative control, and PPEs) are
provided.
3. The DTI and DOLE Joint Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID-19
dated April 30, 2020 provides workplace health and safety guidelines that apply to all workplaces,
employers and workers in the private sector. In addition to guidelines noted in our Return-To-Work
Checklist:
a. Equipment or vehicle entering the hub operational area must go through a
disinfection process.
b. If there will be a long queue outside the office, roving officers must instill physical
distancing of one meter.
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c. In order to minimize contact rate, alternative working arrangements, such as

working-hour shifts, work from home (WFH), where feasible, and rotation may be
implemented.
DTI AND DOLE INTERIM GUIDELINES ON WORKPLACE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COVID-19.
Coverage
These guidelines shall apply to all workplaces, employers, and workers in the private sector.
COVID-19 Prevention & Control

Workplace Safety and Health
The following safety and health standards shall be implemented in all workplaces aligned with
the objectives of the minimum health standards of the Department of Health:
1. Stay healthy
2. Enjoin companies to provide free medicines and vitamins; and
3. Referral for mental health concerns or counselling
Prior to entrance in building or workplace

1. All employers and workers shall:
1. Wear face masks at all times (should cloth mask be used; washable type should put
additional filter such as tissue paper)
2. Temperature scanning and recording via QR code
3. Clinic staff assigned to assess the workers held in the isolation area should be provided the
appropriate medical grade PPEs by the establishment which shall include but not limited to
face masks, goggles/face shields and/or gloves; and
4. Spray alcohol/sanitizers to both hands; body misting; and disinfectant foot baths at the
entrance
5. Accomplish daily monitoring form
2. Equipment or vehicle entering the company premises must go to a disinfection process;

3. If there will be a long queue outside the office, safety officers should instill physical distancing of
1 meter.
Inside the workplace
1. Regular disinfection of work areas and frequently handled objects such as door knobs for at
least once every two (2) hours;
2. All washrooms and toilet shall have sufficient clean water and soap, workers are
encouraged to wash their hands frequently and avoid touching their eyes, nose and mouth;
3. Alcohol/sanitizers shall be made available in the corridors, conference areas, elevators,
stairways and areas where workers pass;
4. Workers, whether in office workstations or in operations area, shall always practice physical
distancing meaning at the minimum one (1) meter radius space (side, back, and front)
between workers;
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5. Eating in communal areas is discouraged. It is best to eat in individual work area and all
waste shall be disposed properly.
6. Canteens and kitchens should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
Minimize contact rate

1. Alternative work arrangements, such as working-hour shifts, work from home (WFH),
where feasible and on rotation basis;
2. Prolonged face-to-face interaction between workers and with clients are discouraged
and masks shall be worn at all times and not removed. Meetings needing physical
presence shall be kept to a minimum number of participants and with short duration.
Videoconferencing shall be utilized for lengthy discussion among workers.
3. Office tables should be arranged in order to maintain proper physical distancing.

Barriers may be provided between tables;
4. Workstation layout should be designed to allow unidirectional movement in aisles,
corridors or walkways;
5. To maintain physical distancing, number of people inside an enclosed space such as a
room, store or hall shall be limited.
6. Online system shall be highly encouraged to be utilized for clients needing from offices
including the use of videoconferencing; and
7. Safety officer shall always ensure physical distancing and observance of minimum health
protocols.
In the event that a worker is suspected as having COVID-19

1. The worker shall immediately proceed to the isolation area designated in the workplace
and never remove his/her mask;
2. Clinic personnel attending to the workers should wear appropriate PPEs and if needed
should require the transport of the affected worker to the nearest hospital. Company
protocols for transport for suspect COVID-19 cases and for PCR testing, should be in
place including providing for ambulance conduction. Hospitals will report to the DOH for
COVID-19 suspect;
Decontamination of workplace
1. Workplace shall be decontaminated with appropriate disinfectant (e.g. chlorine
bleaching solution and 1:100 phenol-based disinfectant)
2. After decontamination of the work area, work can resume after 24 hours; and
3. Workers present in the work area with the suspect COVID-19 worker shall go on 14 days
home quarantine with specific instruction from the clinic staff on monitoring of
symptoms and possible next steps. If suspect COVID-19 worker has negative result, co-
workers may be allowed to report back to work.
In the event that a worker is sick or has fever but is not suspected to have COVID-19
1. Take adequate rest and take plenty of fluids;

2. Practice personal hygiene to prevent spread of disease; and
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3. Seek appropriate medical care if there is persistent fever, when difficulty of breathing
has started, or when he/she becomes weak.
Duties of Employer and Workers

1. Provide the necessary company policies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in
consultation with workers. Advocacy and IEC programs should be taken from DOH, WHO
and reliable sources of information on COVID-19;
2. Provide resources and materials needed to keep the workers healthy and the workplace
safe, e.g. masks, soap, sanitizer, disinfectant, PPEs, including COVID-19 testing kits, etc.;
3. Designate the safety officer to monitor COVID-19 prevention control and measures such
as physical distancing, wearing of face masks, regular disinfection, compliance to
thermal scanning and accomplishing health symptoms questionnaire;
4. Enhance health insurance provision for workers;
5. Where feasible, provide shuttle service and/or decent accommodation on near-site

location to lessen travel and people movement;
6. Put up a COVID-19 Hotline and Call Center for employees to report if symptomatic, and
daily monitoring scheme of our “suspect” employee condition.
7. Comply with all workplace measures in place for the prevention and control of COVID-
19, such as, frequent handwashing, wearing of masks, observe physical distancing
always, etc.
8. Observe proper respiratory etiquette;
9. Coughing and sneezing into tissue or into shirt sleeve if tissue is not available.
10. Disposing used tissues properly; and

11. Disinfecting hands immediately through proper handwashing with soap and water or
alcohol-based sanitizer immediately after a cough or sneeze
COVID-19 Testing
1. Employers may test workers for COVID-19. Testing kits used and procured shall be the
responsibility of the employer.
2. Workers with a negative test shall continue to work. They should be given appropriate
advise and instructions once they develop any health complaints or symptoms.
Most at Risk Workers and Vulnerable Group

1. Employers are highly encouraged to allow these workers to do work from home
arrangement. Work Agreements should be developed to detail the deliverables from
these employees and there shall be no diminution in wages or benefits.
2. Employees at higher risks:
o >60 yrs. old employees
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o With pre-existing illness i.e. hypertension, diabetes, cancer, or with

immunocompromised health status
o Pregnant women
Assistance by the DTI and DOLE

DTI and DOLE shall extend assistance and technical support to all workplaces, employers and
workers in complying with the guidelines.
Reporting of Illnesses/Disease/Injuries
The employer shall provide the DOLE through its Regional Office copy furnished DOH, monthly
reporting of illness, diseases and injuries utilizing the DOLE Work Accident/Illness Report Form
(WAIR-COVID19).
DTI-DOLE Supplemental Guidelines for COVID-19
I. Coverage
This Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) shall apply to all private establishments
regardless of economic activity, including those located inside special economic zones
and other areas under the jurisdiction of Investment Promotion Agencies (e.g. Philippine
Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), Clark Development Corporation (CDC), Authority of
the Freeport Area of Bataan (AFAB), Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport
(APECO, etc.)).
II. Workplace Safety and Health
Employers are required to implement all necessary workplace safety and health
programs, including the following COVID-related programs, at no cost to the employees:
A. Increase Physical and Mental Resilience
1. Employers shall provide their employees with psychosocial support, especially

those presenting mental health concerns. If this is not available, a referral system
to mental health specialists must be in place, either through establishing a network
with an accredited health facility, through telemedicine services, or through the
National Center for Mental Health Crisis Hotline at 0917-899-8727 (0917-899-
USAP) and (02) 7-989-8727 ((02)-7-989-USAP).
2. Employers shall likewise promote work-life balance, especially in these trying

times through proper scheduling of activities and workforce rotation.
3. Company policies on prevention and control of COVID-19 should be aligned with

the existing minimum public health standards and guidelines issued by the DOH
and other regulatory agencies.
B. Reducing Transmission of COVID-19
1. The following are the minimum public health standards to be complied with in all
workplaces:
a. Masks
i. Face masks must be worn at all times.
ii. Medical grade masks are highly encouraged and should be properly
disposed of after use.
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iii. Masks with vents should not be used.

iv. Cloth masks, with additional filter such as tissue paper or similar material,
may be used as long as they are clean and washed daily. The filter should
be changed daily or after every sneezing or coughing episode, and should
be properly disposed of after use. Hands should be washed/disinfected
before replacing the filters.
v. Frequent mask handling and manipulation should be avoided.
b. Face shields
i. Face shields shall cover the entire face (completely cover the sides and
length of the face). If possible, face shields should extend to the ears and
below the chin.
ii. Visor-type face shields shall not be allowed.
iii. Face shields and masks should always be worn together when interacting
with colleagues, clients and/or visitors.
iv. Face shields may be removed according to the demands of the work or
when the occupational safety and health of the employees so requires.
c. Physical Distancing
i. Physical distancing of at least one (1) meter, or two (2) meters when
possible, shall be observed at all times. This must be practiced in
combination with the wearing of masks and face shields.
d. Frequent Disinfection
i. Frequent handwashing with soap and water or the application of
alcohol-based disinfectants shall be mandatory in all workplaces and is
encouraged to be practiced at home.
2. The following disinfecting/washing resources, supplies/materials should be made

available to employees and clients/visitors:
a. hand washing stations,
b. soap and sanitizers, and
c. hand drying equipment or supplies (e.g. single use paper towel).
The foregoing supplies/materials should be placed in the following strategic
locations in the workplace:
i. Corridors or hallways
ii. Conference areas
iii. Elevators
iv. Stairways
v. Points of entry
vi. Locker rooms
vii. Common areas (e.g. lounge, pantry, etc.)
viii. Bathroom
ix. Canteen
x. Personal workspace
xi. Company vehicles and shuttle services
3. Display of signages/visual cues and reminders to practice proper handwashing and

other hygiene behaviors among employees is mandatory. These include:
a. Hand washing with soap and water, or use of hand disinfectants with alcoholbased
sanitizers specifically, but not limited to, the following instances:
i. Before and after handling food or eating;
ii. After using the bathroom;
iii. Before and after taking off their face mask and/or face shield;
iv. After touching frequently-touched surfaces and objects (e.g. stair railings,
elevator controls, door knobs); and
v. Before and after touching their face.
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b. Advising employees to conduct surface disinfection in their work stations

before the start of the shift, intermittently during shift and at the end of the
shift.
c. Discouraging sharing of personal items between employees to prevent
possible transmission.
4. Employers classified as large and medium sized private establishments (i.e. those with total
assets above PHP15M) are enjoined to provide shuttle services to their employees. Minimum
public health standards should be enforced in the shuttle services, i.e.use of face shields and face
masks, observance of physical distancing, andfrequent disinfection. Employees inside the vehicles
should be required to avoid talking with each other, taking phone calls, eating and removing their
masks and shields. Signages of “No Talking,” “No Eating,” and “No Taking Phone Calls” should
likewise be displayed or posted on the conspicuous areas in the vehicle. All vehicle types, as long as
not expressly prohibited by the DOTr through an issuance, may be used for shuttle services.
5. Adequate ventilation should be strictly enforced in the following:

a. Inside the workplace - Natural air flow exchange (opening windows, opening
doors, turning off air-conditioning units to reduce air recirculation) is highly
encouraged. If possible, the installation of exhaust fans, installation of air
filtration devices with High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters or the
recalibration of building heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)
systems should be explored.
b. Inside the shuttle service– The opening of windows, with at least three (3)
inches of opening, while in transit should be practiced whenever possible. The
observance of physical distancing of at least one (1) meter and wearing of face
masks and face shields shall be followed. Proper disinfection before and after
each use of the vehicle is likewise mandatory.
6. Mandatory advocacy awareness raising programs
a. In order to enforce these guidelines, the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Committee shall facilitate webinars, virtual lectures and trainings on COVID-19, its
prevention and control, including best practices to be attended by all employees and
management.
b. Topics should include:

i. Recommended best practices on:
a) Wearing of masks and face shield and reducing frequent
manipulation;
b) Physical distancing;
c) Frequent and proper handwashing;
d) Frequent Disinfection; and
e) Other preventive strategies in reducing the spread of COVID-19.
ii. Frequent updates on relevant information, as it becomes available, from
the DOH, WHO and other reliable sources, including COVID-19 test
protocols
7. Designated smoking areas in the workplaces shall be provided with individual “booths,” subject
to the applicable requirements and standards under Republic Act No. 9211 and Executive Order No.
26, S. 2017. Employers shall require employees to strictly observe physical distancing measures and
other applicable health protocols (i.e. no talking inside designated smoking areas). Assets shall refer
to total assets, inclusive of those arising from loans but exclusive of the land on which the
particular business entity's office, plant and equipment are situated. (Section 3, Republic Act
9501or the Magna Carta for MSMEs)
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C. Reduce Contact
1. Most-at-risk population (MARP) for COVID-19 in the workplace (e.g. senior citizens, pregnant
women, individuals with underlying health conditions) and those below 21 years old, shall continue
to observe work-from-home arrangements. When needed to occasionally report to work, they may
be allowed to, provided a certificate of fit to work is secured from the OSH personnel2
And must stay in the workplace only for a specified number of hours. They shall limit
physical contact inside the premises.
2. Restriction of mass gatherings:
a. Depending on the risk classification of the workplace locality, as defined by IATF’s risk
severity grading, Employers shall follow the restriction on mass gatherings, (i.e. only 10% of
seating capacity for meeting rooms in high/moderate-risk areas (e.g. confined spaces) and a
maximum of 50% seating capacity for low-risk areas (e.g. open areas)).
b. Videoconferencing shall always be used for meetings needing large attendance of

employees and/or for meetings lasting longer than 15 minutes.
c. The safety officer, which refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by the
DOLE and tasked by the employer to implement an occupational safety and health program,
and ensure that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards, will determine the
maximum number of employees allowed to stay at any given time in areas where they
usually converge during breaks, or before/after work shifts (e.g. canteens, locker rooms,
changing rooms, lounges, rest rooms or comfort rooms). The safety officer shall ensure that
minimum public health standards are followed at all times.
3. Employers shall adopt staggered meal schedules to further restrict contact among its employees.
Eating alone in the workstation is highly encouraged. Dining in canteens may be allowed provided
that employees shall strictly comply with the physical distancing of at least one (1) meter and shall
be prohibited from talking with each other. Employers are required to provide signages, physical
barriers, and such other means to ensure compliance with these protocols.
To ensure compliance with the physical distancing requirements, employers may set up makeshift
dining areas to complement canteens in the workplace.
a. Masks should be immediately worn after eating.

b. Use of communal items such as, but not limited to, dipping sauces and condiments,
utensil dispensers, and straw dispensers shall be prohibited.
c. Serving of buffet meals and other similar set-ups shall be prohibited.
4. Employers shall, as much as practicable, minimize the duration of customer

transactions to less than 15 minutes.
Section 2 (i), Chapter II of RA 11058 defines Occupation health personnel as:
(i) Occupational health personnel refers to a qualified first aider, nurse, dentist or physician
engaged by the employer to provide occupational health services in the establishment,
project, site or workplace.
D. Reduce duration of infection
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1. Detection
All employees, upon entering the building premises/workplaces, shall be required

to accomplish the Health Declaration Form (Annex A-1), or any digital iteration
thereof. The security staff or other responsible personnel shall immediately screen
the accomplished form and perform a temperature check (ANNEX B).
a. If “Yes” to any item is answered or if with a T> 37.5 degrees Celsius, the
employee shall be denied entry and referred to the workplace isolation area for
further evaluation by the Safety Officer.
b. If “No” to all items are answered and temperature is <37.5 degrees Celsius,
the employee shall be permitted entry.
c. The security staff or other responsible personnel on duty shall immediately
give the accomplished health declaration form to the company Human
Resources (HR) for appropriate action and storage.
d. Should an online health declaration form be used, the form should be
electronically submitted to HR.
e. The Health Declaration Form shall be handled and processed in accordance
with the Data Privacy Act and related issuances to ensure that –
i. Data collected should only include such necessary data proportional to
the purpose of contract tracing;
ii. The processing of personal data shall be transparent and that the data
subjects shall be apprised of the reasons for such collection;
iii. Reasonable and appropriate security measures and safeguards shall be
implemented to protect the personal data collected;
iv. The personal data collected shall be considered highly confidential; and
v. The personal data shall be stored only for a limited period and shall be
disposed of properly after thirty (30) days from date of accomplishment.
2. Employers shall direct symptomatic individuals through appropriate health system entry points
such as the primary care facility (e.g. Barangay Health Center, Infirmaries, Private Clinics / hospitals)
or telehealth consultation. Referral networks shall be established.
3. Employers may contact the DOH through its hotline 1555 for guidance on the
handling and referring symptomatic employees.
III. Management of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Employees in the Workplace
A. Remote Management of Cases and Close Contacts
1. Employers shall ensure that the Employees, regardless of work arrangements, have
access to telemedicine services, either through health maintenance organization (HMO),
employer-initiated telemedicine services, or Barangay Health Center.
2. Large and medium private establishments are strongly encouraged to provide their
own telemedicine services, in the absence of an HMO.
B. Isolation and Referral
1. Large and medium private establishments (i.e. with total assets of above Ph15m) and
establishments with multiple tenants are mandated to designate an isolation area of one room for
every 200 employees, which shall be other than the company clinic, and must be situated near the
entrance/s or in a nearby facility, for employees needing further assessment due to elevated
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temperature, presence of flu-like symptoms, any yes answer to the Health Declaration, or exposure
history to a COVID-19 case or probable case thereof.
2. The designated isolation area shall have adequate ventilation and make available PPEs for the
health personnel and symptomatic patients (e.g. face shields and medical-grade face masks). The
isolation area shall be provided with chairs and must have a dedicated restroom. It shall be
disinfected once every two (2) hours and/or immediately after any infected or confirmed COVID-19
employee leaves the area.
3. Private establishments unable to establish an isolation area may make arrangements with a
temporary treatment and monitoring facility nearby or with the Barangay Local Government Unit,
for immediate referral of employees who fulfill the criteria for isolation in III.A.1.
4. All individuals shall keep their face masks and face shields during isolation at all
times.
5. Isolation area personnel shall always wear the recommended PPEs prior to attending to the
symptomatic employee, as prescribed in the DOH Department Memorandum No. 2020-0197,
including:
a. Disposable gown
b. Face shield
c. Medical grade mask
d. Gloves
All used PPEs shall be properly disposed after every use.
6. Company protocols for transporting the symptomatic employee/s to the nearest health facility,
such as ambulance conduction and if necessary, for PCR testing shall be put in place (refer to
ANNEX C for guidance for conduction of individuals).
7. Malls and buildings shall have at least one (1) isolation area near the entrances.
C. Contact Tracing
1. Employers shall ensure strict compliance with the protocols established by the DOH and LGUs for
contact tracing of employees in close contact with a COVID19 case, as specified in DOH
Memorandum No. 2020-0189 entitled, “Updated Guidelines on Contact Tracing of Close Contacts
of Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Cases”
2. Close contacts shall be defined as employees with exposures two (2) days before or within 14
days from onset of symptoms of a suspect, confirmed or probable case.
Exposure shall be any of the following:

a. Face-to-face contact with a confirmed case within one (1) meter and for more
than 15 minutes, with or without a mask;
b. Direct physical contact with a confirmed case; or
c. Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-l9 disease without
using PPEs.
3. Contact Tracing among the Workforce
a. Employers shall conduct contact tracing within their workplace to identify close contacts.
Workplace CCTV may be used to determine close contacts.
b. Employers shall ensure that close contacts of employees whose RT-PCR test confirmed
positive undergo a 14-day quarantine period.
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c. During the 14-day quarantine, close contacts shall be required to regularly report to their
employer any development, including new symptoms. Symptomatic employees should
update their employer regarding their COVID19 test results from a nationally accredited
testing facility.
d. Close contacts who remain asymptomatic for 14 days may return to work without need
for a test.
e. Employers shall make available work-from-home (WFH) arrangements for the close
contacts when feasible.
4. Contact Tracing of Customers and Visitors
a. Customers, including visitors, entering private establishments/business premises shall be

required to completely accomplish the Contact Tracing Form (Annex A-2)
b. Contact tracing forms shall be surrendered daily to the HR officer for future reference
and safekeeping.
c. Employers shall explore the use of technology, such as by using contactless
forms.
d. Contactless forms shall be handled with the highest degree of confidentiality and securely
disposed of after thirty (30) days.
5. Referral of symptomatic individuals shall be coordinated to the nearest health care facility as
provided under the latest DOH interim guidelines (e.g. DOH Department Memorandum 2020-
00334).
Case definitions based on DOH Administrative Order No. 2020-0013 dated 09 April 2020:
suspect case – is a person who is presenting with any of the conditions below
• All Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) cases where no etiology fully explains the
clinical presentation.
• Influenza-like Illness (ILI) cases with any one of the following:

i. With no other etiology that fully explains the clinical presentation AND a history of
travel to or residence in an area that reported local transmission of COVID-19 disease
during the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or
ii. With contact to a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 in the two days prior to
onset of illness of the probable/confirmed COVID-19 case until the time the
probable/confirmed COVID-19 case became negative on repeat testing
• Individuals with fever or cough or shortness of breath or other respiratory signs or

symptoms fulfilling any one of the following conditions:
i. Aged 60 years and above;
ii. With a comorbidity
iii. Assessed as having a high-risk pregnancy
iv. Health worker probable case – a suspect case who fulfills any one of the
following:
• Suspect case whom testing for COVID-19 is inconclusive
• Suspect case who has tested positive for COVID-19 but whose test was not conducted in a
national or subnational coronavirus reference laboratory, or an officially accredited
laboratory for confirmatory testing confirmed case – any individual, irrespective of presence
or absence of clinical signs and symptoms, who was laboratory confirmed for COVID-19 in a
test conducted at the national reference laboratory, a subnational reference laboratory,
and/or DOH-certified laboratory testing facility.
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D. COVID-19 Testing
1. Employers are encouraged to collaborate with the national and/or local government testing
efforts like drive-thru or walk-thru testing facilities.
2. Following the expanded testing strategy in DOH DM 2020-0258 and DOH DM

2020-0258-A, the following priority workers shall undergo RT-PCR test;
a. All employees in the hospitality and tourism sectors in El Nido, Boracay, Coron, Panglao, Siargao
and other tourist zones, as identified and declared by the Department of Tourism (DOT) once every
four (4) weeks.
b. All employees of manufacturing companies and public service providers in economic zones
located within Special Concern Areas once every quarter.
c. Frontline and Economic Priority Workers, defined as those who;
(1) work inhigh priority sectors, both public and private;

(2) have high interaction with and exposure to the public; and
(3) live or work in Special Concern Areas, once every quarter. These workers include –
i. Transport and Logistics

a) Drivers of Taxis, Ride Hailing Services (two and four wheels),
Buses,
b) Public Transport Vehicles
c) Conductors
d) Pilots, Flight Attendants, Flight Engineers
e) Rail operators, mechanics, servicemen
f) Delivery staff
g) Water transport workers — ferries, inter island shipping, ports
ii. Food Retail
a) Waiters, Waitresses, Bar Attendants, Baristas
b) Chefs and Cooks
c) Restaurant Managers and Supervisors
iii. Education — once face to face classes resume
a) Teachers at all levels of education
b) Other school frontliners such as guidance counselors, librarians, cashiers
iv. Financial Services
a) Bank Tellers
v. Non-Food Retail
a) Cashiers
b) Stock clerks
c) Retail salespersons
vi. Services
a) Hairdressers, Barbers, Manicurist, Pedicurist, Massage Therapists
b) Embalmers, Morticians, Undertakers, Funeral Directors
c) Parking Lot Attendants
d) Security Guards
e) Messengers
f) Ushers, Lobby Attendants, Receptionist
g) Clergy
vii. Market Vendors
viii. Construction
a) Carpenters
b) Stonemasons
c) Electricians
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d) Painters
e) Construction workers, including Foremen, Supervisors
f) Civil Engineers, Structural Engineers, Construction Managers
g) Crane and Tower operators
h) Elevator installers and repairers
ix. Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management
a) Plumbers
b) Recycling and Reclamation workers/Garbage Collectors
c) Water/Wastewater engineers
d) Janitors and cleaners
x. Public Sector
a) Judges,
b) Courtroom clerks, staff and security
c) All national and local government employees rendering frontlineservices in Special
Concern Areas
xi. Mass Media
a) Field reporters, photographers, and camera crew
d. Employers are highly encouraged to regularly send their employees for testing once every
quarter, at no cost to the employees.
3. Testing of Symptomatic & Close Contacts –
a. All employees experiencing symptoms of COVID-19, and those who are close
contacts must undergo RT-PCR testing. Employers shall inform the LGU/s having jurisdiction
over the workplace and the respective residence/s of the symptomatic employees and close
contacts
before testing for monitoring purposes.
b. Symptomatic employees with travel/exposure to COVID-19 shall undergo fourteen (14)

days quarantine. Upon its completion and prior to resumption of work, the employee shall
present a Certificate of Quarantine Completion from the step-down care facility or local
health office, per Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Disease (PSMID)
Guidelines on Return-to-Work
(Annex E). A step-down care facility refers to a DOH or LGU identified facility, such as
Temporary Treatment Mega Facility (TTMF), for recovering COVID-19 patients who have
been hospitalized, but have not yet been certified as COVID free and transferred to the
TTMF.
4. Testing of Asymptomatic Employees Returning to Work
a. RT-PCR or antibody-based tests is NOT recommended nor required for asymptomatic

employees returning to work.
b. Employees physically reporting to work shall be screened for COVID-19 symptoms,

including fever, cough, colds and other respiratory symptoms, and/or determination of
travel or exposure to COVID-19 cases within the last 14 days.
Asymptomatic employees prior to physically returning to work may be cleared by the local
health officer or OSH physician.
IV. Occupational Safety and Health Committees (OSH Committees)
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A. Employers shall establish OSH Committees in accordance with Republic Act No. 11058, its IRR,
and DOLE Department Order No. 198, Series of 2018 which took effect on 25 January 2019.
B. The OSH Committee and/or safety officer of the workplace shall oversee enforcement and
monitoring of the minimum public health standards for COVID-19 prevention in the workplace and
this JMC.
C. Monitoring by the OSH Committees shall include evaluation and analysis of the company’s
implementation of the minimum health standards and protocols to immediately address the spread
of COVID-19 in the workplace, if any, and recommend and implement appropriate preventive
measures. Health surveillance may be conducted to determine the cause/s of the
spread/transmission of the virus in the workplace.
D. For 2 or more private establishments housed under the same building, a joint OSH Committee
shall also be established in accordance with DOLE Department Order No. 198, Series of 2018. They
may share resources for a successful implementation of a comprehensive OSH Program, including a
COVID-19 Prevention and Control Program.
V. Notification and Reporting
A. Reporting of COVID-19 test results to the DOH shall be done in accordance with DOH
Administrative Order No. 2020-0013, entitled “Revised Guidelines for the Inclusion of COVID-19 in
the List of Notifiable Diseases for Mandatory Reporting to the Department of Health.”
B. Even before testing, the OSH Officer/employer must report COVID-19 positive employees,
symptomatic employees, and their close contacts, to the local health office having jurisdiction over
the workplace and the Barangay Health Emergency Team (BHERT) of their place of residence, in
accordance with DOH DM No. 2020-0189.
C. The data privacy provisions under the Data Privacy Act and DM 2020-0189 shall be strictly
complied with to ensure that the data privacy rights of patients/subjects are respected and
protected.
D. The LGU, through their City Epidemiology Surveillance Unit (CESU), Municipal Epidemiology
Surveillance Unit (MESU) or Provincial Epidemiology Surveillance Unit (PESU), shall submit reports
to the Regional Epidemiology Surveillance Unit (RESU) using the Event-Based Surveillance System of
the Epidemiology Bureau of DOH. (Refer to ANNEX D for the Directory of Regional Epidemiology
Surveillance Units)
E. Reporting to the DOLE shall be made in accordance with Section X of the DTI-DOLE Interim
Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID-19 using the Work Accident/Illness
Report (WAIR) COVID-19 form (ANNEX F).
VI. Disinfection and Closure of Buildings/ Workplaces
A. If one confirmed case of COVID-19 is detected in the workplace, the facility shall be
disinfected with an appropriate disinfectant solution (0.5% bleach solution). The conduct of a
comprehensive disinfection by specialists is recommended. The building must be locked down for
24 hours prior to disinfection to lessen transmission to sanitation personnel. During the disinfection
process, all doors and windows should be opened to maximize ventilation. The building may only
be opened 24 hours after the disinfection process.
B. Case clustering shall be defined as two or more confirmed cases from the same area/ facility
whether in the same/ different office spaces.
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C. Employers are encouraged to develop their own company policies on the temporary closure of
the workplace, disinfection, and more extensive contact tracing, in the event of case clustering to
ensure continuity of operations.
D. Employers shall ensure that the temporary closure of their establishments for disinfection
purposes be done in accordance with the National Task Force Against COVID-19 Memorandum
Circular No. 2 dated 15 June 2020 on the Operational Guidelines on the Application of Zoning
Containment Strategy in the Localization of the National Action Plan against COVID-19 Response.
E. Individual businesses and offices, regardless of the community quarantine status in their
respective areas, must abide by the directives/advice of their LGU/CESU/RESU on building closure
due to case clustering.
VII. Leave of Absences and Entitlements
A. Use of leaves of absence and entitlements shall be governed by the pertinent rules and
regulations promulgated by the DOLE.
B. Hospitalization benefits of PhilHealth members shall be based on PhilHealth rules and

regulations.
C. Social Security Benefits shall be according to the policies and regulations of the Social Security
System.
D. Employee’s Compensation Benefits shall be according to Presidential Decree No. 626 entitled
Employee’s Compensation and State Insurance Fund and its implementing rules and regulations.
E. Employers are highly encouraged to provide sick leave benefits, medical insurance
coverage, including supplemental pay allowance, for COVID 19 RT-PCR test confirmed employees or
close contacts made to undergo a 14-day quarantine.
VIII. COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT
The DOLE, DTI and concerned LGU’s Health and Sanitation Office shall strictly monitor compliance
with this JMC through inspection and post-audit mechanisms. In case of findings of non-compliance
with this JMC, the private establishment shall be temporarily closed until full compliance with the
prescribed minimum health protocols.
CLEAR POINTS
• COVID-19 infections can be prevented.

• Policy and program on CoViD-19 is important to promote, protect, and monitor the safety and
health of workers.
MODULE 14: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Objective:
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The participant is expected to know the functions of PPE, the different types and their limitations.
They are also expected to know the components to prepare a PPE Program to serve as a guide in
managing PPE’s.
What is Personal Protective Equipment?
Personal Protective Equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize

exposure to serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from
contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
Personal Protective Equipment are variety of devices and garments designed to serve as a
barrier between workers and workplace hazards.
OSHS RULE 1080: Personal Protective Equipment
• 1081.01 Every Employer: Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with:
o Personal Protective Equipment
o Barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or
environment.
• 1081.02: All protective equipment shall be of approved design and construction appropriate
for the exposure and the work to be performed.
• 1081.03: The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of
personal protective equipment used in his workplace.
• 1081.04: No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental condition
without protection.
•
Guidelines in PPE use:
• Identify the hazard
• Understand the effect
• Choose the appropriate and approved type of PPE
• Train workers
o When PPE is necessary
o What PPE is necessary
o How to properly wear and adjust the PPE
o The limitations of PPE
o The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of PPE
HEAD PROTECTION
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head
injury can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of
the easiest ways to protect an employee's head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from
impact and penetration hazards as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.
Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes:
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• Class A - hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage
protection (up to 2,200 volts).
• Class B - hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-
voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from
impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects.
• Class C - hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact
protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards.
Head Protection Requirements
• Hard hats should be made of non-combustible or slow-burning
materials.
• When used in electrical environment should be non-conductor of
electricity.
• The harness of hard hats should be detachable and replaceable.
• Additional characteristics of a hard hat is its ability for low water absorption and slow
flammability rate of the shell.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. Eye
and Face Protective Equipment shall be required where there is a reasonable probability of injury
that can be prevented by such equipment.
Types of Eye and Face Protection:
1. SAFETY SPECTACLES OR GLASSES are primary protective devices intended to shield the
wearer’s eyes from flying and striking objects, glare and injurious radiation hazards.
2. GOGGLES are primary protective devices intended to fit the face immediately surrounding
the eyes.
3. SAFETY WELDING SHIELDS OR MASK Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense
radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips
produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.
4. FACE SHIELD a protective device intended to shield the wearer’s face, or portions thereof
from striking objects or chemical, heat and glare hazards.
Use of Face Protections:

"A general rule, face shields should be worn over suitable basic eye protection".
HEARING PROTECTION
Determining the need to provide hearing protection for employees can be

challenging. Employee exposure to excessive noise depends upon a number
of factors, including:
• The loudness of the noise as measured in decibels (dB).
• The duration of each employee's exposure to the noise. Whether
employees move between work areas with different noise levels.
Whether noise is generated from one or multiple sources.
•
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When Should You Wear a Hearing Protection Device?

You should wear a hearing protection device whenever you are exposed to noise that is 90 Decibels
or greater for an 8-hour period of time.
Types of Hearing Protection:

• EARPLUGS - Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively,
they should fit snugly into the ear canal.
• EAR MUFFS - A device composed of a headband with cushioned ear cups that’s for a seal
around the out ear, covering it completely & blocking out the noise.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
When employees must work in environments with insufficient oxygen or where harmful dusts, fogs,
smokes, mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or sprays are present, they need respirators. These health
hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, other diseases, or death.
Types of Respiratory Protection:

• FILTRATION RESPIRATORS - Mechanical Respirators screen out
dust & some form of mist. Such filters need to be replaced at
frequent intervals.
o N-SERIES FILTERS - Filters restricted to use in those
atmospheres free of oil aerosols
o R-SERIES FILTERS - Filters intended for removal of any
particle including oil-based liquid aerosol. Used only for
single shift (8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)
o P-SERIES FILTERS - Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based
liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40 hours or 30 days
whichever comes first
• CHEMICAL CARTRIDDGE DEVICES - Removes contaminants by passing the tainted air through
material that traps the harmful portions. There are specific cartridges for specific
contaminants.
o SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) - Supply air from an air tank is
strapped at the person’s back. Used in:
▪ Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
▪ Concentration of contaminant is high
▪ Fire-fighting
Criteria for Selection of Respirators

• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of comfort
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage
HAND AND BODY PROTECTION
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If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms
that cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure
that employees wear appropriate protection.
Body Protection
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be
eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls,
must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In
addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace
hazards that could cause bodily injury:
• Temperature extremes; Hot splashes from molten metals and other
hot liquids; Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
• Hazardous chemicals.
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries from falling

or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating materials
should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose
work involves exposure to hot substances or corrosive or
poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover
exposed body parts, including legs and feet.
What Safety Shoes should have:

• Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect against hot surfaces common
in roofing, paving, and hot metal industries.
• Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds
• May be designed to be electrically conductive for use in explosive atmospheres, or
nonconductive to protect from workplace electrical hazards.
Electrical Properties of Safety Shoes:

• LOW RESISTANCE FOOTWEAR - Is used to prevent electrostatic charges by diverting this
quickly.
• HIGH RESISTANCE FOOTWEAR - Offers protection from electrical shocks as they offer barrier
to completion of circuit so that user is protected against electrical shock. It prevents too much
electricity from passing through your body.
What can be done to ensure proper use of personal protective equipment?
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All personal protective equipment should be of safe design

and construction, and should be maintained in a clean and
reliable fashion. It should fit well and be comfortable to
wear, encouraging worker use. If the personal protective
equipment does not fit properly, it can make the
difference between being safely covered or dangerously
exposed. When engineering, work practice, and
administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide
sufficient protection, employers must provide personal
protective equipment to their workers and ensure its
proper use. Employers are also required to train each
worker required to use personal protective equipment to
know:
• When it is necessary
• What kind is necessary
• How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
• The limitations of the equipment
• Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of
the equipment
Management of PPE Programs

• Ultimate responsibility of a PPE Program rests at Management level
• It should be supported by a written procedure and controlled by a responsible person
Limitations of PPE
• The hazard still exists.
• A defective PPE offers no protection
• The PPE may introduce additional hazard
• Most PPE are not for continuous use
• Improper wearing may not give maximum protection
• It may transfer hazard to another location
MODULE 17: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Objective:
To teach the participant how to analyze jobs in the workplace and spot possible sources of accidents
in these different tasks.
Accidents can occur when:

• Work is performed incorrectly
• Workers use hazardous materials
• Work under hazardous conditions
The process of determining the hazards associated with a job is often referred to as
a JHA or a Job Hazard Analysis. Hazards that present risks to:
• Environment
• Safety
• Health
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For proper HSE Management all jobs should include a JHA
Uses of a JHA
• Create / improve SOP’s
• Guide in observing employee performance
• Accident investigation
• Safety inspection
Prioritizing JHA’s
• High Frequency of Accidents
• Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
• History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
• Potential for Serious Harm
• New Jobs
• Changes in Procedures or Standards
JHA Team
• Supervisor
• Employee most familiar with the job
• Other employees who perform the job
• Experts or specialists (maintenance personnel, occupational hygienists, ergonomists or
engineers)
JHA involves 3 Steps:

1. Identify basic steps of a job
o Watch carefully as a worker performs the entire job at least once
o As the operator performs the job again, list the individual steps on the left-hand
column.
o Using simple action phrases that are short and to the point
o Steps should always be numbered to indicate the order
Most common errors:

• Describing the job in too much detail, or
• Describing the job in too little detail.
Solution: List as steps only those tasks that would be described to someone being
trained to perform the job
2. Determine associated hazards

o Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an
injury or illness, or harm to the environment.
o Hazard Guide:
▪ The physical actions required for that specific step.
• Force (weight)
• Frequency (repetition)
• Posture (prolonged)
• Position (distance)
▪ The materials used.
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• Corrosive
• Flammable
• Volatile
▪ The equipment used.
• Mechanical hazard
• Electrical hazard
▪ The conditions under which the step is normally performed.
• Noisy environment
• Temperatures extremes
• Vibration present
• Poor or high Illumination
• Pressure (atmospheric force)
• Prolonged hours
▪ "What if” Questions
• Anticipate hazardous situations
• Abnormal operating conditions
• Incorrect or out of sequence
• Additional attachments
• Replacements / alternatives
• Consequence
3. Make recommendations to control the hazards

o 4 factors when giving recommendations
▪ Physical action
• Modifying
• Rearranging
• Combining actions
• Change the process
• Training
• Use of PPE
▪ Material
• Substitution of materials
• Machine guarding
• Safeguarding
• Limit employee exposure
• Use of PPE
▪ Equipment
• Installation of machine guards
• Use automatic safeguard devices,
• Replacement of a particular piece of equipment.
• Training, experience, skills
• Use of PPE should also be considered
▪ Condition
• Relocation (isolation by place)
• Rescheduling (isolation by time)
• Redesign of the work area.
o Height
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o Weight
o Distance
USES OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

• Developing or updating SOP’s
o To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the job in the safest
& healthiest way possible.
• Training employees
o Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
o To point out particular job steps / hazards that require special precautions.
o Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
o Increase awareness on hazards
• Observing employee performance

o Guide in employee performance observations
o Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
o Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
• Conducting inspections
o When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify
hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
• Investigating accidents
o To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
o To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
MODULE 15: DEMOLITION AND EXPLOSIVES

Demolition is complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled
methods or procedures
SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING

Why Plan?
• Identify the Hazards
• Meet Legislative Requirements
• Ensure Appropriate Equipment
• Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
• Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition
• Determine Cost of Demolition
Key Areas for Planning

• Type of Construction
• Type of Structure (Ht., Use)
• State of Structure
• Structural Hazards
• Hazardous Substances
• Location of Services
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• General Conditions of Adjoining Structures

• Access and Egress
• Suitability of Site for Equipment
Demolition Technique
• Sequential – gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction
• Induced – key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the
structure to collapse
Methods of Demolition
• Manual – use of hand held tools
• Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
• Explosives – use of explosives
Workplan Requirements:
• Technique and Method of Demolition
• Sequence of Work Operation
• Estimate of Time of Completion
• Equipment to be Used
• Proposed Access and Egress
• Public Protection
• Bracing and Shoring
• Disconnection of Services
• Methods of Handing/ Disposal of Demolished Materials
• PPE Requirements
• Demolition Personnel and Supervisor
Procedure
• Manual Demolition
o All utilities shut off
o All glasses removed
o Protection of workers from fall
o Stairs to be demolished last
• Equipment
o Cranes
o Bulldozers
o Excavators
o Work Platform
o Wrecking Ball
Hazards Associated with Demolition
• Falls
• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
• Manual Handling
• Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
• Noise and Vibration
• Electric Shock
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• Fires and Explosions

• Equipment
o Falls
o Falling through fragile roofing material
o Falling through openings
o Falling from open edges
o Falling out of elevating work platforms
o Failure of equipment
o Falling from roof or other elevated area
o Lift shafts
o Collapse of flooring
o Collapse of ground
o Tripping over debris
• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects

o Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)
o Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
o Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
o Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
• Manual Handling
o Using equipment
o Operating equipment
o Manual demolition
o Lifting material
o Clearing up
o Loading trucks/bins
o Hazardous Substances
▪ Lead - lead based paint, tanks containing lead-based petrol
▪ Asbestos - sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant
walls/partitions, cement sheets, flooring materials
▪ PCBs - stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
▪ Dangerous Goods
▪ Flammable liquids/vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined
space
• Noise and Vibration
o Equipment
o Falling debris
o Explosives
• Electric Shocks
o Live wires from structures
o Fires and Explosions
o Flammable materials
o Welding or cutting
o Leaks of explosives gases from accidental damage of pipes
o Arson especially when the site is unattended
Hierarchy of Control
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1. Elimination or Isolation
a. Disconnect services to the demolition site
b. Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of fire or explosion
c. Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities
d. Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
e. Install barriers and fences
f. Mark off hazardous areas
2. Substitution
a. Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting, where there is a risk
of fire
3. Engineering Control
a. Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work platforms)
b. Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and fixed platforms
c. Use shoring and bracing to support loads
d. Modify tools or equipment
e. Provide guarding to machinery or equipment
f. Provide shatterproof/guarded windscreens on equipment
g. Install anchor points for fall arrest systems
h. Spray water to suppress dust
i. Use chutes for dropping debris
j. Use cranes for lowering loads
k. Install vehicle buffers where equipment is exposed to an open edge
l. Provide flash arresters on gauges and hoses of welding equipment
4. Administrative Control
a. Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard
b. Implement and document safe working procedures for all hazardous tasks
c. Train and instruct all personnel
d. Identify hazardous substances prior to work
e. Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
f. Implement procedures
g. for disconnecting services to the site
h. Use lookouts at the site
i. Implement confined space entry procedures
j. Ensure all loads to be lifted are accurately calculated
5. Personal Protective Equipment

a. Safety Helmets
b. Harnesses and Lanyards
c. Boots
d. Gloves
e. Respirators
f. Hearing Protectors
Demolition
• Preparation
o Barricading of property (distance equal to 1 1/2 times of height of structure)
o Protection of adjoining property
o Disconnect existing gas, electric and other services
o Removal of glass
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• During Demolition Work

o Floor by floor in descending order
o Provision of chute for disposal of debris
o Special structures
▪ Chimney
▪ Trusses and girders
▪ Pre-stressed members
• Explosives
o By Competent Person
o Precautions from:
▪ Smokes, matches & open flames
▪ Radio Frequency for Electrical Detonators
o Transport of Explosives
▪ Vehicles shall have tight floors covered w/ wood
▪ Explosives and Blasting implements shall not be transported with other
materials
o Storage
▪ All explosives must be accounted for
▪ Follow manufacturer’s instructions
▪ Detonators should be stored in a separate magazine
▪ Storage should be fire and bullet-resistant
o Proper Use
▪ Operation between Sunup & Sundown
▪ Precaution on the use of f mobile radio transmitting equipment.
▪ Suspension of operation during electrical storm
o After Blasting
▪ Disconnect firing line from blasting machine
▪ Allow dust and smoke to subside
▪ Inspect if all charges have been exploded
MODULE 20: COMMUNICATING OSH

OBJECTIVES
Participants will be able to confidently deliver OSH topics for presentation
PURPOSE OF EMPLOYEES TRAINING

Employee training is basically conducted in order to equip employees with the needed knowledge
and skills that will allow him to:
• Perform his task in the right way, and
• Be able to comply to set OSH Standards and procedures.
COMMUNICATION
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Communication is the key to a healthy, safe and productive workplace. It is needed to ensure roles
and directions are understood; to warn against dangers; to avoid unsafe practices; to promote critical
emergency response and particularly to learn about (and from!) the concerns and hazards that
workers encounter.
Understanding Communication
• Sender - Asserting or Expressing (Sending)
• Receiver - Listening to others (Receiving)
Barriers to communication can lead to misunderstanding and confusion

• Language & culture
• Generation gap & attitude
• Listening & hearing
• Noise
• Hearing
How will efficient OSH communication help in

achieving a safe and healthy workplace?
Safety Officers as OSH Trainers

DO 198-18 SECTION 16: Safety and Health Training
The Mandatory 8-hour Module conducted by the Safety Officer of the workplace as prescribed by the OSH Standards
• Include management (Discuss company policies)
• All workers including new hires (Focus: Rights of Workers)
• Workers Right to Know
o The different types of hazards in the workplace;
o Be provided with training, education and orientation
• Workers’ OSH Seminar
o Include Management
o All workers including new hires
o No cost to employees considered as compensable working time
o For high risk establishments: quarterly re-orientation
DO 198-18 SECTION 11: OSH Information

The employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide the workers in all establishments,
projects and all other places where work is being undertaken adequate and suitable information on
Occupational Safety & Health
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Safety and
Health
Promotion,
training and
education
provided to
workers
Why are TBM’s
and SB’s important?
• Toolbox Meeting:
Toolbox talks should focus on a single topic and be held regularly for greatest impact.
o Allow you and your workers to explore the risks of specific health and safety issues
and think about ways to deal with them.
o Encourage worker engagement.
o Help support a planned series of site observations.
o Encourage health and safety to become everyone’s responsibility.
• Safety Briefings:
Useful way to keep health and safety forefront in the minds of workers and make them aware
of the current risk and hazards.
o Are a simple way of sharing health and safety problems on a daily basis.
o Are essential for fostering a good health and safety culture on site.
o Encourage staff to report potential failures without fear of ‘getting done’.
Tips for Effective Toolbox Talks

• TALK DIRECTLY to your audience
• Keep it BRIEF
• Stay! POSITIVE & use encouraging language
• Explain WHY to Demonstrate your point
• Tell STORIES
• Encourage PARTICIPATION from your audience
• Use VISUALS
• Be AUTHENTIC
• End with ACTION
Remember on TBM:
• A 10 to 15-minute TBM can go a long way to emphasize safety measures and help improve
safety awareness
• Never take TBM for granted; it is a very good tool – both of transparency & sincerity
• Never assume that workers already know what will be discussed in your TBM
• Keeping TBMs alive as well as lively is your challenge!
Remember on SB:
• First impressions count - be clear about what you want to say.
• Know your audience, keep it simple, straightforward and avoid jargon.
• Consider your tone! And be respectful - listen to your workers.
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• Keep it positive – focus on what workers can do to create a healthy and safe working
environment.
TRAINING
Training is concerned with the teaching of specific, factual, narrow scoped subject matter and skills.
It is a formal classroom learning activity.
Training Goals - Aims for a favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive
direction of an individual, group or organization.
• Learning
• Improved Performance
Learning - Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skill through study, experience or
teaching. It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior
potential
Trainer Roles within the Training Cycle
• Training Needs Analysis (TNA)
• Curriculum Development
• Development of Training Materials
• Training Implementation
• Monitoring and Evaluation
Presentation Skills - Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal!

• Think of your audience in advance;
• Anticipate questions;
• Take a breath, pause!
• Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non-native speakers
• Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
• Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
• Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
• Smile and the world will smile with you
Body Language
• Eye contact
• Posture
• Hand gestures
• Arms
• Legs
• Blocking
Answering Questions
• Listen actively “Never Argue with
• Repeat the question a Member of
• Keep answers short and direct
• Watch person’s body language for satisfaction Audience!”
• If you don’t know the answer, state your options
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Visual Aids - Any device used to help or aid in communicating ideas
Qualities of a good presentation slides

• Simple – (K.I.S.S.)
• Visible – for slides, smallest font size: 30
• Clear – gives the message directly and immediately
• Put one idea per slide
• As a general rule, use only a maximum of:
o 8 words per line
o 6-8 lines per slide
o 2 graphics per slide
o Leave margins around the visual
• Put a heading on each visual using
• Larger font than the body size
• Font size not smaller than 30 points
• Put one idea per slide
• Label charts and pictures boldly and clearly
• Use appropriate (readable) fonts
• No weird fonts or layout
• Use phrases and key words, not sentences, check data, grammar, punctuation and spelling
• Emphasize points by
• Using color and art, animation and sounds, Pictures
Company Safety and Health Training Plan

• Identify OSH Laws and Standards
o Job descriptions
o Company Policy / Safety Program / Manual
o OSH Standards / Other Relevant Laws
• Identify standards set within an area or operation.
• Determine how best to communicate and train workers to meet established standards.
Six (6) musts in conducting training

1. Tell what the training is all about.
2. Tell where the training will be applicable.
3. Tell why they have to be trained.
4. Train when needed.
5. Tell who benefits the training.
6. Show how to do things, the right and safe way.
Consider the following when preparing training schedules:
• Peak periods in the operation
• Busiest days in the company
• Time manageability of the workers (can they be broken into smaller groups?)
Effective scheduling of trainings:

• Schedule trainings in advance
• Schedule should be known by all
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• Cancellation should be done in emergency situations only.

Training venue
• Adequate lighting
• Comfortable temperature
• As little noise as possible
• Clear audio-visual arrangements
REMEMBER
• Practice, practice, practice!
• Verbalize…hear your presentation out loud
• Clarity – make your points and move on
• Ownership – take responsibility for your presentations
MODULE 16: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION

Objective:
To instruct the participant on identifying unsafe acts & conditions in the workplace before these turn
into accidents or work-related illness.
Safety and Health Inspection is a central part of most safety, health and environmental
protection programs. They provide a reliable way for identifying and eliminating conditions that
could contribute to accident, illness or environmental damage.
Hazardous conditions cause injury, illness, property damage and environmental stress
These must be identified !
Comprehensive Inspections are time consuming. So divide hazards into different categories and
focus inspection individually …
Benefits of Inspections
• Prevent incidents and illnesses
• Help avoid many of the costs associated with incidents
• Communication with workers
• Raise profile and improve awareness of occupational health and safety
When to conduct Special Inspections

• Increasing health and safety concerns
• Introduction of new equipment
• Inexperienced workers start work
• Dangerous occurrences take place
• Any OSH deficiency
Scheduling of Inspections
• Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection
• Inspect as often as possible.
• Make sure each inspection is thorough
• If conditions don’t improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase inspection
frequency
• If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections.
• Stick to the schedule
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In Conducting the Inspection

• Stay on the task, don’t be pulled away by phone calls or meetings.
• Take notes, pictures, record measurements
• Complete and specific remarks make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and
safety resource
Creating Checklists:
• Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area
• Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of
• Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that need to be checked,
and note the locations of the hazards already listed.
• Have employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and identified
the locations of each one.
Involving Employees
• Increases total manpower
• Increases the chance that the hazards are corrected quickly
• Increases the amount of attention to EHS conditions in the area
Written records:
• Previous inspection reports
• JHA
• Maintenance records
• MSDS
• Accident investigation reports
• Work environment monitoring
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Control

Hazard - Any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effect on people.
Risk - A combination of the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people caused by this event.
1. Hazard Identification - It is the process of finding and identifying:

a. Hazardous agents (situations, products etc.) That could contribute to provoking an
occupational accident or/and disease
b. Workers are potentially exposed to these hazards.
i. MAN - Lack of physical or mental capacity, lack of knowledge or skills, lack of
right attitude or behavior
ii. MACHINE - Workplace lay-out, machines, hand tools, software & hardware,
tables or chairs
iii. MATERIAL - Dangerous substances, heavy loads and sharp or warm objects
iv. METHODS - Tasks, working hours, breaks, training, communication, team
work, contact with visitors, social support or autonomy.
v. ENVIRONMENT - Exposures to extreme light, noise, climate, vibrations, air
quality or dust.
c. Categories of Hazards
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i. Safety Hazards
➢ The harm results in some kind of injury to the worker
➢ Working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate &
violent nature
ii. Health Hazards
➢ Working conditions which result in an illness
➢ Often, latency between exposure & disease
2. Evaluation of Hazard & Risk – To determine if the hazard you identified is within the standard,
or the ranges of a maximum and minimum safe threshold limits.
a. How are risks ranked or prioritized?
i. Immediately Dangerous: Stop the process and implement controls
ii. High Risk: Investigate the process and implement controls immediately
iii. Medium Risk: Keep the process going; however, a control plan must be
developed and should be implemented as soon as possible
iv. Low Risk: Keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control plan should
also be investigated
b. Determine the degree of urgency

i. Probability - A descriptions of how likely an event is to occur or how likely it is
that a proposition is true.
➢ Low – Possible or unlikely to occur (N=0)
➢ Medium – Likely to occur frequently (N=1)
➢ High - Almost certain to occur or very likely (N>1)
ii. Severity - A degree of an injury, damage, or illness is how bad or serious it is.
➢ Low – Effect are felt, but not critical to outcome
➢ Medium – Serious impact to the course of action and outcome
➢ High - Could result to death or disability
3. Control of Hazard – Selection of controls according to a hierarchy that emphasizes

engineering solutions (including elimination or substitution) first, followed by safe work
practices, administrative controls, and finally personal protective equipment. Avoid selecting
controls that may directly or indirectly introduce new hazards.
a. ELIMINATION - Eliminate the hazard at the source
b. SUBSTITUTION – Provide substitute
c. ENGINEERING CONTROL – Provide barriers
d. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL – Develop policies, work instructions
e. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT – Personal Equipment designed to protect the
man
Hazard Control Prioritization

a. Low – Risk acceptable, Risk does not warrant the application of further high level of
control
b. Medium – Consider new controls to be implemented to manage the risk by
implementing controls based on any hierarchy of controls
f. High – Requires intervention to reduce the risk to a lower level prior to the
commencement of work. Risk can be controlled to acceptable level using the three
hierarchy of control. (Engineering, Admin & PPE)
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Recommending Corrective Actions

• Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard
• Priority-based
Pattern of Inspection Report

• What to do (Action Plan)?
• Who is responsible (Accountability)?
• When is it due (Target Date)?
• What to expect (Output)?
Communicating Inspection Results

• Discuss them at safety meetings
• Post the completed checklists
• Post maintenance requests
Keys to effective inspection

• Create checklists
• Schedule your inspections and inspect on schedule
• Focus on one hazard at a time
• Modify checklists as needed
• Follow-up corrective actions
• Communicate & Involve Employees
• Acknowledge participation
MODULE 19: ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICERS

Objective:
• List the Duties and Responsibilities of Occupational Safety and Health Officer.
• Advocate and monitor the Company Safety & Health Program in construction and promote
safe work practices.
• Maintain the Safety & Health of workers.
DO 198-2018: Section 3 - DEFINITION OF TERMS
Safety Officer refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-
Accredited Training Organization and tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and
ensure that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURING OF SAFETY

• Centralized
o Active management and control of a company safety program may be vested in the
chief executive, the general manager, or an experienced and qualified foreman who
has both authority and status.
o There are several advantages to safety inherent in small-scale operations, such as
closer contact with the working force, more general acquaintance with the problems
of the whole plant, and, frequently, less labor turnover .
o The safety manager does have special problems with engineering and medical
services. He or she is not likely to be in a position to hire full-time safety professionals
or a full-time physician and/ or nurse.
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• Decentralized
o Organizations with scattered operations requiring relatively few employees, such as
scattered construction sites, face special problems of organization. Their operations
may be seasonal or intermittent, and there may not be a sufficiently stable working
force to operate committees effectively. The local manager may need to adapt the
safety program to local conditions, which may be quite variable.
• Staff Versus Line Positions

o The safety program is usually assigned to persons holding line positions in a small
plant, and staff positions in a large plant. If a line official in a small plant has a safety
function for portions of the plant over which he or she has no line authority, however,
the safety assignment is considered to be a staff function. In a large plant the safety
director and organization should have staff status and authority.
o The exact determination of the setup of the safety staff must be decided by each firm
in terms of its own operational problems, policies, and hazards.
• Authority Versus Responsibility

o Sometimes the safety professional is given authority that is usually limited to line
officials. This authority is necessary to meet the responsibilities associated with the
safety professional's position. Without the authority to act, the safety professional
might not be able to fulfill his or her responsibilities.
o On fast-moving and rapidly changing operations or those on which delayed action
would endanger the lives of workers or others, it is not uncommon for the safety
director to have authority to order immediate changes. Examples include construction
and demolition work, fumigation, some phases of explosives manufacturing, and
emergency work. Such authority, whenever and wherever granted, must be used with
discretion, since the safety professional will be accountable for errors in judgment.
• Matrix Versus Traditional Structure

o Matrix organization (also called project management and program management) is
most often used when a new product must be developed - for example, an
organization must begin pilot production of a new type of engine, while maintaining
production of existing models.
o The primary advantage of a matrix organization, which is ordinarily a temporary
supplement to a traditional structure, is that an objective can be achieved without
expending the money and time required to develop a totally new organization. In
many instances’ personnel can be drawn from within the parent organization without
seriously impairing its efficiency .
o The safety director with the dual responsibilities of both the traditional parent
organization and the matrix appendage must understand the nature of matrix
management to effectively perform the entire scope of his or her safety
responsibilities.
TEAM UP FOR SAFETY

• Influencing People
o The human relations movement, a post-World War II phenomenon, has as its primary
focus the handling (treatment) of employees as human beings. Most recent studies
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indicate that organizations that are most considerate of the feelings and concerns of
their employees have the lowest accident frequency and accident severity rates.
Therefore it is in the mutual best interests of companies and their employees to have
supervisors who are skilled in the creation of organizational climates that are
conducive to employee self- motivation. This level of supervisory skill is achieved
through a judicious blend of training and experience. People are strongly influenced
by the attitudes and actions of their supervisors.
o Empirical studies indicate that some employees react negatively to even the most
positive actions by their supervisors. Yet one of the responsibilities of leadership is the
enforcement of discipline. Indeed, no matter how well qualified supervisors may
otherwise be, their fitness to lead is severely limited by their ability and willingness to
impose necessary discipline on a timely basis. Remember, discipline is not just
punishment, it is the creation of an organizational structure wherein all members
knows exactly where and how they fit and precisely what is expected of them by both
supervisors and peers. Most supervisors require extensive training to provide a high
caliber of organizational discipline.
Role of Safety Officer as a Supervisor

• Setting goals.
• Improving present work methods.
• Delegating work.
• Allocating manpower
• Meeting deadlines.
• Controlling expenditures.
• Following progress of work,
• Evaluating employee performance.
• Forecasting manpower requirements.
• Supervising on-the-job training,
• Reviewing employee performance,
• Handling employee complaints, Enforcing rules.
• Conducting meetings, and last, but not least-
• Increasing safety awareness.
Position Concept
The site safety engineer is responsible to the site manager, the employee relations’ manager, or the
personnel manager for:
• Developing and executing an effective program of safety engineering and industrial hygiene
within the plant, with the appropriate procedures.
• Developing and directing safety engineering and safety inspection personnel associated with
the plant.
• Developing and directing safety training programs and procedures within the plant.
Duties and Responsibilities

Within the limits of authorized objectives, policies, and procedures, the plant safety engineer is
responsible for and has the authority for:
• Discharging the company's statement of policy as outlined in its organizational manual.
• Implementing and administrating the company’s statement of policy for a safe plant. This
encompasses safety policies and practices, safety standards, and industrial hygiene.
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• Where possible, propagating and promulgating safety and industrial hygiene instructions,
procedures, and standards, and following up on these when necessary so that employees 'and
visitors will not injure themselves or others.
• Personally maintaining a constant audit of all existing, planned, and proposed installations,
processes, and procedures for unsafe conditions or acts before they result in injury or
damage.
• Developing and presenting training programs for all supervisors so that they will have the
knowledge and t9ols to prevent accidents.
• Conducting monthly meetings of the executive safety committee and attending monthly
departmental supervisory safety meetings for the purpose of eliminating unsafe acts or
conditions by calling them to the attention of the person or persons responsible.
• Maintaining statistical records and reporting these to management. Such reports would
cover:
o Accidents and near-accidents;
o Frequency and severity of major and minor injuries;
o Costs of accidents-general and specific, actual and potential.
• Compiling, editing, publishing, and distributing monthly or bi-weekly safety publications to all
employees in an effort to prevent injuries on and off the job.
• Obtaining and presenting audiovisual aids to all employees to prevent injuries on and off the
job.
• Testing new safety devices on the job.
• Operating and maintaining a dispensary for safety shoes, to reduce costly foot injuries and to
improve efficiency.
Relationships Inside the Company

The Safety Engineer will establish and maintain the following relationships within the company.
• With the Site Manager
The Safety Officer is accountable to this executive for the proper interpretation and
fulfillment of the duties and responsibilities of this position and related authority, in
concurrence with the dictates of the corporate manager of safety and hygiene (if such a
position exists within the corporation).
• With Department Heads and Supervisors

The Safety Officer is responsible for providing advice and guidance about safety and industrial
hygiene appropriate to their processes, installations, and procedures of the construction site.
• With Employees
The Safety Officer is responsible for providing advice and guidance about any employee's
specific job or work area in the interest()f preventing accidents and controlling property
damage.
• With Unions
The Safety Officer is responsible for fulfilling his contractual obligations regarding matters of
safety and health.
• Outside the Company
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Here, the Safety Officer must establish appropriate relationships with professional and
organizational groups.
Accountability
The Safety Officer is accountable to the plant manager for his or her actions and their consequences.
Performance will be judged on the following criteria:
• Reduction of the frequency and severity of accidents. The same criteria for measurement
must be consistently used throughout the company.
• Reduction of costs stemming from accidents. "Weightings" must be used to correct for
dissimilarities between operations in different areas of the company.
• The efficiency and smoothness of a department's operations within operations of the plant
as a whole.
NEED FOR SAFETY PROFESSIONALS

DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER & DO 13 Section 7 – Construction SH
Officer
• The number and qualification of safety officers shall be proportionate to the total number of
workers and equipment, size of work area, classification of the workplace and such other
criteria as required by the OSH standards.
• The safety officer shall be required to undergo the prescribed DOLE-BOSH training orientation
or course, advanced occupational safety training courses, and/or other OSH related training
or learning as necessary in the effective performance of its duties and responsibilities.
• Safety officers engaged in micro and small establishments, low to medium risk, shall be
engaged in safety programs including other tasks designated to him/her by his/her employer.
• In the case of a contractor or subcontractor, at least one (1) safety officer must be deployed
at each specific area of operations to oversee the management of the OSH program of its own
workforce.
DUTIES OF THE SAFETY MAN

DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER
• Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH
committee;
• Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
• Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time
whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation by
providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards; and
• Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and
procedures provided by the OSH standards.
OTHER DUTIES OF THE SAFETY MAN

OSHS RULE 1047: Duties of the Safety Man & DO 13 Section 7 – Construction SH
Officer
The principal function of the Safety Man is to act as the employers' principal assistant and consultant
in the application of programs to remove the hazards from the workplace and to correct unsafe work
practices. For this purpose, the Safety Man has the following duties:
• Serves as Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee. As such, he shall:
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o Prepare minutes meeting;

o Report status of recommendations made;
o Notify members of the meetings; and
o Submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee, including
recommendations made.
• Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and safety for the guidance of
the employer and the workers.
• Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health and Safety Committee and
submits his separate report and analysis of accidents to the employer.
• Coordinates all health and safety training programs for the employees and employer.
• Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee.
• Maintains or helps in the maintenance if an efficient accident record system and coordinates
actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
• Provides assistance to government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection,
accident investigation or any other related programs.
• For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace where full-time safety man is required, he shall
report directly to the employer.
MODULE 21: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
OBJECTIVES
Participants will be able to know how to respond in workplace emergencies and participate during
conduct of emergency drills
INTRODUCTION
“Hope for the best, but be prepared for the worst!”
This expression is a blending of what’s wished for with what’s realistic. It applies to individuals,
communities, companies, nations, and specifically to the workplace.
Definition of Terms:
• Emergency - A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
• Disaster - It is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
• Natural Emergencies - Events that are caused by the forces of nature
o Flood
o Volcanic Eruption
o Earthquake
o Typhoon
o Drought
• Man-Made Emergencies - Man-made emergencies can be a result of human error or a willful

intent.
o Industrial Fires
o Chemical Leaks/Spills
o Chemical Threats
o Bomb Threats or Explosions
o Structure Collapse
o Construction Cave-ins
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o Biological Threats
What is the best way to minimize this potential loss?
Advance PLANNING for emergencies.
ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICER

• First point of contact in case of an emergency and during evacuation drills
• Ensure the safety of all staff and visitors
• Know all fire exits and assembly area
• Organize and direct the evacuation
• Ensure all areas are searched and evacuated
• Ensure all staff are accounted
Elements of An Emergency Preparedness Program

1. Evaluate Resources
a. Material Resources
i. Emergency Equipment
ii. Emergency Supplies
iii. Transportation
b. Human Resources
i. Employees Training & Capabilities
ii. External Help Capabilities
2. Develop Emergency Plan and Procedures

a. Command, Control, and Communications
b. External Communication
c. Records Preservation
d. Life Safety
e. Property Protection
f. Recovery and Restoration
g. Community Outreach
3. Conduct Training
a. Information on Different Types of Emergencies
b. Safety & Health Hazard Risk Assessment
c. Incident & Accident Reporting
d. Hazardous Communication Program
4. Conduct Drills and Exercises

a. Co-existing Emergency Program
b. Safety & Health Procedures & Protocols
c. Duties of Other Person
5. Educate the Public

a. Co-existing Emergency Program
b. Safety & Health Procedures & Protocols
c. Duties of Other Person
6. Integrate with Community Plan
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a. Barangay
b. Philippine National Police
c. Bureau of Fire
d. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
PLANNING AN EMERGENCY DRILL

• A method for sounding the alarm;
• A description of potential emergencies;
• A map of the workplace that shows evacuation routes and head count location, as well as the
location of emergency equipment, first aid station and fire extinguishers
• An ASSEMBLY AREA, head count and rescue plan.
PREPARING FOR COMMON EMERGENCIES

Earthquake
• DURING
o Activate the alarm
o Perform Duck, Cover & Hold under a sturdy desk
o Evacuate the building using the safe routes to open spaces
o Go to your respective Assembly Area
o Account all personnel
o Identify problems during the drill and remedy them on the next drill
o
• After an Earthquake
o Be prepared for aftershocks. Do not panic, stay calm.
o Check for injured persons and assist as necessary.
o If indoors, your supervisor may initiate an evacuation.
o Replace the telephone hand set if it has fallen off the hook. Use telephones for
emergency calls only
• In Case of Severe Weather

o Monitor the News
o Identify what are the endemic emergencies in your area or workplace.
o Identify important documents or facilities need to be evacuated also.
o Identify the community's evacuation routes.
o Keep a portable radio, flashlights, whistle, spare batteries and other emergency
supplies ready.
Flood
• If you are inside, turn off main electrical power.
• Follow the established evacuation procedures for the facility. Make plans for assisting
employees who may need transportation.
• If you are outside, never attempt to walk across a flooded area. The water could sweep you
away.
• If you are in your car, do not try to drive through flood waters. If your car stalls in rising water,
abandon it.
Bomb Threats
• Take threats seriously.
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• If someone find a package that may contain, or that may be a bomb, he or she should note its
size, shape and whether it emits a sound, then notify the Incident Commander.
• Call your local police station from outside the building to report the emergency and determine
if an evacuation is necessary.
• Use a communication method that does not generate radio waves to order the evacuation.
WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE . . .

• Stay CALM, Don’t PANIC.
Office Emergency Kit Essentials

• Personal items
• Water and food, needed medications, clothing …
• Financial and legal documents
• Water proof container that cannot be easily replaced
• Name and phone numbers of contacts out of area
• Personal Preparedness Plan
• Food
• Extra Clothing
• Sleep Bags
• Personal Protective Equipment
MODULE 22: EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM

LEGAL BASIS
• Presidential Decree No. 626, as amended
• Employees’ Compensation and State Insurance Fund
COVERAGE
• Private sector workers who are compulsory members of the Social Security System (SSS) and
sea-based Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).
• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Members
• Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, elective government officials who are
receiving regular salary and all casual, emergency, temporary and substitute or contractual
employees.
• Self-employed professionals (Posted on April 17, 2019 at ECC website)
When shall coverage of the employees under the Employees’ Compensation Program
start?
• Employees shall be covered starting on the first day of their employment.
When is sickness or injury compensable under the Employees’ Compensation

Program?
• For the sickness and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the sickness must be
the result of an occupational disease listed under Annex “A” of the Amended Rules on
Employees’ Compensation with the conditions set therein satisfied, otherwise, proof must be
shown that the risk of contracting the disease is increased by the working conditions.
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• For the injury and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the
result of accident arising out of and in the course of the employment.
What are the benefits under the Employees’ Compensation Program?

• Loss-of-income benefits;
• Medical services, appliances and supplies;
• Carers’ allowance;
• Rehabilitation services;
• Death benefits;
• Funeral benefits
• In case an employee dies, who shall receive the income benefits to which he is entitled to?
o Primary Beneficiaries
▪ The legitimate spouse
▪ Legitimate, legitimated, legally adopted or acknowledged natural children,
who are unmarried, not gainfully employed, not over 21 years of age.
o Secondary Beneficiaries
▪ The legitimate parents wholly dependent upon the employee for regular
support
When shall EC claims be filed?

• EC claims must be filed within a period of three years from:
o In case of sickness, from the time the employee was unable to report for work;
o In case of injury, from the time of the incident;
o In case of death, from the date of death.
What is the ECC-QRP?

The Employees’ Compensation Commission Quick Response Team Program is an immediate
assistance extended to help workers who suffer from work-connected contingencies or their families
who have to deal with work accidents or sudden onset of occupational disease or death, in the form
of psycho-social counselling and assistance in the filing of EC claim with the GSIS or the SSS.
Benefits and services provided by the ECC-QRP
• Psycho-social counselling and stress-debriefing to victims and their families to help them cope
with the contingency.
• Information on the Employees’ Compensation Program (ECP) and the ECC-Quick Response
Team Program.
• Assistance in the processing of EC requirements.
• Facilitation on the prompt release/Payment of the EC benefits to worker/beneficiary.
What is the ECC’s KaGabay Program?

It is a special economic assistance program for occupationally-disabled workers (ODWs) who lost
employment by reason of work-related sickness or injury.
Benefits and Services of the KaGabay program

• Physical restoration which refers to the provision of physical or occupational therapy services
to ODWs including medical appliances.
• Skills Training for re-employment so that the ODW can acquire new skills but subject to the
ODWs potentials and residual functional capacity.
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• Entrepreneurial Training to accredited training institutions to enable the ODW to set up

home-based business.
MODULE 23: SALIENT FEATURES OF OSH

LEGISLATIONS
RA 11058 and DOLE DO 198-2018
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are
mandatory rules on occupational Safety and health
promulgated pursuant to Article 162, book IV of the Labor Code
of the Philippines. It is a codified compilation of updated safety
and health rules aimed at protecting Man against the dangers
of injury and health thru safe working conditions.
The Standards provide the legal framework for all safety and
health programs of the Department of Labor and Employment imposing a responsibility on the
employer and a corresponding duty on all workers to observe safety and health measures at the
enterprise level.
The Standards are administered and enforced by the Department of Labor and Employment. Its
enforcement is carried out by the fourteen (14) Regional Labor Offices and their district offices
nationwide. However, local governments may be authorized by the Secretary of Labor to enforce the
Standards within their respective jurisdictions where they have adequate facilities and personnel for
the purpose, as determined by and subject to national standards prescribed by the DOLE.
What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the job
without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to practices
related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or
employee to perform the job normally.
What is the purpose of OSH Standards?

OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death
that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is
an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the
workers.
REPUBLIC ACT 11058

“An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof”
DEPARTMENT ORDER 198-2018

Implementing Rules and Regulation of RA 11058
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REPUBLIC ACT 11058 COVERAGE

This Rules shall apply to all establishments, projects and sites, and all other places where work is
being undertaken in all branches of economic activity, including:
• Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion
agencies (e.g., Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark Development Corporation
[CDC]);
• Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation; and
• Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime.
• Public Sector (Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1 – 2020)
DO 198-2018: Section 3 - DEFINITION OF TERMS

Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) - Establishments employing less than 10 employees and
the establishments employing less than 100 employees, respectively, regardless of capitalization.
Imminent Danger - A situation caused by a condition or practice in any place of employment that
could reasonably be expected to lead to death or serious physical harm.
Employer - Any person, natural or juridical, including the contractor, subcontractor, and principal
employer who directly or indirectly benefit from the services of the employee.
Qualified First-Aider - Refers to industry determined specification of proficiency required for

effective work performance.
Worker - refers to any member of the labor force, regardless of employment status.
Low Risk Establishment - refers to a workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure to
safety and health hazards and not likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm or injury,
or illness.
Medium Risk Establishment - refers to a workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety
and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or control
measures are in place.
High Risk Establishment - Refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential
hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers & the public.
DO 198-2018: Section 4A – DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

• Capacity building of all workers including mandatory trainings;
• Provision of information on OSH;
• Use of devices/equipment with approved industry standards;
• Compliance with all the requirements of the OSH Standards;
• Provide appropriate DOLE tested and approved PPEs FREE of charge to the workers.
DO 198-2018: Section 4B – DUTIES OF WORKER

• PARTICIPATE IN CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES on safety and health and other OSH related
topics and programs;
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• COMPLY WITH INSTRUCTIONS to prevent accidents or imminent danger situations in the

workplace
• OBSERVE PRESCRIBED STEPS to be taken in cases of emergency
• PROPER USE OF ALL SAFEGUARDS AND SAFETY DEVICES furnished for workers’ protection
and that of others
• REPORT TO THEIR IMMEDIATE SUPERVISOR any work hazard that may be discovered in the
workplace.
DO 198-2018: Section 4C – DUTIES OF OTHER PERSON

• Any other person, including the builder or contactor who visits, builds, renovates or installs
devices or conducts business in any establishments or workplace, shall comply with the
provisions of this Rules and all other regulations issued by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment.
• Whenever 2 or more undertakings are engaged in activities simultaneously in one 1
workplace, it shall be the duty of all concerned to collaborate and cooperate to ensure
compliance with OSH standards and regulations.
DO 198-2018: Section 5 to 8 – WORKERS’ RIGHT

• THE RIGHT TO KNOW:
o The different types of hazards in the workplace;
o Be provided with training, education and orientation;
• THE RIGHT TO REPORT:

o To report accidents and dangerous occurrences to DOLE-ROs and other government
agencies in the most convenient way; Workers shall be free from retaliation for
reporting any accidents.
• THE RIGHT TO PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

o To be provided barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the
process or environment and FREE OF CHARGE. (Rule 1080 - Personal Protective
Equipment and Devices
• THE RIGHT TO REFUSE UNSAFE WORK:

o To refuse unsafe work without threat or reprisal from the employer in cases of
imminent danger. Affected workers may be temporarily assigned to other work areas;
DO 198-2018 Section 12: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Programs

• Covered workplaces through the Health and Safety Commit-tee (HSC), shall develop and
implement a suitable OSH Pro-gram following the DOLE-prescribed format.
• OSH Program shall be submitted and considered approved upon stamped-received by
concerned DOLE-Regional Office or Field Office. The HSC shall review and evaluate the OSH
Program at least once a year or as necessary. A revised copy of the program shall be
submitted to DOLE.
• A suitable Construction Safety and Health Program (CHSP) specific for each construction
project shall be submitted to concerned DOLE-Regional Office or Field Office for its approval
prior to start of the project.
• The total cost of implementing OSH Programs shall be an integral part of the company’s
operations cost.
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DO 198-2018: Section 22: EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY

The employer, project owner, contractor, or subcontractor, if any, and any person who manages,
controls or supervises the work being undertaken shall be jointly and solidarily liable for compliance
with occupational safety and health standards including the penalties imposed for violation thereof
as provided for in this Rules.
DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER

SAFETY OFFICER - refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-
Accredited Training Organization and tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and
ensure that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards.
In the implementation of OSH Program, safety officers shall be employed or designated with the
following duties and responsibilities:
• Oversee the overall management of the OSH Program in coordination with the OSH
committee;
• Frequently monitor and inspect any health and safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
• Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time
whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of accident investigation by
providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards;
• Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and
procedures provided by the OSH standards.
Minimum classification and number of safety officer for all covered workplaces shall
be as follows:
The engagement of the
services of a certified OSH
consultant (SO4) shall be
allowed for a period not
longer than 1 year for
establishments whose
designated safety officer
has to be trained or is in the
process of completing the
prescribed training courses
and relevant experience.
DO 198-2018 SECTION 15: OH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES
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Covered workplaces shall have

qualified occupational health
personnel such as certified first-
aiders, nurses, dentists, and
physicians duly complemented with
the required medical supplies,
equipment and facilities. The number
of health personnel, which may be
classified as full time (FT) or part-time
(PT), equipment and facilities, and
the amount of supplies shall be
proportionate to the total number of
workers and the risk or hazard
involved in the workplace, the ideal
ratio of which shall be as follows:
DO 198-2018: Section 16 - SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

• All OSH personnel shall undergo the prescribed
mandatory trainings from DOLE-accredited
Safety Training Organizations or its recognized
training institutions.
• Workers’ OSH seminars and
trainings/orientations required by the employer
or by other regulations in the performance of
their task shall be undertaken at no cost to the
worker and considered as compensable working time.
DO 198-2018 Section 19: WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES
All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being undertaken shall have the
following free welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working conditions:
• Adequate supply of safe drinking water;
• Adequate sanitary and washing facilities;
• Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable such as in construction,
shipping, fishing and night workers;
• Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for all gender, as may be applicable;
• Lactation station except those establishments as provided for under DOLE Department Order
No. 143-15;
• Ramps, railings and the like; and
• Other workers’ welfare facilities as may be prescribed by the OSH standards and other
issuances.
DO 198-2018: Section 23 - VISITORIAL POWER OF THE DOLE SECRETARY

• To enforce the mandatory OSH standards in all establishments and conduct an annual spot
audit on its compliance for the same. Must be attended by a Safety Officer and representative
of the management and workers of the establishment.
• May order stoppage of work or suspension of operations of any unit or department of an
establishment when non-compliance to this Rules, OSH standards and other applicable laws
poses grave and imminent danger to the safety and health of workers in the workplace.
• Any kind of self-assessment shall not take the place of labor inspection conducted by DOLE.
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• No person or entity shall obstruct, impede, delay or otherwise render ineffective the orders
of the Secretary of Labor and Employment or the Secretary’s duly authorized representatives
issued pursuant to the authority granted under Article 128 of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, and no lower court or entity shall issue temporary or permanent injunction or
restraining order or otherwise assume jurisdiction over any case involving the enforcement
orders.
DO 198-2018: Section 27 - EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION CLAIM

• A worker may file claims for compensation benefit arising out of work-related disability or
death.
• Such claims shall be processed independently of the finding of fault, gross negligence or bad
faith of the employer in a proceeding instituted for the purpose.
• The employer shall provide the necessary assistance to employees applying for claims.
DO 198-2018 SECTION 29: Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties

WILLFUL FAILURE or refusal to comply with OSH Standards or compliance orders shall be penalized
with not more than P100,000 daily until full compliance; reckoned from the date of issuance of Notice
of Results or Compliance Order.
• Repeated violation of the

same prohibited act shall be
penalized of the corresponding
fine plus 50% for every in-
stance of repeat violation
• When the violation
exposes the worker to death,
serious injury or serious illness,
the imposable penalty shall be
P100,000
• Additional P100,000 fine
for:
o Refusal to access the workplace
o Refusal to provide or allow access to records,
o Obstruct con-duct of investigation,
o Misrepresentation and making retaliatory measures such as termination, refusal to
pay, reducing wages and benefits or discriminates any worker who has given
information relative to inspection
DO 198-2018: Section 34: EFFECTIVITY

• Enforcement is through the DOLE-Regional Offices having jurisdiction over the workplace
• D.O. 183-17 shall govern the procedure in the implementation of DOLE D.O. 198-18
• OSH Law IRR, DOLE D.O. 198-18 effectivity:25 January 2019
DOLE-MANDATED HEALTH ISSUANCES

• D.O. 224-2021 Guidelines on Ventilation for Workplaces and Public Transport to Prevent and
Control of Covid 19
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• Joint Advisory-No.-21-01-DTI-DOLE On the Continued Vigilance Against New Covid-19

Variants through Reinforcement of Existing Public Health and Safety Standards and
Protocols
• DTI & DOLE Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention & Control of Covid-19
• DEPARTMENT ORDER 184-17 SAFETY AND HEALTH MEASURES FOR WORKERS WHO, BY THE
NATURE OF THEIR WORK, HAVE TO SPEND LONG HOURS SITTING
• DEPARTMENT ORDER 178-17 SAFETY AND HEALTH MEASURES FOR WORKERS WHO BY THE
NATURE OF THEIR WORK HAVE TO STAND AT WORK
• DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 154-2016 SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS ON THE USE AND
MANAGEMENT OF ASBESTOS IN THE WORKPLACE
• DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14 GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GLOBALY
HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS) IN CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM IN THE WORKPLACE
• DEPARTMENT ADVISORY NO. 05-10 IMPLEMENTATION OF A WORKPLACE POLICY AND
PROGRAM ON HEPATITIS B
• DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.102-10 GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF HIV&AIDS
PREVENTION EFFECTIVE MAY 9,2010
• DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.73-05: GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY AND
PROGRAM ON TUBERCULOSIS (TB) PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN THE WORKPLACE
• DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 53-03: GUIDELINES FORTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF A DRUG-
FREE WRKPLACE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR
DO 13-1998
GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
DO 13-1998 OBJECTIVES
• To ensure the protection and welfare of workers employed in the construction industry
• To ensure protection and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate
vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the promotion of harmonious employer-
employee relationships
• To take into consideration industry practices and applicable gov’t. requirements
DO 13-1998 Section 4: Coverage

The guidelines shall apply to all Construction Activities, including Demolition, whether owned by the
private or the government sector
DO 13-1998 Section 5: Construction Safety and Health Program

• Before the start of the actual construction, The CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER shall
prepare and submit to DOLE Regional Office a comprehensive Construction Safety and Health
Program. (CSHP). Cost shall be integrated into the project cost, provided it shall be a separate
pay item.
• The contractor's proposed CSHP shall be in accordance with DOLE D.O. No. 13, series of 1998
and its Procedural Guidelines
• CSHP must be intended for a specific construction project.
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• Application found with incomplete requirements will be given 15 calendar days to comply or
deemed disapproved.
DO 13-1998 Section 9: Construction Safety Signages

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of
workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements of the
OSHS.
DO 13-1998 Section 14: Construction Safety and Health Reports

• The monthly submission of summary reports to DOLE is required as follows:
o Safety committee meeting agreements,
o Accident investigation reports, and
o Hazard assessments with corresponding remedial action or measures required.
(HIRAC)
DO 13-1998 Section 17: Cost of Construction Safety and Health Program

The total cost of the Construction Safety and Health Program Shall be a mandatory integral part of
the construction project. It shall be treated as a separate pay item and reflected in the project’s bid
tender documents.
DO 13-1998 Section 19: Violations and Penalties

• Violations committed by Contractors as determined by DOLE after due process shall be
considered as prima facie case of a construction mal-performance of grave consequence
under RA 4566 as amended and pertinent Implementing Rules & Regulations.
• In cases of imminent danger situations, the procedures/requirements of the OSHS and DOLE
regulations shall be applied.
DO 13-1998 Section 19: Violations and Penalties

• The Guidelines shall be immediately effective, that is, 15 days after publication in newspapers
of general circulation, as provided in Article 5 of the Labor Code.
• D.O. No. 13, s.1998 was signed on July 23, 1998 and published on August 1, 1998 in the
Philippine Daily Inquirer and on August 3, 1998 in People’s Tonight
SUSTAINING TECHNICAL EMPLOYEE (STE)

• Competencies:
o Professionals licensed by the PRC and of academic discipline relevant to the
classification of intended assignment.
o With a minimum of 3 years experience of construction implementation and
knowledge of Philippine construction building codes and ordinances, labor safety
codes and other laws applicable to construction operation.
o COSH Training
ADMINISTRATIVE OSH REQUIREMENTS

OBJECTIVES
Participants will be able to identify the prescribed administrative requirements and penalties for
violations.
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DO 198-2018 SECTION 17: OSH Reports

Employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall submit to DOLE all safety and health reports,
and notifications such as but not limited to:
• Summary of Administrative Rules
o Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents and/or Occupational Illnesses – Rule
1050
o Occupational Health Services – Rule 1960
o Registration of business – Rule 1020
o Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH – Rule 1030
o Health & Safety Committee – Rule 1040
• Summary of Report Requirements

o Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) – Rule 1050
o Annual Exposure Data Report (AEDR) – Rule 1050
o Report on Safety Organization (RSO) – Rule 1040
o Minutes of the Meetings in Health and Safety Committee (MoM) – Rule 1040
o Annual Medical Report (AMR) – Rule 1960
o Covid-19 Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) - RA 11469
SUBMISSION DATE:
• Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) – Rule 1050
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o On or before the 20th day of the month following the date of occurrence of accident.
• Annual Exposure Data Report (AEDR) – Rule 1050
o On or before the January 30 of the following year
• Report on Safety Organization (RSO) – Rule 1040
o Within One Month after the organization
o At least on quarterly basis
• Minutes of the Meetings in Health and Safety Committee (MoM) – Rule 1040
o On or before the 20th day of the month
• Annual Medical Report (AMR) – Rule 1960
o On or before the last day of March of the year following the covered period.
DO 198-2018 SECTION 29: Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties

• Failure to comply with the submission of reportorial requirements as prescribed by OSH
standards shall be penalized of P30,000.00
• Repeated violation of the same prohibited act shall be penalized of the corresponding fine
plus 50% for every instance of repeat violation
MODULE 24: Development of an Occupational Safety and

Health (OSH) Program
OBJECTIVE:
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This outlines the basic elements necessary for developing and implementing a successful safety
program applicable to almost all types of organization.
OSH PROGRAM
• Is a systematic plan to IDENTIFY, EVALUATE and CONTROL hazards and respond to
EMERGENCIES.
• It lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for keeping the workplace safety and
healthy.
Key Elements of OSH Programs
• Key elements of the Safety Program
o Accident Prevention
o Safety Promotion
• Key element of the Health Program
o Health Protection and Maintenance
o Health Awareness and Promotion
BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE OSH PROGRAM

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
Obtain top management’s support before developing the safety program. Without their support and
involvement, the program cannot be successful. Sell management on the need for a program based
on:
• Contribution of safety and health on the competitiveness of the company in terms of the
following elements: productivity, cost, quality, response time, service and image.
• Cost of accident/catastrophe
• Legal requirement
• Moral obligation
This commitment should be translated into a written safety policy which should briefly and succinctly
expresses the company’s commitment to safety. It also indicates clearly that employees are expected
to perform their duties with safety foremost in their minds. Safety policy need not be long. In fact,
a short and simple policy is better.
ORGANIZATION
A safety committee is a formal structure through which employees and management can funnel
concerns and suggestions about safety and health issues. This is a requirement of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) Rule 1040.
The composition can be a major factor for the success or failure of the committee. It should be
composed of a broad cross-section of workers representing management, middle managers and the
rank and file employees. This offers the following advantages:
• It gives a constituent group where they are responsible
• It gives all employees a representative voice on the committee
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or
recognize hazards that are present, or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any
effective safety and health program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such
hazards.
147
To identify and assess hazards, employers and workers:

• Collect and review information about the hazards present or likely to be present in the
workplace.
• Conduct initial and periodic workplace inspections of the workplace to identify new or recurring
hazards.
• Investigate injuries, illnesses, incidents, and close calls/near misses to determine the underlying
hazards, their causes, and safety and health program shortcomings.
• Group similar incidents and identify trends in injuries, illnesses, and hazards reported.
• Consider hazards associated with emergency or nonroutine situations.
• Determine the severity and likelihood of incidents that could result for each hazard identified,
and use this information to prioritize corrective actions.
HAZARD EVALUATION
Systematic continuous, repetitive health related activities that should lead to corrective action
• Medical surveillance
o Pre employment (Entrance)
o Periodic examinations
o Special examinations
o Transfer examinations
o Separation examinations
CONTROL UNSAFE CONDITION

• Good Housekeeping - “A place for everything and everything in its place”
o 5S System
o Storage of materials
o Removal of nails from lumber
• Preventive Maintenance (Total Productive Maintenance) - consists of maintenance activities

performed before equipment breaks down, with the intent of keeping it operating acceptably
and reducing the likelihood of breakdown.
• Engineering Control - Physical changes in processes or machinery designed to eliminate or

control hazards.
o Machine guarding
o Substitution
o Isolation
o Ventilation
o General ventilation
o Local exhaust ventilation
• Administrative Control - Changes in work practices and organization to eliminate or control

hazards.
• Personal Protective Equipment - Clothing or devices worn by employees to protect themselves

against hazards and contaminants.
CONTROL UNSAFE ACT

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Generally, unsafe condition accounts for approximately 10% of accidents and human errors account
for 90%. However, most safety efforts are aimed at the 10% of the problem – unsafe condition.
• Education
o Safety Orientation - When new employees come to work, they immediately begin to
learn things and to form attitudes about the company, their jobs, bosses and fellow
employees. Whether we train them or not, they will learn new things. For them to
learn things they need to know and develop good work practices, we should develop
good training program.
o Job Instruction - is designed to develop basic stability and consistency of your
processes (also known as standard work). This program teaches the method to instruct
a worker how to perform a job correctly, safely and conscientiously.
• Short Meetings - This is an informal meeting to discuss the Safety situations.
o Tool Box Meetings
o Safety Briefings
• Visual Awareness is an effective way of getting the message across through signs, slogans and
posters.
o Posters
o Signs
o Bulletin Boards
• Motivation - Is defined as the driving force behind all the actions of an individual. It involves
moving people to action that supports or achieves desired goals.
o Positive Reinforcement
▪ Awards Recognition - This can be an effective tool in maintaining employees’
interest in the safety program.
o Negative Reinforcement
▪ Discipline - The practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior,
using punishment to correct disobedience.
MONITORING
To effectively maintain safe conditions, employee work practices as well as every portion of your
physical plant, equipment, and machinery, regular inspection must be conducted. These inspections
should be both formal and informal and include both employees and supervisors.
• Safety Inspection
• Accident Investigation
• Recording System
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM

An emergency is a potentially life-threatening situation, usually occurring suddenly and
unexpectedly. Emergencies may be the result of natural and/or human causes. When an emergency
occurs, immediate reaction is essential. Speed in responding can mean the difference between life
and death or between minimal damage and major damage. A quick and proper response can only
be possible through proper preparation, which involves a combination of planning, practicing,
evaluating, and adjusting to specific circumstances.
EVALUATE PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS

A program evaluation is intended to justify the program and/or determine whether a new approach
is necessary. The evaluation should be summarized and reviewed by the senior managers who
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originally approved the effort. In addition, all documentation of training, expenses, equipment, and
success (and failures) should be compiled and retained for later review and/or use. The report must
present failures along with successes since management always looks for good and bad point to
obtain a balanced picture of the activity.
Essential Elements to an Effective Safety Program

Effective Safety Program can be achieved basically through control of people’s actions.
• Establish a clear view on the Management, Leadership and Employee Involvement
• Develop a Safety and Health Policy
• Setting a Goal and Developing Objectives and Committees
• Getting Top Management to Provide Visible Leadership
• Encourage Employees Involvement
• Assigning of Responsibilities & Accountability
• Provide Adequate Authority
• Worksite Analysis
• Hazard Prevention and Control
• Training and Education
• Review and Adjust
RE-ENTRY PLAN
1. As a Safety Officer, you are required to

conduct the Mandatory Worker’s OSH Seminar
to all the workers in your company. When do
you propose to conduct the said OSH seminar?
2. Aside from the conduct of Worker’s OSH Seminar, how do you intend to share the learnings
of this training to your co-workers? Check all that apply.
3. Indicate timeline or person/s, department, STO

who can help you in sharing your learnings in this
course
BIBLIOGRAPHY
150
DOLE OSH Standards Handbook

AIHA, n.d.
Atherton, J., Gil, F., Incidents that define Process Safety, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2008
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, n.d.)
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016
Chemical Hazards, n.d.
CONSAFE COSH MANUAL ver.1.0 (Engr. Carlos Catane)
Departments of Public Health, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine,, n.d.
DOLE Department Order No. 198-2018
Encyclopedia of Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.
ERGONOMICS 4 SCHOOL, n.d.
Environmental Health and Safety, n.d.
HIV.gov, 2020
Hughes MBE, P., Ferret, E. Introduction to Health and Safety at Work 3rd Edition, 2005
HSE Science and Research Centre, n.d.
Health and Safety Middle East, 2017
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha, n.d.)
Occupational Safety and Health Council, n.d.
Public Health Scotland, 2019
Pulsar Instruments, 2019
Queensland Health, 2018
Republic Act 11058
US Department of Health and Human Services, 1998
World Health Organization 2019
World Health Organization Western Pacific Philippines, 2019
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph//30/OSH-ISSUANCES
https://psa.gov.ph/content/20172018-integrated-survey-labor-and-employmentisle
http://oshc.dole.gov.ph/UserFiles/oshc2010/file/Comprehensive-and-Unified-Policy.pdf
www.doh.gov.ph/violence-and-injury-prevention-program
safetysummit.blr.com/whats-the-difference-between-job-safety-analysis-and-job-hazard
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/UserFiles/oshc2010/file/DO102-10HIV-AIDS_Guidelines.pdf
ncr.dole.gov.ph/fndr/…/Smoke-free%20workplace%20policy%20&%20program.doc
http://psa.gov.ph/psada/indx.php/catalog/150
http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/vol19 14.pdf
http://psa.gov.ph/content/2014-annual-labor-and-employment-status-comparative-annual-
estimate-2014-and-2013
http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang-en/index.htm
www.safetyworksmaine.gov/safe workplace/safety management/hazard analysis.html
Medical-surveillance-program-manual-2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iZ_HWy9QT8 “The Workers Plight”
151
ANNEXES
ANNEX A-1 : Employee Health Declaration Form
152
ANNEX A-2: Client/ Visitor Contact Tracing Form
153
ANNEX B: Sample Protocol for Screening Employees and Visitors
154
ANNEX C: Guide to Appropriate Facility for Each Type of Worker
155
ANNEX D: Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Disease (PSMID) Guidelines
on Return-to-Work
156
ANNEX E: COVID-19 WAIR FORM
157
ANNEX F: WAIR FORM
158
ANNEX G: AEDR FORM
159
ANNEX H: 1020 BWC IP3- FORM (REGISTRATION OF ESTABLISHMENT)
160
ANNEX I: RSO
161
ANNEX J: DOLE LABOR ADVISORY NO. 4-2019
162
163
ANNEX K: JHA FORM
164
ANNEX L: HIRAC FORM
165
ANNEX M: DOLE LABOR ADVISORY NO.10-2019
166
ANNEX N: DRUG FREE WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM
“DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM”
In compliance with Article V of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations and DOLE Department
Order No. 53-03, series of 2003 (Guidelines for the Implementation of a Drug-Free Workplace Policies
and Programs for the Private Sector), ABC Company hereby adopts the following policies and
programs to achieve a drug-free workplace:
I. COMPANY POLICY ON DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE
ABC Company explicitly prohibits:
• The use, possession, solicitation for, or sale of dangerous drugs on company premises or while
performing an assignment.
• Being impaired or under the influence of dangerous drugs away from the company, if such
impairment or influence adversely affects the employee's work performance, the safety of the
employee or of others, or puts at risk the company's reputation.
• Possession, use, solicitation for, or sale of dangerous drugs away from the company premises,
if such activity or involvement adversely affects the employee's work performance, the safety of
the employee or of others, or puts at risk the company's reputation.
• The presence of any detectable amount of dangerous drugs in the employee's system while at
work, while on the premises of the company, or while on company business. "Dangerous Drugs"
include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,
as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention
on Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex of R.A. 9165.
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II. COMPANY PROGRAM ON DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE
A. MANDATORY DRUG TEST
1. To ensure that only those qualified shall be screened and recruited to prevent the
detrimental effects (e.g. lower productivity; poor decision making; increased accidents;
more compensation claims; and reduced team effort) which drug use and abuse may
cause in the workplace, the conduct of mandatory drug test shall be required for pre-
employment.
2. ABC Company designates XYZ Company, a duly accredited drug testing center by the
Department of Health (DOH), as its authorized drug testing laboratory.
3. ABC Company may also conduct drug testing under any of the following
circumstances:
i. RANDOM TESTING: Officer/employees may be selected at random for drug

testing at any interval determined by the Company.
ii. FOR-CAUSE TESTING: The company may ask an officer/employee to submit to a

drug test at any time it feels that the employee may be under the influence of drugs, including,
but not limited to, the following circumstances: evidence of drugs on or about the employee's
person or in the employee's vicinity, unusual conduct on the employee's part that suggests
impairment or influence of drugs, negative performance patterns, or excessive and
unexplained absenteeism or tardiness.
iii. POST-ACCIDENT TESTING: Any officer/employee involved in a “Near-Miss”

incident or “Work Accident” under circumstances that suggest possible use or influence of
drugs may be asked to submit to a drug test. As defined herein, “Near-Miss” means an incident
arising from or in the course of work which could have led to injuries or fatalities of the
workers and/or considerable damage to the employer had it not been curtailed. “Work
Accident” refers to unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may or may not result in personal
injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination thereof of which
arises out of and in the course of employment.
168
4. All drug tests shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods, the screening test
which will determine the positive result as well as the type of the drug used and the
confirmatory test which will confirm a positive screening test. Where the confirmatory
test turns positive, the company’s Assessment Team shall evaluate the results and
determine the level of care and administrative interventions that can be extended to
the concerned employee.
.
5. ABC Company shall inform the officer/employee who was subjected to a drug test of
the test-results whether positive or negative.
6. All costs of drug testing shall be borne by ABC Company.
B. TREATMENT, REHABILITATION, AND REFERRAL
1. An officer/employee who, for the first time, is found positive of drug use, shall be
referred for treatment and/or rehabilitation in a DOH accredited center. For this
purpose, ABC Company shall provide a list of at least three (3) accredited facilities
which an employee who was tested positive for drugs may choose from.
2. Following rehabilitation, the company’s Assessment Team, in consultation with the

head of the rehabilitation center, shall evaluate the status of the drug dependent
employee and recommend to the employer the resumption of the employee’s job if
he/she poses no serious danger to his/her co-employees and/or the workplace.
3. All costs for the treatment and rehabilitation of the drug dependent employee shall be
charged to his account. The period during which the employee is under treatment or
rehabilitation shall be considered as authorized leaves.
4. Repeated drug use even after ample opportunity for treatment and rehabilitation shall
be dealt with the corresponding penalties under R.A. 9165 and is a ground for
dismissal.
C. ADVOCACY, EDUCATION AND TRAINING
1. ABC Company undertakes to increase the awareness and education of its officers and
employees on the adverse effects of dangerous drugs through continuous advocacy,
education and training programs/activities to all its officers and employees.
169
2. All officers and employees are required to undergo an orientation/education program

before assumption of their respective duties. The program shall include the following
topics:
i. Salient features of R.A. 9165;

ii. Adverse effects of abuse and/or misuse of dangerous drugs on the
person, workplace, family and the community;
iii. Preventive measures against drug abuse; and
iv. Steps to take when intervention is needed, as well as available services
for treatment and rehabilitation.
3. To encourage all officers and employees to lead a healthy lifestyle while at work and
at home, ABC Company undertakes to conduct the following activities as often as
possible:
i. Lifestyle assessment programs on health nutrition, weight management,

stress management, alcohol abuse, smoking cessation, and other
indicators of risk diseases;
ii. Health wellness screenings (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate,
cholesterol test, blood glucose, etc.);
iii. Sports, recreational and fun-game activities; and
iv. Other activities promoting health and wellness.
D. ROLES, RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEES
1. ABC Company shall ensure that the workplace policies and programs on the
prevention and control of dangerous drugs, including drug testing, shall be
disseminated to all officers and employees. The employer shall obtain a written
acknowledgement from the employees that the policy has been read and understood
by them.
.
2. ABC Company shall maintain the confidentiality of all information relating to drug tests
or to the identification of drug users in the workplace; exceptions may be made only
where required by law, in case of overriding public health and safety concerns; or
where such exceptions have been authorized in writing by the person concerned.
3. All officers and employees shall enjoy the right to due process, absence of which will
render the referral procedure ineffective.
E. CONSEQUENCES OF POLICY VIOLATIONS
170
1. Any officer or employee who uses, possesses, distributes, sells or attempts to sell,
tolerates, or transfers dangerous drugs or otherwise commits other unlawful acts as
defined under Article II of RA 9165 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations shall
be subject to the pertinent provisions of the said Act.
2. Any officer or employee found positive for use of dangerous drugs shall be dealt with
administratively in accordance with the provisions of Article 282 of Book VI of the Labor
Code and under RA 9165.
F. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
1. The implementation of these policies and programs shall be monitored and evaluated
periodically by management to ensure a drug-free workplace. For this purpose, an
Assessment Team shall be constituted in accordance with D.O. 53-03.
G. EFFECTIVITY.
1. The provisions of these policies and programs shall be immediately effective after its
ratification by the management and the employee’s representatives and its posting in
the company’s bulletin board.
________________________ __________________________
Owner/Manager Employees’ Representative
DATE: __________________
ANNEX O: HEPATITIS-B WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM
A Company Model
WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM ON HEPATITIS B
(Name of Company) is committed to conform to the established standards assurance of

customer satisfaction, protection of our environment and health and safety in the workplaces.
The company promotes and ensures a healthy environment through its various health
programs to safeguard its employees. And as part of the company’s compliance to DOLE Department
Advisory No. 05, Series of 2010 (Guidelines for the Implementation of a Workplace Policy and
171
Program on Hepatitis B), this Program has been developed. This program is aimed to address the
stigma attached to hepatitis B and to ensure that the employees’ right against discrimination and
confidentiality is maintained.
This guideline is formulated for everybody’s information and reference for the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of Hepatitis B. This will inform the employees of their role as well as the
company in dealing with Hepatitis B. A healthy environment encompasses a good working relationship
and great output for continuous business growth.
I. Implementing Structure
The (Name of Company)’s Hepatitis B workplace policy and program shall be managed by its health
and safety committee. Each division or department of the Company shall be duly represented.
II. Guidelines
A. Education
1. Coverage. All employees regardless of employment status may avail of hepatitis B

education services for free;
2. Hepatitis B shall be conducted through distribution and posting of IEC materials and
counselling and/ or lectures; and
3. Hepatitis B education shall be spearheaded by the (name of company) Medical Clinic in
close coordination with the health and safety committee.
B. Preventive Strategies
1. All employees are encouraged to be immunized against Hepatitis B after securing clearance
from their physician.
2. Workplace sanitation and proper waste management and disposal shall be monitored by
the health and safety committee on a regular basis.
3. Personal protective equipment shall be made available at all times for all employees; and
4. Employees will be given training and information on adherence to standards or universal
precautions in the workplace.
III. Social Policy
A. Non discriminatory Policy and Practices

172
1. There shall be no discrimination of any form against employees on the basis of their
Hepatitis B status consistent with the international agreements on non discrimination
ratified by the Philippines (ILO C111). Employees shall not be discriminated against, from
pre to post employment, including hiring, promotion, or assignment because of their
hepatitis B status.
2. Workplace management of sick employees shall not differ from that of any other illness.
Persons with Hepatitis B related illnesses may work for as long as they are medically fit to
work.
B. Confidentiality
Job applicants and employees shall not be compelled to disclose their Hepatitis B status and
other related medical information. Co-employees shall not be obliged to reveal any personal
information about their fellow employees. Access to personal data relating to employee’s Hepatitis B
status shall be bound by the rules on confidentiality and shall be strictly limited to medical personnel
or if legally required.
C. Work-Accommodation and Arrangement
1. The company shall take measures to reasonably accommodate employees who are
Hepatitis B positive or with Hepatitis B - related illnesses.
2. Through agreements made between management and employees’ representative,

measures to support employees with Hepatitis B are encouraged to work through flexible
leave arrangements, rescheduling of working time and arrangement for return to work.
D. Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral to Health Care Services
1. The company shall establish a referral system and provide access to diagnostic and
treatment services for its employees for appropriate medical evaluation/ monitoring and
management.
2. Adherence to the guidelines for healthcare providers on the evaluation of Hepatitis B
positive employees is highly encouraged.
3. Screening for Hepatitis B as a prerequisite to employment shall not be mandatory.
E. Compensation
The company shall provide access to Social Security System and Employees Compensation
benefits under PD 626 to an employee contracted with Hepatitis B infection in the performance of his
duty.
173
IV. Roles and Responsibilities of Employers and Employees
A. Employer’s Responsibilities
1. Management, together with employees’ organizations, company focal personnel for

human resources, and safety and health personnel shall develop, implement, monitor and
evaluate the workplace policy and program on Hepatitis B.
2. The Health and Safety Committee shall ensure that their company policy and program is
adequately funded and made known to all employees.
3. The Human Resources Department shall ensure that their policy and program adheres
to existing legislations and guidelines, including provisions on leaves, benefits and insurance.
4. Management shall provide information, education and training on Hepatitis B for its
workforce consistent with the standardized basic information package developed by the
Hepatitis B TWG; if not available within the establishment, then provide access to information.
5. The company shall ensure non-discriminatory practices in the workplace.
6. The management together with the company focal personnel for human resources and
safety and health shall provide appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent Hepatitis
B exposure, especially for employees exposed to potentially contaminated blood or body fluid.
7. The Health and Safety Committee, together with the employees’ organizations shall
jointly review the policy and program for effectiveness and continue to improve these by
networking with government and organizations promoting Hepatitis B prevention.
8. The company shall ensure confidentiality of the health status of its employees, including
those with Hepatitis B.
9. The human resources shall ensure that access to medical records is limited to authorized
personnel.
B. Employees Responsibilities
174
1. The employees’ organization is required to undertake an active role in educating and

training their members on Hepatitis B prevention and control. The IEC program must also aim
at promoting and practicing a healthy lifestyle with emphasis on avoiding high risk behavior
and other risk factors that expose employees to increased risk of Hepatitis B infection,
consistent with the standardized basic information package developed by the Hepatitis B
TWG.
2. Employees shall practice non-discriminatory acts against co-employees on the ground of

Hepatitis B status.
3. Employees and their organizations shall not have access to personnel data relating to
an employee’s Hepatitis B status. The rules of confidentiality shall apply in carrying out union
and organization functions.
4. Employees shall comply with the universal precaution and the preventive measures.
5. Employees with Hepatitis B may inform the health care provider or the company physician
on their Hepatitis B status, that is, if their work activities may increase the risk of Hepatitis B
infection and transmission or put the Hepatitis B positive at risk for aggravation.
V. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
Within the establishment, the implementation of the policy and program shall be monitored
and evaluated periodically. The safety and health committee or its counterpart shall be tasked for this
purpose.
VI. EFFECTIVITY
This Policy shall take effect immediately and shall be made known to all employees.
______________________ ___________________________
Owner /Manager Employees’ Representative
DATE: ______________
175
ANNEX P: HIV/ AIDS WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM
A Company Model
HIV/AIDS WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM
In conformity with Republic Act No. 8504 otherwise known as the Philippine AIDS Prevention
and Control Act of 1998 which recognizes workplace-based programs as a potent tool in addressing
HIV/AIDS as an international pandemic problem, this company policy is hereby issued for the
information and guidance of the employees in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS
in the workplace.
This policy is also aimed at addressing the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS and ensures that the
workers’ right against discrimination and confidentiality is maintained.
I. IMPLEMENTING STRUCTURE
The (Name of Company) HIV/AIDS Program shall be managed by its health and safety
committee consists of representatives from the different divisions and departments.
II. BASIC INFORMATION ON HIV/AIDS
What is HIV/AIDS?
It is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This virus slowly
weakens a person’s ability to fight off other diseases by attaching itself to and destroying important
cells that control and support the human immune system.
How HIV/AIDS is transmitted?
• Unprotected sex with an HIV infected person;

• From an infected mother to her child ( during pregnancy, at birth through breast feeding);
• Intravenous drug use with contaminated needles;
• Transfusion with infected blood and blood products; and
• Unsafe, unprotected contact with infected blood and bleeding wounds of an infected person.
Is there a cure?
No. However, there are antiretroviral drug combinations that are available when properly used,
result in prolonged survival of people with HIV. Holistic care of people living with HIV-AIDS and
comprehensive treatment of opportunistic infections also dramatically improve quality of life.
III. COVERAGE
176
This Program shall apply to all employees regardless of their employment status.
IV. GUIDELINES
A. Preventive Strategies
1. Conduct of HIV-AIDS Education.-

a. Who will conduct?
The Medical Clinic of (Name of company) in coordination with the Health and Safety
Committee shall conduct HIV-AIDS education to all employees for free. This shall also
form part of the orientation of newly hired employees. The standardized information
package developed by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) may be used
for this purpose.
b. How will it be conducted?

The HIV-AIDS education will be conducted through distribution and posting of IEC
materials, lectures, counselling and training and information on adherence to standard
or universal precautions in the workplace
2. Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral to Health Care Services
a. Screening for HIV as a prerequisite to employment is not mandatory.
b. The company shall encourage positive health seeking behavior through Voluntary
Counseling and Testing.
c. The company shall establish a referral system and provide access to diagnostic
and treatment services for its workers. Referral to Social Hygiene Clinics of LGU
for HIV screening shall be facilitated by the company’s medical clinic staff.
d. The company shall likewise facilitate access to livelihood assistance for the
affected employee and his/her families, being offered by other government
agencies.
B. SOCIAL POLICY
1. Non-discriminatory Policy and Practices
177
a. Discrimination in any form from pre-employment to post- employment, including

hiring, promotion or assignment, termination of employment based on the actual,
perceived or suspected HIV status of an individual is prohibited.
b. Workplace management of sick employees shall not differ from that of any other
illness.
c. Discriminatory act done by an officer or an employee against their

co-officer or co-employee shall likewise be penalized.
2. Confidentiality/Non-Disclosure Policy
a. Access to personal data relating to a worker’s HIV status shall be bound by the
rules of confidentiality consistent with provisions of R.A. 8504 and the ILO Code of
Practice.
b. Job applicants and workers shall not be compelled to disclose their

HIV/AIDS status and other related medical information.
c. Co-employees shall not be obliged to reveal any personal information relating to the
HIV/AIDS status of fellow workers.
3. Work-Accommodation and Arrangement
a. The company shall take measures to reasonably accommodate

employees with AIDS related illnesses.
b. Agreements made between the company and employee’s representatives shall reflect
measures that will support workers with HIV/AIDS through flexible leave
arrangements, rescheduling of working time and arrangement for return to work.
IV. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES
1. The Company, together with employees/ labor organizations, company focal personnel
for human resources, safety and health personnel shall develop, implement, monitor
and evaluate the workplace policy and program on HIV/AIDS.
1. Provide information, education and training on HIV/AIDS for its workforce.
178
3. Ensure non-discriminatory practices in the workplace and that the policy and program
adheres to existing legislations and guidelines .
4. Ensure confidentiality of the health status of its employees and the access to medical
records is limited to authorized personnel.
5. The Company, through its Human Resources Department, shall see to it that their
company policy and program is adequately funded and made known to all employees.
6. The Health and Safety Committee, together with employees/ labor organizations shall
jointly review the policy and program and continue to improve these by networking with
government and organizations promoting HIV prevention.
B. Employees’ Responsibilities
1. The employee’s organization shall undertake an active role in educating and training
their members on HIV prevention and control. Promote and practice a healthy lifestyle
with emphasis on avoiding high risk behavior and other risk factors that expose
workers to increased risk of HIV infection.
2. Employees shall practice non-discriminatory acts against co-employees.
3. Employees and their organization shall not have access to personnel data relating to a
worker’s HIV status.
4. Employees shall comply with universal precaution and preventive measures.
The Safety and Health Committee or its counterpart shall periodically monitor and evaluate
the implementation of this Policy and Program.
VI. EFFECTIVITY
This Policy shall take place effective immediately and shall be made known to every employee.
___________________________ _______________________________
179
DATE: _________________
ANNEX Q: TB WORKPLACE SAMPLE POLICY PROGRAM
A Company Model
WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM ON TUBERCULOSIS (TB) PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
The (Company Name) recognizes that while 80% of Tuberculosis (TB) cases belong to the
economically productive individuals, it is also treatable and its spread can be curtailed if proper control
measures will be implemented. As such, this TB Policy and Program is hereby issued for the
information and guidance of the employees.
PURPOSE:
To address the stigma attached to TB and to ensure that the worker’s right against
discrimination, brought by the disease, is protected.
To facilitate free access to anti-TB medicines of affected employees through referrals.
I. IMPLEMENTING STRUCTURE
The (Name of Company) TB Program shall be managed by its health and safety committee
consists of representatives from the different divisions and departments.
II. COVERAGE
This Program shall apply to all employees regardless of their employment status.
180
III. GUIDELINES
A. Preventive Strategies
1. Conduct of Tuberculosis (TB) Advocacy, Training and Education
a. TB education shall be conducted by the (name of company) Medical Clinic in close

coordination with the health and safety committee, through distribution and posting of IEC
materials and counselling and/ or lectures.
b. Engineering measures such as improvement of ventilation, provision for adequate sanitary

facilities and observance of standard for space requirement (avoidance of overcrowding)
shall be implemented.
2. Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral to Health Care Services
a. The company shall establish a referral system and provide access to diagnostic and
treatment services for its employees. The company shall make arrangements with the
nearest Direct Observed Treatment (DOT) facility.
b. The company’s adherence to the DOTS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment is highly
encouraged.
B. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
1. The company shall adopt the DOTS strategy in the management of workers with
tuberculosis. TB case finding, case holding and Reporting and Recording shall be in
accordance with the Comprehensive Unified Policy (CUP) and the National Tuberculosis
Control Program.
2. The company shall at the minimum refer employees and their family members with TB to
private or public DOTS centers.
C. SOCIAL POLICY
1. Non-discriminatory Policy and Practices
181
a. There shall be no discrimination of any form against employees from pre to post
employment, including hiring, promotion, or assignment, on account of their TB status.
(ILO C111)
b. Workplace management of sick employees shall not differ from that of any other illness.
Persons with TB related illnesses should be able to work for as long as medically fit.
2. Work-Accommodation and Arrangement
a. Agreements made between the company and employee’s representatives shall reflect
measures that will support workers with TB through flexible leave arrangements, rescheduling
of working time and arrangement for return to work.
b. The employee may be allowed to return to work with reasonable working arrangements as
determined by the Company Health Care provider and/or the DOTS provider.
D. COMPENSATION
The company shall provide access to Social Security System and Employees
Compensation benefits under PD 626 to an employee who acquired TB infection in the
performance of his/her duty.
V. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES
1. The Employer, together with workers/ labor organizations, company focal personnel for
human resources, safety and health personnel shall develop, implement, monitor and
evaluate the workplace policy and program on TB.
2. Provide information, education and training on TB prevention for its workforce.
3. Ensure non-discriminatory practices in the workplace.
4. Ensure confidentiality of the health status of its employees and the access to medical
records is limited to authorized personnel.
5. The Employer, through its Human Resources Department, shall see to it that their
company policy and program is adequately funded and made known to all employees.
6. The Health and Safety Committee, together with employees/ labor organizations shall
jointly review the policy and program and continue to improve these by networking with
government and organizations promoting TB prevention.
B. Employees’ Responsibilities
182
1. The employee’s organization is required to undertake an active role in educating and

training their members on TB prevention and control.
2. Employees shall practice non-discriminatory acts against co-workers.
3. Employees and their organization shall not have access to personnel
data relating to a worker’s TB status.
4. Employees shall comply with universal precaution and the preventive measures.
The Safety and Health Committee or its counterpart shall periodically monitor and evaluate
the implementation of this Policy and Program.
VI. EFFECTIVITY
This Policy shall take place effective immediately and shall be made known to every employee.
_______________________________ ________________________________
DATE: _________________
183
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CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.

ROGER V. FLORES. DHum, CSSP, CSSI, CCSM

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER

MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

So, Why OSH?

OSH (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH) IN COMPANIES IS

GLOBAL OSH SITUATIONER

Most recent figures suggest that

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

PHILIPPINE OSH SITUATIONER

Safety and health at work in the Philippines

2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment(ISLE)

Reference Number: 2019-214

• A total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related accidents

• As a result of workplace accidents, about

MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY CLASSIFICATION

PART OF BODY INJURED

MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP

• Topmost work-related diseases suffered by

MODULE 2: THE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS (UNSAFE

It begins with knowledge of the causes of accidents – Acts and

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

MAN MACHINE MATERIAL

The Iceberg Effect on Cost of Accidents (Employer)

What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of

Basic Causes of Accidents are classified as:

Examples of an Unsafe or Unhealthy

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

MODULE 3: CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Standard Color of Signs for Safety:

Worker’s Welfare Facilities

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

What are the signs of DISORDER

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Safety requirements in Excavations:

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Equipment Operations at Excavation

During Break Times - Workmen shall

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Excavation in Confined Spaces

MODULE 5: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Power Tool Precautions

The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users:

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan

Clues That Electrical Hazards Exist:

Electrical Shock - is the most serious electrical hazard.

Severity of the shock depends on:

ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES:

EFFECTIVE ENERGY CONTROL PROGRAM

CONSAFE: COSH for SO2 Rev. no. 00.8/9/2021igan