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EXPT.6.Homology and Analogy of Plants and Animals

The document discusses an experiment to study homology and analogy in plants and animals. Homology refers to similarities in structures that have diverged from a common ancestor, such as thorns on Bougainvillea and tendrils on Cucurbita. Analogy refers to similarities in function that have evolved independently, like the wings of bats and insects which serve the same flying function but have different structures. The experiment uses charts, models and specimens to observe homologous structures in animals like the forelimbs of various species, and in plants like modified leaves. It also examines analogous structures that have different origins but serve similar functions, such as the wings of bats and insects or tendrils in Passiflora and pe

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Aneen Zaman
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5K views4 pages

EXPT.6.Homology and Analogy of Plants and Animals

The document discusses an experiment to study homology and analogy in plants and animals. Homology refers to similarities in structures that have diverged from a common ancestor, such as thorns on Bougainvillea and tendrils on Cucurbita. Analogy refers to similarities in function that have evolved independently, like the wings of bats and insects which serve the same flying function but have different structures. The experiment uses charts, models and specimens to observe homologous structures in animals like the forelimbs of various species, and in plants like modified leaves. It also examines analogous structures that have different origins but serve similar functions, such as the wings of bats and insects or tendrils in Passiflora and pe

Uploaded by

Aneen Zaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment:5 Homology and Analogy of Plants and Animals

Aim
To study the homology and analogy in animals and plants using charts, models and specimens.
Materials Required
• Charts or flash card model of forelimb of bird, bat, man, seal, etc to study homology in
animals

• flash card models of thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita to study homology
in plants
o Flash card models or charts of wings b of bat/bird/ insects . to study analogy in
animal s
• flash card models of stem tendril in Passiflora and leaflet tendril in Pea.to study analogy
in plants
Principle
The organs or features which have similar basic structure but performs different functions in
different species are called as homologous organs and their study is called homology. These
similarities are a result of divergence from a common ancestor, i.e. their origin from same
species .e.g. thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are homologous organs.
The organs or features which have no common or similar fundamental structures but are
involved in same functions in different species are referred to as analogous organs and their
study is called as analogy. These similarities arise due to the adaptive convergence of the
different organs to be used in similar environment, e.g. wings of bat and wings of an insect are
analogous organs.
Homology (similarities in traits of two different organisms) and analogy (similarities in functions
of two different organisms) are common in occurrence in both plant and animal species. During
the course of evolution, the organism adapts/recieves these organs or features from their
ancestors.

Homology in animals
The hand of a man, limb of cheetah, flipper of a whale and the wings of a bat have common set
of bones but all of these structures though appears similar but are involved in different
functions like grasping, running, swimming and flying respectively
.

Homology in plants

The leaves of the plant Bougainvillea have been modified into the thorns for protection while
leaves in Cucurbita are made into tendrils for providing support in climbers
1.
ANALOGY IN ANIMALS
The forelimbs of bats, birds and wings of insects are used for flying by these animals
however, they are structurally very different from each other

ANALOGY IN PLANTS

The Passiflora and pea have leaves modified into tendrils which support the plant during
climbing whereas they do not share any structural similarities.
Result
The observations made on the above given structures reveals that during course of evolution,
some organs of same origin in different organisms have taken up different functions, such
organs are called as homologous organs, e.g. forelimbs of vertebrates and leaves in plants.
Some organs, in contrary, have evolved to perform the same function but their origin is not
same and they do not resemble or are not similar to each other, such organs are called as
analogous organs, e.g. wings of insects and birds.
Precautions
Handle the specimens carefully.
Observe the similarities and dissimilarities (structural and functional) in both animals and
plants; and note down carefully.

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