


EF
١٧٣
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 
EF
 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? J?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ?    ?  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 
EF
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬
 W
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 
 
 
-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Turning ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬?‫א‬?
KSymmetrical work pieces ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 E ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EFacingF ETurningF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F

 
 
 

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 WTypes of turning processes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢ J١F

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
 
WTypes of lathe machines ‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬W‫א‬  J
 K،،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WCenter lathe‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     WFacing lathe ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ WCopying lathe‫א‬‫• א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 
 
E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F Capstan lathe  E  ‫א‬F Turret lathe ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ،   F Special lathes   •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬:Vertical lathe‫א‬‫• א‬
 
K،‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٣ J١F

 

 ‫א‬E٤ J١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 

 E٥ J١F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 components of the lathe‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F
 
‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   WBed  ‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Whead stock ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTail stockE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSpindle‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬WLead screwE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFeed shaft ‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WCarriage‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WBed slide waysE‫א‬F‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WCross slide ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WUpper slide ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬K‫א‬W tool box‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE٧ J١F
 
 


 
 E٧ J١F

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١FK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

WFixtures‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WChuck‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠>‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WChuck and center‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠<‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 WThe face plate‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 WTwo centers  J
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lathe carier or Dog
 

 WThe clamp chuck or collet‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K١٢>‫א‬
 

WSteady or follower rest‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬E١٢<F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

     

   ‫א‬ 

 

     ‫א‬ 

  
 EF  EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EMild steelFst 50 ‫א‬
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   •
 K‫א‬K
 K٨٥٤٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K١٠٠>‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KEHHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
WE١١ J١F‫א‬ •

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤F
 ‫א‬
 E٥F

 K‫א‬E١١ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬E٢FE١F
 KE٤FE٣F
 KE٥F
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J
 KL٢٠ZV‫א‬،L٢Zf‫א‬،٢{٥Zd‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 n
 n =1000.V / 3.14 . D
 [R /min]١٥٩{٣=٤٠ 14 .Kn = 1000 . 20 / 3

  KE١F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 EnF،L٢٠ZV L٢Zf  ١Zd E٣F‫א‬
 ????L٢٠ZV L٢Zf ٩{٥ Zd E٤F‫א‬
 ???L٢٨ZV L٠{٠٦٣Z f ٠{٥ Zd E٥F‫א‬

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 Pmax‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
Fc = b. h. Ks
z
Ks= Ks.1.1 / h Fc = d. f. Ks
Ks= 199 / 2 = 5276 [N.mm2]
0.26

Fc = 9.5 . 2 . 199 / 20.26 = 13287.2 [ N]

Pmax = Fc . V / 60 . 102

Pmax = (13287.2)/ 6120 = 2.171 [kW]

 ٠{٨η‫א‬‫א‬
 WPmotor‫א‬‫א‬
Pmotor = Pmax / η = 2.171 / 0.8 = 2.71 [kW]

 ‫א‬‫א‬_
  tc = L / n . f          ‫א‬
 ٢٠‫א‬٣٠Z‫א‬،٣Z‫א‬‫א‬
L = lb + lwp + la
= 3 + 30+ 0 = 33 mm
n = 1000 . 20 / 3.14 . 30 = 212 [r / min]
tc = 33 / 212 . 2 = 33 / 424 = 0.07 [ min]
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 WTaper turning‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
α =D–d/2L
 W‫א‬‫أ( א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٣ J١F

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 K‫א‬E١٣ J١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫ج‬
º١٠Z‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٥٠–٥٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
E١٤ J١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬E١٤ J١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫ح‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F
 
٢٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KE١٦ J١F‫א‬º٦‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J١F

 
AC = 235 . tan 6º = 235 . 0.0523 = 12.3 mm
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠F٢٠W١‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ١١{٧٥Z٢٠L٢٣٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥{٨٨Z٢L١١{٧٥Z‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 WScrew turning‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F
 
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬FE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬FE٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬E ‫א‬FE٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EZ1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZ2 F‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬LE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬LE ٢ F‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ٢ L١Z٢L١
 ٦Z‫א‬‫א‬٣Z‫א‬
 ٢L١Z٦L٣Z٢L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J١F

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
drilling ‫א‬ milling ‫א‬ turning ‫א‬‫א‬
shaping ‫א‬ grinding ‫א‬ sawing ‫א‬
planning ‫א‬ boring ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ broaching ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   •
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬   •
 K

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Castings  ‫א‬     •
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬forgings‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

WCutting Motions‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  


‫א‬E١٩ J١F
 
 
 WThe cutting process‫א‬W 
 W Formation of chipsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ß1F‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 

‫א‬E٢٠ J١F

 WBuilt -up edge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   •
 KL‫א‬٨٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 WCooling and lubrication‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EMineral oilsF‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Cutting Parameters ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 W
 J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W[m/min] Cutting speed ‫א‬W 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 KEL
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬KFinishing •
‫א‬KRoughing‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 WFEED SPEED [mm/rev]‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬         •
KMild steel‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 WDepth of cut ‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 WCutting Tools‫א‬‫א‬:
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢١ J١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J١F
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK،،،‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬    •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Tool angles‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J١FK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J١F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،º٢٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
º٦٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EInsertsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬º٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kº١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Cutting forces‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fz‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFSN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Φ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J١F

 
 ‫א‬E٢٣ J١F
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (‫أ‬

 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫ج‬

‫א‬‫א‬ EFixturesF‫א‬E
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WCalculation of cutting force‫א‬W 
٢١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Richter, Kronenberg, K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Taylor, Merchant and Kinziele
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Kinziele
Fc = b . h . ks
z
ks= ks.1.1 / h = ( 3 – 5) σs
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ h K‫א‬‫א‬b
 ١Z‫א‬‫א‬١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ks.1.1
K‫א‬z
 ‫א‬ σs
 W‫א‬‫א‬zk s.1.1 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
‫א‬
K ‫א‬
  [kp * mm-  ‫א‬
kp * mm-2 Z 2
]
176 0.17 50 ٤٢
199 0.26 52 ٥٠
211 0.17 62 ٦٠
222 0.14 67 ck ٤٥c,45 ‫א‬
213 0.18 77 ck ٦٠c,60 ‫א‬
210 0.26 77 16Mn Cr 5
225 0.3 63 18Cr Ni 6
224 0.21 60 34Cr Mo 4
250 0.25 73 42 Cr V 4
174 0.24 94 55 NiCrMoV 6
192 0.24 HB 352 55NiCrMoV 6 
255 0.18 60 - 70 
332 0.22 
160 0.17 30 - 50 ٤٥
205 0.19 Rc 46 
95 0.2 hB 200 ١٥ J
116 0.25 HB 200 ٢٥
65 0.24 
78 0.19 HB80 - 120 
65 0.24 HB30 - 42 
10N/mm2‫א‬ kp/mm2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢–١{١
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١{٥ J١{٣
‫א‬‫א‬L١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬١{٢ J١{١
 
WCalculation of machine power ‫א‬W 
 Pc = FC. V / 102 . 60 [kw]  Pc‫א‬
 W
 [ N]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FC   [m / min]‫א‬  V
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٢‫א‬٦٠‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
η‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WEF
Pmotor = Pc / η [kw]    
 K‫א‬٠{٩٠{٧η
 WCutting force components ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FT‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J١F
K‫א‬
FFFEFE FCFT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFR

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  


 ‫א‬E٢٤ J١F

 W
‫א‬٦٧%  Etangential componentF‫א‬‫א‬FC  J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬٢٧%Eradial componentF‫א‬‫א‬FR  J
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٢<‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEsteady or follower restF
 
K‫א‬‫א‬٦%Eaxial componentF‫א‬‫א‬FF  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  

  

WFactors affecting the cutting force ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

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 
‫א‬
‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ٪٨٥٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  Milling‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EPeripheral milling F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬KEFace millingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 K‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
 

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

WMilling applications ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 WMilling machines‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 KE٣ J٢F‫א‬
 
E٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 

 

 

 
 
 E٤ J٢F‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥ J٢F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 


 E٥ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،T،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٤٠٠٢٠F
 
 W‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬١٠‫א‬٢٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٧–٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E٨ J٢F‫א‬K
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Milling cutters‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٣
 K،،، K K٤
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 K‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬

 
 
 
 

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬EF K١
KE١٠ J٢F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F

 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E ،
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١١ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F

‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE١٢ J٢FKEF‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F


،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،T،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤ J٢FE١٣ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

  
 E١٣ J٢F
 

  
 E١٤ J٢F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KE١٥ J٢F
 
 

- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 E١٥ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE١٦ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٦ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١٧ J٢F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
ENF‫א‬‫א‬EFEHF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ENF‫א‬‫א‬EFEWF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fc‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FrE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Ft‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FrFc
 


 E١٨ J٢F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
٣٢،٢٧،٢٢،١٦‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m16‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣،٢،١‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
F‫א‬‫ א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF2F‫א‬
 
 


 E١٩ J٢F
 

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KE٢٠٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( ٢٠ – ٢)   
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

(٢١ ‫ ـ‬٢) 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
KE٢٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬1
3

(٢٢‫ ـ‬٢) 

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٠{٠٠١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

(٢٣‫ ـ‬٢) 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K٠{٠٢‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

(٢٤‫ ـ‬٢) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m / min‫א‬Vc‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬r.p.m‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٥ J٢FK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1000 ∗ Vc
n =  
d ∗ π
 
 K‫א‬ = d 
 ٣{١٤K = ‫א‬‫= א‬π 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = Vc 
K‫א‬‫א‬ = n 

 

 
 E٢٥ J٢F
 ‫א‬mm / min‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

- ٦٦ -
 
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 
 ٪٨٥٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 GRINDING‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٠٠٢‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫• א‬
 K‫א‬،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬، •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬
 

- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 ‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Grinding machines ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 K‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬

 

 KE٨ J٣F‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬EVF‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

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 EV‫א‬‫א‬FE١١ J٣F‫א‬
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
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 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٣ J٣F‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
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 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٣F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 KE١٤ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٣F‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٥ J٣F

 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZEF‫א‬
 CZ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L‫א‬‫א‬
E٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠٠F
KLL
 LZ ‫ ن * ق * ط‬Z
1000 * 60

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
٣{١٤Z‫א‬
LE٣٠ J٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬EF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLE١٤ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELF‫א‬L‫א‬،E١٦ J٣F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
C٠{٧Z
C٠{٤Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬Z

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬W
 ZC٠{٧Z
 ٣٥Z٥٠C٠{٧Z
 
‫א‬ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LZ ‫* س ق‬1000 * 60 Z
‫ق* ط‬
- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 K٢٠٠L٢٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 L٢٦Z 3.14 * 200 * 2500 Z ‫د* ق* ط‬
ZW‫א‬
1000 * 60 1000 * 60
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F‫א‬

W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 E٢١ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٨ 6  
5
 
٤
 
٢
 
1  
 
 
 
3
9  
 
 
 ‫א‬ J٣‫א‬‫א‬ J٢‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦‫א‬ J٥‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٩‫א‬‫א‬ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ETF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEVF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ELF١٥٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
KEFK‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE٢٣ J٣F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٣F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬W
 KE٢٤ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 

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 
 
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E α F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELF
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 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Grinding Wheels‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KVoids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 WWheel symbol‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A 46 k 5 v
 K‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬E٤٦F‫• א‬
 K‫א‬EkF‫• א‬
 K‫א‬E٥F‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EvF‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 WWheel shapes‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 
 K‫א‬ E٢٦ J٣F‫א‬
 WWheel selection‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٧ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L٧٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F  
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٧ J٣F‫א‬

 
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 
W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬  J
 
 
 
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
ESF‫א‬ J٢
EEF‫א‬ J٣
ERF‫א‬ J٤
EBFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬

‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬،K،،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،،F‫א‬ J٣
 
 
‫أ‬
‫ط‬
‫ب‬  

‫ج‬
‫ي‬  
 
‫د‬ ‫ك‬
 
‫هـ‬
‫ل‬
 

‫و‬
 
‫م‬  
‫ز‬
 
‫ن‬
‫ح‬
 
‫س‬
 
‫ع‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J،‫א‬ J،‫א‬ J،‫א‬ J
 ،EF J،‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬
‫א‬F J، J، J، J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F J،E‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬K
 K

A  
C  E‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬،
 E٢٩ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،EF،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬ J٣
 

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 E٣٠ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KEF J٥K‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬EF‫א‬ J٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K J٧
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،L
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Safety rules in grinding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KEKKKK،‫א‬،،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E\F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،        K١٤
 K
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬      K١٥
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬، K٢٧
،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
 K?‫א‬?K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ١٠٧ -
 
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 ٪٨٥٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 KE١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KEI , L , T , Z F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 J٢،‫א‬‫א‬ J١KE٨ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K  E٨ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 


 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬، •
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
WE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٠ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 

W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE١١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
WE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
 K‫א‬
 
WEF‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
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 
 
 
 
 
 
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Wear F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( 300 °C - 500 °C )
 K500 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ 300 °C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E٢F،E١F،KE١٢ J٤F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦F،‫א‬E٥F،‫א‬E٤F،‫א‬E٣F
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١F،E١٣ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬E٥F،‫א‬‫א‬E٤F،‫א‬E٣F،‫א‬E٢F،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 KE١٤ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 
 E١٤ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬،E١٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KZ U 

WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K٣
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T  U ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K٤

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KE١٧ J٤F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 KE١٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E١٩ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF
  

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 EF‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬

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   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 GLOSSARY

   
Abrasive  
Alignment  ‫א‬
Arbor  
Arm bracket  ‫א‬‫א‬
Automatic  
Basic hole system ‫א‬
Basic shaft system  ‫א‬
Bearing  _‫א‬
Belt  
Blind hole  
Block  
Bluntness   
Borax  ‫א‬
Boring  
Burring  ‫א‬‫א‬
Carbide  
carriage  
Cement  ،
Centre  ،
chain  
chamfer  
Change gears  
Chart  
chatter  ‫א‬

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   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
Chip  ‫א‬
clamping  
Clearance angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Closers  
clutch  
Concentricity  
Coolant  
cooling  
Corundum  
Counter borer ‫א‬
Counter boring 
Cutting  
Cylindrical grinder ‫א‬
Dial gauge 
Dividing head  
Down milling  ‫א‬
Draw –in- bolt  
dressing  
Drill  ،
Upright  
drilling  
eccentric  
Electrolytic copper 
End face  
End milling  ‫א‬
Engagement  
Erection  
Face plate  
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   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
Facing  ‫א‬
Feather key  
Feed  
Fine-pitch thread  
Finishing  
Flank  ‫א‬
Floating reamer  
Floating sleeve  
Flute  
flux  
forming  
gear  
<<Go >> gouge  
grease  
grinding  
Guiding way  
Hardness  
Headstock  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
High speed steel ‫א‬
Hob  
Honing  
Horizontal milling machine  
Indexing  
ISA  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Jig boring machine  ‫א‬
Knurling EF
Lead screw  ‫א‬
- ١٣٤ -
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
Leading cutting edge ‫א‬‫א‬
Lever  ‫א‬
Limit gauge  ‫א‬
Lip angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Longitudinal  ‫א‬
Lubricant  
Lubrication  
Machine  
Maintenance  
Major diameter  ‫א‬‫א‬
Margin  
Marking  EF
Meshing  
Metal cutting  ‫א‬
Milling  
Minor diameter  ‫א‬‫א‬
Muffle furnace  
neck  ‫א‬
Nominal size  ‫א‬
<<NOT GO>>gauge(also<<NO 
GO
Pilot )  
Pitch  
Plain tool steel  
Planning  
Plug gauge ‫א‬
pneumatic  
Point angle  ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٥ -
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
Power train  ‫א‬
Radial drill  ‫א‬
Rake angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Reaming  
Rest  
Return stroke  ‫א‬‫א‬
Rigid E‫א‬F
Scraper 
Screw  
Scriber E F
Self – centering  ‫א‬‫א‬
Setting – up  ‫א‬
Shaft  
Shank  
shaping  
sharpening   
Shell end mill  
Side angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Side angle  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sintering  
Size  
Slotting  
Snap gauge  
spacer  
Spanner  ‫א‬
Spindle  ‫א‬
Spirit ‫א‬
Split nut 
- ١٣٦ -
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
Stepped pulley  
Stop  
Straight turning E F‫א‬
Switch 
Swiveling arm  ‫א‬
Table  
Tailstock ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tap  
tapping  ‫א‬
Template  
Testing  ‫א‬
Thread  
Threading  
Three – jaw chuck  
Through hole  
Tolerance  
Disposition  ‫א‬
Tool ،
Trailing cutting edge ‫א‬‫א‬
Truing  ‫א‬
T – slot T 
Turning  ‫א‬
Twist drill  
Vertical milling machine  
Vice  
Wedge  ‫א‬
Worm  

- ١٣٧ -
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  

 

- ١٣٨ -
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K١٩٧٩E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK١٤٢٣E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE‫א‬KFKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٤٢٣E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
E‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F K٧
K١٩٨٦
١٩٨٦E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F K٨
K
‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٩
K١٩٨٦E‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F K١٠
K١٩٨٦
KEKKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
KE‫א‬‫א‬KFK‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
KEFK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
KE‫א‬K‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
  

  
‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K١٩٨٦E‫א‬
KEKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
WK‫א‬KWK‫א‬ K١٧
K‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

  J، ١٩٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩

 ‫–א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ K٢٠
 K،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،1981،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 K،‫א‬،،١٩٨٥،‫א‬ K٢٢
 ،،،١٩٧٧،،‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٣
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ،١٩٧٨ ،‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ،١٩٧٧ ،‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٥
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  F  J  ‫א‬ KK‫א‬ K   J K٢٦
  J١٩٩٠ JE‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 F  J ‫א‬   ،   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢٧
 ١٩٩٩ JE‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F– J‫א‬ K٢٨
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٧٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
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W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1) Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook” volume I , Machining,

Thomas J. Drozda, Charles Wick, 1983, 4th edition, Society of
manufacturing Engineers, USA.

2) Machining and metalworking handbook, Ronald A. Walsh, 1998, ,2nd

edition, McGraw – Hill, USA

3) Machining fundamentals, John R. Walker, 1989, forth edition, the

Goodhreat – Willcox Company, USA

4) Introduction to Manufacturing Processes, John A. Schey, 1987, 2nd

edition, McGraw – Hill, USA

5) Basic machining Reference Handbook, Arthur R. Meyers, 2001, 2nd Ed.,

Industrial
press Inc.

6) Kalpakjian S., Schmid S, “Manufacturing Engineering andTechnology,”

 Addison Wesley Longman, Singapore, 4th ed., 2000
7)Materials Science and Engineering. William D. Callister, Jr.
Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials. Serope Kapakjian
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