Class34 MathG10 Notes May 13-19

Olympiads School MathG10 Class 34 Notes
Geometry 1
Basic concepts
1. Ways to prove triangles are congruent
Side-Side-Side (SSS)
If all three sides of a triangle are congruent to all three corresponding sides of another triangle,
the two triangles are congruent.
Side-Angle-Side (SAS):
If two sides of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding sides of another triangle, and the
angle formed by the two sides is also congruent, then the two triangles are congruent.
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA):
If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, and the
side between the two angles is also congruent, then the two triangles are congruent.
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS):
If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, and a corresponding
side (not necessarily between the two angles) is also congruent, then the two triangles are
congruent.
1
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL), right-triangle only:
If the hypotenuse of two right-triangles is congruent and one of their legs is congruent, then the
two right-triangles are congruent.
2. Ways to prove triangles are similar
Side-Side-Side (SSS)
If all three sides of a triangle are proportional to all three corresponding sides of another triangle
(it is called similarity ratio), the two triangles are similar.
Side-Angle-Side (SAS):
If two sides of a triangle are proportional to two corresponding sides of another triangle, and the
angle formed by the two sides is also congruent, then the two triangles are similar.
Angle-Angle (AA):
If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
two triangles are similar.
2
3. Triangle Theorems
Isosceles Triangle
In an isosceles triangle, the base angles (the angles on the opposite sides of the congruent sides)
are congruent.
Equilateral Triangle
In an equilateral triangle, all three angles are congruent.
Sum of Interior Angles of a Triangle

The sum of the three interior angles of any triangle is always equal to 1800 (two right angles)
If two angles of one triangle is congruent to two angles of another triangle, then the third angle
must also be congruent
The sum of any two interior angles of a triangle is equal to the opposite exterior angle. In the
picture below, mA + mB = mBCD .
Sum of Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral:

The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 3600 .
3
In picture above, notice that AC divides quadrilateral ABCD into two triangles, ∆ACD and
∆ACB. The sum of the interior angles of each triangle is 180◦, so the sum of the interior angles
of a quadrilateral is 3600 .
In general, for a polygon with n sides, the sum of its interior angles is equal to ( n − 2 )1800 .
In-class questions
1. Let the lengths of bases AD and BC of trapezoid ABCD be a and b (a > b). Find the length of
segment MN whose endpoints divide AB and CD in the ratio of AM : MB = DN : NC = p : q .
2. Point E on base AD of trapezoid ABCD is such that AE = BC . Segments CA and CE intersect

diagonal BD at O and P, respectively. Prove that if BO = PD , then AD² = BC ² + AD  BC.
3. A straight line passing through vertex A of square ABCD intersects side CD at E and line BC
1 1 1
at F. Prove that 2
+ 2
=
AE AF AB 2
4. Through an arbitrary point P on side AC of △ABC straight lines are drawn parallelly to the
triangle’s medians AK and CL. The lines intersect BC and AB at E and F, respectively. Prove
that AK and CL divide EF into three equal parts.
4
5. Point P lies on the bisector of an angle with vertex C. A line passing through P intercepts
1 1
segments of lengths a and b on the angle’s legs. Prove that the value of + does not depend
a b
on the choice of the line.
6. Equally oriented similar triangles AMN, NBM and MNC are constructed on segment MN.
Prove that △ABC is similar to all these triangles.
7. Line segment BE divides △ABC into two similar triangles, their similarity ratio
being equal to √3. Find the angles of △ABC.
Extra questions
8. In right triangle ABC with right angle C , points D and E divide leg BC of into three equal
parts. Prove that if BC = 3 AC , then AEC + ADC + ABC = 90 .

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Olympiads School MathG10 Class 34 Notes

1. Ways to prove triangles are congruent

Hypotenuse-Leg (HL), right-triangle only:

2. Ways to prove triangles are similar

Sum of Interior Angles of a Triangle

Sum of Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral:

2. Point E on base AD of trapezoid ABCD is such that AE = BC . Segments CA and CE intersect

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