INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8

Name: ___________________________________________ Score: ______________

Effect of Temperature to the Speed of Sound

Background Information for Learners

Sound consists of waves of air particles. Generally, sound propagates and travels through air. It can also be propagated
through other media. Since it needs a medium to propagate, it is considered a mechanical wave. In propagating sound, the
waves are characterized as longitudinal waves. These are waves that travel parallel to the motion of the particles.

Longitudinal waves are waves that are usually created by pulling and pushing the material or medium just like in the
slinky. Alternating compressions and rarefactions are observed. These compressions and rarefactions move along with the
direction of the pushing and pulling activity of the material or medium. Thus, the wave moves parallel to the motion of
material or the particles of the medium. This is known as a longitudinal wave.

The speed of sound may differ for different types of solids, liquids, and gases. At the molecular level, a rigid material is
distinguished by atoms and/or particles with strong forces of attraction for each other. Thus, sound can travel faster in
mediums with higher elastic properties. Generally, the bond strength between particles is strongest in solid materials and
is weakest in gases. Thus, sound waves travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in gases. While the
density of a medium also affects the speed of sound, the elastic properties have a greater influence on wave speed. Among
solids, the most rigid would transmit sound faster.

The speed of sound is also directly affected by the temperature of the medium. The hotter the medium the faster the sound
travels. Heat, just like sound, is a form of kinetic energy. At higher temperatures, particles have more energy (kinetic) and
thus, vibrate faster. And when particles vibrate faster, there will be more collisions per unit time. With more collisions per
unit time, energy is transferred more efficiently resulting in sound traveling quickly. Sound travels at about 331 m/s in dry
air at 0°C.The speed of sound is dependent on temperature of the medium where an increase is observed with an increase
in temperature. This means that at temperatures greater than 0oC speed of sound is greater than 331 m/s by an amount 0.6
m/s /oC of the temperature of the medium.

Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number .

___ 1. A sound wave is produced when an object

A. Accelerates B. Decelerates C. Vibrates D. Remains stationary
___ 2. The wavelength of a wave is measured in
A. Meters B. Hertz C. Seconds D. Decibels
___ 3. An echo occurs when a sound wave is
A. Absorbed B. Transmitted C. Refracted D. Reflected
___ 4. Another name for the unit hertz is
A. Cycles per second B. Seconds per cycle C. Meters per second D. Decibels
___ 5. Sound travels fastest in
A. a vacuum B. the sea C. the atmosphere D. a broom stick
___ 6. Which of the following does not describe a sound wave?
A. Transverse wave B. Longitudinal wave C. Compression wave D. Push-pull wave
___ 7. An animal that can hear sound frequencies higher than a human child is
A. a human adult B. a cod fish C. a bat D. an eagle
___ 8. Hitting a drum harder makes the sound
A. Higher B. Lower C. Louder D. Softer
___ 9. The part of the ear that responds to sound waves like a microphone’s diagram is the
A. Lobe B. Eardrum C. Bones of the middle ear D. Fluid in the inner ear
10. Sounds above 20000Hz are called
A. Ultracool B. Ultrasound C. Infra-audio D. Infrasound
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8
Hierarchy of Colors in Relation to the Energy of Visible Light

Background Information for Learners

Light exhibits the characteristics and properties of a wave. It is classified as an electromagnetic wave located between the
spectrum of infrared and ultraviolet. As an electromagnetic wave it does not need a medium in order to propagate. It
moves in its maximum speed in vacuum. But this speed decreases as it moves along different media. This characteristic of
light consequently shows bending when it crosses the boundary between two media.The bending of light when it travels
from one medium to another of different optical densities is called refraction.

Light travels so fast. It is approximated to travel at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s in a vacuum. This speed decreases when light
travels in a dense medium. This means that the speed of light is dependent on the properties of the medium.

The arrangement of colors of light is ROYGBIV when dispersion happens. Dispersion is a special kind of refraction
which provided us colors of light. This phenomenon is observed when white light passes through a triangular prism.
When white light enters a prism, separation into different colors is observed.

Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number .

___1. During the dispersion of light, the least dispersed colour is

A. Violet B. Green C. Red D. Yellow
___2. The phenomenon of splitting white light into seven colours is called
A. Reflection B.Refraction C. Refractive index D. Dispersion
___3. Light travels at…
A.300 000 kilometres/second B. 300 000 kilometres/hour C. 3 x 108 kilometres/second D. 30 000 kilometres/second
___4. Wood is…
A. transparent B. opaque C. transmit D. refraction
___5. Which of the following is a natural source of light?
A. mirror B. star C. television D. all of these

What are the colors of spectrum? _____________________________________________________________________________

Relationship Between Current and Voltage

Background Information for Learners

Electricity is a part of our daily lives. Many of the activities we do everyday depend on electricity. There are three
quantities that you should be familiar with in the study of electricity. These are electric current, voltage, and resistance.

Electric current is a measure of the number of electrical charges passing through a cross-section of a conductor in a given
time. The direction of conventional current or simply current is from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal. The symbol for current is capital letter I. The unit, ampere (A), is named after Andre-Marie Ampere, a French
physicist who made important contributions to the theory of electricity and magnetism. An ammeter measures electric
current.

When work is done on an object, energy is transferred which can become energy of motion of the object. In a circuit,
work must be done on the charges to make them move. The battery supplies the energy in electric circuits. The chemical
energy in the battery is transformed to electrical energy. This electrical energy moves the charges in a circuit. A battery
consists of several dry cells or wet cells. Both dry and wet cells contain a conducting medium called electrolyte. The
batteries we use in flashlights and watches are dry cells. 55 The symbol for voltage is capital letter V. The unit, volts (V),
is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented the voltaic pile, the forerunner of what we now call the
dry cell. A voltmeter measures voltage.

When electric charges flow through the wires and loads of the circuits they encounter resistance or a hindrance to their
movement. So another factor that affects the flow of charges or current is resistance. The symbol for resistance is capital
letter R. The unit, ohms (Ω) is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8

Circuit components can be wired in series or parallel. A series circuit has all its components wired in the same loop. A
parallel circuit contains junctions and so there is more than one path for the current.

Choose the best word(s) from the word box to complete each sentence.

1. The flow of electricity is an ____________________.

2. A path that an electric current follows is a ____________________.
3. A ____________________ supplies energy to move electricity through a circuit.
4. ____________________ are materials that electrical current cannot pass through.
5. ____________________ are materials that electrical current can easily pass through.
6. ____________________ and ____________________ are examples of materials that are conductors.
7. ____________________ and ____________________ are examples of materials that are insulators.
8. A ____________________ is a material that cuts down the flow of current, but does not stop it.
9. A ____________________ circuit is a circuit in which electrical current can follow only one path.
10. A ____________________ circuit is a circuit in which electrical current has more than one path to follow.

Heat vs. Temperature

Background Information for Learners

Heat exists as ‘energy in transit’ and it is not contained in an object. The energy that is actually contained in an object due
to the motion of its particles is called thermal energy. The thermal energy of an object is changed if heat is transferred to
or from it.

If heat is absorbed or given off by an object, its temperature changes. If the object absorbs heat its temperature rises.

If heat is added to an object, the particles of the object gain kinetic energy and they move faster. Since temperature is
directly related to kinetic energy, any gain in kinetic energy would cause the temperature to increase. Conversely, if heat
is transferred or removed from an object, it loses kinetic energy, its particles move slower and the body’s temperature
decreases.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles and it does not depend on the mass of the object. It
can be measured directly with the use of thermometers.
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Energy is the capacity or ability to do work. We need energy for work to be done.

Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards which you are pushing it.

No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move.
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8

No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the same direction as the force you exerted.

In Physics, work is an abstract idea related to energy. When work is done it is accompanied by a change in energy. When
work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy. Work is also a means of
transferring energy from one object to another.

There are two types of energy that may be related to work. The potential and kinetic energy. The energy of a moving
object is called energy of motion or kinetic energy (KE). Kinetic energy quantifies the amount of work the object can do
because of its motion.

Work done in accelerating an object is equal to the kinetic energy gained by the object. The following is an equation in
finding the kinetic energy, where KE is the Kinetic Energy; m is for the mass of the object; velocity of an object.

You learned that the force of gravity is the force that the earth exerts on all objects on its surface. It is always directed
downward or towards the center of the earth. Hence, when an object is lifted from the ground, the work done is against the
force of gravity. An object gains energy when raised from the ground and loses energy when made to fall. The energy
gained or lost by the object is called gravitational potential energy or simply potential energy (PE).

Work done in lifting an object is equal to the potential energy gained by the object. The equation below is used to
determine the potential energy, where, PE is the Potential Energy; m is for the mass of the object; g is the acceleration due
to gravity with a constant value of 9.8 m/s2; h is the heigth to which the object is placed or raised.

PE = mgh

Fill in the blanks with the correct word.

1. Stored energy or energy due to position is known as ____________________ energy.

2. The formula for calculating potential energy is ____________________.
3. The three factors that determine the amount of potential energy in an object are ____________________, ____________________
and ____________________.
4. Potential energy is measured in units of ____________________.
5. Mass must be measured in units of ____________________.
6. Gravitational pull must be measured in units of ____________________.
7. Height must be measured in units of ____________________.
8. Energy of motion is known as _____________________ energy.
9. The formula for calculating kinetic energy is ____________________.
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8
10. The two factors that determine the amount of kinetic energy in an object are ____________________ and
___________________.
11. Kinetic energy is measured in units of ____________________.
12. Mass must be measured in units of ____________________.
13. Velocity must be measured in units of ____________________.

Solve the following problems. Use the G-R-E-S-A method.

14. Calculate the potential energy of a rock with a mass of 55 kg while sitting on a cliff that is 27 m high.

15. What distance is a book from the floor if the book contains 196 Joules of potential energy and has a mass of 5 kg?

16. An automobile is sitting on a hill which is 20 m higher than ground level. Find the mass of the automobile if it contains 362,600 J of
potential energy.

17. Calculate the kinetic energy of the rock in problem #14 if the rock rolls down the hill with a velocity of 8 m/s.

18. Calculate the kinetic energy of a truck that has a mass of 2900 kg and is moving at 55 m/s.

19. Find the mass of a car that is traveling at a velocity of 60 m/s North. The car has 5,040,000 J of kinetic energy.

20. How fast is a ball rolling if it contains 98 J of kinetic energy and has a mass of 4 kg?

Changes in the Motion of Objects

Background Information for Learners

Force is acting upon an object or a body whether it is at rest or in motion. Force may stop an object, set it to motion, or
change its direction.

We can say that an object is in motion or had been in motion when it changes its position in reference to its point of
reference or starting point.

There are three laws proposed by Sir Isaac Newton that shows the relations between the forces acting on a body and
the motion of the body. It is collectively known as Newton’s Laws of Motion.

Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)
Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)
INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8

Part II: Use Newton’s 2nd Law of motion to solve each problem. Use the G-R-E-S-A method.

1) How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier at 2 m/s2?

2) What is the force on a 1,000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/s2?

3) What is the acceleration of a 50 kg object pushed with a force of 500 newtons?

4) The mass of a large car is 1000 kg. How much force would be required to accelerate the car at a rate of 3 m/s2?

5) A 50 kg skater pushed by a friend accelerates 5 m/s2 . How much force did the friend apply?

Part III.
Multiple Choice. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number.

___1. The unit of force, a Newton, is equal to

a. The amount of mass in an object b. Mass X Velocity c. kg●m/s d. kg●m/s2

___2. The amount of matter in an object is called its

a. inertia. b. force. c. mass. d. balance.

___3. The force that pulls falling objects toward Earth is called
a. gravity. b. acceleration. c. free fall. d. air resistance.

___4. When the only force acting on a falling object is gravity, the object is said to be
a. stationary. b. in free fall. c. decelerating. d. a projectile.

___5. Air resistance is a type of

a. motion. b. velocity. c. acceleration. d. friction.

___6. Objects falling through air experience a type of friction called

INTERVENTION WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 8
a. terminal velocity. b. inertia. c. air resistance. d. rolling friction.

___7. The tendency of an object to resist change in its motion is known as

a. mass. b. force. c. inertia. d. balance.

___8. The greater the mass of an object,

a. the easier the object starts moving. c. the more balanced it is.
b. the greater its inertia. d. the more space it takes up.

___9. According to Newton’s third law of motion, when a hammer strikes and exerts force on a nail, the nail
a. creates a friction with the hammer. c. exerts an equal force back on the hammer.
b. disappears into the wood. d. moves at a constant speed.

___10. Which of the following examples demonstrates a compression force?

a. plucking a guitar string b. squeezing a sponge c. pulling a wagon d. dropping an apple

Whatever you do, do with determination.

You have one life to live; do your work with passion and give your best.
Whether you want to be a chef, doctor, actor, or a mother,
be passionate to get the best result.
Alia Bhatt