Kinetic Particle Theory

CHAPTER 1
Kinetic Particle Theory
© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
(Formerly known as Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited)
Chapter 1 Kinetic Particle Theory
1.1 States of Matter
1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory
1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic

Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
2
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
describe the solid, liquid and gaseous state of

matter.
3
Matter refers to a substance that

• has mass;
• occupies space.
Matter exists in 3 states.

Solid
Gas (ice)
(water
vapour)
Liquid
(water)
4
Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be Can be

compressed compressed compressed
5

Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
6
Learning Outcomes
• state the kinetic particle theory;
• describe the states of matter using the

kinetic particle theory.
7
Are particles in constant motion?

Is this some strange mutated fungus that is
URL growing larger every second?
Could this be an intelligent space cloud that
is going to engulf the planet?
No, it’s just miso soup.
The motion of the solids in the soup is caused by

liquid particles moving and bumping into the solids.
8
Are Particles in Constant Motion?

The ‘dancing’ dust that you see in a
beam of light is actually the result of air
particles moving and bumping into dust!
Air particles are too small to be seen by

our eyes, therefore we can only see the
dust moving.
The explanations for the ‘dancing’ dust are based on

the kinetic particle theory.
9
What is Kinetic Particle Theory?

Atoms,
molecules,
The kinetic particle theory states that: ions
All matter is made up of tiny particles.
Particles are in constant and random

motion.
• Constant = non–stop,
continuous
• Random = unpredictable
• Speed of particles depend on
the amount of kinetic energy
10
Consider the
following
properties in the
three states of
matter:
11
Solid
Arrangement of Closely packed in

particles orderly manner
Movement of Vibrate about fixed
particles positions
Forces of attraction Very strong
between particles
Kinetic energy of Low
particles
12
Why Does a Solid Have a Fixed Shape?

The particles of a solid
• are held together by very strong
forces of attraction;
• vibrate about fixed positions;
• cannot move about freely.
Why Does a Solid Have a Fixed Volume?

A solid cannot be compressed
because its particles are already
very close to one another.
13
Liquid
Arrangement of Closely packed in
particles disorderly, random manner.
Slightly further apart than
those of a solid.
Movement of Sliding over each other
particles
Forces of Strong but weaker than in
attraction between solid
particles
Kinetic energy of More kinetic energy than in
particles a solid
14
Why Does a Liquid Not Have a Fixed Shape?

The particles of a liquid:
•are arranged in a disorderly manner;
•have weaker forces of attraction;
•are not held in fixed positions;
•can move freely throughout the liquid.
Why Does a Liquid Have a Fixed Volume?

The particles of a liquid are still
packed quite closely together.
15
Gas
Arrangement of Very far apart

particles
Movement of particles Randomly at high
speeds in all directions
Forces of attraction Very weak
between particles
Kinetic energy of A lot of kinetic energy
particles
16
Why Does a Gas Not Have a Fixed Shape?

The particles of a gas:
•are spread far apart from one another;
•have the weakest forces of attraction;
•have a lot of kinetic energy and are not held in
fixed positions;
•can move about rapidly in any direction.
pressure
Why Does a Gas Not Have
a Fixed Volume?
Particles in gas are far apart from
one another. There is space for the
particles to be compressed.
17
Summary
URL
Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement of • Orderly • Disorderly • Disorderly

particles • Closely • Less closely • Very far apart
packed packed than in
a solid
Attractive forces Very strong Strong Very weak
between particles
Kinetic energy of Very low Low High
particles
Motion of Vibrate and Move freely Move rapidly in
particles rotate about throughout the any direction
fixed positions liquid
18
1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the

Kinetic Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
19
1.3 Changes in State of Matter and
the Kinetic Particle Theory
Learning Outcome
explain the interconversion of matter in terms

of the kinetic particle theory and energy
changes.
20
Matter can change from one state to

another.
21
Changes of State
Changes in state are reversible.
gas
bo
ilin
on
co
g/
ati
ev
de
lim
ap
ns
b
su
or
ati
ati
on
on
freezing
solid liquid
melting
22
Melting
Melting is the process by which a substance changes
from a solid to a liquid.
The temperature at which a solid melts is its melting point.
When a solid is heated:

solid liquid
1. Particles gain 2. Particles overcome 3. Particles now

kinetic energy and attractive forces slide over one
vibrate faster. between them and another. Solid has
break away from fixed melted to liquid.
positions. 23
Temperature Changes in the Melting

Process (Heating Curve)
Temperature/oC
melting point liquid
liquid + solid
A–B: As the solid is heated, particles in solid

solid gain K.E., the temperature of the solid
increases until it reaches point B, its melting
point. At point B, the solid begins to melt.
Time/min
24

Temperature/oC
liquid + solid
B–C: Melting occurs at fixed temperature.

solid Energy from heating is used to overcome
forces of attraction between the particles.
A mixture of solid and liquid exists.
Particles do not gain K.E.
Time/min
25

Temperature/oC
liquid + solid
C–D: At point C, all the
solid has melted.
solid Temperature of the liquid
rises as heating continues.
Liquid particles gain K.E.
Time/min
26
Freezing
Freezing is the change from a liquid to a solid.
The temperature at which a liquid freezes is its

freezing point.
When a liquid is cooled:

3. All the particles settle into
1. Particles lose kinetic energy
fixed positions. Liquid has
and move more slowly.
frozen into solid.
solid
liquid 2. Some particles start to settle
into fixed positions. 27
Temperature Changes in the Freezing

Process (Cooling Curve)
Temperature/oC
P–Q: Particles in liquid loses K.E. The
temperature of the liquid drops to
freezing point, Q. At Q, the liquid starts
liquid to freeze.
liquid + solid solid
freezing point
28
Time/min

Temperature/oC
Q–R: liquid freezes.
A mixture of liquid and solid exists.
Temperature remains constant even
liquid though cooling continues. Why?
freezing point
29
Time/min

Temperature/oC
R–S: Particles in solid lose K.E.
At R, all the liquid has frozen.
The temperature of the solid drops
with further cooling.
liquid
freezing point
30
Time/min
Boiling
Boiling is the change

from a liquid to a gas
at the boiling
temperature.
The temperature at
which a liquid boils is
the boiling point.
31
Temperature Changes in the Boiling

Temperature/oC
gas
boiling point
liquid + gas
liquid
W–X: Particles in liquid gain K.E.,

temperature of liquid increases until its
boiling point, X, is reached.
Time/min 32
Temperature Changes in the Boiling

Temperature/oC
gas
boiling point
liquid + gas
X–Y: Liquid boils
liquid
Mixture of liquid and gas exists.
Temperature of liquid remains
constant. Why?
Temperature remains constant
until all the liquid is boiled off.
Time/min 33
What change of state is taking place here?
Evaporation
Clothes dry when
water on wet
clothes change
into water vapour.
34
Evaporation is the change from a liquid to a gas

below the boiling point.
Yippee! We Particles have enough
have enough
energy to
energy to escape as a
escape! gas from the surface of
Gas
the liquid.
Volatile liquids
evaporate quickly at
room temperature.
Eg. Perfume, petrol
Liquid
35
Differences Between Boiling and Evaporation
Comparison Evaporation Boiling
Temperature Any temperature Only at boiling

below boiling point point
Site Surface of liquid Throughout the
liquid
Speed Slow Fast
36
Condensation is the change from a gas to

a liquid.
It is cool to
When temperature condense!
drops:
Liquid
• Gas particles
lose kinetic
energy • Gas becomes liquid
Gas
• Increase in
• Move closer together attractive forces
37
Sublimation
Sublimation is the change from a solid to a gas
without melting.
The forces of attraction between particles in liquid

state are too weak to remain in this state.
Gas
A shortcut to
becoming a
gas!
URL Solid
38

Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
39
1.4 Diffusion
Learning Outcomes
use diffusion to account for the movement of

particles in liquids and gases;
• state examples of daily effects of diffusion;
explain the effect of molecular mass and

temperature on the rate of diffusion.
40
1.4 Diffusion
Some Examples…
• When a bottle of perfume is left open for some

time, the scent of the perfume soon spreads
throughout the entire room.
• Similarly, if your mother is cooking curry in the kitchen,
you will soon be able to detect the smell of spices in
every room.
• The process by which particles move freely to
fill up any available space is called diffusion.
• Diffusion is an evidence of the kinetic particle

theory.
41
1.4 Diffusion
How Do We Show Diffusion?

We can show diffusion in the laboratory
air by placing a gas jar of air over a gas jar
containing bromine vapour.
A few minutes after

the cover is
removed, the gas in
bromine
both gas jars looks
the same.
air mixed with

bromine
42
1.4 Diffusion
Why Does Diffusion Occur?

• Both air and bromine are made up
of tiny particles moving at random.
• The bromine particles diffuse
(spread out) into the spaces
between the air particles, vice versa.
• When the gas looks the same in

both gas jars, it means that the
particles of both gases are evenly
spread.
• We say that a homogeneous
mixture of air and bromine is
URL 43
formed.
1.4 Diffusion
Why Does Diffusion Occur?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from

a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration.
44
1.4 Diffusion
Do All Gases Diffuse At the Same Rate?

• The mass of a gas particle is called its relative
molecular mass (Mr).
Molecular masses of some gases

Gas Mr
Hydrogen (H2) 2
Oxygen (O2) 32
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 44
Hydrogen (H2) 2
45
1.4 Diffusion
Do All Gases Diffuse At the Same Rate?
• The smaller the relative molecular mass of the

gas, the lighter it is, and the faster it moves.
Gases with lower molecular masses diffuse faster

than those with higher molecular masses.
46
1.4 Diffusion
How Do We Show That the Rate of

Diffusion is Affected By Molecular Mass?
We can do so using this set-up.
cotton wool soaked cotton wool soaked

in concentrated in concentrated
ammonia solution hydrochloric acid
47
1.4 Diffusion
• The molecular mass of ammonia is 17. The

molecular mass of hydrochloric acid is 36.5.
• Ammonia has a lower molecular mass than hydrogen

chloride, and travels faster. Thus, ammonium chloride
is formed further from the ammonia solution.
cotton wool soaked cotton wool soaked

in concentrated in concentrated
ammonia solution hydrochloric acid
white fumes of ammonium chloride

formed closer to the hydrochloric acid 48
1.4 Diffusion
Diffusion in Liquids URL
Diffusion also takes place in liquids.

• A small crystal of potassium
manganate(Vll) is introduced into
a beaker of distilled water. A deep
purple solution forms at the
bottom of the beaker.
• Diffusion slowly takes place until
the solution becomes uniformly
purple.
49
1.4 Diffusion
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Diffusion
What would you observe if the experiment

was repeated using boiling water?
• The solution would become uniformly

purple within a much shorter time.
• When temperature increases,

the rate of diffusion increases.
50
Concept Map
51
Concept Map
52
The URLs are valid as at 15 May 2015.
Acknowledgements
(slide 1) ice melting © Stevemcsweeny | Dreamstime.com
(slide 4) melting ice cubes © Mysid | Wikimedia Commons |

Public Domain
(slide 31) boiling © Steven Coling | 123RF
(slide 34) clothes drying © Miflippo | Dreamstime.com
(slides 49–50) © Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore)

53

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CHAPTER 1

Kinetic Particle Theory

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

1.1 States of Matter

1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic

describe the solid, liquid and gaseous state of

Matter refers to a substance that

Matter exists in 3 states.

Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed

Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed

Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be Can be

1.1 States of Matter

1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• state the kinetic particle theory;

• describe the states of matter using the

Are particles in constant motion?

No, it’s just miso soup.

The motion of the solids in the soup is caused by

Are Particles in Constant Motion?

Air particles are too small to be seen by

The explanations for the ‘dancing’ dust are based on

What is Kinetic Particle Theory?

All matter is made up of tiny particles.

Particles are in constant and random

Arrangement of Closely packed in

Why Does a Solid Have a Fixed Shape?

Why Does a Solid Have a Fixed Volume?

Why Does a Liquid Not Have a Fixed Shape?

Why Does a Liquid Have a Fixed Volume?

Arrangement of Very far apart

Why Does a Gas Not Have a Fixed Shape?

Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of • Orderly • Disorderly • Disorderly

1.1 States of Matter

1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the

explain the interconversion of matter in terms

Matter can change from one state to

When a solid is heated:

1. Particles gain 2. Particles overcome 3. Particles now

Temperature Changes in the Melting

melting point liquid

A–B: As the solid is heated, particles in solid

Temperature Changes in the Melting

melting point liquid

B–C: Melting occurs at fixed temperature.

Temperature Changes in the Melting

melting point liquid

The temperature at which a liquid freezes is its

When a liquid is cooled:

Temperature Changes in the Freezing

liquid + solid solid

Temperature Changes in the Freezing

liquid + solid solid