Indigenous Filipino Psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the unique

cultural and psychological aspects of the Filipino people, particularly drawing from
indigenous knowledge and practices. It seeks to understand the Filipino psyche and
behavior from the perspective of indigenous concepts and values.

One fundamental concept in Indigenous Filipino Psychology is "Kapwa," which can be

translated as "shared inner self" or "shared identity." Kapwa emphasizes the
interconnectedness and interdependence of individuals within the community. It
recognizes that the self is not separate from others but is shaped and defined by
relationships with others and the community as a whole. In this view, the well-being of
an individual is intimately tied to the well-being of others.

Pakikipagkapwa, on the other hand, is a term that describes the act of relating to others
as equals, engaging in a deep sense of empathy, respect, and solidarity. It involves
recognizing the shared humanity and interconnectedness of individuals, fostering
harmonious relationships, and promoting the common good. Pakikipagkapwa
encourages a sense of social responsibility and promotes communal harmony and
cooperation.

Indigenous Filipino Psychology, with its focus on Kapwa and Pakikipagkapwa,

emphasizes the importance of communal relationships and social harmony in the
Filipino context. It recognizes the value of collectivism, cooperation, and
interdependence, which are deeply rooted in Filipino culture and history.

This perspective has practical implications in various aspects of life, including

education, mental health, and community development. For example, in education, it
emphasizes the importance of collaborative learning and community-based approaches.
In mental health, it recognizes the significance of social support networks and
community involvement in promoting well-being. In community development, it
highlights the importance of collective decision-making and participatory approaches
that empower communities.

Indigenous Filipino Psychology seeks to integrate indigenous knowledge and practices

with Western psychological theories and methodologies, providing a culturally grounded
approach to understanding and addressing the psychological needs of the Filipino
people. It aims to promote cultural sensitivity, social justice, and the empowerment of
individuals and communities within the Philippine context.

The concept of Kapwa is deeply rooted in Filipino culture and plays a significant role in
understanding Filipino psychology and social relationships. Kapwa can be translated as
"shared inner self" or "shared identity" and reflects the interconnectedness and
interdependence of individuals within a community.

Kapwa emphasizes the idea that the self is not separate from others but is shaped and
defined by relationships with others and the community as a whole. It recognizes that
the well-being of an individual is intimately tied to the well-being of others. In this sense,
Kapwa challenges the individualistic perspective often found in Western psychology and
promotes a more collectivist and communal outlook.

At its core, Kapwa encourages empathy, respect, and solidarity. It emphasizes the
recognition of the shared humanity and interconnectedness of individuals, regardless of
social status, age, or other differentiating factors. It highlights the importance of treating
others with dignity, kindness, and equality.

Kapwa is not limited to human-to-human relationships but also extends to the

environment and non-human entities. It acknowledges the interdependence between
humans and nature, emphasizing the responsibility to care for and protect the
environment.

The concept of Kapwa has practical implications in various aspects of Filipino society. It
informs social interactions, relationships, and the way individuals navigate their roles
within the community. It promotes a sense of social responsibility, cooperation, and
collective decision-making. Kapwa encourages people to value harmonious
relationships, maintain social harmony, and work towards the common good.

The concept of Kapwa in Filipino culture recognizes the interconnectedness of

individuals and emphasizes empathy, respect, and solidarity. It underscores the
importance of communal relationships, social harmony, and collective well-being within
the Filipino context.

The concept of Pakikipagkapwa is closely related to the concept of Kapwa in

Indigenous Filipino Psychology. Pakikipagkapwa refers to the act of relating to others as
equals and engaging in deep empathy, respect, and solidarity.

Pakikipagkapwa recognizes the shared humanity and interconnectedness of individuals

within the community. It goes beyond acknowledging the existence of others and
emphasizes the active engagement and positive interactions with others. It promotes
the understanding that one's well-being is interconnected with the well-being of others,
and that treating others with empathy and respect contributes to personal and collective
growth.

In practice, Pakikipagkapwa encourages behaviors and attitudes that foster harmonious

relationships. It involves listening attentively to others, understanding their perspectives,
and engaging in open and meaningful dialogue. It encourages acts of kindness,
compassion, and generosity towards others. It also entails recognizing the dignity and
worth of every individual, regardless of social status, age, or other differentiating factors.
Pakikipagkapwa promotes social responsibility and community participation. It highlights
the importance of collective decision-making, cooperation, and collaboration to address
community issues and work towards the common good. It encourages individuals to
actively contribute to the welfare and development of their communities, fostering a
sense of shared responsibility and shared success.
The concept of Pakikipagkapwa reflects the collectivist nature of Filipino culture and
influences various aspects of life, including family dynamics, social interactions, and
community relationships. It guides the way Filipinos form connections, navigate social
roles, and approach societal challenges.

Pakikipagkapwa is the practice of relating to others as equals, engaging in empathy,

respect, and solidarity. It promotes harmonious relationships, social responsibility, and
collective well-being within the Filipino context.

Here are a few examples of Pakikipagkapwa in practice:

 Bayanihan: Bayanihan is a Filipino cultural practice where community members

come together to help someone in need. It involves collective action and
cooperation to accomplish a task, such as moving a house or assisting during
times of disaster. Bayanihan exemplifies Pakikipagkapwa as it shows the
community's willingness to unite and support each other.

 Pagmamano: Pagmamano is a traditional Filipino gesture of respect where

younger individuals take the hand of an older person and touch it to their
forehead. This act demonstrates Pakikipagkapwa by honoring the elderly and
acknowledging their wisdom and contribution to the community.

 Balikbayan Boxes: Balikbayan boxes are packages filled with gifts and
necessities sent by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) to their families back
home. This practice showcases Pakikipagkapwa as it reflects the deep care and
concern OFWs have for their families and their desire to provide for their loved
ones.

 Community Service: Engaging in community service activities, such as

volunteering at local charities, participating in clean-up drives, or organizing
outreach programs, exemplifies Pakikipagkapwa. It demonstrates a sense of
social responsibility and a willingness to contribute to the welfare and betterment
of the community.

 Cooperative Endeavors: Filipinos often form cooperatives or organizations to

address common issues and promote economic empowerment. These
cooperative endeavors, such as cooperatives for farmers, artisans, or micro-
entrepreneurs, showcase Pakikipagkapwa by fostering collective efforts, pooling
resources, and supporting each other's livelihoods.

 Barangay Meetings: In Filipino communities, Barangay meetings serve as a

platform for discussing and resolving local issues. These meetings allow
community members to engage in open dialogue, express their opinions, and
collectively decide on matters that affect their neighborhood. Barangay meetings
exemplify Pakikipagkapwa by encouraging inclusive decision-making and
community participation.
These examples highlight the spirit of Pakikipagkapwa in various aspects of Filipino
culture and society. They demonstrate the importance of collective well-being, empathy,
and solidarity in building harmonious relationships and promoting the common good.

Here are some surface values associated with Pakikipagkapwa:

 Respect: Showing respect for others, regardless of their age, social status, or
background, is an important value in Pakikipagkapwa. This includes using
respectful language, listening attentively to others, and honoring their
perspectives and experiences.

 Empathy: Cultivating empathy is a key value in Pakikipagkapwa. It involves

putting oneself in another person's shoes, understanding their feelings, and
responding with kindness and compassion. Demonstrating empathy helps foster
understanding and meaningful connections between individuals.

 Harmonious Relationships: Pakikipagkapwa values the cultivation of harmonious

relationships. It encourages individuals to promote peace, cooperation, and
goodwill in their interactions with others. This includes resolving conflicts
amicably and finding common ground for collaboration.

 Solidarity: The value of solidarity emphasizes the importance of standing

together and supporting one another. It involves a sense of unity, shared goals,
and mutual assistance. Solidarity is evident in collective action, such as coming
together during community celebrations, supporting social causes, or lending a
helping hand in times of need.

 Inclusivity: Pakikipagkapwa values inclusivity and recognizes the importance of

embracing diversity. It encourages the acceptance and celebration of different
cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds. Inclusivity promotes equal opportunities,
respect for individual differences, and the breaking down of social barriers.

 Sharing and Generosity: Sharing resources, knowledge, and support is a value

deeply ingrained in Pakikipagkapwa. It involves acts of generosity, whether it is
sharing food, offering assistance, or lending a helping hand. The spirit of sharing
fosters a sense of interconnectedness and highlights the importance of collective
well-being.

These surface values of Pakikipagkapwa guide individuals' behaviors and interactions,

reflecting the underlying principles of interconnectedness, collective well-being, and
social harmony. They contribute to the formation of strong and supportive communities
within the Filipino culture.
The concept of "hiya" is an important cultural value in Filipino society. Hiya can be
roughly translated as "shame" or "sense of propriety." It is a deeply ingrained social
norm that influences behavior, etiquette, and interpersonal relationships.

Hiya plays a significant role in regulating social interactions and guiding individuals'
actions to maintain a sense of propriety and avoid behaviors that may bring shame or
embarrassment to oneself or others. It is closely tied to the desire to save face and
maintain harmony within the community.

 Social Conformity: Hiya encourages individuals to adhere to social norms and

expectations. It promotes conformity to cultural values, traditions, and societal
rules. Deviating from these norms is often seen as bringing shame or dishonor to
oneself and one's family.

 Modesty and Humility: Hiya places value on modesty and humility. It discourages
boastful behavior or drawing excessive attention to oneself. Modesty is seen as a
virtue, and individuals are encouraged to downplay personal achievements and
be humble in their interactions with others.

 Sensitivity to Others: Hiya emphasizes the importance of being mindful of other

people's feelings and avoiding actions that may cause embarrassment or
discomfort to them. It promotes being considerate and respectful in social
interactions, including the use of polite language and gestures.

 Group Harmony: Hiya places a strong emphasis on maintaining social harmony

and avoiding conflicts or confrontations. It encourages individuals to prioritize the
collective well-being and reputation of the group over individual desires or
interests. This can lead to a tendency to avoid direct confrontation or expressing
negative emotions openly.

 Face-saving: Hiya places value on preserving one's dignity and face in social
situations. It is important to avoid situations or actions that may cause
embarrassment or loss of face. This can involve avoiding public displays of
disagreement, maintaining composure in difficult situations, or privately
addressing concerns.

It is important to note that while hiya can serve as a social glue that promotes
harmonious interactions and conformity, it can also have limitations. It may discourage
individuals from asserting their opinions or expressing their true selves due to the fear of
being judged or shamed. Balancing the value of hiya with personal autonomy and
authentic self-expression is an ongoing challenge for many individuals in Filipino
society.

The concept of hiya shapes social norms, etiquette, and interpersonal relationships in
Filipino culture. It guides individuals' behaviors to maintain propriety, preserve social
harmony, and protect one's and others' reputation and dignity.
The concept of "utang na loob" is a Filipino cultural value that emphasizes gratitude,
indebtedness, and reciprocity. Utang na loob can be translated as "debt of gratitude" or
"inner indebtedness."

Utang na loob reflects the belief that when someone does something good for another
person, the recipient becomes indebted and feels a moral obligation to repay or
reciprocate the kindness. It goes beyond a mere sense of obligation and involves a
deep sense of gratitude and appreciation for the act of kindness received.

 Gratitude: Utang na loob emphasizes the importance of expressing gratitude and

appreciation for the help, support, or favors received. It encourages individuals to
acknowledge and remember the acts of kindness shown to them.

 Reciprocity: Utang na loob involves a sense of obligation to reciprocate the

kindness or favor received. It is considered a moral duty to return the goodwill or
help in some form, either to the same person or to others in need.

 Relationship Building: Utang na loob strengthens interpersonal relationships and

fosters a sense of interconnectedness. It recognizes the interdependence among
individuals and promotes a sense of unity and mutual support within the
community.

 Trust and Solidarity: Utang na loob contributes to building trust and fostering
solidarity within social networks. It establishes a sense of trust and goodwill
among individuals, as acts of kindness and reciprocity create a sense of mutual
reliance and support.

 Moral Obligation: Utang na loob is not merely a social norm but also carries a
moral weight. It is seen as a virtuous act to fulfill one's utang na loob and repay
the kindness received. Failure to do so may result in feelings of guilt or shame.

Utang na loob is often expressed through acts of gratitude, reciprocation, or providing

assistance when needed. It can manifest in various forms, such as returning a favor,
offering help, or extending hospitality to those who have shown kindness.

It is important to note that utang na loob is deeply embedded in Filipino culture and can
influence various aspects of personal and social relationships. While it promotes
gratitude and reciprocity, it can also lead to expectations and potential imbalances in
relationships. It is essential to maintain a balance between fulfilling utang na loob and
preserving personal autonomy and genuine relationships.

Utang na loob reflects the Filipino values of gratitude, reciprocity, and

interconnectedness. It serves as a guiding principle in fostering harmonious
relationships, strengthening social bonds, and promoting a sense of community.
The concept of "pakikisama" is a core Filipino value that emphasizes the importance
of harmonious relationships, social cohesion, and getting along with others. Pakikisama
can be translated as "togetherness" or "going along with others."
Pakikisama places emphasis on cooperation, camaraderie, and the ability to adapt and
connect with different individuals or groups. It involves a willingness to work
collaboratively, compromise, and maintain positive social interactions. The value of
pakikisama often manifests in various social contexts, including family, workplace,
friendships, and community settings.

 Harmony and Cooperation: Pakikisama emphasizes the desire to maintain

harmonious relationships and work together towards shared goals. It promotes
the idea of "getting along" and fostering a sense of unity, respect, and
cooperation.

 Adaptability and Flexibility: Pakikisama values adaptability and flexibility in

different social situations. It encourages individuals to be accommodating,
understanding, and open to different perspectives or practices. It involves
adjusting one's behavior or preferences to align with the needs and expectations
of the group.

 Social Sensitivity: Pakikisama encourages individuals to be socially sensitive and

considerate of others' feelings, needs, and cultural norms. It involves being
aware of social cues, practicing empathy, and respecting boundaries to maintain
positive relationships.

 Group Orientation: Pakikisama places importance on the welfare and interests of

the group or community as a whole. It encourages individuals to prioritize
collective well-being and work towards common goals, rather than solely
pursuing individual interests.

 Solidarity and Support: Pakikisama fosters a sense of solidarity and support

within social circles. It involves standing by others, offering help, and providing
emotional or practical support when needed. It promotes a spirit of mutual aid
and shared responsibility.

 Avoidance of Conflict: Pakikisama seeks to maintain peace and harmony by

avoiding conflicts or confrontations that may disrupt social relationships. It often
emphasizes the value of saving face, preserving dignity, and finding compromise
or resolution through peaceful means.

Pakikisama is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture and influences various aspects of daily
life, including teamwork, decision-making, celebrations, and community engagements.
While it promotes social cohesion and cooperation, it can also present challenges in
expressing individual opinions, asserting personal boundaries, or addressing conflicts
openly. Striking a balance between pakikisama and personal autonomy is an ongoing
dynamic in Filipino social interactions.
The concept of pakikisama reflects the Filipino value of harmonious relationships,
cooperation, and social cohesion. It promotes the idea of working together, adapting to
different social contexts, and fostering a sense of unity within the community.

The concept of "bahala na" is a Filipino cultural attitude that can be translated as
"leave it to fate" or "come what may." Bahala na reflects a mindset of acceptance,
resilience, and trust in a higher power or destiny.

Bahala na is often used to approach uncertain or challenging situations, where

individuals relinquish control and rely on a belief that things will work out as they are
meant to be. It can be seen as a coping mechanism or a way of finding peace amidst
uncertainties.

 Acceptance of Fate: Bahala na embodies the idea of accepting the outcomes of

situations, regardless of personal control or influence. It acknowledges that there
are certain aspects of life that are beyond human control and that it is best to
accept and adapt to them.

 Resilience and Resourcefulness: Bahala na encourages individuals to be

resilient and resourceful in the face of challenges. It promotes the mindset of
making the most of what one has and finding creative solutions to overcome
obstacles.

 Trust in a Higher Power: Bahala na often involves a belief in a higher power or

divine intervention. It reflects a trust in fate, karma, or a higher purpose guiding
one's life. Individuals may rely on prayers, rituals, or faith to navigate through
uncertainties.

 Letting Go of Worries: Bahala na encourages individuals to let go of excessive

worries and anxieties about the future. It promotes a mindset of embracing the
present moment and having faith that things will unfold as they are meant to.

 Optimism and Positivity: While bahala na acknowledges uncertainties, it is often

accompanied by an underlying sense of optimism and positivity. It is a way of
approaching situations with a hopeful and positive outlook, even in the face of
adversity.

Bahala na is deeply rooted in Filipino culture and can be seen in various aspects of life,
including decision-making, risk-taking, and dealing with challenges. It reflects the value
of surrendering to a larger force, accepting the limitations of human control, and finding
peace amidst uncertainties.

However, it is important to note that bahala na is not a complete disregard for personal
responsibility or taking proactive action. It is often intertwined with the value of hard
work, resilience, and making the best out of the circumstances at hand.
Bahala na represents a cultural attitude that embraces acceptance, resilience, and trust
in the unfolding of life's events, while maintaining a sense of hope and optimism.

The concept of "lakas ng loob" is a Filipino term that can be translated as "inner
strength" or "courage." It refers to the resilience, determination, and fortitude displayed
by individuals in the face of challenges, adversity, or difficult situations.

Lakas ng loob encompasses both physical and emotional strength, as well as the
mental resolve to overcome obstacles and pursue one's goals. It is a quality that
empowers individuals to face their fears, take risks, and persist in the pursuit of their
aspirations.

 Resilience and Perseverance: Lakas ng loob reflects the ability to bounce back
from setbacks, endure hardships, and persist in the face of adversity. It involves
maintaining a positive mindset and not giving up, even when faced with obstacles
or failures.

 Courage and Bravery: Lakas ng loob embodies the courage to face challenges,
take risks, and step outside one's comfort zone. It involves the willingness to
confront fears, make difficult decisions, and act with bravery in pursuing one's
goals.

 Self-Confidence: Lakas ng loob is rooted in self-confidence and self-belief. It

involves having trust in one's abilities, strengths, and intuition. It is the inner
conviction that enables individuals to overcome self-doubt and take action.

 Determination and Grit: Lakas ng loob is characterized by determination and grit,

the tenacity to persevere and keep going even when the journey becomes tough.
It involves a strong sense of purpose and the drive to achieve one's aspirations.

 Emotional Resilience: Lakas ng loob extends to emotional resilience, the ability

to manage and navigate through challenging emotions. It involves staying
composed, maintaining a positive outlook, and finding inner strength in the face
of emotional turmoil.

 Assertiveness and Self-Advocacy: Lakas ng loob encourages individuals to

assert themselves, speak up for their rights, and advocate for what they believe
in. It involves expressing one's opinions, asserting boundaries, and standing up
for oneself and others.

Lakas ng loob is highly valued in Filipino culture, as it reflects the strength and
determination necessary to face life's challenges and achieve personal growth. It is
often admired and celebrated as a quality that enables individuals to overcome
obstacles, inspire others, and make a positive impact on their communities.
It is important to note that lakas ng loob is not about being reckless or impulsive. It is
about having the strength and courage to face challenges with thoughtful consideration
and perseverance. It is a quality that can be developed and nurtured through personal
experiences, support systems, and self-reflection.

Lakas ng loob embodies the inner strength, courage, and resilience that empower
individuals to face adversity, take risks, and pursue their dreams with unwavering
determination.

The concept of "pakikibaka" is a Filipino term that can be translated as "struggle" or

"fighting spirit." It refers to the collective effort and active engagement in social or
political struggles for justice, liberation, and societal change.

Pakikibaka embodies the spirit of resistance, activism, and advocacy for the rights and
welfare of marginalized groups. It is a call to action and a commitment to fight against
oppression, inequality, and injustice.

Social and Political Activism: Pakikibaka involves active engagement in social and
political movements aimed at addressing societal issues and advocating for change. It
encompasses various forms of activism, including grassroots organizing, protests,
advocacy campaigns, and community empowerment.

 Solidarity and Collective Action: Pakikibaka emphasizes the importance of

solidarity and collective action. It recognizes that meaningful change is achieved
through the united efforts of individuals and communities working together
towards a common goal.

 Empowerment and Liberation: Pakikibaka seeks to empower marginalized

groups and challenge oppressive systems and structures. It aims to reclaim
power, dignity, and agency for those who have been marginalized or oppressed.
It promotes liberation from social, economic, and political constraints.

 Consciousness and Critical Thinking: Pakikibaka involves raising consciousness

and critical awareness about social issues and power dynamics. It encourages
individuals to question existing norms, structures, and inequalities and to engage
in critical analysis of systems of oppression.

 Courage and Resilience: Pakikibaka requires courage, resilience, and the

willingness to confront challenges, risks, and backlash. It involves standing up
against injustices, even in the face of adversity or repression.

 Long-term Commitment: Pakikibaka is not a one-time act but a long-term

commitment to social justice and systemic change. It requires sustained efforts,
perseverance, and the recognition that transformation may take time.
Pakikibaka has deep historical and cultural roots in the Philippines, given the country's
history of colonialism, social inequality, and political struggles. It is often associated with
movements for indigenous rights, workers' rights, land reform, gender equality,
environmental justice, and other social justice causes.

It is important to note that pakikibaka can take various forms and strategies depending
on the context and goals of the struggle. While it can involve direct confrontations and
protest actions, it can also encompass peaceful advocacy, community organizing, legal
avenues, and other means of effecting change.

Pakikibaka represents the Filipino spirit of resistance, activism, and collective struggle
for justice and liberation. It is a call to action, an expression of solidarity, and a
commitment to challenging oppressive systems and working towards a more equitable
and just society.