The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally along the dorsal wall. They filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally along the dorsal wall. They filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally along the dorsal wall. They filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally along the dorsal wall. They filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
IAAS, TU Urinary system • The organs of the urinary system include: – Kidneys – Renal pelvis – Ureters – Bladder – Urethra • Kidneys secrete urine while remaining parts function in transporting the urine to the outside • The urethra differs in the two sexes. In the male it is closely related to the genital organs 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 2 Kidney • The kidneys are paired excretory glands in which waste products are continuously eliminated from the blood • They regulate the fluid and salt balance of the body and thus maintain normal osmotic pressures in the blood and tissues • They are also capable of removing foreign substances from the blood • In large dogs 1000 to 2000 litres of blood perfuse the kidneys daily from which 200 to 300 litres are filtered as the primary urine, which is then reduced by reabsorption processes to the 1–2 litres which are eliminated • The kidneys also have endocrine functions. They produce the hormone renin, bradykinin, erythropoietin
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Kidney Color: Brownish red to dark bluish red depending upon the amount of blood they contain Shape: • Bean-shaped and smooth (not lobated): carnivores, small ruminants, pigs and the horse's left kidney • Heart-shaped and smooth: horse's right kidney • Lobated: (irregular oval) ox • Raised surface gives lobulated shape in fowl • Bean shaped kidneys are thick and rounded but pig rather has flat ones 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 4 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 5 Kidney • The kidney has: Two surfaces: dorsal and ventral surfaces Two borders: convex lateral and a concave medial border Two poles : cranial and caudal extremities, or poles • The hilus is an indentation in the medial border, where the renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter enter the organ • Renal sinus: The hilus leads into is a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat which is known as renal sinus
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Kidneys
Location and position:
• Kidneys are retroperitoneally pressed against the dorsal abdominal wall (crura of the diaphragm) on either side of the vertebral column • The kidneys lie in the lumbar area to the right and left of the median plane • They are predominantly located in the lumbar region, but extend cranially under the last ribs into the intrathoracic part of the abdomen • Their position changes by half the length of a vertebra with the movement of the diaphragm • The medial border of the right kidney is related to the caudal vena cava, and that of the left kidney is related to the aorta
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Kidney, location and position con…
• The right kidney is cranial to the left in all species, more so in
the dog and horse, and less so in the cat and pig (pig, where they are at the same level) • The left kidney of the cat and ruminants hangs down into the abdominal cavity; thus, is not retroperitoneal. The rumen pushes the left kidney to the right of the median plane in ruminants
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Position of kidneys (comparative)
Animals Right kidney Left kidney
Dog T12-13 to L2-3 Slightly more caudal Cat L1 to L4 L3 to L5 Ox T13 to L3 L2-3 to L5 Small ruminants T13 to L2 L4 to L6 Horse T15-17 to L1 T16-18 to L2-3 Pig L1 to L4 L1 to L4 Table: Position of kidneys in different animals
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Kidney • Kidneys are held in position by connective tissue, perirenal fat and pressure exerted by other viscera • Kidneys are embedded in perirenal fats which is well developed in the pig and ruminants, less so in the carnivores, and least in the horse Fibrous capsule: Kidney is covered with fibrous capsule which is loosely attached (except at the hilus) made up of collagenous and some elastic fibers. It peels away easily from the healthy kidney Capsular veins: the normal, distinct veins under the capsule of the cat's kidney 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 10 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 11 Kidney: Macroscopic structure • Composed of many lobes, each lobe consists of a medullary pyramid capped by cortical tissue • The apex of the pyramid is the renal papilla • Fusion of kidney tissue accounts for the different types of kidneys Cortex: The outer layer of the kidney parenchyma beneath the capsule; characterized grossly by its light color and granular appearance. The cortex contains the renal corpuscles and the convoluted parts of the renal tubules Medulla: The inner layer of the kidney parenchyma, characterized by its striated appearance. It contains collecting ducts and nephric loops It can be divided into: 1. External part of medulla (zona intermedia): dark red, almost purple, which sets it off sharply from the cortex 2. Internal part of medulla (zona basalis): lighter, grayish red, and shows distinct radial striations
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Kidney: Macroscopic structure Renal papilla: The apex of a kidney lobule that drips urine into the proximal end of the ureter. The degree of fusion of the lobes results in individual papillae or a renal crest Individual papillae: Found in the ox and pig, results from incomplete fusion of the medullary pyramids Renal crest: The ridge resulting from complete fusion of the medullary pyramids, found in carnivores, small ruminants and horses
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11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 14 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 15 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 16 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 17 Proximal end of the ureter • It is the part of the ureter receiving urine from the renal papilla. Its shape varies depending on the species Renal pelvis (G.pyelos a tub or basin): The expanded proximal end of the ureters in kidneys with a renal crest (carnivores, small ruminants and horses), and in the pig (which has papillae). Renal pelvis is absent in ox Calyx (G. kalyx cup of a flower): The cup-shaped structure receiving urine from individual papillae in the ox and pig. In the ox individual calyces empty into two branches of the ureter (sometimes called major calyces). In the pig, calyces empty into a renal pelvis RENAL SINUS: The potential space occupied by the ureter, branches of the renal artery and vein, and lymphatics and nerves entering the kidney RENAL HILUS: The opening into the renal sinus where the ureter and renal vessels enter the kidney
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Renal pelvis • In the domestic mammals other than the ox, the proximal ureter begins with a common expansion, the renal pelvis, into which all the papillary ducts open • The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus, but is fused with the renal tissue around the papillae only • The pelvis collects the urine, which reaches it through the papillary foramina, and like a funnel conveys it directly into the ureter • The wall of the renal pelvis extends to the base of each papilla or, in the non papillated kidney, to the base of the renal crest • Pig: The renal pelvis has a number of short-stemmed calyces, which embrace an equal number of renal papillae that protrude into the renal pelvis • Ox: There is no renal pelvis. Instead the papilla of each medullary lobe fits into a calyx formed by the terminal branches of the ureter. These branches unite into two major channels, which converge from both poles of the kidney to form a single ureter • Horse: The renal pelvis consists of a central cavity and two large recesses (recessus terminales) that are directed towards the poles of the kidney. Most of the papillary ducts open into the recesses
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Species differences Animals Papillae Renal crest Calyces Pelvis
Unilobar kidneys with a smooth surface and a single renal papilla: cat, dog, horse, small ruminant, Multilobar kidneys with a smooth surface and multiple papillae: pig Multilobar kidneys with a lobated surface and multiple papillae: ox
Ureter • It is the paired fibromuscular tubes carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder • Located retroperitoneally along the dorsal abdominal wall, each ureter runs caudally to the brim of the pelvis • It can be divided into an abdominal part and a pelvic part • Its abdominal part related dorsally with psoas muscles and crosses the large terminal branches of the aorta and caudal vena cava ventrally • Right ureter related medially with caudal venacava while left ureter is related with abdominal aorta medially • On reaching the pelvic cavity, it turns medially to enter the broad uterine ligament in the female and dorsal to ductus deferens in the male • The ureter ends by inserting into the dorsolateral surface of the urinary bladder within the lateral ligament of the bladder at an acute angle, near the neck • In the horse, the mucous membrane contains large mucous glands in the proximal part of the ureter
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11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 30 Urinary bladder • It is greatly distensible pouch receiving and storing urine from the kidneys for release out into the urethra • The empty bladder lies almost entirely within the pelvic cavity, but with distention extends into the abdominal cavity • In the female, the bladder is related dorsally to the uterus and broad ligaments • In the male, because of the short genital fold, the bladder is in contact with the rectum, and is therefore more easily palpated rectally • Apex or vertex is related with small intestine and colon • The bladder has – An apex: cranial blind end – A body: in the middle – A neck: narrow caudal part leading into the urethra • At the apex, especially in young animals, is a mass of scar tissue, which is the remnant of the urachus
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Urinary bladder • Trigone of the urinary bladder: the internal area of the dorsal bladder between the two ureteral openings and the start of the urethra • Most of the part is covered by peritoneum while caudal part of neck of bladder is covered by adventitia • Fixation: 1. Ventral ligament or middle ligament: connects ventral surface of bladder with the floor of the pelvis 2. Two lateral ligaments: connects lateral aspects of bladder with pelvic wall Round ligaments are found in the free end of each lateral ligaments which is the remnant of umbilical arteries • The mucosa of the bladder is irregularly folded when the bladder is empty. These folds disappear during distension, with the exception of two folds (plicae uretericae), which extend from the ureteral opening to the neck of the bladder, where they unite to form the urethral crest which is continuous with the urethra
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11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 33 11/26/2021 Dr. Sanjay Paudel 34 Urethra • In the female animal the urethra exclusively serves to convey urine, while in the male animal it carries urine, semen and seminal secretions • Female urethra • The female urethra extends caudally on the pelvic floor ventral to the reproductive tract. It passes obliquely through the wall of the vagina and opens with the external urethral opening ventrally at the junction between vagina and vestibule • It is median in position and related dorsally to the vagina and ventrally to the pelvic symphysis • The length and diameter of the urethra varies considerably between the domestic mammals • It is short and wide in the horse and comparatively long in the dog • In the cow and sow, the suburethral diverticulum is present, which opens together with the urethra into the Vagina • It is 6-8 cm. long in the dog, pig, and horse, and 10- 12 cm. in the cow
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Urethra Male urethra • The male urethra extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis • It is divisible into a: 1. Pelvic part: – Preprostatic portion and – Prostatic portion 2. Penile part: – From the ischial arch to the external urethral orifice on the glans – This portion is surrounded by the corpus spongiosum penis • The preprostatic part of the MALE URETHRA that is homologous to the female urethra is short and extends from the internal urethral orifice at the neck of the bladder to the colliculus seminalis. At the colliculus, the urinary and genital ducts of the male join
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Urinary system of fowl • Bird is uricotelic because it lacks uricase • Birds lack urinary bladder and it has renal portal system unlike mammals • Each kidney is divided into 3 divisions as cranial, middle and caudal • Each kidney is supplied by 3 arteries • Surface of kidney is uneven and looks like lobulated kidney • Cortex and medulla are not distinctly distinguisible • Paired ureter emerge from middle part of ventral surface of kidneys to the urodeum just dorsal to the urogenital opening
Immediate download Ellis and Calne's Lecture Notes in General Surgery, 14e (Mar 6, 2023)_(1119862485)_(Wiley-Blackwell) 14th Edition Davies ebooks 2024
Immediate download Ellis and Calne's Lecture Notes in General Surgery, 14e (Mar 6, 2023)_(1119862485)_(Wiley-Blackwell) 14th Edition Davies ebooks 2024
