Final Water Security Master Plan For Zamboanga City
Final Water Security Master Plan For Zamboanga City
Final Water Security Master Plan For Zamboanga City
This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole
responsibility of the International City/County Management Association and do not necessarily
reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
1
WATER SECURITY MASTER PLAN FOR
ZAMBOANGA CITY
i
Table of Contents
Acronyms vii
I. Introduction 1
Objectives of the Water Security Master Plan 2
Overall Assessment and Planning Approach 3
II. The Study Area 5
Physical Features 5
Socio-Economic Characteristics 18
Zamboanga City Water District Profile 30
Assessment on the Condition of the Study Area 44
III. Current Water Security Situation in Zamboanga City 48
Institutional and Organization Outlook 48
Water Resources (Supply Side Study) 58
Water Usage (Demand Side Study) 65
Water and Climate Risks 71
Future Water Demand and Supply Gap Analysis 82
IV. Goals, Strategies and Objectives Based on Water Risks 84
Prevailing Issues and Concerns on Water Security 84
Goals, Objectives, and Strategies to Address Water Risks 89
V. Priority Programs, Projects and Activities 91
Priority and Other Long-term PPAs 94
Stakeholder Development and Institutional Capacity Strengthening 98
Proposed Stakeholders' Activities and Training Programs 102
VI. Decision Support and Analysis 103
XLRM Framework 103
WEAP Model 105
Overview of the ZCWD-WEAP Model 112
VII. Water Security Options and Alternatives 122
Water Security Options 122
Alternatives 128
WEAP Analysis 130
VIII. Financing Modalities 137
General Discussion on the Financing Modalities 137
Financing Options for LGU 138
Financing Options for Water District 139
IX. Conclusions and Recommendations 141
Conclusions 141
Recommendations 145
X. References 152
ii
Tables & Figures
iii
Table 47: XLRM Framework 104
Table 48: Example of the sub-division of the Upper Tumaga catchment according to elevation
band and land use 115
Table 49: Summary of annual simulated flows for key points on in the ZCWD water service
region, showing minimum, maximum, mean, median, standard deviation of the simulated flows
116
Table 50: Land use and area for the watershed connected to Bog Lake 122
Table 51: Summary of Assumptions for Bog Lake ZCWD-WEAP Model 123
Table 52: Land use and area for the watershed connected to Upper Manicahan 123
Table 53: Summary of Assumptions for Manicahan River ZCWD-WEAP Model 124
Table 54: ZCWD-WEAP Model Cost Variables and Scenarios 129
Table 55: Historical and Future Population Projection for each Sector of ZCWD 131
Table 56: Alignment of Water Security Master Plan with Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation
Master Plan (2019-2030) Reform Areas (NEDA, 2019) 143
iv
Figure 35: ZCWD Water Sources (2015-2020) 63
Figure 36: Topographic Map of Zamboanga City 74
Figure 37: Regional 2-meter air temperature anomaly based on the Hadley CRU.5.0.1.0
blended land air temperature and sea-surface temperature anomaly data set averaging
anomalies over region lon= 120.000 -125.000, lat= 5.000 -10.000 75
Figure 38: Annual average temperature from the Zamboanga station data for the period of 1951
to 2015, suggesting a strong warming trend starting around 1980 76
Figure 39: Regional average monthly precipitation (top, in mm/day) for the 6oN to 8oN and
121oE to 123oE region from the CRU TS4.04 dataset (note missing values during the WWII
era), and the monthly anomaly for this same period (bottom, in mm/day) 77
Figure 40: Zamboanga City monthly average rainfall (light gray), 12-month moving average of
monthly rainfall (blue line) and the ENSO Nina 3.4 temperature anomaly (oC) for the period
1951-2015 78
Figure 41: Zamboanga City heavy precipitation days as, days with rainfall greater than 50 mm
(left) and days with precipitation greater than the 95th percentile of wet days (right) 78
Figure 42: Zamboanga City total precipitation for wet days in mm (left) and total number of dry
days (right) 79
Figure 43: The ensemble mean of the surface temperature of the multi-model ensemble over
the Zamboanga City region out to 2100 for the RCP4.5 assumptions of future greenhouse gas
concentrations 80
Figure 44: The ensemble mean precipitation anomaly of the multi-model ensemble over the
Zamboanga City region out to 2100 for the RCP4.5 assumptions of future greenhouse gas
concentrations 80
Figure 45: Same as Figure 26, but for the RCP8.5 assumptions of future greenhouse gas
concentrations 81
Figure 46: ZCWD Water Supply and Demand Gap 83
Figure 47: WEAP Application Development Flow Chart 105
Figure 48: Initial screen shot of the WEAP ZCWD application domain, showing initial watershed
boundaries, major river networks, and the Zamboanga service region 106
Figure 49: Screen. Diagram of the two-layer WEAP hydrology model (Yates, et. al., 2005a) 109
Figure 50: Annual rainfall measured at Zamboanga City Del Sur Surface (left) and annual
average temperature (right) 110
Figure 51: Total annual rainfall (mm) at Zamboanga City Del Sur for the PAGASA station
(green) and the CHIRPS (blue) remotely sensed rainfall estimate 111
Figure 52: Comparison of daily average rainfall for the Zamboanga Del Sur location from the
PAGASA observational dataset (green) and the CHIRPS remotely sensed product (blue) 111
Figure 53: Screen shot of the portion of the ZCWD-WEAP model showing the main demand
area of Zamboanga City (Central Area), and the watershed and supply infrastructure of the
Tumaga River. The colored polygons represent the Barangays that are part of the ZCWD
service area 112
Figure 54: WEAP Hydrologic Parameters 114
Figure 55: The Tumaga Catchment object selected from the WEAP data tree, with the Forecast
Land class selected for the 0 to 500 meter elevation band 115
Figure 56: Simulated annual flows for key points in the ZCWD water service region as annual
totals for the period 1981 through 2020 (left) and daily flows plotted as a frequency distribution
on log scale for the same location. Annual avg. daily flows are 1.67, 1.36 and 2.61 cms. 116
Figure 57: Summary of the Barangay and the service zones for each region 117
Figure 58: Demand object data entry for Barangay Baliwasan in the Central Area 118
Figure 59: Location of the Diversion on the River 119
Figure 60: Historic portion of water supplied by the various sources for recent years 120
Figure 61: Supply delivered by source, includes NRW. Shortage of delivery implies reduction in
water service 121
v
Figure 62: Bog Lake WEAP Model 122
Figure 63: Manicahan River WEAP Model 123
Figure 64: Annual average historic flows as estimated by the ZCWD-WEAP model for the
Tumaga and Manicahan Rivers at the river’s diversion points. 124
Figure 65: WEAP Alternatives 129
Figure 66: (a) The historical observed water supply delivered by source from 2016 to 2020; and
(b) the ZCWD-WEAP model’s estimate of supply delivered by source for the same years 131
Figure 67: (a) Annual unmet demand by water use for the three demand zones (west, central,
and east) for the recent years with available observations, and (b) the percent coverage for the
same period and zones 132
Figure 68: (a) Projected future demand for the two scenarios, showing historic trends (orange
line) and a high projected demand (blue line); and (b) the annual precipitation over the
Zamboanga region under assumptions that the historic climate repeats (blue line) and the
climate is drier 133
Figure 69: (a) Supply Delivered and (c) Unmet Demand for the History Repeats; and (b) Supply
Delivered and (d) Unmet Demand for the High and Dry scenario given for each of the three
alternatives 134
Figure 70: Supply delivered by source for both scenarios (columns) and for all three alternatives
(rows) 135
Figure 71: Discounted (4 percent) Net Present Value of the Operating and Capital Costs for the
three Alternatives and for each Scenario for the full simulation period of 2010 to 2050 136
Figure 72: Unmet Demand: "History Repeats" Scenario 142
Figure 73: Unmet Demand: "High Demand and Dry" Scenario 142
Figure 74: Elements of Zamboanga City Water Security 145
Figure 75: Water Balance with NRW Components 146
Figure 76: Implementation Schedule 149
Annexes
Annex 1: Population Per Barangay 153
Annex 2: Historical Production 155
Annex 3: Executive Order 158
Annex 4: Water Permits 163
Annex 5: Water Resources 185
Annex 6: Tumaga River Water Quality 198
Annex 7: Stakeholders Consultations Conducted 203
Annex 8: SWOT Analysis of ZWAT 230
Annex 9: Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System Training Report 238
Annex 10: Institutional Development and Capacity Strengthening 251
Annex 11: Population Projections used in WEAP Analysis 282
Annex 12: WEAP Training Scope of Work 284
Annex 13: WSC Resolution to Adopt the Water Security Master Plan 286
vi
Acronyms
vii
IAs Irrigator’s Association
ICMA International City/Country Management Association
IP Indigenous People
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations
IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management
LGU Local Government Unit
lpcd Liters per capita per day
lps Liters per seconds
LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration
masl Meters above sea level
MDS Monthly Data Sheet
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MLD Million Liters per Day
MM3 Million cubic meters
MWCI Manila Water Company Inc.
MWSS Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NGAs National Government Agencies
NIA National Irrigation Administration
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System
NIS National Irrigation System
NRW Non-Revenue Water
NWRB National Water Resources Board
NWRC National Water Resources Council
OCENR Office of the City Environment and Natural Resources
ODA Official Development Assistance
O&M Operations and Maintenance
PaNP Pasonanca Natural Park
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration
PD Presidential Decree
PDP Philippine Development Plan
PHILVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PIS Private Irrigation System
PPA Programs, Projects, and Activities
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
viii
PWSSMP Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
RA Republic Act
RBCO River Basin Control Office
RDP Regional Development Plan
SC Sub-catchment
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SWIP Small Water Impounding Project
SWISA Small Water Irrigation System Association
SURGE Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity
TE Tobon Engineering
TR-WQMA Tumaga River-Water Quality Management Area
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TWG Technical Working Group
UFF Unified Financing Framework
UN United Nations
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WCI Woodfields Consultants, Inc.
WDs Water Districts
WDM Water Demand Management
WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning
WS Water Security
WSPs Water Service Providers
WSMP Water Security Master Plan
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WTP Water Treatment Plant
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
ZCLGU Zamboanga City Local Government Unit
ZCWD Zamboanga City Water District
ZCWSC Zamboanga City Water Security Council
ZWAT Zamboanga City Water District Water Audit Team
ix
I. Introduction
The Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE) Project is an award of the
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to the International City/County Management
Association (ICMA). The SURGE Project supports the USAID/Philippines’ Cities Development
Initiative (CDI) by supporting the Philippines to shift to a sustained and more inclusive growth
trajectory at par with other high‐performing emerging economies. The SURGE Project has three
objectives: (1) improve local capacity in inclusive and resilient urban development; (2) improve
environment for local economic development; and (3) expand economic connectivity and access
between urban and rural areas.
USAID supports eight partner cities included in the CDI, which are being provided with support
following a “whole-of-mission” approach in which all other USAID projects are encouraged to
converge for an integrated delivery of assistance. These cities are Batangas, Legazpi and Puerto
Princesa in Luzon, Iloilo and Tagbilaran in the Visayas, and Cagayan de Oro, General Santos
and Zamboanga in Mindanao.
The SURGE Project provides technical assistance to CDI cities aimed at improving access to
sustainable and resilient water and sanitation services. Technical assistance includes capacity
development, policy support, pre-feasibility studies, water safety planning, non-revenue water
(NRW) assessments, hydraulic modeling, and water supply system concept designing,
Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, and database establishment, review of funding
options, geo-resistivity surveys 1, sanitation services, water demand management (WDM) and
now the preparation of a comprehensive Water Security Master for Zamboanga City. This
intervention of the SURGE Project is aligned and consistent with the Water Demand Management
(WDM) program of the city and with the national government’s key reform agenda provided in the
Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) to help achieve universal access
to water and sanitation by 2030.
The reliance on surface water as the primary water supply means that changes in weather
patterns and hydrological systems due to climate change could lead to severe disruptions in water
resource availability. Extended warm weather, brought about by the El Niño phenomenon, triggers
more water use and heightens the extraction of water, which changes the operational patterns of
water delivery resulting in water scarcity and insecurity. The occurrence of prolonged drought
upsets the balance between water supply and demand, significantly increasing the vulnerability
of local governments and water districts resulting in damaging impacts, especially for customers
and end-users.
Zamboanga City, a major urban center in the western part of Mindanao, has been experiencing
climate-related disasters in recent years, including tropical cyclones, extreme rainfall, and
drought. For instance, drought in Zamboanga City, triggered by a strong El Niño in 2015 to 2016,
caused reservoirs to empty, exacerbating the loss of livelihood for local and regional farmers 2. In
2017, the City also experienced heavy rains, strong winds and storm surge that resulted in more
than 12,000 people (2,448 families) from 12 barangays being displaced due to flooding 3. This
incident also caused the Pasonanca Dam to reach a “critical” level, threatening downstream
1 Use as basis in the identification of location of new water source development projects for the expansion of existing
water services
2Falcatan, R. (2015, April 2). Zamboanga City under state of calamity due to drought.
3Davies, R. (2017, October 18). Philippines – 12,000 Displaced by Floods in Zamboanga.
http://floodlist.com/asia/philippines-zamboanga-floods-october-2017.
1
communities with a severe flooding threat. Future impacts such as these will increase as climate
change impacts become more profound, impacting the growing population of Zamboanga City.
Climate change will increase the exposure and water resource vulnerability of both the city and
its constituents. This becomes a challenge not only for the local government unit (LGU) of
Zamboanga City but particularly for the Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD), which is the main
water service provider.
Water security is more than just providing access to water supply and sanitation. It is also about
having sufficient water and sanitation systems that are resilient and well-built, that reliably and
efficiently provide those services to the public in a cost-effective manner, and that which promote
the efficient use of water by the consuming public 4. The preparation of the water Security Master
Plan to improve drought resiliency in Zamboanga City leads to measurable results such as the
number of people with improved access to reliable water as well as reduction in water rationing.
These results provide immediate and long-range benefits of not only current users but future
generations as well. This study yielded related benefits such as improved planning process,
strategic program and policy formulation, well-calibrated development and implementation of
recommended activities toward a more secure water future.
The Water Security Master Plan focused on the key and essential aspects of economic growth
and development which includes public health, economic growth, environmental sustainability,
political stability, and disaster and risk reduction, as presented in Figure 1.
The outcome of this study is a comprehensive water planning support document, which will benefit
the current and future water users of Zamboanga City. This study will form part of the strategic
plan that will serve as a blueprint for future development of the city.
4 Remarks by Clay Epperson, USAID Deputy Mission Director, Media Forum on Water Security and Climate Change,
2
Figure 1: Essential Aspects of Economic Growth and Development
5
Including source water supply derived from the natural watershed; river networks that bring water to the municipal
infrastructure such as reservoirs and pipes; distribution network including customer water use; and the return of waste
effluent.
3
Figure 2: Overall Planning and Assessment Approach
The integration process analyzed the City’s water supply and demand situation under the existing
and planned water supply infrastructure assets, potential gaps between future water demands
and existing water supply under various hydrological risks, particularly drought, and the options
and alternatives needed to meet these gaps. Moreover, the preparation of the Water Security
Master Plan takes stakeholder participation and engagement as part of the whole master planning
process by embedding in at the core of the various activities.
4
II. The Study Area
This section describes the study area in terms of geographical location, physical features,
economy, and socio-economic conditions. It also presents the existing and future growth
potentials of the area.
Physical Features
Location and Administrative Boundaries
5
Table 1: Protected Areas in Zamboanga City under NIPAS
Proclamation Core area & Management
Protected area NIPAS category
No. buffer zone Authority
Pasonanca
132 watershed forest Natural Park 17,414 PAMB
reserve
Great & Little Sta. Protected Landscape
271 1,877 PAEMB
Cruz Islands and Seascape
Mangrove swamps Protected Landscape
2152 - Interim PAMB
forest reserve and Seascape
Source: Zamboanga City CLUP 2016-2025
6
Percent within River Basin
Province/City/Barangay Area (ha)
(%)
Anongan 76 0.26
Basak 33 0.12
Litawan 2 0.01
Sirawai
Sipawa 3 0.01
Zamboanga City
Calabasa 1,663 5.80
Curuan 1,399 4.88
Latuan (Curuan) 378 1.32
Limaong 1,648 5.74
Mangusu 1,164 4.06
Muti 483 1.68
Sibulao (Caruan) 4,132 14.40
Tagasilay 1,347 4.70
Tictapul 331 1.15
Tigbalabag 552 1.92
Unclaimed Area under Jurisdiction of Zamboanga City 3,334 11.62
Vitali 8,745 30.48
Tumaga River Basin 21,047 100.00
Zamboanga City
Arena Blanco 35 0.17
Baluno 54 0.26
Boalan 806 3.83
Bunguiao 2 0.01
Cabatangan 4 0.02
Culianan 55 0.26
Divisoria 393 1.87
Dulian (Upper Pasonanca) 234 1.11
Guiwan 141 0.67
Lanzones 111 0.53
Lumayang 741 3.52
Lumbangan 490 2.33
Lunzuran 384 1.82
Mampang 510 2.42
Mercedes 468 2.22
Pasobolong 303 1.44
Pasonanca 1,132 5.38
Pasonanca Natural Park 9,657 45.88
Putik 325 1.54
Salaan 1,941 9.22
Santa Maria 78 0.37
Talon-talon 135 0.64
Tetuan 51 0.24
7
Percent within River Basin
Province/City/Barangay Area (ha)
(%)
Tolosa 1,963 9.33
Tugbungan 282 1.34
Tumaga 294 1.40
Zambowood 458 2.18
Curuan River Basin 8,785 100.00
Zamboanga City
Buenavista 1,095 12.46
Calabasa 1,420 16.16
Curuan 3,463 39.42
Dulian (Upper Bunguiao) 658 7.49
Latuan (Curuan) 993 11.30
Muti 460 5.24
Quiniput 77 0.88
Tagasilay 1 0.01
Unclaimed Area under Jurisdiction of Zamboanga City 618 7.03
Bolong River Basin 6,767 100.00
Zamboanga City
Bolong 650 9.61
Bunguiao 4,098 60.56
Dulian (Upper Bunguiao) 1,765 26.08
Lamisahan 11 0.16
Lubigan 166 2.45
Sangali 77 1.14
Manicahan River Basin 5,698 100.00
Zamboanga City
Bunguiao 2,189 38.42
Dulian (Upper Bunguiao) 108 1.90
Lamisahan 857 15.04
Lapakan 513 9.00
Manicahan 166 2.91
Pasonanca Natural Park 800 14.04
Tolosa 830 14.57
Unclaimed Area under Jurisdiction of Zamboanga City 129 2.26
Victoria 106 1.86
Ayala River Basin 3,559 100.00
Zamboanga City
Ayala 112 3.15
Baluno 1,762 49.51
Cawit 1 0.03
La Paz 1,065 29.92
Pasonanca Natural Park 411 11.55
Tulungatung 208 5.84
Source: Climate Change-Responsive IRBMD Master Plan for the Cluster 7 River Basin
8
Land Use and Land Cover
1%
Zamboanga City is considered as the third 6%
largest city in the Philippines in terms of land 9%
area. It has a total declared land area of Forest
Topography
The southwestern most tip of the Zamboanga Peninsula, which stands at approximately 1,360
meters above sea level (masl), exhibits a characteristic domal physiographic expression on
rugged to mountainous terrain toward the highest peak (Mount Nancy). Topography along coastal
plain, alluvial plain, marshland, and floodplains are relatively flat to undulating. Generally, most of
the barangays in Zamboanga City are situated within flat lying coastal zone, alluvial plain, and
marshland. There are also narrow strips of flat lands along the east coast.
9
A major portion of the city have slopes ranging from 0-8 percent as shown in Table 4. Meanwhile,
undulating to rolling at 8-18 percent slope level has the least area with about 24 percent share.
The highest elevation in the city is the Batorampon Point with an elevation of 1,335 masl.
Presented in Table 4 is the slope level per watershed.
Based on the 2016-2025 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), the soils in Zamboanga City
are categorized in three groups: (i) residual soil, embracing the undulating and mountainous
portion; (ii) alluvial soil, located in level to nearly level areas which are devoted mainly to
agricultural crop cultivation; and (iii) swamps land, mainly used for fishpond development. Further,
there are seven identified landforms in the City namely:
Coastal Landscape. The soil texture is clay to silty clay and very deep; the area is flat to
nearly flat with a slope range of 0-3 percent with an elevation of 05 meters (m). It is located
along the northeastern coast of Zamboanga City wherein the area is mostly of lower
alluvial lowlands and small low-lying areas.
Broad Alluvial Plain. The areas have deep to very deep soil to clayish texture, elevation
is between 510 m and a slope range of 0-3 percent. These are the areas comprising the
valley floors and flood plains of the City.
Minor Alluvial Plain. The soil in the area is silty loam to clay loam and are moderately
deep, elevation is between 80160 m and slope ranges from 03 percent.
Plain. The soils are silty clay loam and are moderately deep, highest elevation is 10 m
and a slope range of between 0-3 percent. This is within the low-lying areas with fine
sediments mixed with classic materials.
Hills. These types of area are formed from sedimentary rock formations with soil that are
clay to loam and are moderately deep-to-deep. A large portion of the city occupies this
type of soil and includes areas with a crest below 500 masl. The areas are formed from
sedimentary rock formations.
Mountain. The area has a land profile of clay soil texture and a moderate depth, elevation
not lower than 500 masl and slope ranges between 18-50 percent.
Miscellaneous. This landform includes the urban areas and the salt beds.
10
Water Resources
The Zamboanga Peninsula has a land area of 1,413,754 ha, 54 percent of which is classified
forest land. This portion is retained as part of public domain mainly for ecological reasons.
There are several river systems emanating from the watershed forest reserves as their head
source consisting of a group of rivers discharging water by way of a common flow or system of
channels into a sea or bay. It usually consists of the main river, primary, secondary and their
tributaries. Table 5 and Figure 6 shows the major river systems emanating from watershed forest
reserves, their respective service areas and outfall.
11
Tumaga River. Tumaga River is the main source
of water of Zamboanga City. The river is situated
on the northwest section of Zamboanga City. It is
bounded by barangays Lunzuran and Putik to the
North/East, Sta. Maria to the west side, Luyahan
to the North, Guiwan and Tetuan to the
South/East. Tumaga River traverses nine
barangays in Zamboanga City. The headwater
starts at Luyahan which outflows in the southern
side of the peninsula in Tugbungan.
12
Ayala River. Ayala River is located in Ayala,
Zamboanga City approximately 17 km west of the
city proper. The river is about 8 km in length and
approximately 10 m wide. It originates from
Zambales and empties to Sulu Sea. The river
traverses the barangays of Tulungatong and
Ayala.
13
Figure 11: Location of San Roque Bog Lake
Bog Lake. Bog Lake otherwise known as San Roque has a surface area of 82.3 ha located in
the middle of a populated area in the western part of Zamboanga City. The San Roque Bog Lake
Recreation Park is a destination for nature lovers, thrill seekers, adventurers, and others as the
park offers many activities and amenities.
According to the City of Government of Zamboanga CLUP (2016-2025), Bog Lake and
surrounding areas could be developed into tourism, residential, institutional, parks and recreation
zones with appropriate capital investments. Using the lake as a potential water source is
consistent with potential land use with careful and inclusive planning. In order to investigate future
water supplies, Zamboanga City in 2020 considered tapping the lake as water source 6 with water
from the area sent to a laboratory in Manila to determine its potability (Santiago, 2020).
Groundwater. About 43 percent of the total area are covered by local and less productive
aquifers, 36 percent are comprised of rocks without any known significant groundwater and 21
percent is constituted by ground aquifers described as rocks with limited potential. The area
breakdown per watershed as presented in Table 6.
6During the recent consultation, Bog Lake has been considered only as an emergency source of water, particularly
during periods of drought, because of the high cost of treating it.
14
Rocks with limited
Rocks without any known
Principal River Local and less potential
significant groundwater
Basin/ Watershed productive aquifers (low to moderate
(largely untested)
permeability)
Minor Watersheds 20,980 2,352 571
Total 42,730 20,548 35,167
Climate
Rainfall data was taken from the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) Synoptic Station located near Zamboanga Airport 8. The rainfall data
collected was from year 1980-2015. Figure 13 shows the annual rainfall from 1951-2015. The
highest recorded annual rainfall from the 64-year record is 2,150 millimeters (mm) in 1999, the
lowest recorded was 677 mm in 1997.
The rainfall variation which is the difference in rainfall from the average for the period is also
presented. As shown in the figure, rainfall variation (blue line) is increasing which indicates more
high rainfall events and prolonged drought periods.
7 The Philippine climate zones traditionally were classified from a rain-gauge network, using the Modified Coronas
Classification which uses average monthly rainfall totals to define four climate zones: Types I-IV. (Irenea L. Corporal-
Lodangco, 2017)
8 This is the only rainfall gauging station of PAGASA in Zamboanga City.
15
2500 250
1000 100
500 50
0 0
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
Figure 13: Zamboanga City Annual Rainfall, 1951-2015
Temperature
Figure 14 illustrates the historical temperature in degree Celsius (ᵒC) from 1951-2015 in
Zamboanga City. As presented in the figure the minimum, mean and maximum annual average
temperature have been increasing, also shown is the rate of increase which varies for the three
temperature parameters. The annual average maximum temperature has increased the least at
a rate of 0.016 ᵒC per year, while the annual average minimum temperature has increased at
twice the rate of the average maximum temperature at 0.032 ᵒC per year. As earth’s climate gets
warmer, most of the increased heat energy is absorbed by the oceans, therefore due to the
location of the temperature gauge near the ocean, this data is consistent in showing the highest
rate of increase in temperature occurs during the evening when the main temperature influence
is the ocean.
35.0
33.0 slope = 0.0162x
31.0
Temperature C0
29.0
27.0
slope = 0.0243x
25.0
23.0
21.0 slope = 0.0323x Average of TMAX
Average of TMIN
17.0
Linear (Average of
15.0 TMAX)
1951 1957 1963 1969 1975 1981 1987 1993 1999 2005 2011
Increase in Temperature. The Manila Observatory projected that the climate scenario for years
2011 to 2065 for temperature and precipitation for the City will increase. Prolonged dry season
16
weather is said to affect almost the entire city with 12 barangays being identified as drought prone.
Other impacts include drying of communal irrigation, decreased in water production capacity,
increase public health and sanitation issues, as well as bushfire, erosion, and saline intrusion.
Flooding and Landslide. The city center is prone to flooding since it is situated on a low-lying
deltaic and floodplain environment in which elevation is typically below 5 masl. According to the
2010 Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) Landslide and Flood Susceptible Map, at least 77
barangays mostly in coastal and island barangays are highly susceptible to flooding while there
were at least 44 barangays that are highly prone to landslides. Among the barangays largely
affected by flooding are Tumaga, Tolosa, Sibulao (Caruan), Bunguiao and Curuan. The
susceptibility per watershed is presented in Table 7. Economic, agricultural, infrastructure and
social damages as well as displacement of settlements have been caused by flooding and
landslide events.
Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge. With the annual sea level rise in the Philippines at 12
millimeter per year (mm/yr), Zamboanga City is one of the areas experiencing the residual effects
of the global sea level rise. This mainly affects the 45 coastal and island barangays of the City.
Impacts reported are the massive settlement, livelihood displacement and destruction, water
scarcity, extensive saline intrusion, increased deforestation, and land conversion. On the other
hand, storm surge events are usually worsened by tides and depth of water body relative to the
storm path. It is typically considered a secondary hazard to tropical cyclones. For Zamboanga
City, about 216 ha are highly susceptible while 1,413 ha are moderately susceptible to 2-meter
inundation or Alert Level 1 as presented in Table 8.
17
Susceptibility
Principal River Basin / Watershed
None Low Moderate High
Total (ha) 96,430 387 1,413 216
Source: UP-NOAH
Earthquake and Tsunami. The city has experienced moderate to high frequency of earthquake
because of the presence of two major underwater tectonic faults, namely: the Sulu and Cotabato
Trench. Alongside with earthquake due to the movements of tectonic plate, other geologic-related
incidents that could be triggered by earthquakes are liquefaction, landslide, and tsunami.
According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Zamboanga City
has been identified as one of the tsunami prone areas in the country. The city’s coastal barangays
can be overcome by tsunami from 2-5 km landward. The waves could penetrate up to 5 km inside
the city center inundating almost the entire city’s central business district area. In terms of area,
10,126 ha or 10 percent is susceptible to tsunami. This event can destroy almost all the coastal
settlements along the city’s coastal and riverine areas and most of the business, commercial,
institutional, buildings, and educational establishments around the central business district.
Socio-Economic Characteristics
Demographics
In terms of population, Zamboanga City ranked as the sixth largest city in the Philippines. It has
a total population of 977,234 based on the 2020 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) census from
861,234 in 2015. Talon-talon located in an urban area is the most populated barangay with 34,916
residents in 2015. Meanwhile, Pangapuyan, a small island barangay, is the least populated with
only 590 residents.
Its annual population growth rate based on 2010 and 2015 census is 1.26 percent and increased
faster between 2015 to 2020, with 2.50 percent growth; its population density when forest lands
are excluded is 14 persons per hectare. The total number of households in 2015 is 193,970 with
a household size of 4.4.
In terms of watersheds, Tumaga watershed has the most populous area with a total population of
346,729. This is followed by (i) Ayala watershed with 51,660, (ii) Vitali-Taguite watershed with
37,496, (iii) Bolong watershed with 36,741, (iv) Curuan watershed with 21,468, and (v) Manicahan
watershed with 19,991. The rest of the barangays are clumped into minor watershed with a total
population of 347,714. The breakdown of population per barangay is presented in Annex 1.
The estimate of the Regional Development Plan (RDP) is the sustained or increasing population
increased reaching to 3.9 million by 2022 and the population density to 246 per km² from a 226
per km² in 2015. The increase in population, should be complimented with economic growth to
address the constraints of the economy of Zamboanga. If sustained, the direction will most likely
point to decrease of unemployment, underemployment, as well as informal settlement, and urban
sprawl.
Poverty
In reference to the latest CLUP for Zamboanga City, poverty in the city and in the whole of the
Zamboanga Peninsula has four source areas: (i) slow improvement of economic growth, (ii) wide
18
income inequality, (iii) weakness of employment generation and, (iv) vulnerability to externalities
i.e., natural or manmade calamities and disasters. These are generally attributed to the
predominance of agriculture and marine fishing economic activities that majority of its population
especially the marginalized and indigent people are involved.
The PSA measures poverty through the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) every
three years. The report generates a wide array of information including the following:
Poverty Threshold – minimum income required for a family/individual to meet for basic
food needs
Poverty Incidence – proportion of families/individuals with per capita income less than
the per capita poverty threshold to the total number of families
Food Threshold - minimum income for a family/individual to meet the basic food needs
which satisfied the nutritional requirements for economically necessary and socially
desirable physical activities
Subsistence Incidence – Proportion of families/individuals with per capita
income/expenditure less than the per capita food threshold to the total number of
families/individuals
The Poverty Threshold and Poverty Incidence among Families in Region IX is PhP12,388 for year
2018 which is higher compared to the 2015 data which is PhP11,038. While for Zamboanga del
Sur, the per capita poverty threshold for 2018 is PhP11,829, a little lower compared to the regional
data. The poverty incidence in 2018 is 25.2 percent showing an increase from the 23.2 percent
of 2015. Further, the food threshold in 2018 is PhP8,222 compared to the PhP7,035 of 2015. The
subsistence incidence is 9.8 percent in 2018 against 8.4 percent in 2015. 9
When clustered and compared among other provinces, the poverty incidence of Zamboanga del
Sur in 2018 is at “2” (poor) whereas in 2015 the province was clustered under “3” on a scale of
“5”. Figure 15 presents the poverty incidence clusters nationwide comparing 2015 and 2018
results from the FIES.
9
Philippine Statistics Authority. Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines. First Semester 2018. Available at:
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/First%20Semester%202018%20Official%20Poverty%20Statistics_1_0.pdf
19
Source: PSA
The poverty and subsistence incidence presents a picture that a great number of
families/individuals are unable to have access, due to financial constraints, to necessities
including water resources. For instance, poverty and subsistence constraints may deprive access
to clean drinking water and water for hygienic activities that increases susceptibility to water
related/borne diseases.
PSA also claims that poverty is not exclusively defined by income and expenditure but also by
other indices that captures deprivation or disadvantage on various dimensions. The following
indices are captured as the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
Indigenous Peoples
Within the study area are five indigenous peoples (IPs) communities namely: Badjaos, Subanun,
Banguingui, Kolibugan and Yakan. These communities are mostly located in islands and rural
20
areas of Zamboanga City, specifically 16 barangays from District 1 and 33 barangays in District
2. 10
The Badjaos are a sea-based tribe living on boats and coasts in stilt houses. They are usually
referred to as the “Sea Gypsies” found in the provinces of Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan and
Zamboanga City. The Badjao’s livelihood are tied to the sea wherein most of them are expert
fishermen, divers and navigators. In Zamboanga City, they are mostly located in Brgy. Sinunuc.
On the other hand, the Subanun (also as Subanon or Subanen) tribe are land-based living in
solitude in deep forest lands. Their seclusion and distance enabled preservation of deep seeded
traditions and culture that for other remain lost and forgotten. The Subanun, much like the Badjaos
are river-dependent however due to tribe settlement issues and competitions were forced to
relocate in internal regions towards the mountainous areas. Adapting, the Subanun tribe
converted to farming in field, cultivating rice crops and nurturing livestock as their livelihood.
The other three indigenous tribes of Banguingui, Kolibugan and Yakan are a mix of both sea,
mangrove and land-based settlement and livelihood.
Health
The City Health Office (CHO) serves the whole 98 barangays in the City. It has 27 medical officers
or doctors, four dentists, 41 nurses, 117 midwives, 35 sanitation inspectors, four nutritionists,
seven laboratory/medical technologists, 70 administrative personnel and the others serve as
assistants.
As per 2015 record of the CHO, there are 13 medical hospitals, of which six are owned by the
government and seven are private. As of year 2015, these hospitals comprise of 210 doctors,
1,007 nurses and 158 midwives. The hospital under the CHO (Cristino Paragas Memorial
Hospital) is in Brgy. Quiniput. It is classified as an infirmary. However, this hospital is intended to
be converted into a primary hospital which provides clinical care and management on the
prevalent disease in the locality.
There are also 16 main health centers within the city, of which 13 functions as lying-in clinics.
Main Health Centers cover mostly preventive, promotive, and curative aspects of health care
services including referrals from Barangay Health Stations.
In 2015, the crude birth rate in the city is 23.11 per 1,000 population, while the crude death rate
is 4.87 per 1,000 population. The top leading causes of morbidity are: (i) acute respiratory
infection; (ii) wounds; (iii) fever; (iv) animal bite; (v) acute gastroenteritis; (vi) skin disease; (vii)
hypertension; (viii) fibromyalgia; (ix) urinary tract infection; and (x) asthma. Among this sickness:
acute gastroenteritis and skin diseases are waterborne diseases. Meanwhile, the top leading
causes of mortality are: (i) myocardial infarction; (ii) pneumonia; (iii) cerebrovascular disease; (iv)
cancer (all types); (v) undetermined cause; (vi) tuberculosis (pulmonary); (vii) diabetes mellitus
Type II; (viii) sepsis; (ix) congestive heart failure; and (x) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
10 The 1st District encompasses the geographic districts of Ayala, Baliwasan, Labuan, Santa Maria, Zamboanga Central
and the southern part of Santa Barbara; the 2nd District covers the rest of the geographic district of Santa Barbara,
along with Curuan, Manicahan, Mercedes, Putik, Tetuan, Vitali and the Island Barangays.
21
Education
For school year (SY) 2015–2016, the city has the following number of schools per curricular
activity: 21 purely kindergarten (private), 209 elementary, and 71 secondary schools. The
kindergarten and elementary levels are male dominated while the secondary level is female
dominated for both public and private schools.
As per records of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for SY 2015–2016, there are 18
tertiary schools and 34 vocational schools. Female population is more dominant than that of the
males for the enrollees of these schools.
The Senior High School (SHS) Program has been implemented since the SY 2016–2017. There
are 25 DepEd Schools and 37 Non-DepEd schools offering SHS. The programs that are being
offered include Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), General Academic Strand,
Humanities and Social Sciences, Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime, Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics (STEM), Arts and Design, Sports and Technical-Vocational Livelihood.
Economy
In 2020, Zamboanga Peninsula registered a gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Php376
million, contributing to 2 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). The 2020 value
presented a decelerated growth of -5.2 percent (at constant prices) from a growth of 4.6 percent
in 2019. The contraction is mostly attributed to the decline of most, if not all, industries with other
services (-66.2 percent), accommodation and food service activities (-47.2 percent) and
transportation and storage (-39.5 percent). The drastic decline is related to either permanent or
closure of business due to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In spite of this, the
services sector continues to drive the economy accounting for 51.5 percent share to the regional
economy with industry (29.2 percent) and the agriculture, forestry and fishing (19.3 percent) as
contributors.
Zamboanga Peninsula’s share to the 9.6 percent economic contraction of the nation’s economy
is -0.1 percent.
Agriculture
The agricultural sector plays a vital role in the development of Zamboanga City economic position.
It accounts for 30 percent of employment for the Philippines and is a major contributor to the
revenues of the local government. Crops, which have been the highest production in terms of
volume and value, are mango, rice, banana, corn and rubber. In terms of area, rice take up the
highest land covering 5,098.4 ha of land while mangoes produce the largest yield per hectare of
land reaching 14.5 metric tons per ha. Agriculture is a source of livelihood for almost 18,000
farmers. Most of the agricultural products are sold locally. The type of farming technology being
utilized is both traditional and modern.
The strong presence of the agriculture sector in Zamboanga City is contingent to its natural
environment and physical landscape. Considering the vast agriculture land and the settlements
being situated in coastal areas, residents heavily relied on agriculture and fishing as their main
sources of livelihood.
22
Record shows that the crops with the highest production in terms of volume and value are mango,
rice, banana, corn and rubber. In terms of area, rice covers 5,098.4 ha while in terms of
production, mango has the largest yield per ha of land reaching 14.5 metric tons per hectare.
Most of the produce are sold locally and a total of 17,834 farmers are involved in agricultural
production. Apart from the major crops, the City also contributes to the region’s production of
vegetables such as cabbage, tomato, eggplant and cassava.
The agricultural crops by area and production for year 2015 is presented in Figure 16.
Annual Production in MT
6000 25,000.00
Area in Hectares
5000
20,000.00
4000
15,000.00
3000
10,000.00
2000
1000 5,000.00
0 0.00
Watershed Watershed
Rice Corn Mango Banana Rubber Rice Corn Mango Banana Rubber
Source: Office of the City Agriculturist (through Zamboanga City CLUP 2016-2025)
Figure 16: Agricultural Crops and Production for Year 2015
Among the major industries of the city are canning and fish processing. Zamboanga City is
considered as the “Sardines Capital of the Philippines” as it supports 75 percent of the country’s
domestic requirements for canned sardines. Another major manufacturing venture in the City is
shipbuilding and repair since Zamboanga City is declared destination by the Maritime Industry
Authority as a ship building and repair hotspot in the Philippines.
In 2015, Zamboanga City achieved the highest commercial fishery percentage share with
approximately 76.15 percent of the region’s production and the major fish species are indian
sardines (tamban), big-eyed scad (matangbaka) and the roundscad (galunggong). Figure 17
presents the fishery by area and production.
23
Area in Hectares 6000 Area 7000 Annual Production
Annual Production
5000 6000
4000 5000
4000
3000
3000
2000 2000
1000 1000
0 0
Watershed Watershed
Source: Office of the City Agriculturist (through Zamboanga City CLUP 2016-2025)
Figure 17: Fisheries Area and Annual Production for Year 2015
Zamboanga is dominantly engaged in tertiary economic activities primarily in the wholesale and
retail businesses. Also, the city boasts of numerous natural features which are tapped as tourism
destinations. Examples of which are the pristine beaches in the Sta. Cruz Islands and Bolong, the
Merloquet Falls and the Latuan Caves. Owing to its rich history, the city is also characterized with
culture and heritage sites which celebrate the vibrant and diverse mix of religion, traditions and
ways of life.
Zamboanga City is geographically divided into six agricultural districts. As shown in Figure 18,
the Vitali District is the most productive and dominant with largest coverage for agriculture of
6,208.50 ha and the leading producer of major agricultural crops.
30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
Values
15,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
0.00
Tumaga Ayala District Culianan Manicahan Curuan Vitali District
District District District District
Station Name and Water Classification
Area (ha) Annual Volume of Production (MT) No. of Farmers
Among the issues and challenges in agriculture in the City were (i) decrease in agricultural area;
(ii) decrease in crop production; (iii) low value added leading to low income of farmers; (iv) rice
smuggling; (v) rehabilitation of irrigation systems in irrigable lands; (vi) lack of credit support and
financing for agriculture production; (vii) inadequate market linkages; (viii) lack of technical
24
knowledge and low skill level of farmers; (ix) climate related and natural phenomena challenges
(long dry spell and flooding) and (x) difficulty in implementing the organic agriculture act.
The construction of irrigation systems across the City has significantly declined in comparison to
the 1980s. More than construction, there is a need to modernize and rehabilitate these irrigation
systems to support agriculture activities. The City government has been introducing efforts such
as ‘cash-for-work program’ introduced by the City Agriculturist Office which aims to give
employment to affected farmers. Among the major activities they were engaged in is the
desiltation of irrigation dams and rivers.
Overview of the existing irrigation system with a total irrigable area of 3,437 ha is presented in
Table 9.
25
Area (ha) Irrigated Area (ha)
New Non
Name of Irrigation System Service Opera-
Generat FUSA Opera- Wet Dry
Area tional
ed Area tional
Lower Tigbao Licomo SIP 65 65 - - -
Guisao CIS 80 80 80 80 80
Licomo SIP 40 40 - - -
Taloptap CIS 75 75 25 50 25 25
Sub-Total District 2 2,216 130 1,972 1,601 371 1,601 1,601
Sub-Total (Gravity) 2,972 191 2,598 2,187 411 2,187 2,152
Pumps
District 1
Ayala PIP 22 22 22
Zamboanga City CIS I 3 3 3
Vitali PIP 8 8 8
Sub-Total District 1 33 - 33 - 33 - -
District 2
Lumayang PIS 24 24 24
Vitali PIP 22 22 22
Buenavista PIS/Upper
30 24 24 24 24
Buenavista CIS
Sub-Total District 2 76 - 70 24 46 24 24
Sub-Total (Pump) 109 - 103 24 79 24 24
Sub-Total (NIA-Assisted) 3,081 191 2,701 2,211 490 2,211 2,176
OGA-Other Gov't Agency Assisted
Buenagatas CIS - -
Cabaluay CIS 25 25 25 25 25
Guiwan CIS 110 110 110 110 110
Lunzuran CIS 5 5 5 5 5
Manga-Bunguiao CIS 38 38 38 38 38
Muti CIS 20 20 20 20 20
Pamiguitan CIS 18 18 18 18 18
Sapa Tomas CIS 20 20 20 20 20
Seguinan CIS 75 75 75 75 75
Licopon CIS 45 45 45 45 45
Sub-Total OGA 356 - 356 356 - 356 356
Grand Total 3,437 191 3,057 2,567 490.00 2,567 2,532
Source: Office of the City Agriculture
Transportation
Land travel within the city is serviced mostly by tricycles, public utility vehicles (PUVs), private
cars and buses. There are two main entry and exit points in Zamboanga City which are both
national highways: (i) Zamboanga West Coastal Road 11 located in the western portion of the city;
and (ii) Pagadian City-Zamboanga City Road which is located in the eastern part. Additionally,
Curuan Lunday Road and Licomo Sinoropan Road are considered as entry and exit points of
Zamboanga City. The total road kilometrage in the city is 1,214 km wherein about 76 percent of
the City’s roads are gravel surfaced or unpaved. There are also 49 bridges present in the city as
of year 2015.
11
Also known as Zamboanga City-Labuan-Limpapa Road
26
Another major gateway is the Zamboanga International Airport. The airport covers a land area of
137 ha and the length of its runway is 2,611 meters. Having 144 flights per week, it plays a vital
role both in the national air transport system and in the local transport system covering not only
Zamboanga City but also the Western Mindanao region.
In terms of seaports, the most prominent port is the Port of Zamboanga. The three different types
of services that the port of Zamboanga caters are cargo handling, pilotage, and bunkering and
water supply.
Power
The main electricity provider of Zamboanga City is the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines
(NGCP) and several Independent Power Producers (IPPs), while the Zamboanga City Electric
Cooperative (ZAMCELCO) is the one of the three power providers that distribute power
throughout the city. As of 2014, ZAMCELCO serves 90 barangays. The other power distributor is
Zamboanga del Sur Electric Cooperative (ZAMSURECO) 2 covering Vitali district.
Communication Network
There are a number of communication network and information facilities operated in Zamboanga
City. In year 2013, the communication facilities and providers in the city includes seven AM radio
stations, one FM radio station, several TV stations, 15 post office and telegraph stations and eight
local publications. There are three major cellular providers operating in the city: (i) SMART
(including DIGITEL and SUN), (ii) GLOBE; and (iii) PLDT. Two telephone landlines are operating
in the city. As of 2013, the total telephone lines installed is 17,227 km.
Among the issues and challenges faced by the city in the communication sector are: (i) only one
line supports the communication facilities in the city; (ii) poor signals of cellular phones are
experienced by the subscribers; (iii) intermittent internet connection; (iv) no private-public
partnership exists; and (v) no local ordinance protect the rights of the consumers.
Access to Water
According to DOH-FHSIS (2016), about 96 percent of households in the six major watersheds
have access to improved safe water supply. Majority or about 74 percent have access to Level III
water supply system, 14 percent to Level II and 12 percent to Level I. ZCWD is the City’s water
service provider of Level III water supply system. The source primarily comes from Tumaga River
and Mercedes River. Further information about water district is discussed in ZCWD’s Section.
Waste Management
Solid Waste. The City has undertaken several measures to facilitate the implementation of a
functional solid waste management system. The City is currently operating a Sanitary Landfill
Facility (SLF) on a 10.6 ha property located at Brgy. Salaan which started operation on 31 March
2015. The SLF is design to receive the City’s solid waste for 15 years at a rate of 200 tons per
day and it is operating the first cell that receives heterogenous wastes at an average rate of 160
tons per day. Waste reduction and recycling activities namely composting, recycling of
polystyrene using styro/plastic densifier machine and waste recovery at junk shops are among
the activities which contribute to the lower actual disposal volume.
27
Wastewater. The Environmental Management Bureau under the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (EMB-DENR) in Zamboanga City revealed that domestic wastes are the major
source of pollution with 33 percent, followed by livestock with 29 percent and industrial sources
at 27 percent. On the other hand, non-point sources of pollution account for 11 percent of the
organic load contribution to bodies of water. Republic Act (RA) No. 9275 or Clean Water Act of
2004 states that industrial and manufacturing establishments that discharge wastewater must
install and operate efficient wastewater pollution control facilities before starting its operation.
ZCWD’s sewerage system was constructed in 1933 by the United States. It currently covers about
80 ha in four urban barangays, with a combined population of 9,083, according to the August
2015 census.
The collection system consists of approximately 11,400 linear meters (lm) of vitrified clay pipes of
with sizes ranging from 100 to 300 mm diameters. The facility includes two pumping stations, the
East Pumping Station has three vertically mounted sewage pumps that have a combined capacity
of 9,230 m³/day. The West Pumping Station has two vertically mounted sewage pumps with a
combined capacity of 11,535 m³/day. The sewage collected at the West Pumping Station is
discharged through a 300 mm cast iron pipe. The two pumping stations are connected by two 200
mm cast iron pressure pipes. (USAID, 2017).
Spatial Development
The Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Spatial Development Framework (ZRSDF) for 2016 to 2045,
consistent with the National Spatial Strategy (NSS) and the Mindanao Spatial Strategy
Development Framework (MSSDF) provides information on the network of settlements and the
growth direction and channels for the Zamboanga Peninsula. The document charters the direction
28
through the triangulation of their area’s natural resource endowments, facilities, comparative
advantages, population projections and other information related to overall development.
The increasing population coupled by variable inflation rates and the slow, or at times, deceasing
regional economic growth requires Zamboanga Peninsula to adapt the Concentric Y-strategy.
This focuses and distributes intervention into areas of economic concentration which are Dipolog
City, Dapitan City, Pagadian City, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga City.
The plan also emphasized on reviving the Source: ZamPenRDP 2017-2022, Midterm Update
agriculture and fisheries sector in
Figure 20: Proposed Hierarchy of Settlements
Zamboanga City. This shall be done
through enabling Zamboanga City as the
principal actor to the whole Peninsula in
transforming as a Center of Sustainable
Agri-Fishery Industries of the Philippines.
29
Zamboanga City Water District Profile
The original water system in Zamboanga City was built
between 1911 and 1913 by the United States colonial
government for the purpose of serving the needs of US
forces in the city at that time. In 1948, the City of
Zamboanga took over the management of the water
system. Presidential Decree 198, otherwise known as
the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, authorized the
formation of water districts to operate local waterworks
system. Consequently, ZCWD was created pursuant to
Resolution No. 446 (amended by Resolution No. 77,
dated 6 March 1974) that was passed by the Zamboanga
City Council on 8 November 1973. Since then, ZCWD
operates and manages the water supply for Zamboanga
City.
Figure 21:
Figure 20: Official
Official Logo
Logo of
of ZCWD
ZCWD
Year End Monthly Data Sheet. Highlights of the ZCWD’s performance in terms of service and
financial condition for the year 2020 based on its MDS for December 2020 are shown in Table
10.
Table 10: ZCWD Profile
Description Value
Service Connection Data
Total Active 65,261
Estimated Population Served 326,305
Billing and Collection Data
Billing (PhP) 55,897,391.91
Collection (PhP) 58,172,407.00
Collection Efficiency (%) 92.33%
YTD Collection Ratio (%) 79.77%
Financial Data (YTD)
Revenue 754,914,121.15
Expenses 705,181,687.98
Income (loss) 49,732,433.02
Source of Supply
Operational Wells 21
Spring 7
Surface 1
Bulk 1
Total production (m3/year) 51,395,097.9
Total consumption (m3/year) 20,667,522.0
Accounted water (%) 40.21%
Miscellaneous Data
Total no. of employees 672
Regular 345
30
Description Value
Job order contracts 327
No. of connections per employee 189
Source: ZCWD MDS 2020
Tariff Structure and Approved Rates for Implementation. Effective April 2021, ZCWD adopted
the recently approved water rates as presented in Table 11.
Existing Water District Facilities and Water Sources. The original water system in Zamboanga
City was built by the United States colonial government in 1911 for the purpose of serving the
needs of US forces in the city at the time. It consisted of an intake box, a grit removal basis, a
three- kilometer reinforced concrete aqueduct, a reservoir and a distribution system which was
expanded in 1930.
The Local Government of Zamboanga City took over the management of the water system in
1948. The water system was subsequently named as Zamboanga City Waterworks and
12 Approved by LWUA Board of Trustees per Resolution No. 53, series of 2020 and ZCWD Board of Directors per
Resolution No. 20, series of 2021
13 Based on December 2020 ZCWD MDS, the average number of persons per connection is five members per
household.
31
Sewerage System (ZCWSS). The city government, through a PhP 2 million financing loan from
the Development Bank of the Philippines, funded the repair and improvement of the water system.
ZCWD also operates and maintains a complex water system which utilizes both surface and
groundwater sources. Majority of these water sources are found within the Pasonanca Natural
Park. It contains most of the water sources and catchment areas utilized by ZCWD. Presented in
Figure 24 is the main water system schematic diagram.
32
Figure
Figure 23:24: ZCWDMain
ZCWD MainWater
Water System
System Schematic
SchematicDiagram
Diagram
33
a. Surface Water
Water Treatment Plant. The existing WTP was constructed in two phases. Phase I was
commissioned in 1981 with production capacity of 35 million liters per day (MLD), and an identical
plant (Phase II) was commissioned in 1991, resulting in a total installed capacity of 70 MLD. The
WTP has a ground concrete reservoir with a combined storage capacity of 15,000 m3. The WTPs
are located at the Pasonanca Park in Brgy. Pasonanca.
Old Reservoir. Another water supply facility is The Zamboanga City Old Reservoir, located several
meters below the existing Phase I and Phase II WTPs, is also used to augment water to the
system. The old reservoir can produce 24 m3/day and up to a maximum of 29 m3 of potable water.
Excess water from the watershed is being diverted to the old reservoir for distribution. However,
operation of the old reservoir is dependent only on the excess water. During drought, the old
reservoir is rendered in operational. As with the Dumalon water source, the old reservoir is also
vulnerable to high turbidity. In the absence of a treatment facility, high turbidity drastically
diminishes the old reservoir from supplying its rated capacity.
34
Dumalon. The Dumalon water source is located at upper Baluno, at the western portion of
Zamboanga City. It is approximately located 835 masl. Dumalon is a spring source with a capacity
of 550 gallons per minute (gpm). Areas supplied by the Dumalon Water system are: Baluno –
Zambame, portion of Cawit, portion of Brgy. Maasin, portion of barangays Tulungatung,
Malagutay, Flamingo, Upper Calarian, Pasay- San Roque, Bandera, Capisan, Dulian, Km. 7
Pasonanca and Busay Lantawan. The DPWH Project: Dulian – Cabatangan Water System which
is for commissioning will also be supplied by the Dumalon source. However, the source is still
susceptible to high turbidity. Whenever heavy precipitation occurs in the area, water becomes
turbid. In the absence of a water treatment facility, operation has to be stopped until the turbidity
level goes down to acceptable limits. Due to its high elevation, pressure surges are also
experienced. However, interruptions are mainly caused by high turbidity. Although the source
traverses several barangays, water supply in these areas are erratic as a result of adverse climatic
conditions.
Table 13 presents the historical annual production of the surface water source from years 2016
to 2020.
b. Groundwater
Production Wells. Production wells provide the domestic water supply needs of residents, which
are not or inadequately served by the ZCWD. Many of the wells are shallow to moderate depths
and of low designed capacity. Except for a few commercial and industrial wells, they usually
provide for household requirements. Well casing diameters range from 64 mm for household
boreholes to 300 mm for industrial wells. Depths range from 9 to 183 m although more than 75
percent are not more than 25 m deep. ZCWD is presently utilizing 13 production wells with an
average production capacity of about 11,700 m³/day. Each of these production wells is equipped
with submersible/turbine pump and a generator set that runs it for 24 hours a day. Presented in
Table 14 is the profile of the production wells.
35
Clay Seal 2m
Encased with spiral steel casing
Elevated structures;
Protection Structures/mechanisms Sealed casing 15 m from NGL
against natural threats With perimeter fence with Security Guards
Equipped with loggers
Equipped with Standby Generator Set (Standby Power)
Raw Water Quality
Passed the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
Average General Quality
mandatory parameters
Persistent Water Quality Issue High levels of Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) and Chloride (Cl)
A total of 24 production wells are owned by ZCWD of which, 13 are operational, eight are on
standby and three are decommissioned. The historical annual production of wells from years 2016
to 2020 is presented in Table 15. Detailed production of each well is presented in Annex 2.
Spring Sources. ZCWD is also operating seven spring water sources which include: (i) Tolosa;
(ii) Tictapul; (ii) Lumayang; (iv) Labuan; (v) Vitali; (vi) Dumalon; and (vii) Lamisan.
Tolosa Water System tapped a total of 12 spring sources located at varying elevations ranging
from 500-510 masl. These spring sources include: (i) Florida Spring, (ii) Lupirao – Erwino 1, (iii)
Lupirao – Erwino 2, (iv) Lupirao – Erwino 3, (v) Lupirao – Erwino Pandan, (vi) Kanya 1, (vii) Kanya
2 – Box 1, (viii) Kanya 2 – Box 2, (ix) Virgilio 1, (x) Virgilio 2, (xi) Sta. Clara 1 and (xii) Sta. Clara
2. The system is expected to supply a population of 2,775 persons or 555 households.
36
The Lumayang Spring Source has a discharge of 2.52 lps and is projected to serve a population
of 1,982 persons or 396 households. Labuan Water System is being supplied by three springs
located in Labuan with elevations ranging from 352 to 479 masl. It has a total flow of 8.20 lps and
is capable of serving 6,411 persons or 1,288 households. Vitali Water System is being supplied
the Kamalik surface water source located at an elevation of 161 masl. It has an average flow of
4.08 lps and is capable of serving 3,205 persons or 641 households. The Dumalon Water System,
which will utilize Dumalon River as the water source, has a total discharge of 47.25 lps. An intake
facility will be constructed at an elevation of 850 masl in Sitio Zambales, Brgy. Baluno. This water
system is expected to serve a population of 37,113 persons or 7,423 households. The spring
water source in Lamisahan has an average discharge of 5.34 lps and is located at an elevation
of 370 masl. This water source is seen to be capable of serving a population of 7,878 persons or
1,576 households.
37
ZCWD is operating seven spring water sources with total rated capacity of 662,856 m3/year.
Historical actual production is presented in Table 17. Detailed historical production of each spring
source is presented in Annex 2.
Distribution Network. The profile of ZCWD distribution system is presented in Table 19.
38
Table 19: Profile of ZCWD Distribution System
Distribution Components General Descriptions
1. Reservoir Talon-Talon Booster Station
DSWD Booster Station
Luyahan Booster Station
Cabatangan Booster Station
Lunzuran Booster Station
Lumbangan Overhead Tanks
DSWD Overhead Tank
Talon-Talon Ground Tank
Lumayang Ground Tank
Tolosa-Imelda Ground Tank
2. Valves 538 units
3. Valve Boxes 538 units
4. Telescopic 138 units
5. Hydrants 395 units
6. Blow Offs 36 units
7. Distribution Network Transmission Pipeline (Materials: DI/CI/CLCS)
700 mm 19,454 lm
600 mm 6,172 lm
500 mm 6,446 lm
450 mm 3,987 lm
Distribution Pipeline (Materials: PVC/CI/CLCS)
400 mm 9,950 lm
350 mm 5,499 lm
300 mm 4,649 lm
250 mm 20,396 lm
200 mm 56,934 lm
150 mm 86,748 lm
Lateral Pipeline (Materials: PVC/CI/PE/PB)
100 mm 216,335 lm
75 mm 53,902 lm
50 mm 45,684 lm
Source: ZCWD Water Safety Plan
District Metering Areas. A district metering area (DMA) is defined as a discrete area of a water
distribution network. It is usually created by closing boundary valves so that it remains flexible to
changing demands. The DMA facilitates the measurement of supply and billed volume. The
difference of these represents the NRW level in a particular DMA. It serves as an input in
prioritizing reduction.
Under the NRW Reduction Project of ZCWD, which is carried out through Joint Venture
Agreement (JVA) with Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI), there will be a total of 39 DMA from
Ayala in the west coast to Pasobolong in the east coast. Five of these DMAs in the east coast
and the DMA Ayala in the west coast are deep-well fed. The rest are supplied by surface water
source through the two water treatment plants and the old reservoir in Pasonanca. In addition to
these DMAs, the ZCWD also established and manages its own nine DMAs which are mostly
separate and stand-alone water systems that are not yet completely interconnected to the main
network. Map of the DMA formation is presented in Figure 28. The NRW as of December 2020
for each DMA is presented in Table 22.
39
Source: ZCWD Water Safety Plan
40
System Operation and Maintenance
The service quality and water quality of the ZCWD observes the following standards:
Based on December 2020 MDS, the average water consumption per connection of ZCWD for
residential customers is about 23.2 m3. Assuming an average of five persons per household
connection, the unit per capita for same period can be calculated to be 155 liters per capita per
day (lpcd). This will be used as baseline data for the water demand projection.
Water Accountability. The total annual production of ZCWD based on its December 2020 MDS
was 4,696,176 m3 and the total accounted for water was 1,688,255 m3 resulting to an estimated
NRW of 64.1 percent.
Consumption Data. Presented in Table 21 is the monthly average consumption per connection
data for the different classifications.
Resource Constraints. Presented in Table 22 is the resources constraint of the existing system.
41
Source Quality of Raw Water Quantity of Raw Water Other Issues Identified
• Physical (presence of • Limited water • Absence of a
sand/debris due to over production due to over treatment facility to
extraction or extraction address high
deterioration of the well • Improper planning and concentration of
casing) lack of well permitting metallic elements
• Chemical (high • Lack of hydrogeologic
concentration of metallic and water pumping
Groundwater
elements, such as iron data of existing wells
and manganese)
• Bacteriological
contaminants due to
seepage of waste from
septic tanks or other
sources
Source: ZCWD Water Safety Plan
Non-Revenue Water. Almost all water districts in the Philippines suffer to some extent from
losses in their distribution network. Referred to as NRW, the resulting losses hamper efforts to
expand the distribution network to underserved or non-served populations. In 2020, the NRW is
64 percent and varies between 50 and 64 percent on an annual basis since the year 2015 as
presented in Table 23. The trend is a steady increase in NRW over the past six years.
Prior efforts with outside contractors to control NRW have not been successful. A twinning
collaboration between Davao City Water District (DCWD) and ZCWD was first introduced in 2010
as part of the Local Water Operators Partnership Program of Philippine Association of Water
Districts (PAWD). The partnership sought to address the challenge of reducing NRW through the
sharing of expertise and experiences between DCWD (the expert twin) and ZCWD (the recipient
twin). As of this writing, another effort for this twinning agreement is being considered by the
ZCWD.
In 2015, ZCWD and the Manila Water Company Inc. signed an agreement on a performance-
based NRW-reduction and network restructuring project. The project is a PhP300 million
agreement that was reportedly a pioneering public partnership program on system loss reduction.
It is a 10-year joint agreement with the first five years set to a network reconstructing program
that will involve the formation of 33 DMAs and will involve an active leakage reduction program.
Moreover, the first five years of the contract aimed for decrease of ~25% NRW or equivalent to
28 MLD recovered water. After two years from the beginning of the joint venture, the NRW
program had established and commissioned 26 DMAs. This figure was 18 percent more that the
contractual target of 22 as of March 2017 resulting in the recovery of about 410 million liters or
410,000 m³ in May of the same year (ZCWD, 2017). With respect to the data presented in the
Table 23, the NRW program with Manila Water Company does not appear to result in any
reduction in NRW.
42
Bulk Water Supply. There are several operational issues identified with regards to the bulk water
supply of ZCWD which are hindering the ability of the water district to achieve water security:
During heavy precipitation, high turbidity causes reduction in production, thus it cannot
meet its 50 MLD contractual obligation;
Drought reduces production due to insufficient water at its source, thus it cannot meet
its 50 MLD contractual obligation;
Deep wells were developed by Prime Water to augment production during low water
levels at its source 14;
During the last El Niño climatic events, Prime Water tried to continuously operate the
wells, however, the pumping water level dropped causing the flow to drop; and
Out of the four deep wells, two are not yet operational. There are permitting issues
pending with the City Planning Division Office (CPDO).
Presented in Figure 30 is the Prime Water production summary for year 2020. The delivery of
bulk water improved starting June of 2020. However, if another El Niño phenomenon will hit the
city, it is expected that bulk water supply will again be unable to meet its contractual obligation.
Even with the operation of the deep wells to augment its water production, the problem that Prime
Water experienced in the pumping water level drop after continuous pumping and insufficient
water from its surface source will still cause a shortfall in its supply. The issues faced by Prime
Water related to the wells are directly linked to the lack of proper planning and will likely continue
in the future. As shown during the recent El Niño events, any shortfall in Prime Water’s supply will
impact water security especially at the west coast. The construction and utilization of the new
wells may increase the ability of Prime Water to supply water, but any additional water supplied
during dry periods or El Niño events will have minimal impact on the water needs of ZCWD.
60
50
Average Production (MLD)
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average (MLD)
14 The ZCWD maintains that under the contract, Primewater should supply bulk water from its surface source. Using
deep wells to augment its production is not within the contract. Primewater developed and uses the wells anyway.
43
Assessment on the Condition of the Study Area
On the Physical Features
Zamboanga City’s dominant land uses are the forest and agriculture areas. Its growth and
development are highly concentrated in the major urban areas of the City, specifically in the
Tumaga watershed.
The city being a Type III climate is least frequent to be visited by typhoon, however, based on
historical records, it has experienced high rainfall event causing flood and prolonged drought
seasons. These conditions pose effects such as displacement of settlements in affected areas,
drying of communal irrigation, less water production, and increase health and sanitation issues.
To address persistent effects of drought and other climate-change related hazards, certain
measures must be taken into consideration by the city government of Zamboanga. One of which
is the preservation and protection of forest and watershed resources coupled with implementation
of stricter policy for the preservation of these areas. Another is the distribution and concentration
of the developments away from the coastal and other vulnerable areas which may reduce the
social damages brought by natural hazards calamities and disasters. In addition, the city
government could educate and train the IPs in helping to preserve the natural environment. These
IPs could greatly aid in the protection and preservation of Zamboanga City’s forests and
watershed areas. Another is the exploration of surface water from various river systems of the
city as additional sources for domestic and irrigation consumption. Opting for groundwater
sources for domestic water supply is not recommended since they are found to be either less
productive or limited or insignificant and prone to contamination/pollution.
In 2020, the city has higher population growth rate at 2.50 percent from 2015 to 2020 compared
to the national and regional growth rates at 1.30 percent and 1.21 percent, respectively. Likewise,
the population density is also higher at 610 per km² compared to the national and regional of 358
per km² and 215 per km², respectively. Among the major watersheds, Tumaga is the most
populous and considered entirely as urban area and has become highly attractive for locals and
migrants to reside in. This leads to high density developments and increasing land values.
Table 24: Population 1990 To 2045, Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Peninsula and The
Philippines, 1990 To 2045
Zamboanga Zamboanga
Year Philippines
City Peninsula
1990 442,345 2,280,460 61,895,168
1995 511,139 2,567,651 69,784,088
2000 601,794 2,831,412 77,991,755
2010 92,337,852
2015 102,113,212
2020 109,035,343
2025 116,833,053
2030 123,697,926
2035 130,039,796
2040 135,618,864
2045 142,000,000
44
Zamboanga Zamboanga
Year Philippines
City Peninsula
2050 1,500,000
Population projections based on 1980 to 2010 population growth rates, with a rate of change of
1.72 percent between 2010 to 2015, decreasing to 0.65 percent per year from 2040 to 2050. The
medium variant projected population of the city in 2050 using the above growth rate is around 1.5
million from 2020 population of 977,234. (See Table 25)
Assuming the same increasing incidence of poverty as in the province, the number of poor
households who will need to have access to cheaper but clean water for drinking and for personal
hygiene will be increasing correspondingly with threats to health, particularly incidence of
gastroenteritis and skin diseases.
The presence of IPs communities, particularly the Subanuns in the forest areas which are critical
watersheds as well as the Badjaos living on boats and along and off the coasts and those based
in mangrove areas require protected mountain springs development and unique water supply and
sanitation systems in low-lying and above-the seawater, respectively.
Zamboanga City is poised and positioned as the commercial, industrial, financial, and educational
center of the region. And by 2045, the City is envisioned to be the Metropolitan Center of the
region which can be achieved through the following strategies: (i) build efficient, productive, and
green urban areas for inclusive development, (ii) improve connectivity within and beyond the
borders of Zamboanga Peninsula, (iii) reduce vulnerability of communities from risks due to
natural and human-induced hazards, (iv) reduce poverty and, (v) ensure peace, security and
safety.
The city government must take advantage of strategic development planning strategies to fully
maximize its potential especially that the Zamboanga Ecozone and Freeport is in the City.
Furthermore, the city government must be able to capitalize on the existing assets and resources
to generate more income and provide employment opportunities for the people mainly because
of the strong presence of agricultural industry.
The development pattern of Zamboanga City as presented in the recent CLUP should be directed
inland due to the high susceptibility of coastal areas to ecological hazards. Decentralization of the
45
existing urban concentration is possible with much space for development and expansion for all
land use types. Through this, the City will be able to accommodate the current and projected
population of Zamboanga. Vis-à-vis to this various proposed growth centers, provision of social
services, increasing employment opportunities and improving quality of life and enhancing various
infrastructures including the provisions for safe and reliable water supply and sanitation, must be
taken into consideration.
Over years, the agricultural area has found to decrease primarily due to the conversion of some
into residential uses. Thus, the demand for both food and housing will increase the conflict in land
use, where the demand for increasing residential lands will result to a corresponding decrease in
agricultural lands and agricultural production, unless a corresponding increase in productivity can
be attained. Increased coverage of irrigation and drainage systems can provide the needed
agricultural productivity improvements.
Based on Zamboanga City Land Use Plan, agriculture areas cover 33% of the City’s total land
area. The City is heavily reliant on its agriculture industry. Hence, issues and concerns pertaining
to agricultural sector shall be addressed to achieve resiliency. One issue is the need to address
the negative impacts of climate change and the onset of long dry spells and flooding in the City
that can affect crop and livestock production. Another is the need for improvement or development
of communal irrigation system across the City. The construction of irrigation systems has
significantly declined in comparison to the 1980s. Lastly, the possible conflicting issues or
competition dynamics in water resources particularly between agricultural and domestic water
demand must be taken into account. For instance, Manicahan River which is currently being used
as irrigation water supply is also proposed as an additional source for domestic consumption. The
average dependable flow within the existing NIA dam in Manicahan River with geographical
coordinates of 7°2'10.76"N, 122°10'30.89"E can supply approximately 0.903 cms (78 MLD) under
base case scenario and 0.855 cms (74 MLD) considering climate change scenario. On the other
hand, the average dependable flow in the proposed intake point 15 for the domestic water supply
can supply approximately 0.642 cms (56 MLD) under base case scenario and 0.606 cms (52
MLD) considering climate change scenario.
Infrastructure and utilities are considered to be vital factors in order to attain community’s
sustainability. For domestic water supply, ZCWD being the primary water service provider has to
increase its area coverage and has to plan for additional water requirements with the City’s
continuous development and growth. Concurrently, there is a need to address the existing water
supply deficit in its service area. As reported, barangays Malagutay, Sinunuc, Maasin,
Tulungatung, Sangali, Lamzones, Tolosa, Vitali, Lamisahan, Lumayang, and Cacao are
experiencing low water supply even during rainy season. There is also a need to reduce the non-
revenue water of its system. Considering 50 percent water loss, a water supply shortage of
4,032,891 m³ per annum was experienced during 2015.
15
The geographical coordinates of the proposed intake point for the domestic water supply is 7°4'18.44"N,
122°9'8.11"E. It is located approximately 8 kilometers upstream of the existing NIA Dam in Manicahan
River.
46
Consequently, with the increase in water consumptions, used water collection and treatment must
be implemented to protect the water quality grade of the rivers. In particular, the rivers of
Manicahan, Cabaluay, and Mercedes are below the quality standard set by DENR. Currently, the
City’s sewer system is only limited within the central business district. Other sources of pollution
from industries, public markets, and flea markets, and non-point pollution sources such as
agricultural run-off, must be provided with wastewater treatment measures.
In terms of solid waste management, it is expected that along with the increase in urban
population, the total volume of solid waste generation in the city will also escalate. If no effective
management measures are implemented, the health of residents of Zamboanga City will be
affected and greatly damage the natural environment, affecting the tourism and housing
industries.
The COVID-19 pandemic has strained the City’s health system to its limits to fight the spread of
the virus and protecting the lives of Zamboangueños. Not only does it pose threats to the health
and medical sector but it has also drastically developed into an economic crisis. Relevant to the
community quarantine imposed by the LGUs, the COVID-19 pandemic has disturbed the City’s
economic and consumption activities. The total estimated losses due to the imposition of
Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in the Zamboanga region alone was estimated at
PhP4.91 billion or 1.26 percent of the projected 2020 GRDP. 16
In the water supply sector, the ideal 24/7 supply of water has not been attained in some areas.
About 14 percent of total households have Level II water supply access. The most common
complaint is the difficulty in fetching water from communal faucets due to ECQ.
There are numerous strategies and suggested policy formations under social sector, economic
sector, infrastructure, governance, and environment of the Zamboanga Region to move toward
the new normal. Highlighted herein are the strategies related to the preparation of the Water
Security Master Plan:
16
Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council for Region IX. Zamboanga Peninsula COVID-19
Regional Recovery Program 2020-2022 (Abridged Version). June 2020
47
III. Current Water Security Situation in Zamboanga City
Institutional and Organization Outlook
Legal Framework of the Water Sector
Constitution and Water Code of the Philippines. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
stipulates that water resource is “owned by the State” and its development and utilization “shall
be under the full control and supervision of the State” 17. The basic water law is the Presidential
Decree (PD) No. 1067 series (s) of 1976 otherwise known as the Water Code of the Philippines,
which is enacted under the same principles as those of the Constitution. It has the following
underlying principles:
The Water Code governs the appropriation of water. Such appropriation of water is legally allowed
for the following purposes: domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock
raising, industrial, and recreational. The measure and limit of water appropriation is its beneficial
use 19. Standards of beneficial use are prescribed by NWRB to the appropriators of water for
different purposes and conditions. No person shall appropriate water without a water right that is
acquired through issuance of a water permit 20. The most noticeable point in the water
appropriation is that the Water Code adopts the policy of “first-in time, first-in right” for the water
allocation among users. In its Article 22, the code provides “between two or more appropriators
of water from the same sources of supply, priority in time of appropriation shall give the better
right, except that in times of emergency the use of water for domestic and municipal purposes
shall have a better right over all other uses; provided, that where water shortage is recurrent and
the appropriator for municipal use has a lower priority in time of appropriation, then it shall be his
duty to find an alternative source of supply”.
Water Supply. In the 1970s, the Philippines made three legislations which formed the basis of
today’s water supply sector:
RA No. 6234 an act creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS) and dissolving the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority
at least 60% of its capital owned by Philippine citizens, or (iii) a government entity or a government-owned
corporation.
48
(NAWASA) 21. This act authorized MWSS to serve water supply and sanitation needs
of Metro Manila.
Presidential Decree No. 198, as amended, otherwise known as the Provincial Water
Utilities Act of 1973 was enacted to form local water districts 22 for provincial cities and
municipalities outside of Metro Manila. The act also created the LWUA to provide
institutional, technical and financial assistance to water districts nationwide.
Presidential Decree No.1206, s. 1977, known as the Public Service Law, authorizes
NWRB to supervise water supply services and regulate water tariffs, except those
under the control of MWSS and LWUA.
Sanitation. The Sanitation Code promulgated as Presidential Decree No. 856, s. 1975 is a
comprehensive legal basis which broadly covers various activities related to health and sanitation.
The health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public services should be
directed towards the protection and promotion of health. With the advance in the field of sanitation
in recent years, there arises the need for updating and codifying the scattered sanitary laws to
ensure that they are in keeping with modern standards of sanitation and provide a handy
reference and guide for their enforcement. Hence, the Department of Health (DOH) issued the
Revised IRR for Chapter XVII “Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage”
which was signed on 27 May 2021 establishing/updating the requirements on collection,
treatment, and disposal of sewage and domestic sludge. Furthermore, provisions on sanitation
services are also emphasize in the Local Government Code and Presidential Decree 198 23.
There are more than 30 national agencies involved in the water sector but ten of which are key
agencies involved in the planning, financing, implementation, operation, and regulation of the
water sector outside Metro Manila. Presented in Table 27 are the major institutions and their key
functions.
21 NAWASA was a national agency in charge of waterworks development and operation in the Philippines. The
NAWASA systems suffered from inadequate capital and an inordinately centralized decision-making. Most decisions
and purchases had to be approved by the Manila central office.
22 A water district is a local corporate entity responsible for water supply and wastewater management systems in one
or more provincial cities or municipalities. It is established on a local option basis by the local chief executive and, like
LWUA, is classified as a Government Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC).
23 Otherwise known as Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973
49
Agency Main Function
DENR Watershed management programs and oversight body for
wastewater effluent
LWUA Provides financing, technical assistance and institutional
development services to water districts
LGUs Delivery of basic services and facilities such as safe potable water to
their constituents. Responsibility includes policy formulation,
planning, and regulatory functions and program implementation on
water, sewerage and sanitation.
Department of the Interior and Extends general administration and capacity-building support in all
Local Government (DILG) aspects of local governance to the LGUs, including water and
sanitation concerns.
DOH Develops water quality guideline for water service providers;
formulates water supply and sanitation programs to prevent
environmental-related diseases; development of policies related to
health
Department of Budget and DBM is an executive body under the Office of the President which is
Management (DBM) and mandated to promote the sound and efficient use of government
Department of Finance (DOF) resources.
DOF is responsible for national fiscal policy and management. It
provides sector funding through government financing institutions
(GFIs)
Updated Philippine Development Plan. The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022
has been formulated to lay down the foundation for inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient
society, and a globally competitive knowledge economy. This foundation is intended to be strong
enough for the next three development plans to build on. The strategic framework of the PDP
2017-2022 is guided by AmBisyon Natin 2040 24. The Philippines was on its way to becoming an
upper-middle-income country, until the once-in-a-century global pandemic caused by COVID-19,
hit. Given this, the PDP was enhanced to respond to the challenges brought about by the
pandemic. The Updated PDP 2017-2022 will lead the Philippines back to the vision of a strongly
rooted, comfortable and secure life. Under the Updated PDP 2017-2022, the following strategies
related to water resources were identified:
Pursue water supply and sanitation (WSS) policies, plans and programs in accordance
with the key reform agenda identified in the PWSSMP. With the amplified importance of
WSS during the COVID-19 pandemic and moving forward, the reform agenda will focus
on the following areas, which are ultimately aimed at making water services adequately
accessible for all: (i) establishing effective WSS sector institutions; (ii) strengthening
regulatory environment; (iii) creating and ensuring effective WSS services; (iv) balancing
water supply and demand; (v) building climate resiliency; (vi) enabling access to funding
and financing; (vii) managing data and information; and (viii) driving R&D.
Pursue initiative on attaining water security. Increase in water demand arising from an
expected rise in individual hygiene practices and disinfection of public spaces due to
COVID-19, as well as rising support to urban/community farming practices, would call for
24 “By 2040, the Philippines shall have been a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor;
our peoples live long and healthy lives, are smart and innovative, and live in a high-trust society” (Executive Order
No. 5 s. 2016)
50
new water sources to ensure that demand is met, especially in areas suffering from water
scarcity. Thus, the government will continue to support the development of new water
sources and prioritization of surface water development. Groundwater recharge system in
the development of the surface water source for critical areas will be incorporated.
Measures on efficient water utilization and conservation, as well as the use of eco-efficient
water infrastructure such as, but not limited to, rainwater harvesting, water reuse, proper
agricultural and agronomic planning for irrigation, and other emerging technologies on
WSS will continue to be promoted to avert water shortage.
Adopt a common/unified framework for resource allocation for WSS and review the
National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP) to accelerate the
provision of WSS services. Under the common/unified framework for resource allocation,
the national government will ensure the availability of the required budget allocation for
WSS projects. Likewise, in accordance with the Clean Water Act (RA 9275), sewerage
and septage management projects will be implemented. Given this, the government will
explore the expansion or restructuring of the NSSMP to accommodate more beneficiaries
other than sewerage or septage management systems in highly-urbanized cities and first-
class cities or municipalities.
Optimize funds for irrigation development and strengthen technical capacities for the
development and maintenance of irrigation facilities guided by the National Irrigation
Master Plan. Water allocation for irrigation will have to be managed efficiently to offset the
imminent increase in domestic or municipal water consumption to combat COVID-19.
Specifically, the government will shift its focus in the short term towards funding the
operation and maintenance, rehabilitation, and/or restoration of existing irrigation systems
across the regions, instead of funding for the construction of multi-year large irrigation
systems.
Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan. PWSSMP is an action plan being led by
NEDA to achieve universal access to water supply and sanitation services from 2019 to 2030. It
was aligned in government’s goal of attaining water supply and sanitation targets under the PDP
2017-2022, Clean Water Act of 2004 and United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG). Highlights concerning Zamboanga City as presented in the PWSSMP are as follows:
Water Availability, Water Stress, and Water Scarcity. NWRB has identified Zamboanga
City as one of the nine water-critical urban areas where water is consumed intensively.
51
List of Programs and Projects. An estimated amount of PhP20.46 billion for water supply
projects 25 and PhP339 million for sanitation projects 26 are identified for Zamboanga City.
Sustain the implementation and rehabilitation of irrigation systems in the region. The
funding and implementation of rehabilitation of Communal Irrigation System (CIS) and
Small Water Impounding System (SWIP) shall be accelerated to sustain the provision of
water for rice lands across the region;
Prioritize the funding of major irrigation projects;
Conduct preliminary investigation on supplemental water sources for CIS and allocate
funds to augment and sustain the supply of irrigation water;
Provide adequate, safe and sustainable water supply and explore and develop new water
sources to meet existing and growing demand;
Public and private facilities shall be required to establish sewage and septage treatment
plants for treating wastewater;
Incorporate water collection system in school building design of DPWH/DepEd;
Zamboanga Peninsula water districts to conduct Isotope studies for watershed within their
areas of responsibility;
Improve disaster flood mitigation and response and reduce adverse effects; and
Mitigate flood damage in principal river basin.
Fast track the requirements for the proposed water development projects;
Persuade the national government to give financial aid to all local water districts
nationwide;
Forge sustained partnerships with capable and reputable private entities in the
implementation of water supply, development, and distribution projects;
Institutionalize a National Emergency Management Program for water districts for
emergency response network and resource procurement and pooling; and
Institutionalize water harvesting facilities in all residential, business, commercial and
government offices.
25 Proposed water supply projects include: (i) Short Term (Cahumban Water System, Feederline/Water Services
Expansion, Zamboanga City WD Impounding Dam); (ii) Medium Term (NRW Reduction Program, Rancho Frio and
Bunguiao Water System); and (iii) Long Term (Bulk Water Distribution Line, Impounding Facilities, Mainline
Replacement Project and Water Demand Management)
26 Proposed sanitation projects include: (i) Short Term (Computer software system for data analysis, Material
Recovery Facility for every barangay, Sanitary Landfill Facility); (ii) Medium Term (Sewerage Treatment Plant); and
(iii) Long Term (WaSH in Schools and Zero Open Defecation)
52
Zamboanga City Policies. With the trajectory in the Philippine water supply and sanitation sector
to achieve universal access to water supply and sanitation services from 2019 to 2030, the
following efforts of the local government of Zamboanga City through executive ordinances are:
Executive Order (EO) BC-540, s. 2000 is an executive order creating the technical working
group (TWG) on Water Security of Zamboanga City.
Ordinance No. 529, s. 2020. The “Environment Code of the City of Zamboanga” provides
for inland water management in ensuring clean water supply, protection of underground
water, water quality standards, monitoring and maintenance.
Ordinance No. 542 s. 2020. An ordinance requiring the proper harvesting, storage and
utilization of rainwater in the City of Zamboanga, appropriating funds therefor, providing
penalties for violations thereof and for other related purposes.
EO BC-661 s. 2021 is an executive order creating the Zamboanga City Water Security
Council (ZCWSC). This supersedes the EO BC-540 (2000). Details regarding the Council
is presented in Annex 3. The main functions of the Council are as follows:
a. Collaborates with concerned government and non-government agencies, water
service providers and stakeholders in crafting the ZC Water Security Master Plan
and the ZC Septage Management Plan.
b. Reviews and recommends to the Local Chief Executive and the City Legislative
Council relevant and responsive policies, strategies, guidelines and innovations on
water supply and sanitation development and management that serve as bases in
establishing the targets and directions for water and sanitation expansion and
improvement programs.
c. Reinforces public information, education and communication campaigns,
advocacies and promotions on water conservation and proper and efficient water
use including the installation/ use of rainwater harvesting systems.
d. Promotes use of water efficient fixtures and products in public and private
structures in coordination with the business sector that shall make available
fixtures, products, and appliances that are water efficient.
e. Reviews plan and programs on the construction of small impounding dams and
other water supply system projects in strategic areas across the City and provide
recommendations to the LGU and the water service providers.
Water Resource Allocation. The NWRB is the government agency which manages and
regulates all water resources and services in the Philippines. It integrates and coordinates all
water related activities that have social, environmental and economic impacts in the country. It is
mandated to issue water rights on both surface water and groundwater upon the requests from
water users in accordance with the Water Code
River Basin Management. The River Basin Control Office (RBCO) was created in pursuant to
EO Nos. 510, 816 and 50. It is the lead government agency to implement the integrated river
basin management and development framework across all river basins. It was created to develop
a national master plan to address flooding and to provide sustainable supply of water for the entire
country. In attaining these, an integrated river basin management and development master plan
was crafted in 2007 identifying 18 major river basins 27 in the Philippines. The Program Budget
27 On 2 May 2012, the Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (CCAM) passed Resolution No.
2012-001 adopting the 18 major river basins of the country as priority areas of the government. These 18 Major River
53
Approach (PBA) allowed the expansion of the program into other river basins aside from the
eighteen 18 major river basins.
The Cluster 7 River Basin being managed by RBCO is present in the study area. It is composed
of six principal river basins namely: (i) Ayala; (ii) Bolong; (iii) Curuan; (iv) Manicahan; (v) Tumaga;
and (vi) Vitali-Taguite. All are exclusively located in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur except
for Vitali-Taguite with administrative boundaries shared by Sibuco and Sirawai in Zamboanga del
Norte and Zamboanga City in Zamboanga del Sur.
Water Quality and Watershed Management. Under Section V of the Philippine Clean Water Act
of 2004 28, the DENR in coordination with NWRB was tasked to designate certain areas as water
quality management areas (WQMA) using appropriate physiographic units such as watershed,
river basins or water resources regions. The objective of the WQMA is to protect, through
stakeholders’ collaboration, the water body and its tributaries by keeping their water quality within
the Water Quality Guidelines or Criteria conforming to the water body’s classification or even
improve the quality to higher classification. The Tumaga River 29 and Ayala River 30 in the study
area are under WQMA. The Tumaga River is classified as Class A in upstream, Class B in
midstream and Class C in the downstream. Ayala River is classified as Class A in Upstream and
Class B in the downstream.
A watershed is simply the area of land that catches rain that drains or seeps into a marsh, stream,
river, lake or groundwater. The City has one proclaimed watershed and six identified watersheds
as shown in Table 28.
The Pasonanca Natural Park is a proclaimed natural park under Presidential Proclamation 132
on 22 July 1999 and confirmed such status under Republic Act 110381 or the Expanded National
Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018 which was approved on 22 June 2018. It is the
main source of potable water in the City which supplies approximately 60 percent of its water
demands. A co-management agreement was signed by the DENR, ZCWD and the City
Government of Zamboanga. It was agreed therein that the DENR shall provide the necessary
technical assistance, whereas the City Government and ZCWD shall provide the necessary
logistics for the protection of the watershed. As a result of said agreement, ZCWD has
continuously endeavored to provide the necessary security forces to protect not only its’ facilities
Basins have been identified as priority areas of spatial focus of convergence under the CCAM Cluster’s PBA in CY
2013 and CY 2015.
28 Otherwise known as RA 9275
29 DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-01 “Designation of the Tumaga River Water Quality Management Area and
54
within, but also physical environment of the watershed. The watershed covers an area of 12,000
ha and is surrounded by a five-hectare buffer zone. The buffer zone is an inhabited area. The
ZCWD is regularly conducting information, education and communication (IEC) activities to
involve buffer zone residents in livelihood programs. The management of the Pasonanca Natural
Park is vested with the Protected Areas Management Board.
As a result of earlier threats of illegal logging activities, wildlife poaching, and gold panning
activities, and considering that anthropogenic activities within the watershed could cause
significant decrease in the water quality of its water sources, it has installed 29 Biodiversity
Monitoring Stations, which at the same time serve as security outposts, strategically located
around the outskirts of the strict protection zone.
Because of the sustained efforts of ZCWD, and its partner agencies, in the protection of the
Pasonanca Natural Park, it has received several recognitions. It is now in the process of being
recognized as an ASEAN Heritage Park. And more recently, the discovery of the Philippine Eagle
and their nesting sites within the strict protection zone, which is a strong indication of the excellent
health of the watershed.
Water Resource Assessment. Several government agencies are involved in the assessment of
water resources. Primarily responsible agencies for collecting the stream flow data are the Bureau
of Research and Standards (BRS) of DPWH, NIA, and NPC.
Water Supply and Sanitation Services Regulation. LWUA with its specialized lending function
mandated by law to promote and oversee the development of water supply systems as well as
sanitation services in water districts, includes the determination and implementation of socially
responsive and financially viable water rates, and tariff review to determine its adequacy to meet
water districts improvement and/or expansion needs. In this regard, the water rates are
implemented only after it has been presented in a public hearing through the City Council and
after the review and approval by LWUA.
Non-Revenue Water. The NRW of ZCWD as of 30 June 2021 is 62.3 percent which is very high
compared to 30 percent standard prescribed by LWUA. There have been efforts made for NRW
reduction of the water district: (i) Twinning collaboration between DCWD and ZCWD in 2010, and
(ii) Performance-based NRW Reduction Network Reconstruction Project between Manila Water
and ZCWD in 2015. Despite these efforts, there was no significant reduction in NRW percentage.
The failure to reduce NRW through the Manila Water agreement is the result of contractual issues
which cancelled the project before results could be obtained, future efforts to reduce NRW through
similar contracts will require outside assistant to ensure all term and conditions are clear and
understood by all parties.
The NRW Management Division, under the Operations Group of ZCWD, is the unit tasked to
address NRW reduction. However, presently, this unit is doing monitoring activities such as data
gathering/reading and analysis of flow meters and data loggers installed at the ZCWD network
system. This information is shared to other units for the design of projects and interventions for
the purpose of reducing NRW 31. There is no global target or percent reduction given to the NRW
Management Division. Without a global target, there is no specific timeline as well.
31 e.g., replacement of old tuberculated and leaking pipes, defective appurtenances, upgrading of distribution pipes,
55
Instead of a global (system-wide) approach, management opted to identify a DMA with high NRW
and address the issue as its Pilot Area. DMA 30 with 2,444 connections and with baseline NRW
of 83 percent 32 was identified as the pilot area. It covers barangays Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone
4, Sta. Barbara and Rio Hondo. The target percent reduction specified is 30 percent by the end
of February 2022 33. Activities conducted by the NRW Committee 34 are: (i) repair/replace leaking
service line; (ii) repositioning of tilted water meters as water meters not installed horizontally tend
to under register; (iii) replace non-functioning and defective water meters; (iv) regular visits and
reading of water meters in the pilot area to ensure that it is registering accurately; (v) undergo
leak detection and prompt repair of leaks; and (v) apprehend water pilferers. In the meantime,
reduction of ZCWD’s NRW hinges on the outcome of the DMA 30 experiment. If successful,
ZCWD intends to replicate its best practices gained from the DMA 30 experience to the other
DMAs.
Additionally, it is noteworthy that ZCWD does not have specifics on the composition of the NRW.
They use production and billing data to come up with the NRW figure. However, attempts to
measure lost water due to leakages is being made and records kept. The volume on record is not
representative of the entire amount lost through leakages because there are so many unattended
or unnoticed before-the-meter leakages that have been wasting water for extended periods of
time before they are repaired. The Legal department who is in charge of apprehending water
pilferers computes the estimated volume of water lost to pilfering for the purpose of establishing
the amount of penalties to be imposed on those apprehended. This, again is not representative
of the entire volume of pilfered water as there may be many more existing that escaped the eyes
of the ZCWD. Usually, pilferers opt to settle the penalty out of court to avoid being charged in
court.
The early implementation of the proposed projects and programs intended for the NRW reduction
should be given priority. As of this time, the NRW reduction program of the ZCWD is not yet well
defined as to what the global reduction target is and its timeline. ZCWD will still have to operate
under the present NRW situation.
Zamboanga City Water Audit Team. The Zamboanga City Water Audit Team (ZWAT) was
created in 2016 as part of the USAID Be Secure project. Be Secure introduced WDM to ZCWD
as a climate change adaptation measure to address some of the water-related vulnerabilities
facing Zamboanga City. In response to the threat of worsening droughts, floods, storms and sea
level rise, ZCWD created a WDM Program and a water audit team. Further details are presented
in Section VI.
Impounding Dam Project. Since the 1970’s and more recently USAID and others have
investigated the proposed construction of a large dam on the Tumaga River as a way to increase
water supply and for generation of power for Zamboanga City. Due the large cost of this project
(PhP6,585-12,855 million) and risk, it was not included in the ZCWD improvement project list. A
project of this magnitude would require substantial government funding or a public private
partnership (PPP).
56
The impounding dam project would include a 105 m high earth filled dam capable of providing
216 MLD of water, which would be used for domestic supply and hydropower. A new 146 MLD
WTP and 900 mm transmission main would be constructed as part of the project. (EDCOP, 2021).
As a long-term water security supply solution, the impounding dam has merits but the size, risk,
environmental and social impacts require careful consideration. As a general approach to
achieving water security, diversification of water resources and phasing of options generally tends
to be a more effective approach in particular due to the future climate change impacts.
Improvement Programs. There are several ongoing and proposed improvement projects
identified by ZCWD and ZCLGU. Details are presented in Section VI.
57
Water Resources (Supply Side Study)
Water Permits
Extraction of surface water and groundwater through wells and springs within the recommended
locations on physiographic units must secure all necessary permits, particularly from the NWRB
for proper allocation of water use. Water rights data for Zamboanga Peninsula including
Zamboanga City was obtained from NWRB.
Water Permits – Domestic and Municipal. Based on NWRB records, there are 13 water permits
issued to ZCWD with a total of 519.78 lps. The 12 water permits are for groundwater sources with
165.78 lps and one for surface water (Tumaga River) for 354 lps. There are also 14 conditional
water permits 36 issued to ZCWD with a total of 350.33 lps. Details are further presented in Annex
4.
35 Excluding one water permit issued for the purpose of fisheries utilizing sea water as source
36The Conditional Water Permit (CWP) is valid for a period of two years upon approval of the Board and may be
extended for one year upon request of the permit stating the reasons for extension. The CWP shall be revoked
automatically upon the expiration of the Renewable Energy (RE) Contract with DOE, water permit shall be issued after
58
Water Permits – Irrigation. There are eight water permits issued in Zamboanga City for irrigation
with a total of 1,365.20 lps as presented in Table 7. Details are further presented in Annex 4.
As discussed in Section II, there are several river systems in Zamboanga City emanating from
the watershed forest reserves as their head sources consisting of a group of rivers discharging
water by way of a common flow or system of channels into the sea or bay. It usually consists of
the main river, primary, secondary and their tributaries.
The only available stream flow record is from Tumaga River covering the periods 1987 to 2003.
From 1983 to 2003, the highest annual average streamflow was recorded in 1988 with about
867,874 m3/day, while the lowest was recorded in 1992 with only about 139,586 m3/day as shown
in Figure 32 37.
With regards to the monthly streamflow, the 2020 records for Tumaga River shows that peak
discharge was in November, followed by the month of October as shown in Figure 32. The lowest
streamflow discharge was recorded in the months of February and April. The January to July 2021
streamflow record was also obtained from ZCWD. Monthly streamflow pattern is quite similar to
2020 record except for the month of April and July as shown in Figure 32. High streamflow
discharge was recorded in 2021 compared to the 2020 records.
compliance on the conditions stipulated in the permit. The grantee shall pay the appropriate Annual Water Charges
during the validity of the CWP.
37 Originally reported in the Climate Change-Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and Development
Plans for the 8 Clustered River Basin. River Basin Control Office (DENR, 2016)
59
6,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
2020 2021
The net available water for Tumaga at 80 percent dependable flow is 1.568 cubic meter per
second (m³/s). Available surface water for extraction is computed considering the allocation for
riparian flow in streams, as required by the DENR. This is equal to 10 percent of the computed
flow in consideration. Further, the amount of granted water permits along the river of concern
should also be deducted.
Considering the climate change scenario, net available water for Tumaga at 80 percent
dependable flow is 1.489 m³/s. PAGASA has climate change scenarios for years 2036-2065
including projections on the percent change in rainfall and temperature 39. The model used
assumptions underlying RCP 8.5 scenario. In the Zamboanga Peninsula, the driest possible
rainfall change is at about -18.7 percent and the wettest possible change can reach about 16.7
percent. For conservative results, the lower bound values were used in estimating the most drastic
effect of climate change to the surface water resources of the project area. Detailed calculation is
presented in Annex 5.
Water Quality. Tumaga River is regarded as the most important inland river in Zamboanga City.
The river traverses several heavily populated areas including Pasonanca, Tumaga, Tetuan,
Tugbungan and Mampang. The Tumaga River-Water Quality Management Area (TR-WQMA)
was officially designated through the signing of DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-01 on 24
January 2013. As part of the requirement under the WQMA program, water quality monitoring is
regularly conducted to assess the present condition of the Tumaga River. Presented in Table 30
and Figure 34 are the monitoring stations in Tumaga River.
38 The geographical coordinates of the location where streamflow is measured is 6º’59’61” N and 122º’3’57.21” E, first
60
Station Coordinates Water Body
Location
No. North East Classifications
1aa Presa Dam, Mormon’s Drive Guiwan 6º55’33.00’’ 122º5’31.60’’
1a Jumbo Bridge, Guiwan 6º55’33.60’’ 122º5’27.20’’
2 San Fernando Bridge, Guiwan 6º55’33.60’’ 122º5’4.20’’
2aa Near Manaog Church, Tumaga 6º55’58.50’’ 122º4’44.30’’
2a Between Pasonanca and Tumaga 6º56’37.50’’ 122º4’36.90’’ Class B
Boundary
2b Near Philippine Public Safety College 6º57’14.90’’ 122º4’33.70’’
(formerly NAPOLCOM), Pasonanca
3 Spillway, Kilometer 7, Upper 6º57’41.90’’ 122º4’24.40’’
Pasonanca, Pasonanca
4 Intake, Upper Pasonanca, Pasonanca 6º58’24.50’’ 122º4’6.70’’ Class A
5 Intake, Upper Pasonanca, Pasonanca 6º58’37.10’’ 122º4’4.60’’
5a Upstream of old intake inlet, Intake, 6º58’37.10’’ 122º4’4.60’’
Upper Pasonanca, Pasonanca,
6 Downstream of catchment basin, 6º59’1.80’’ 122º4’2.20’’
Intake, Upper Pasonanca, Pasonanca
7 Upstream of catchment basin, Intake, 6º59’1.80’’ 122º4’2.20’’
Upper Pasonanca, Pasonanca
Source: DENR-EMB Reqion IX
The water quality guidelines for specific parameters being sampled in Tumaga River is presented
in Table 31. The parameters are based on guidelines for water body classification included in
DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08 dated 24 May 2016.
61
Table 31: Water Quality Guidelines (Fresh Water: Primary Parameters)
Class
Parameters Unit
AA A B C D
Temperature ºC 26-30 26-30 26-30 25-31 25-32
pH (range) 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.0-9.0
Dissolved Oxygen (minimum) mg/L 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 1 3 5 7 15
(BOD)
Total Suspended Solids mg/L 25 50 65 80 110
Phosphate mg/L <0.003 0.5 0.5 0.5 5
Nitrate mg/L 7 7 7 7 15
Color TCU 5 50 50 75 150
Chloride mg/L 250 250 250 350 400
Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL <1.1 <1.1 100 200 400
Source: DENR DAO 2016-08
Highlights of the result of water quality monitoring in Tumaga River for year 2020 are as follows,
details are further presented in Annex F.
Phosphate. The phosphate levels in Tumaga River are within the guideline values ranging
from 0.05 to 0.46 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Highest value was recorded in Station 1.
Chloride. The chloride levels are within the guideline values ranging from 2.61 to 23.53
mg/L except in Station 1 with chloride level of 615.72 mg/L.
Total Suspended Solids. For TSS, the values are within the guideline values ranging from
5.17 to 47.80 mg/L.
Fecal Coliform. The level of fecal coliform in all the sampling stations are beyond the
guideline values ranging from 1,413.01 to 231,533.20 MPN/100mL. The fecal coliform
values are extremely high, especially in Class C part of the river.
pH. The pH levels are within the guideline values ranging from 2.13 to 8.27 mg/L.
Dissolverd Oxygen. The DO levels for all the sampling stations are all higher than the
minimum guideline values of 5 mg/L.
BOD. BOD levels are within the guideline values ranging from 1.94 to 6.48 mg/L.
Color. The color levels in all the sampling locations are within the guideline values ranging
from 5.00 to 7.82 mg/L.
Temperature. The temperatures are within the guideline values for most of the sampling
stations except for Stations 5, 5a and 6 as shown in Figure 17.
Groundwater
Zamboanga City is identified by the NWRB as a water-critical urbanized area. Thus, there is an
intensive consumption of water in the city. The estimated groundwater development potential 40 in
the area is 19.49 MCM/year and projected to increase to 28.50 MCM/year in 2050 41.
40 The groundwater development potential was estimated as the amount of groundwater recharge, taking into
consideration the land cover in various areas.
41 Climate Change-Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan for the Cluster 7
River Basin
62
Existing Water Sources – Domestic
Figure 35 presents the water supply sources for ZCWD from years 2015 to 2020. Majority of the
supply comes from Tumaga River. The reliance of water from the bulk water facility has grown to
approximately 25 percent of the supply. However, due to limitations of the bulk water facility to
supply water during droughts; there is no possibility to increase the contribution to the entire water
needs of the ZCWD customers. Groundwater reliance, on the other hand, varies depending on
climate factors such as droughts.
100%
90%
80%
Percent of Each Water Source
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
CY 2016 CY 2017 CY 2018 CY 2019 CY 2020
(w/ El Niño) (w/ El Niño) (w/ drought)
SurFace Water (Tumaga River) Ground Water Spring Source Bulk Water
63
Existing Water Sources – Irrigation
The identified surface water being used for irrigation and the brief description of each are as
follows:
(i) Manicahan River. The river is a 26-kilometer stretch from Bunguiao in the north down
to Lapakan, Lamisan and Manicahan in the southern part of the City. It covers a
portion of the heavily forested Pasonanca Watershed. Normally, it has a daily
discharge of about 145,000 m3/day. It has a total catchment area of 70.83 km². It is
the prime source of irrigation for the farmers in the barangays of Bunguiao, Lapakan,
Lamisan, and Manicahan, as well as the neighboring barangays of Victoria, Bolong,
and Sangali.
(ii) Saaz River. It is located at Sitio San Ramon, Barangay Talisayan, about 22.3
kilometers west of Zamboanga City. The head source of the river is from the
watershed of Camp Susana. Its length is approximately 12 km with an average width
of 20 m and widens up to 75 m during rainfall and has average depth of 0.6 m. The
river has an average flow rate of 2,408.5 lps and empties to Sulu Sea. The upstream
portion is used for drinking purposes. According to NIA, a dam was constructed at
Brgy. Anoling which taps water from the river for irrigation purposes.
(iii) Other tributary rivers with no found records of average flows are: Talisayan River,
Sibulao River, Cabaluay River, Vitali River, Masaba River, Singup River, Lumpanac
Creek.
64
Water Usage (Demand Side Study)
Domestic
Present Water Use in ZCWD Service Area. The ZCWD has five classifications and eight
different sizes of water meters, which follow different minimum charges and commodity charges
pursuant to the approved water rates by the LWUA. General definitions of the classifications listed
below may differ among utilities, but in very broad terms these definitions are common. The
classifications and their definitions are:
Residential. Water used is domestic in nature and for day-to-day living (cooking, washing,
bathing, drinking, lawn watering, and any other uses to maintain everyday life).
Semi-Commercial. Residential users that have an attached business establishment whose
business activities have a start-up capitalization of more than PhP20,000; also includes
multi-family apartments whose owner assumes payment of the monthly water bill.
Commercial/Industrial. Business establishments whose start-up capitalization is more than
PhP20,000; residential users with two or more families dwelling under separate roofs but
using one central meter; residential users who supply/sell to or share water with others;
establishments drawing water from the system for the purpose of using this water directly
or indirectly to promote trade or to produce a commercial or saleable product; government
institutions doing business directly with the public (such as the Philippine National Bank,
Philippine Ports Authority); and government-owned establishments that are being rented,
leased, utilized, and/or contracted by the private sector for the purpose of doing business
with the public.
Government. All government institutions, offices, hospitals, public schools, and similar
entities that are presumed to be performing public service and that consume water, in
connection with the performance of these public duties.
Bulk/Wholesale. Establishments drawing water from the system, with the purpose of
reselling without transforming into a new product.
Below is the monthly average consumption per connection data for the different classifications.
65
Water Demand Projection in ZCWD Service Area. As the local economy and population of
Zamboanga City continue to grow, there is an increasing need to develop more effective planning
strategies to respond to pressing problems associated with expanding water demands.
A major consideration in designing a secure water supply system is the present and future size
of the customer base. Water is an essential human need; every sector of society becomes its
market. The customer base of a water supply system, therefore, is the entire population or
portions of it depending on the size of the service area and other relevant factors being considered
in the study.
Population Projections. Fertility, mortality, and migration mainly determine the increase or
decrease in population. To determine the size of a population at some future time, demographers
make assumptions about levels of fertility and mortality and the number of people will move into
or out of the area. The increase or decrease in the net population over a certain period is added
to the beginning population to make future projections.
The computation of population projections until 2045 based on the Water Impounding Dam Study
was considered in the Zamboanga City projections. The projected population in the City relative
to the projected population of the whole Zamboanga Peninsula is shown in Table 35.
Water Service Area Population Projections. Water demand projections depend on the size of
the service area of the water supply provider and the population it intends to serve. Based on the
latest available data and study, future water demands were derived from a previous analysis in
the FS for the Impounding Dam Study (EDCOP, 2021). The data presented in this section serves
as a baseline and to allow the reader to understand the current state of population projections,
water supply and demands. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a water security plan
what will move beyond the current planning methodology into one that takes into account future
climatic conditions, WDM and other more sophisticated techniques.
The CLUP of Zamboanga City was also referenced to quantify the future population growth within
the barangays. Only those barangays that are within the existing service area of ZCWD are used
on this analysis. The served population projection is, therefore, only based on the projected
population within the service areas.
For the analysis carried out in this section of the Water Security Master Plan, the goal is to
investigate the existing water supply and demand situation of ZCWD to determine what is the
future prognoses if the water supply and planning assumptions remained constant. Therefore, the
future water supply and demand profile can be described as “status quo”, this allows an
66
understanding of the current and future water situation if the current water planning framework
were to continue through 2045.
The status quo condition that will be presented assumes that the existing percentage of the served
population within the 58 barangays contained within the existing service area of the ZCWD will
remain constant throughout the planning period. Therefore, only the existing ZCWD service area
will be considered in the total service area population. In 2020 according to ZCWD, 34% of the
population within the service area of the ZCWD is currently being served. The projections
regarding the service areas and served population for the years 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040,
and 2045 are summarized in Table 36.
Table 36: Service Area and Served Population Projections for Zamboanga City
(Constrained Condition)
Under a status quo condition, by 2030, the total service area population is projected at 897,133
of which 34 percent will be served. By 2045, it is expected that out of the total service area
population of 1,039,083 only 349,799 will be served.
In order to project the future water demands of the customers within the ZCWD service area,
projecting the service connections is required. For the ZCWD service area, connections are
categorized as residential, commercial, semi commercial, industrial, institutional, and ZCWD-
Facility connections. Data on the annual projected service connections and served population are
presented in Tables 37 and 38. The projection of connections is based on the ratio of population
to the number of connections and increases at the same rate as population growth. The
breakdown per category is discussed in the following paragraphs.
67
Category 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Industrial 27 30 32 34 36 37
Institutional 497 540 579 614 644 670
ZCWD-Facility 40 44 47 50 53 55
Total No. of Connections 63,327 68,423 73,302 77,750 81,625 84,903
Source: ZCWD
The average consumption based on ZCWD data is 4.9 m3/day/connection. It is assumed that by
2045 the average consumption will increase to 5.4 m3/day/connection. For this study, the analysis
referenced uses the existing ratio of the total population to the number of institutional connections
at the barangay level based on ZCWD data. Based on this planning methodology the number of
institutional connections is projected to reach 2,846 by 2045.
68
Water Demand Projections. The calculation of total water demands through 2045 are based on
future connections. As previously described, under this status quo planning methodology
barangays currently being served by ZCWD will be only ones with water service in the future.
As part of the referenced study and used in this report, water demand is categorized as domestic,
commercial, semi commercial, industrial, institutional, ZCWD-Facility and NRW.
The development of a water supply source requires the analysis of all future water demands.
Included in this analysis of water demands is the future levels of NRW, which acts as a water
demand in the system. The levels of NRW as expressed as a percentage of the water supply
considers leaks, pilferages, technical or system losses, unmetered services, flushing and
disinfection of pipelines and reservoirs. For this study, it is assumed that the level of NRW will be
60 percent in the future, which has historically been slight above and below this value. In 2020,
the NRW as reported by ZCWD is 64 percent and varied between 50 percent and 64 percent on
an annual basis since the year 2015.The status quo of NRW is an important and meaningful
impact on the future water demand for the service area. As the goal of this report task is to show
the existing water situation of ZCWD, it is assumed that NRW will remain in the future at 60
percent. A summary of water demand projections is shown in Table 38.
Table 38: Water Demand Projections Summary ZCWD Service Area (in MLD)
Category 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Domestic 39.41 43.28 47.13 50.78 54.16 57.21
Commercial 5.27 7.11 7.62 8.08 8.48 8.82
Semicommercial 1.60 1.70 1.82 1.94 2.03 2.75
Industrial 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.46
Institutional 2.46 2.92 3.13 3.32 3.48 3.62
ZCWD-Facility 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
Non-revenue water 73.82 84.14 91.27 98.02 104.16 109.65
Total Water Demand 123.05 139.71 151.58 162.80 172.99 182.75
Source: FS for the Zamboanga City Impounding Dam Project
The water demand for ZCWD is expected to grow from 123 to 183 MLD within the planning period
of 2020 to 2045. The water demand calculated is the average demand for the planning year shown
in the table. In order to properly plan the development of water sources and to account for
variations in water usage caused by weather and other factors, a peaking factor is utilized and
incorporated into future water demand projections.
Water System Peaking Factors. Variations in water demands in this study are classified into
average day and maximum day Average day demand is the average water consumption per day
for the entire year (total yearly demand divided by 365 days). The maximum day demand is the
highest water consumption in a day and accounts for high usage as the result of weather and
other factors. Maximum day demand is the most important parameter used when developing
water supply sources.
The calculation of maximum day water demand factor is often time based on daily water
production records, absent of this data a standard value can be used. For 2020-2045 water
demand projections used in this study the maximum day water demand factor of 1.2 is used which
69
is based on LWUA design standards manual. The annual average and maximum day water
demand through 2045 are presented in Table 39.
Table 39: Future Average and Maximum Day Water Demands (MLD)
Category 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Ave. Day Demand 123.0 140.2 152.1 163.4 173.6 182.8
Max. Day Demand 147.6 168.3 182.5 196.0 208.3 219.3
Source: FS for the Zamboanga City Impounding Dam Project
The resulting losses hamper efforts to expand the distribution network to underserved or non-
served populations and is a key factor hindering the establishment of water security. ZCWD is
committed to reducing NRW and recognizes its value but has struggled with reducing the
percentage of water loss. In 2020, the NRW was 64 percent and varied between 50 percent and
64 percent on an annual basis since the year 2015. The trend is a steady increase in NRW over
the past six years as shown in Table 40.
The process of identifying the range and scale of the NRW problem as well as its solution is
variable and may take several years, depending on available investment resources and the
magnitude or rate of NRW reduction required. ZCWD has a dedicated team that is responsible
for reducing NRW, utilizing a varying approach such as identification of high-water losses areas,
water main replacement, and utilizing the private sector through PPP. The current focus of ZCWD
NRW reduction program is to replace large water mains that were installed in 1930’s. The focus
of replacing large water mains in order to reduce NRW is a strategy that should be of value, but
it is unknown by how much since there is no data to quantify the water loss that is occurring in
the large old water mains. It is critical that ZCWD keep focusing on reducing NRW to get closer
to the goal of water security. It is more cost-effective and less risky to increase or recover water
resources by reducing NRW than it is to identify new sources, develop them, and build the
infrastructure to access, treat, and distribute the additional water.
70
Irrigation
Based on the data gathered, eight water permits with total flow granted of 1,365.20 lps (118 MLD)
was issued by NWRB within Zamboanga City. The irrigation water demand for the total service
area, using maximum water duty of 1.5 lps/ha per NIA standard is estimated to be 5,155 lps (445
MLD) wherein 3,851 lps (333 MLD) are for the operational irrigation systems (See Annex 5). This
implies shortage of 215MLD available supply to meet the water duty criteria of NIA. Meanwhile,
the Manicahan River which is proposed to be an additional source for domestic consumption is
also a source of irrigation water supply. The average dependable flow within the existing NIA dam
with geographical coordinates of 7°2'10.76"N, 122°10'30.89"E can supply approximately 0.855
cms (74 MLD) 44. Based on the data gathered, only 381lps (33 MLD) is being utilized for
Manicahan CIS to serve 254 hectares of irrigable area. These estimations however, is suggested
to be validated through a conduct of a comprehensive study on water demand and supply gap for
agricultural uses for full inclusion of data from NWRB and NIA including Irrigator’s Association
within Zamboanga City which was requested but not secured in this Water Security Master Plan
study.
Zamboanga City is geographically located within an area rarely visited or traversed by a typhoon.
Its hydrological hazards are often attributed to the weather disturbance in nearby provinces and
cities. Extreme drought conditions on the other hand, is historically known to affect the city with
the most recent one recorded in 2014 to 2016. Through the USAID Be Secure Project
Hydrological Risk Assessment Study (2017) for Zamboanga City, baseline risk was established
and measures in risk reduction from 2013 to 2016 were identified.
Hydrological hazards considered in the risk assessment are flooding, storm surge, storm-
associated strong winds, rain-induced landslides, and severe drought conditions. The vulnerable
elements at risk considered in the study are lives, health, livelihood, assets and services. The
following are the key approaches in the conducted risk assessment:
Secondary data particularly the hazard maps from various agencies were the basis for risk
assessment.
The likelihood (rare, unlikely, possible, likely, probable) of the hazard affecting a given
area representing 10 percent to 90 percent chance of occurrence was based on historical
data.
The probable extent of impact (insignificant, minor, moderate, major, and catastrophic) of
that hazard on vulnerable elements present in that area was determined according to
inconsequential to critical effect on the area.
Series of workshops were conducted and participated by different local government units
of Zamboanga City which includes Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(DRRMO), City Planning and Management Office (CPMO), City Health Office (CHO),
44
The calculation of dependable flow takes into consideration the PAGASA climate change scenarios for
years 2036-2065 including projections on the percent change in rainfall and temperature
71
stakeholders from the Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD), local Academe and
representatives of various barangays located in hazard prone areas.
The assessment involved the development and utilization of a Risk Register System 45 to
obtain inputs from the participants. The objective was to qualitatively determine a
reduction of risk levels across the defined geographic regions due to adaptation and
mitigation measures undertaken.
Among the hydrological hazards cited, severe drought conditions are mostly related to this Water
Security Master Plan and related findings and conclusions from the previous study is highlighted
herein. Risk Reduction is defined as the reduction of the risk level from the Baseline Risk (year
2013) to the Updated Risk (years 2013 to 2016). Given that the risk level ranges from Low,
Medium, High and Extreme represents a four-level metric, a single level risk reduction assigned
on an area constitutes a 25-percent reduction. The median risk reduction of two levels is
equivalent to 50%, and the maximum risk reduction of three levels is equivalent to a 75% risk
reduction. The Risk Register was similarly updated to capture the mitigations implemented from
2013 to 2016 which resulted in a change in both the Impact Level and Risk Level. The observed
risk reduction level using spatial assessment of updated risk maps is up to 25% (within the High-
Medium and Medium-Low range) across all hazards and vulnerable elements. The baseline risk
and updated risk level for drought is presented in Table 41.
Some of the intervention measures were already in place prior to 2013 through the initiatives of
national and local government agencies to reduce disaster risk to affected populations. During
the severe drought in 2014 to 2016 brought about by the El Nino conditions in Mindanao, the
ZCWD undertook contingency measures to address the impact of drought on water supply, such
as planning for the development of alternative water sources, as well as increased IEC program
on water conservation and the adoption of WDM.
45 The Risk Register Tool (RRT), an interactive electronic spreadsheet, was particularly developed for this Study which
incorporates the Risk Analysis Matrix (RAM) in an automated process. It contains the Impact Risk Criteria as a
reference, the content of which can be modified by the user according to the nominated criteria applied for the Tool.
72
However, most interventions and mitigation for risk reduction were attributed to the USAID Be
Secure partnership with ZCWD in which capacity building in the development of the water district’s
Vulnerability Assessment, Business Plan (BP) and Emergency Response Plans (ERP) to manage
future disaster events were undertaken. In addition, key staff of ZCWD had been trained to
develop and undertake Water Audit and the promotion of water efficiency and conservation as
part of the water district’s WDM Program. Pre-Feasibility Study for an Impounding Dam and
preparation of Design and Build Tender Documents for a 20 MLD Water Treatment Plant to
augment the existing water resources that supply the City in the future were also funded under
USAID Be Secure Project during this period.
Similarly, there were ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ measures that agencies of the local and national government
substantially contributed and complemented the contributions of the USAID Be Secure Project in
addressing climate change resiliency of Zamboanga City from hydrological risks. These were
applied to the baseline levels to reflect the reduction of the impact level in hydrological risk. Among
the ‘soft’ measures are: (i) the conduct of IEC Programs implemented by various agencies; (ii)
crop rotation and management by the Department of Agriculture (DA) and ZCLGU; (iii) water
efficiency and conservation programs by ZCLGU and ZCWD; and (iv) planning for alternative
water resources by the by ZCLGU and ZCWD. ‘Hard’ measures on the other hand, were noted to
be limited. This includes pipeline rehabilitation and deployment of generator sets in all facilities.
The implementation of forest protection measures in hotspot areas were included in the ZCWD
and ZCLGU program as part of improvement of watershed areas to enhance the resilience of
both surface and groundwater resources to future occurrence of severe drought.
The Updated Risk Assessment attempts to reflect the current temporal baseline risk conditions at
the time of this Study. The USAID Be Secure study indicated areas that may require additional
mitigation and management to further reduce the risk levels. Nevertheless, some areas remain
within a high baseline risk where vulnerable elements continue to be in hazard prone areas,
requiring future climate change interventions in terms of continuous social re-engineering and
infrastructural development. For instance, there are areas that remain exposed to health risks
during drought conditions and some of the downtown areas that remain prone to flooding. The
USAID Be Secure study led to notable enhancement of local resilience to hazard through IEC
campaigns, raising awareness among the stakeholders, and served as a tool in decision-making
and planning for future occurrences of hydrological risks in the City.
In relevance to this Water Security Master Plan, the previous drought season was noted to have
been effectively managed with the emergency response plans programs of the ZCWD.
Recommended action plans cited from the Be Secure study to enhance the level of hydrological
risk awareness and reduce risk levels were: (i) establish buffer zones such as parks and green
zones in hazard-prone areas to reduce unnecessary vulnerability, and (ii) diversification of water
sources in the advent of future drought conditions to improve water security in the City. The
protection and management of existing groundwater and surface water resources and the
adaptation of modern and dual use technologies to complement the existing water sources will
lower the risk of vulnerable areas from reduced water supply.
The Philippines is generally a humid equatorial climate, characterized by high temperatures and
heavy rainfall. The Zamboanga City region is considered as Type III of the revised Coronas
Climate Type Classification standard, with a less pronounced maximum rain period and a
relatively short dry season. The months of May to November generally mark the rainy season,
73
which peaks in July, while the dry period is generally from December to April. The hottest months
in Zamboanga City are April and May with cooler months in December, January, and February.
The topography of the Zamboanga City region, an important determinant of the spatial pattern of
rainfall, is shown in Figure 36 and is characterized by narrow coastal plains, mostly along the east
coast, that abruptly rise to interior hills and mountains with the highest elevation at 1200 masl.
Slopes of not less than 30 percent make up 37 percent of the total area. Due to its topography,
the City is susceptible to landslides; while the risk of flooding is high along the coast, most notably,
the City center and the east coast. This topographic gradient generally supports enhanced rainfall
in the higher elevations, with the primary rivers, such as the Tumaga originating in these mountain
regions.
This study examines current trends and future projections of the regional climate to gain an
understanding of the type of climate scenarios that are to be explored in this master plan. Both
the recent climatological trends that have been observed across the Philippines and those in the
Zamboanga City region are summarized. In addition, some of the future climate projections made
available through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment report
are included to gain an understanding of future climate risk that can be incorporated into the study.
Generally, the following observational trends have been observed:
Mean temperatures across the South Pacific have increased by approximately 1⁰C since
1970, at an average rate of 0.3⁰C per decade.
Temperatures appear to be increasing more rapidly in the southern reach of the
archipelago. In the Philippines specifically, mean annual temperatures increased by
0.14°C between 1971 and 2000.
Evidence suggests a tendency for wetter conditions during the dry season, as the
frequency of heavy storms seems to have increased in this period. This dynamic is most
74
notable during La Niña periods. The number of rainy days in the Philippines has increased
since the 1990s, as has the inter-annual variability of the onset of rainfall.
Sea surface temperatures in the Pacific have increased between 0.6⁰C to 1.0⁰C since
1910, with the most significant warming occurring after the 1970s.
The number of category 4 and 5 storms in the Pacific region has more than doubled
between 1975-1989 and 1990-2004.
The number of hot days and hot nights has increased significantly across the Pacific 46.
The frequency of cyclones entering the Philippines Area of Responsibility from 1990 to
2003 has increased 47.
Figure 37 shows the observed temperature anomaly for the region that includes Zamboanga City,
derived from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) TS 4.04 archived dataset (http://climexp.knmi.nl/),
suggesting a significant warming trend starting around 1980 through the current period within the
observational record. This is quite a strong, pronounced warming signal over this region, in excess
of 0.5oC over an approximately 40-year period. Note that the bounding region for which this trend
is estimated is quite large (6o to 8 o N by 121o to 123 oE).
Source: http://climexp.knmi.nl/
Figure 37: Regional 2-meter air temperature anomaly based on the Hadley CRU.5.0.1.0
blended land air temperature and sea-surface temperature anomaly data set averaging
anomalies over region lon= 120.000 -125.000, lat= 5.000 -10.000
Meteorological data from the Zamboanga City (Zamboanga Del Sur at Latitude: 06°55'10.78''N,
Longitude: 122°03'47.78''E, Elevation: 6.857 m), located near the Zamboanga Airport is used to
explored some of the statistical attributes of the data to draw some broad conclusions regarding
historic trends in the study region. The meteorological data includes the year 1951 to 2015, with
Figure 38 showing the annual average temperature for the Zamboanga Station, suggesting a
similar but even more pronounced warming trend of more than 1oC since 1970.
46 Hot days and nights are defined as the temperature above which 10% of days or nights are recorded in current
75
Figure 38: Annual average temperature from the Zamboanga station data for the period
of 1951 to 2015, suggesting a strong warming trend starting around 1980
Figure 39 shows the long-term monthly precipitation for the region that includes Zamboanga City
from the CRU TS 4.04 dataset and the monthly anomaly of precipitation for this same period,
where the anomaly is based on a 1970 to 1990 averaging period. Generally, around the beginning
of the 21st century, the precipitation anomaly turns strongly positive. Note the observational data
in the early 1940’s corresponding to World War II.
76
Figure 39: Regional average monthly precipitation (top, in mm/day) for the 6oN to 8oN
and 121oE to 123oE region from the CRU TS4.04 dataset (note missing values during the
WWII era), and the monthly anomaly for this same period (bottom, in mm/day)
Figure 40 shows the total monthly rainfall and the 12-month moving average of monthly rainfall
from the Zamboanga Station for the period 1951 to 2015. For this period, the highest annual
rainfall was 2,150 mm in 1999 while the lowest observed annual rainfall was 677 mm in 1997.
The figure includes the historic time series of the monthly Niño 3.4 El Niño Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) index and suggests the negative correlation between this index and the annual rainfall.
When the ENSO anomaly is positive (i.e., a warmer Pacific Ocean corresponding to the El Niño
phase, which includes the years 1972, 1982, 1998), precipitation in the region tends to be at its
lowest, while during the La Niña phase (cold Pacific Ocean, such as around 1955, 1983, and
1999), regional precipitation is greatest (e.g., 1999). Figure 41 shows some derived rainfall indices
from the Zamboanga Station record, including the count of heavy precipitation days (those greater
than 50 mm) and the days that precipitation exceeds the 95th percentile. Both of these indicators
suggest greater extreme rainfall in the recent record. Figure 42 shows the total amount of
precipitation during wet days and the number of days in a year with no rainfall.
77
Figure 40: Zamboanga City monthly average rainfall (light gray), 12-month moving
average of monthly rainfall (blue line) and the ENSO Nina 3.4 temperature anomaly (oC)
for the period 1951-2015
Figure 41: Zamboanga City heavy precipitation days as, days with rainfall greater than 50
mm (left) and days with precipitation greater than the 95th percentile of wet days (right)
78
Figure 42: Zamboanga City total precipitation for wet days in mm (left) and total number
of dry days (right)
Climate Projections
Global Climate Models (GCMs) are a primary source of information used in the projection of
future climate conditions. GCMs comprise mathematical descriptions of important physical and
chemical processes governing climate, including the role of the atmosphere, land, oceans, and
biological processes. Unfortunately, as with all small island nations, there are specific challenges
when viewing the projected changes for the Philippines. This “island dilemma” is attributable to
the fact that the surrounding oceans are a dominating factor of the regional island climate, which
single-grid cell values from GCMs are considered the least accurate measure of projected
changes, and the relative spatial resolution of GCMs renders interpretation of climate change in
island nations difficult. The following insights into a changing climate are thus based on
information from this part of the Pacific region as a whole from a suite of GCMs used by the IPCC.
A few outcomes of the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report summary of climate change results taken
from analysis of GCM outputs includes for the region of the Philippines:
Average annual and monthly rainfall changes are inconsistent across this region of the
Pacific, with models projecting +/-25 percent changes in rainfall. As yet, it is not possible
to get a clear picture for precipitation change, due to large model uncertainties.
While the future patterns of rainfall remain unclear, studies suggest precipitation
increases, particularly in the wetter seasons (June to November).
Recent evidence and model simulations also point to a more frequent occurrence of El
Niño weather patterns that could contrast the previous conclusion, and could bring an
increase in drought conditions in the region. These more frequent El Niño events are
believed to be associated with climate change, though some disagreement exists within
the science community on this point.
More frequent El Niño events could also increase the intensity of tropical cyclones along
the Pacific, with important implications for disaster management and response.
Temperatures in the Pacific are projected to increase between 1.4 and 3.1⁰C.
Sea levels are projected to rise by the end of the century (2090-2099) by 0.35 m, although
the spatial manifestation of this rise will not be uniform due to circulation changes and
ocean density.
79
Figure 43 and Figure 44 show the results of the ensemble mean of multiple GCM simulations over
the 6oN to 8oN and 121oE to 123oE domain that includes the Southern Philippines 48 for the
RCP4.5 49 assumptions of future greenhouse gases, for surface temperature and precipitation
anomaly, respectively. The results suggest regional warming of about 1.5oC and generally
increased precipitation, with the RCP8.5 suggesting a more than 3.0oC warming by the end of the
21st century (not shown). Figure 45 shows the ensemble mean of the future precipitation for the
higher RCP8.5 emission pathway, suggesting an even stronger increase in regional precipitation.
Figure 43: The ensemble mean of the surface temperature of the multi-model ensemble
over the Zamboanga City region out to 2100 for the RCP4.5 assumptions of future
greenhouse gas concentrations
Figure 44: The ensemble mean precipitation anomaly of the multi-model ensemble over
the Zamboanga City region out to 2100 for the RCP4.5 assumptions of future greenhouse
gas concentrations
48 Multi-model mean (one member/model) are derived from these model experiments: ACCESS1-0 ACCESS1-3 bcc-
csm1-1 bcc-csm1-1-m CanESM2 CCSM4 CESM1-BGC CESM1-CAM5 CMCC-CM CMCC-CMS CNRM-CM5 CSIRO-
Mk3-6-0 EC-EARTH FIO-ESM GFDL-CM3 GFDL-ESM2G GFDL-ESM2M GISS-E2-H GISS-E2-H GISS-E2-H GISS-
E2-H-CC GISS-E2-R GISS-E2-R GISS-E2-R GISS-E2-R-CC HadGEM2-CC HadGEM2-ES inmcm4 IPSL-CM5A-LR
IPSL-CM5A-MR IPSL-CM5B-LR MIROC5 MPI-ESM-LR MPI-ESM-MR MRI-CGCM3 NorESM1-M NorESM1-ME
49 A Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) is a greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions) trajectory
adopted by IPCC fifth Assessment Report (AR5), which describe different climate futures. The RCPs –RCP4.5 and
RCP8.5 used here – describe a possible range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100 (2.6, 4.5, 6, and 8.5 W/m2,
respectively).
80
Figure 45: Same as Figure 26, but for the RCP8.5 assumptions of future greenhouse gas
concentrations
This observation of the negative correlation between ENSO and rainfall in the Zamboanga Region
is somewhat confounding in terms of the development of future precipitation projections for this
study. On the one hand, Global Climate Models generally show greater annual rainfall in the
future. This outcome is a relatively simple and straightforward dynamic, as warmer sea surface
temperatures combined with a warmer regional atmosphere leads to a generally enhanced
precipitating environment. A warmer atmosphere can hold more water and the warmer ocean
provides that additional water source, and together, these two processes result in higher
precipitation amounts and rates. Yet the negative correlation between ENSO and precipitation in
this region of the Philippines suggests that if El Niño conditions are more prevalent, then there is
a higher likelihood that precipitation amounts in Zamboanga City could be reduced. A probable
future scenario is little to no change in total precipitation, but higher precipitation rates when it
rains, especially if the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) is more prevalent.
81
Future Water Demand and Supply Gap Analysis
This section presents a gap analysis, which is determined by calculating the difference between
future water demands and supply. The gap analysis is based on water demands as described in
Section V and status quo of water supply sources. The status quo of water supply assumes that
the existing water sources of ZCWD will remain the same, historical and future availability of water
will remain constant (i.e., the available water supply from the Tumaga River is the same, well
pumping is also the same). This status quo gap analysis is an important first step in the water
security process in order to understand future needs and potential scenarios to ensure adequate
supply to meet demands.
The gap analysis presented will determine the surplus and shortfall of supply to the ZCWD service
area. Detailed water demand projections are included in Section V of this study that includes all
users of surface water and groundwater sources for domestic, industrial, and institutional
demands and NRW.
Non-Revenue Water
Almost all water districts in the Philippines suffer to some extent from losses in their distribution
network. Referred to as NRW, the resulting losses hamper efforts to expand the distribution
network to underserved or non-served populations. In 2020, the NRW as reported by ZCWD was
64 percent and varied between 50 percent and 64 percent on an annual basis since the year
2015. The trend is a steady increase in NRW over the past 6 years of about 410 million liters or
410 thousand cubic meters in May of the same year. (ZCWD, 2017). As described previously, the
gap analysis in this section will assume NRW will remain at 60 percent throughout the planning
period. Future tasks as part of this study will include an NRW analysis and the importance of
reducing this metric.
The initial step in the water security analysis is to determine what would happen if water demands
grow and the existing water sources and capacities remained constant (i.e. status quo). Based
on data obtained from ZCWD, Table 42 presents the existing water sources and future availability.
Table 42: Existing ZCWD Water Sources under Status Quo Analysis (MLD)
As shown in the table, the Tumaga River is main source of water for ZCWD at 87 MLD, the Prime
Water Bulk source has a capacity of 50 MLD but due to water planning issues has only been able
to produce on average of 35 MLD which is projected to be the average through 2045. The other
groundwater and spring sources are also constant as shown. Therefore, under this status quo
82
analysis the total available water supply for ZCWD is 138 MLD. It is important to note that the
status quo analysis does not factor in limitations in water supply caused by other users or climate
change. The status quo serves as a base line for additional analysis carried out in this master
plan.
Gap Analysis
The difference between future water supply and demand is known as the gap and is an important
metric in order to determine the needed water supply in the future. The gap or supply deficit under
the status quo condition is presented in Figure 46. As shown in the figure, by 2045 the water
supply gap is 81 MLD under maximum day conditions and 44 MLD under average day. As noted
previously this gap analysis does not account for changes in climate such as extended droughts,
more frequent El Niño events that will exacerbate the inability to meet water demands in the
future.
250
200
Maximum Day Water Supply
Primewater Bulk
ZCWD Production
Well (Ground Water
Source)
Surface Water
50 Tumaga River
Average Daily
Demand
The data in Figure 46 indicates that even under average day water demands the water district will
have a water supply shortfall by 2025. Under dry periods or El Niño events the water district has
already experienced shortfalls in water supply, in 2016-2017 water supply to water districts
customers was curtailed due the lack of supply. The shortfall will be exacerbated by trying to
meet maximum water day demands under drought conditions which already occurred over the
past several years. As noted previously this gap analysis does not account for changes in climate
such as extended droughts, more frequent El Niño events which will exacerbate the inability to
meet water demands in the future and expand the gap.
83
IV. Goals, Strategies and Objectives Based on Water Risks
The preparation of this Water Security Master Plan takes into account stakeholder participation
and engagement as part of the whole planning process by embedding their inputs at the core of
the various activities. The participation of stakeholders is essential in understanding their needs
and desires to craft the master plan. Stakeholder involvement is also crucial in the formulation of
goals, objectives, and strategies to achieve water security based on water-related risks
encountered in the city. Annex 7 presents the activities conducted with the stakeholders.
• Lack of and/or insufficient potential surface water sources 50, including other surrounding
areas. The main source of ZCWD is the Tumaga River wherein the water treatment
facility is located in Brgy. Pasonanca, Zamboanga City. However, supply from Tumaga
River barely meets the requirements of the WTPs as the river’s current source is barely
enough to supply the town proper and some of its adjacent barangays. As such, several
studies have been conducted to identify other potential sources of surface water other
than the existing and depleting water resources. One of the studies is the USAID Water
Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project which identified
six major river systems 51 in Zamboanga City as potential alternative surface water
sources. The identified rivers include the Vitali River, Curuan River, Balong River,
Manicahan River, Culiahan River and Ayala River. In this regard, the Manicahan River
which has headwaters also coming from the Pasonanca National Park may be developed
as an additional domestic water source to feed into ZCWD’s system. As their
development is contingent on population density projections, an alternative would be to
optimize first existing spring sources in these barangays while the other one is to identify
potential water sources in adjoining and/or surrounding localities. To address this
insufficiency, there is an urgent need to expedite the approval, funding and
implementation of the feasibility study and conceptual/basic design for the Tumaga River
Impounding Dam and Multi-Purpose Dam Project to abate this impending problem.
• Lack of and/or insufficient information on the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques to
ensure clean ground water sources. During rainy season, quick infiltration of silt and
debris in the Tumaga River is a perennial problem as it becomes heavily silted during
the rainy season. In the same manner, groundwater contamination is also one of the
issues in zoning, monitoring and development of water resources management policies.
In this regard, the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques could be a solution to address
these constraints, but this method has not been introduced yet. Therefore, the lack of
and/or insufficient information on the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques to ensure
clean ground water sources should be appropriately addressed. Scientists 52 from the
50
Determining the available water sources in an area depends on the hydrologic cycle and its various compartments: rainfall, surface
water, groundwater and any man-made impoundment.
51
These rivers were identified based on their large catchment basins and high discharge. Several ground water sources were also
identified.
52
The study was led by Dr. Sunshine P. Tan of UP Diliman’s Environmental Engineering Program, under the mentorship of Dr. Angel
Bautista VII of the DOST-PNRI’s Nuclear Analytical Techniques Applications Section. The study also received assistance from the
84
University of the Philippines-Diliman (UP Diliman) and the Department of Science and
Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI) used nuclear
techniques to analyze the salinity of the groundwater sources in Pampanga. In this
regard, a capacity building and/or technology transfer activity on the use of the isotopic
and nuclear techniques for the ZCWD to ensure clean freshwater and groundwater
supply to ZCWD concessionaires is needed.
• Lack of or insufficient information on the results of the water impounding dam feasibility
study. Since there is no reservoir in the water intake facility of ZCWD, there is a no way
to capitalize on the excess runoff of the Tumaga River during the rainy season (months
of June to October). As such, there is insufficient water to match the water demand from
concessionaires as there is a decrease in flow of the Tumaga River 55 during summer. To
help mitigate this problem, ZCWD is planning to construct a reservoir to store water
during rainy season and use the stored water during dry season. In this regard, there are
two studies conducted with regard to water impounding dam in Zamboanga City: (i)
Technical Services for Pre-Feasibility Study for an Impounding Dam with Conjunctive
Hydroelectric Power Plant for a Sustainable Water Supply for Zamboanga City 56 ; and
(ii) Feasibility Study for the Zamboanga City Impounding Dam Project 57. The latter study
has an approved contract of PhP74.9 million from NEDA’s Project Development and
Other Related Studies (PDRS) Fund which is envisaged as a long-term solution and
legacy project to address water security for Zamboanga City. In the project update
Mines and Geosciences Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Micro Analysis Laboratory, Tandem
Accelerator of Tokyo University.
53
USAID Water Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project. Technical Services for Preparing Vulnerability
Assessments of Water Resources in Zamboanga City: Final Report. Geoscience Foundation, Inc. February 2016.
54
It is predicted that effects of climate change will result in more extreme conditions in the coming decades with the periods of drought
presently experienced by Zamboanga City getting worse.
55
The Tumaga River source can also be augmented by tapping additional surface water sources draining the intact forest of Pasonanca
Park.
56
USAID Be Secure Project commissioned Royal Haskoning DHV (RHDHV) to identify five candidate rivers as potential sites for an
impounding dam and these include: Tumaga River, Manicahan River, San Ramon/Saaz River, Limpapa River, and Ayala River.
57
Awarded by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to the joint venture (JV) of Engineering and Development
Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP), Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents, Inc. (PRIMEX) and Key Engineers, Co.
(KEC) on December 2018.
85
provided by ZCWD, the study report is being finalized pending completion of bore tests
analysis.
• Varying levels of awareness and knowledge about water security. Considering the
progress made by EO 536-2000: An Executive Order Creating the TWG on Water
Security and EO-BC-661-2021: An Executive Order Creating the Zamboanga City Water
Security Council, members of the WSC has varied level of awareness and knowledge
about water security as generated from consultations. While EO 536-2000 requires the
TWG 58 to (i) support the information and education campaign on water saving, plumbing
fixtures and water efficient facilities; (ii) review plans and programs on the construction
of small impounding dams and other water supply system projects in strategic areas
across the city; and (iii) assess policies on rain water harvesting and the establishment
of wastewater treatment facilities; there is a need to level-off and embark on an
institutional development and capacity building program to enable participating city
government institutions and/or organizations to increase and strengthen the level of
awareness and degree of knowledge about water security particularly (i) strengthening
the enabling environment for sustainable service delivery; (ii) strengthening the capacity
of water supply and wastewater treatment service provision services activities; (iii)
strengthening the collection, analysis and sharing of water and climate data; (iv) reducing
risks from climate-related disasters; and (v) improving capacity for ensuring long-term
water security.
• Insufficient implementation period of the Water Audit Program. The Water Audit Program
(WAP) is part of the WDM initiative of ZCWD with the support of the USAID Be Secure
Project. The WDM complements traditional WSM for meeting existing and future water
demands by minimizing or avoiding development of new water resources as well as
getting the most use from the available water supplies through water conservation and
increased water efficiency. 59 As the water audit provides a better understanding of
customer water use patterns, characteristics, and consumption, particularly in providing
customers with a specific water conservation reminders (e.g. understanding of where
water is used, water efficiency opportunities, achieving water savings from leak
detection), its implementation period may not be sufficient given the existing need for
more data and information on WDM and water security of both residents and
concessionaires of Zamboanga City. As such, the Zamboanga City Water Audit
Program: Phase 2 (Expansion Phase) is recommended for a second implementation and
expansion.
• Lack and/or insufficient sources of potential financing facilities and modalities for water
sector infrastructure development projects. Despite the formulation of numerous policies,
orders and regulations on the preparation of PPAs on climate change, WDM and water
security; the lack and/or insufficient sources of potential financing facilities and modalities
for water sector infrastructure development projects still remain. USAID’s technical
assistance through the Be Secure and SURGE Projects are not only strategic source of
financing for water sector’s IWRM, WDM and water security studies, but also an initiative
that expedites policy directives, roadmaps, actions plans and PPAs supporting water
58
The TWG is composed of the following offices, namely: Office of the Vice Mayor, City Environment and Natural Resources Office,
Office of the City Administrator, City Agriculture Office, City Budget Office, City Planning and Development Coordination Office, City
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, City Legal Office, City Chamber of Commerce, Employee Confederation of the
Philippines, Rotary Club of Zamboanga City West and Ateneo de Zamboanga University.
59
USAID Water Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project. A Toolkit for Water Editors (Residential
Sector),
86
sector programs of the City. Aside from the financial assistance of international aid
agencies, it is also important to initiate access to financing facilities and/or modalities
being offered by multilateral international financial institutions such as the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), International
Finance Corporation (IFC) and the World Bank. Aside from these, partnerships from
international programs and initiatives such as the Global Water Partnership-Southeast
Asia (GWP-SEA), United Nations Water (UNW), Waterlinks, etc. are also potential
sources of information and partnerships in the water sector.
87
Table 43: Gap Analysis Matrix on Addressing Prevailing Issues, Concerns and Challenges on Water Security 60
Relevant Applicable Suggested Actions to Bridge
Issue/Concern Description of the Gap Projects/ Programs Responsible Party
Policy the Gap
1. “Lack of and/or Although there have been several Expedite the completion as well Feasibility Study and City Government of Zamboanga
insufficient potential studies conducted on identifying a) PD 1067-Water as commission additional Conceptual/Basic Design for the (CGZ) and City Engineering Office
surface water sources, potential freshwater sources, there is Code and its Amended studies/projects on identifying Tumaga River Impounding Dam (CEO) & Zamboanga City Water
including in other still no definitive results on the potential IRR 61 potential freshwater sources and Multi- Purpose Dam Project District (ZCWD)
surrounding areas” freshwater sources (b) PD 198-Provincial within and surrounding areas
2. “Lack of and/or insufficient Groundwater contamination is one of Water Utilities Act Introduce the use of isotopic and Capacity Building on the Use of City Government of Zamboanga
information on the use of the issues in zoning, monitoring and 1973 62 nuclear techniques used by Isotopic & Nuclear Techniques in (CGZ) and City Engineering Office
isotopic techniques to crafting of water resources (c) PD 856 Code of DOST’s Philippine Nuclear Ensuring Freshwater Supply to (CEO) and Zamboanga City Water
ensure clean freshwater” management policies, but the use of Sanitation Research Institute (PNRI) to Zamboanga City Water District District (ZCWD), Zamboanga City
isotope and nuclear techniques have (d) RA 9275 Clean ensure the utilization of clean Concessionaires Water Security Council (WSC)
not been introduced yet Water Act freshwater sources
3. “Insufficient monitoring There is insufficient adoption of efficient (e) RA 8041 Water Intensity the adoption of EO 524 Adoption of EO 524 on Rainwater City Government of Zamboanga
and enforcement of EO practices, designs, fixture, materials Crisis Act particularly in designing rainwater Harvesting Fixtures in (CGZ) and City Engineering Office
524-harvesting storage and methods to collect rainwater in (f) PD 424 and its collection fixtures in commercial Commercial Building (CEO)
utilization of rainwater” commercial buildings Amendments 63 establishments Designs/Plans
4. “Lack of or insufficient Insufficient/lack of information on the (g) Zamboanga Facilitate regular issuance of Feasibility Study & Basic City Government of Zamboanga
information on the results results of pre-feasibility study for Peninsula Regional information on the updates of Conceptual Design of (CGZ) and Zamboanga City Water
of the water impounding Zamboanga City Impounding Dam Development Plan various ongoing infrastructure Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD)
dam FS” Project financed by NEDA 2017-2022 64 projects in the water sector Impounding Dam Project
5. “Varying levels of Personnel of the Zamboanga City (h) Zamboanga City Recommend an institutional Institutional Capacity City Government of Zamboanga
awareness and Water Security Council members have Comprehensive capacity building program to Strengthening on Water Security (CGZ) and Zamboanga City Water
knowledge about water varying degree of awareness and Development Plan & increase the awareness and Awareness and Knowledge Security Council (WSC)
security” knowledge on water security Comprehensive Land knowledge on water security Training
6. “Insufficient period and/ or The ongoing implementation of the Use Plan 65 Recommend and support the Zamboanga City Water Audit City Government of Zamboanga
implementation of Water Water Audit Program needs to be (i) EO BC-661-2021- extension and expansion of the Program: Phase 2 (Expansion (CGZ) and Zamboanga City
Audit Program” expanded to cover other areas Zamboanga City Water Water Audit Program Phase) (ZCWD)
7. “Lack of potential There is a significant and urgent need Security Council 66 Initiate a request to national and Conduct of Market Sounding City Government of Zamboanga
financing facilities and to identify potential financing facilities (j) Executive Order international financing institutions Exercise and Financing (CGZ) Zamboanga City Water
modalities for water sector and modalities to finance several No.524-Rainwater to introduce and offer available Assistance from International District (ZCWD) and Water
infrastructure infrastructure developments projects in Harvesting 67 facilities and modalities to finance Financing Institutions Security Council
development projects” the water sector projects
60
The issues and concerns described in the Gap Analysis Matrix were obtained from respondents and/or representatives of the Zamboanga City Water Security Council participated in the Online Consultation
Meeting on the Preparation of the Zamboanga City WSMP held on 28 July 2021.
61
Under PD 1067 of 1976, the Water Code governs the appropriation of water, i.e., the acquisition of rights over the use, taking, or diverting of water from natural resources. Such appropriation of water is legally
allowed by the code for the following purposes: domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial and recreational.
62
PD 198 of 1973 refers to the declaration of national policy favoring local operation and control of water systems; authorizing the formation of local water districts and providing for the government and
administration of such districts; chartering a national administration to facilitate improvement of local water utilities to optimize public service from water utility operations.
63
PD 424 of 1074 refers to the creation of a National Water Resources Council to coordinate and integrate water resources development in the country.
64
The Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan (2017-2022) supports the attainment of accelerating growth and regional contribution to the Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022).
65
The six-year Zamboanga City Comprehensive Development Plan (2017-2022) “seeks to establish Zamboanga as a Metropolitan City with robust biodiversity and sustainable development that is globally
competitive, where investments thrive through good governance and industry”.
66
EO BC-661-2021 is an Executive Order creating the Zamboanga City Water Security Council to strengthen the enabling environment for sustainable management of water supply and water demand.
67
EO 524 requires the adoption of efficient practices, designs, materials, fixtures, equipment, and methods that reduce water consumption (e.g. rainwater harvesting and recycling.
88
Goals, Objectives, and Strategies to Address Water Risks
With the foregoing analysis of the challenges and issues on water security, the following goals,
objectives, and strategies were formulated in consultation with the ZCLGU, ZCWD and other
stakeholders.
Goals are identified in this section to accomplish water security and pertain to the water district,
rather than to a specific department. Goals identify what an organization wants to achieve,
preserve, reduce, or eliminate. Goals provide an organization, specifically its management, with
a sense of direction by stating quantified performance targets. The WSC can have many important
goals, but having too many can defeat the purpose of planning. The goals should address the
major issues being faced by various members and stakeholders of the WSC, over the next five
years. Based on the various consultations, SWOT analysis by ZWAT, virtual meetings with
stakeholders, and adherence to the goal of the city government which is to “Ensure availability,
dependable, proper management of water and sanitation services towards sustainable
development of the City of Zamboanga”, the following goals to achieve water security include:
The identified goals are aligned to the PWSSMP direction for attaining the water supply and
sanitation subsector’s targets and with the following key reform agenda (KRA): (i) KRA2:
Strengthening the Regulatory Environment; (ii) KRA3: Creating and Ensuring Effective WSS
Services; (iii) KRA4: Balancing Water Supply and Demand; (iv) KRA5: Building Climate
Resiliency; (v) KRA6: Enabling Access to Funding and Financing; (vi) KRA7: Managing Data and
Information and (vii) KRA8: Driving Research and Development.
Objectives are specific actions and steps you need to take to achieve a goal. Objectives must be
specific, measurable, and accomplished within a set time frame and are accomplished through
performance measures. The objectives listed in Table 45 were based on existing conditions and
organizational capabilities. The performance measures provide a method to measure whether the
objectives are met.
89
Objectives Performance Measures
Degree of operational complexity
Ability to implement based on
acceptance by the government
Competing Impacts Degree of Impacts to the Environment
Degree of Impacts to commercial or
agricultural users
Training of Number of hours of training per
Employees employee on new or innovative
technologies
Strategies enumerated below are the specific actions that need to be taken to accomplish the
goals. These strategies require the collaboration of concerned government and non-government
agencies, ZCWD and other stakeholders through the Zamboanga City WSC.
The strategies to achieve water security are further refined and redefined in Section VII and are
included as alternatives in the WEAP model.
90
V. Priority Programs, Projects and Activities
The Projects, Programs, and Activities (PPAs) listed in Table 46 were generated from the
stakeholders’ consultations and interviews. These PPAs are recommended to address issues on
water security such as the NRW reduction, water scarcity, improvement of water support facilities,
service area expansion, sanitation, and climate change adaptation. These PPAs are classified
according to the following timeline: (i) short-term: 2022-2026 and (ii) long-term: 2027-2045.
Furthermore, prioritization of short-term project is based on the readiness of the project, funding
source availability, or the need for immediate development plans.
The proponent of majority of the projects listed herein is the ZCWD, which is expected to
specifically address the issues on water security. For these PPAs to be effectively implemented,
however, finding available funding source is not only important but also the capability and
competence of personnel who will have oversight functions over its implementation. To this end,
short course programs on management conducted by reputable learning institutions is
recommended to be included in the programs for top level officials of the ZCWD. Training on
project planning and design, water source development, isotope technology, leak detection
management, pressure management, water meter management, and DMA management for
technical personnel is highly recommended. Maynilad Water Academy may be able to offer these
technical trainings. These proposals can be classified as short term.
What has become a recurring problem for the city of Zamboanga is the inadequate supply of
drinking water during droughts and during the onset of the El Niño phenomenon. On the other
hand, during wet seasons and during La Niña, excess water is being drained from the watershed,
causing flash floods and inundating low lying areas in the city. Excessive precipitation also causes
high turbidity, affecting the production capacity of the WTPs and causing a shutdown to the old
reservoir. It is ironic that inadequate supply of water not only happen during dry season but also
during heavy precipitation.
91
Total
Guaranteed
Investment
List of Programs/Projects/Activities Funding Proponent
Requirement
Source
(PhP)
9 Implementation of the National Sewerage and 177,000,000 DPWH LGU,
Septage Management Program (NSSMP) ZCWD
10 Cahumban Water System 76,100,000 ZCLGU LGU,
ZCWD
11 Infiltration Gallery for Dumalon Water Source 4,800,000 ZCWD
12 Septage Treatment Plant/ Septage TBD ZCWD
Management Plan
13 Pamucutan-Ayala Pipelaying 12,000,000 ZCWD
14 Bunguiao Water System 59,000,000 ZCWD
15 Construction/Rehabilitation/ Improvement of 8,700,000 ZCWD
Mangusu Water System
16 Water system at Dulian-Cabatangan 7,800,000 ZCWD
17 Feederline/Water Services Expansion 10,000,000 ZCWD
18 Installation of Air Release, Blow-off in ZCWD 12,600,000 ZCWD
Pipeline Network
19 Watershed Protection/ Rehabilitation Program: 197,000,000 ZCWD
Perimeter Fencing
20 Network expansion: Pipelaying of 40 kms pipe TDB ZCWD
Long Term
21 Rehabilitation of Raw Water Transmission 106,200,000 ZCWD
Line of ZCWD WTP
22 Proposed Water Source Development at Sitio 120,400,000 ZCWD
Latap Barangay Limpapa
23 Construction of Impounding Dam (216 MLD): 6,600,000,000 ZCLGU,
Bulk water supply and hydroelectric power ZCWD
24 Water source development: Manicahan River 2,700,000,000 ZCWD
(50MLD)
25 Water source development: Bog Lake (20 790,000,000 ZCWD
MLD)
26 Transboundary water supply: Malayal River in TDB ZCWD
the municipality of Sibuco, Zamboanga del
Norte
27 Transboundary water supply: Lakewood in TDB ZCWD
Zamboanga del Sur
28 Construction of Bulk water supply receiving 580,000,000 ZCWD
line (50 MLD from PrimeWater)
Sub-Total 13,111,100,000
Institutional Development and Capacity Strengthening
Short Term
1 Robust Decision Making - XLRM TDB ZCWSC
2 Sanitation and Septage Management TDB ZCWD
3 Ecosystems Based Analysis and Assessment TDB ZCWSC
4 Results-Based Monitoring TDB ZCWSC
5 Emergency Response Planning TDB ZCWSC
6 Vulnerability Assessment in relation to Climate TDB ZCWSC
Change Adaptation
7 Conflict Resolution and Management TDB ZCWSC
8 Basic Negotiation Skills TDB ZCWSC
9 Implementation of Water Safety Plan ZCWD
92
Total
Guaranteed
Investment
List of Programs/Projects/Activities Funding Proponent
Requirement
Source
(PhP)
10 Water demand management program TDB ZCWSC
including Water Audit
11 ZC WSC Policy Research on Institutional 20,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
Capacity Strengthening (ICS) ZCWSC
12 City-Level Strategic Institutional Development 10,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWSC
and Capacity Building Program of the ZC
Water Security Master Plan
13 ICS of ZC WSC: Training on Water Planning 5,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWSC
Approach and Decision Support System using
WEAP
14 Policy Research on the Assessment of 25,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWSC
Benefits for the Establishment of a National
Knowledge, Learning and Research Center for
Water Security
15 WAP Impact Evaluation: Best Practices and 5,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWD
Lessons Learned in Program Implementation
16 City-level Strategic Communication Campaign 10,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
Plan for ZC Water Security Master Plan ZCWSC
Long Term
17 Development of Watershed Security Plan 20,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
ZCWSC
18 Integrated Water Resource Management 25,000,000 PWSSMP ZCLGU-
ZCWSC
19 ICS of ZC WSC Personnel involved in 15,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
Development and Implementation of Water ZCWSC
Sector Development Projects
20 Long-Term, Comprehensive and Sustainable 250,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
ICS for ZC WSC ZCWSC
21 WATSEC Watch: Supporting the Zamboanga 25,000,000 PWSSMP ZCWD
City and Regional Water Sector Partnership
22 Establishment of a Knowledge, Learning and 5,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWD
Research Center for Water Security
23 WAP-Pro: ZC WAP Implementation for 5,000,000 ZC LGU ZCWD
Sustainable Institutional Partnership
24 City-level Strategic Communication Campaign 20,000,000 PWSSMP ZC LGU-
Plan for ZC WDM Plan ZCWSC
25 Water–Isotope Capacity Building and 25,000,000 PWSSMP ZCLGU-
Demonstration ZCWSC
26 Wins (WASH in Schools) TDB TDB ZCLGU
27 Zero Open Defecation TDB TDB ZCLGU
Sub-Total 465,000,000
93
Priority and Other Long-term PPAs
From the array of all the PPAs identified during the stakeholders’ consultations, the following
priority PPAs that have significant impact to achieve water security were identified:
During its Strategic Planning Session held on 30 June 2021, the ZWAT identified the following
activities that could support water security:
Some of the activities identified above have already been shown to be important within the context
of this study. Other activities such as monitoring of projects, HR accreditation, among others are
more aligned with improvements to the operation of ZCWD but do contribute in a smaller portion
to the achievement of water security. Annex 8 shows the SWOT Analysis of ZWAT as the basis
of the list of activities supporting water security.
The early implementation of the proposed projects and programs intended for the NRW reduction
should be given priority. Furthermore, a comprehensive, time bound and specific targets should
be considered by the ZCWD in implementing its NRW Reduction Program. Some of the strategies
that ZCWD may apply for the reduction of NRW are as follows:
“Walk the Line” program. This includes the identification of the pipe locations, pipe
conditions, potable water pilferages, and leakages as well as location of valves that are
existing but considered lost. This also includes the investigation of service connections
and recommended corrections that will ensure the application of accepted standards for
materials used and installation methods are followed.
94
Replacement of water meters. 68 Appropriate type or class of water meters used in the
system must be carefully studied and selected to ensure a more accurate registration of
consumption. For example, displacement type water meters are ideal for areas with very
low water pressure but are not a good choice where water contains abrasive/sandy
materials. These types of meters tend to stop functioning when abrasive materials get in
contact with its pistons. Current type water meters on the other hand are ideal for areas
having good water pressure even if sand is present but may not be able to measure very
low flows.
Recalibration of production meters and replacement of all mechanical production meters
to electromagnetic flow meters. Calibration of production meters must be done regularly
to have accurate readings.
Metering of fire hydrants to record water withdrawn for firefighting. ZCWD can also identify
specific fire hydrants in the city where the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) can withdraw
water for firefighting activities and meter these specific fire hydrants only. Presently, the
BFP submits reports to ZCWD indicating the volume of water withdrawn by the unit for a
specific time period.
Proper installation of water meters. Meter reading errors may also be caused by the
improper installation of such. Some meter clusters are enclosed in cages with vegetation
growing all around, rendering the meter dials difficult to read. Also, water meters not
installed horizontally tend to under register. Correct positions of installed water meters are
important to conform to the standards. Incorrectly installed water meters will cause meter
under registration.
Replacement of all ACP pipes. ZCWD is already replacing the pipes yet some are still
existing.
Replacement of distribution lines including defective valves and flow meters. Most of these
items are already in the program under the ADB WDDSP loan.
Regular flushing of distribution lines through fire hydrants to remove debris inside the lines.
Flushing prevents solids e.g., sand to get into water meters, thus prolonging its useful life
and ensuring clean water for the customers. However, with the insufficient supply of water,
line flushing may not be advisable at this time.
Continuous training of personnel to effectively use the full potential of the leak detection
equipment. Currently, leak detection accuracy is very low which sometimes results in
several excavations being done before the leak can actually be located. Leak detection is
a skill that can be honed through proper training of personnel handling the equipment.
Continuous training of meter readers must be implemented to reduce water meter reading
errors 69. Different water meter brands may have different presentations of their reading
dials. These subtle differences can confuse meter readers and may cause some to
incorrectly read the meter. Meter readers must be regularly oriented on the different
presentations for a more accurate reading. It is more advisable to have only one or two
brands of water meters to minimize diversity in the reading dial presentation which can
easily cause misreading and also to make maintenance and repair of water meters easier.
The strategy of replacing lines and appurtenances is expected to address the following: (i)
Eradication of illegal connections. This can be achieved by decommissioning the old pipes and
transferring only the registered connections to the new pipelines. This will render illegal
68
Approximately 25,000 water meters are programmed to be replaced under the ADB WDDSP loan. Replacement and repair of water
meters are regular programs of the unit tasked to maintain water meters. Water meters that are three to five years in the field are
being replaced. Non- functioning water meters are reported by meter readers for replacement. ZCWD owns Water meter test benches
used to ensure that new and repaired water meters are functioning within the allowable percentage error.
69
The meter reading unit may not admit to meter reading errors, but it certainly does happen.
95
connections attached to the old lines waterless; (ii) Getting rid of “lost” or defective appurtenances.
There are many appurtenances such as valves within the system that are missing and its
conditions are unknown that will be eradicated by installing new appurtenances along the new
lines; (iii) Increasing the water carrying capacity. Old lines that are tuberculated will be replaced
by new lines which will deliver water with less “solids”, thus reducing chances of water meters
being damaged; (iv) Eradicate abandoned connections. These lines are either being used by
unscrupulous individuals or were left leaking.
In the near-term, additional water sources are needed to meet the demands of the ZCWD
customers. In the past five years, there have been challenges for the existing sources to meet
water demands due to increased demands brought by rapid urbanization, high NRW and climatic
impacts. The development of the WEAP model in this study will focus on the ability of the identified
near-term sources to mitigate the impacts of increased water demands and climatic condition in
order to achieve water security. The near-term sources to be investigated include Manicahan
River and Bog Lake.
The Pasonanca watershed covers the main source of potable water in Zamboanga City. It
supplies approximately 60 percent of the city’s water needs. However, the watershed is vulnerable
in so many ways, from human encroachment to climatic change impacts. As such, it is imperative
that its protection be placed in the highest priority.
A watershed security plan must be developed and implemented which will include provisions for
security workforce, maintenance personnel, reforestations and other activities that will ensure the
protection and conservation of the watershed. As such, the security workforce, maintenance
personnel, foresters and other support staff in the watershed should be brought back to its normal
strength. Security guards can keep illegal intruders from illegal logging, gold panning, poaching,
discharge of harmful wastes and other activities that can impact on the quality of raw water to the
ZCWD. With regular maintenance workers, tributaries may be cleared from debris ensuring the
unhampered flow of clean water to the intake. Most important, security guards can keep illegal
intruders from illegal logging, gold panning, poaching, discharge of harmful wastes and other
activities that can impact on the quality of raw water to the ZCWD.
Moreover, nurseries should be maintained to ensure ample supply of seedlings for reforestation.
Resource biodiversity inventory should be made operational again to monitor and ensure that the
watershed’s most precious assets, its flora and fauna are healthy. Likewise, tree surgery activity
is important so that damaged trees that would normally die and rot are being salvaged so they
can continue to provide canopy cover to the forest for a much longer time.
To facilitate both short- and long-term water supply planning, additional streamflow measurement
should be implemented at various locations along the Tumaga River. Continuous flow data should
be recorded at least hourly and made available for analysis.
Management of the existing surface and groundwater water sources as well as bulk water
supply
96
Water resource management of various sources of the ZCWD is important to obtain its optimum
uses. For instance, Dumalon spring source, is susceptible to high turbidity whenever heavy
precipitation occurs in the area, water becomes turbid. In the absence of a water treatment facility,
operation has to be stopped until the turbidity level goes down to acceptable limits. Due to its high
elevation, pressure surges are also experienced.
In the case of the bulk water supply, ZCWD should ensure that the contractual obligation of the
bulk water supplier shall be met. If the bulk water provider cannot meet their contractual obligation,
then all legal and financing options should be used in order to allow ZCWD to explore other supply
options. Any shortfall in the bulk water supplier’s sources will impact water security especially in
the west coast area which is under DMZ-West.
Water demand management involves the adoption of policies or investment to achieve efficient
water use by all residents of the city. WDM refers to getting the most use from the available water
supplies through water conservation and increased water efficiency. It consists of reducing the
quantity of water required to accomplish a task as it flows from the source through use and
disposal. WDM includes the use of public policies, laws, water rates, and measures and practices
to reduce water use, with the goal of securing long-term, reliable, affordable, and safe supply of
water for the benefit of society and the environment. More importantly, managing water demand
ensures the ability of the water system to serve society even during times when water is in short
supply. The WDM was first introduced by the USAID Be Secure project in 2015, ZCWD has
implemented WDM various components since then. One of the prominent results of this program
in the city was the formal launching of ZCWD’s WDM Program on February 2016 and the creation
of the Zamboanga City ZWAT. The ZWAT prepared water audit toolkits for residential and
commercial water users and trained water auditors, as part of the major undertaking in
mainstreaming WDM in Zamboanga City.
As part of integrating WDM a key component is understanding the water use patterns of
customers utilizing a water audit. A water audit provides a better understanding of customer water
use patterns, characteristics, and consumption. The data gathered during a water audit will also
assist in establishing a baseline for various customer segments and for future strategic and policy
planning. The results of the water audits will provide ZCWD with a specific understanding of where
water is used, as well as water-efficiency opportunities. In conjunction with a water audit, other
WDM tools that should be investigated and implemented include community awareness, local
capacity building, plumbing codes, regulation and policy revisions and as previously identified
protection of catchment areas.
The ZCWD has formulated a Water Safety Plan (WSP) to ensure water quality from its source in
the watershed, treatment, storage and up to the consumer’s faucet. ZCWD should follow the
actions, investments, and recommendation stated in the plan.
Development and Finalization of Water District Business Plan harmonized with City
Development Plans
The programs and projects in water supply and sanitation as identified by the ZCWD has to be
congruent with that of the City Planning. Among the programs and projects mentioned by City
Planning its CLUP are:
97
Additional construction of artesian wells or other sources of potable water,
Use multi-media water filtration and sanitizer that will remove the existing turbidity of water,
Apply other options and institutionalize strategy like staggered payment or subsidy from
the LGU to the poorest of the poor families,
Construct water treatment facility to all point of disposal and reuse it to other purposes,
Construct private or public sewer system that will cater all sanitary sewer even piloting first
in the city proper, and
Construct a private or public sewer system that will cater all sanitary sewer even piloting
first in the city proper.
The identification of long-term water supply options could assist in achieving water security. But
due to the relatively high cost, long distance and risks these water sources and subsequent
projects should only be investigated as long-term water sources. The two long-term water supply
projects identified by the stakeholders include: Malayal River in the municipality of Sibuco,
Zamboanga del Norte, and Lakewood in Zamboanga del Sur. The size, cost and risk of these
potential long-term project would warrant additional investigation outside the scope of this study.
Listed below are the recommended PPAs in order to allow staff to achieve the goals and
objectives of this study. The short- and long-term interventions are based on the following: (i)
Summary of Results of Survey Questionnaire, (ii) Online Stakeholder Consultation on the
Preparation of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan , (iii) Online Consultation Meeting
with the ZCWSC on the Preparation of the Water Security Master Plan (Consultation on the
Pressing Issues on Water Security), (iv) Gap Analysis on Addressing Prevailing Issues, Concerns
and Challenges on Water Security, and (v) SWOT for ZWAT during the Strategic Planning.
98
institutional strengthening programs in both public and private sectors or commission a
number of individual consultants with extensive experience in conducting policy
research, capacity building, institutional development and institutional capacity
strengthening.
● Project No. 5: Impact Evaluation of the Water Audit Program: Best Practices and
Lessons Learned in Program Implementation. Since it has been identified that there
is insufficient period and/or implementation of the Water Audit Program (WAP), there is
a need to expand the implementation of the WAP. As such, a recommendation for the
99
conduct of an impact evaluation of the WAP has been forwarded to enable the ZCWD to
continue the implementation of WAP for another phase in order to continue the benefits
of WAP implementation. The proposed impact evaluation will include the documentation
of best practices in order to replicate the benefits of implementing WAP in other
areas/provinces as well. Aside from the best practices, the impact evaluation will also
include the documentation of significant lessons learned in program implementation. The
implementation of the impact evaluation for WAP is integral in supporting the
recommendation to expand as well as extend WAP implementation as part of the Water
Security Master Plan program.
100
Long-Term Institutional Development and Capacity Strengthening Interventions
● WATSEC Watch: Supporting the Zamboanga City and Regional Water Sector
Partnership on Water Security. Considered as one of the basic needs of every city
and/or municipality, the perennial problem on inadequate water supply sources must be
carefully addressed. However, there is also a need to establish a meaningful partnership
among various organizations (e.g., city government, local government
agencies/organizations, private sector organizations, business and trade industries, civil
society organizations, non-government organizations, etc.) to forge an alliance through
the establishment of a water sector partnership on water security. This project is
envisioned to cultivate innovative ideas, strategies and approaches on addressing the
prevailing issues, constraints and challenges in water security. In addition, this
partnership will serve as a common ground to level-off and agree on potential ideas,
programs and projects that will suitably address perennial problem of inadequate water
101
supply. The project will advocate stakeholder engagement and participation wherein
representatives from various member organizations will be trained and capacitated to
perform different roles in monitoring water supply and sanitation as well as water security
issues, constraints and challenges.
Capacity development can take three different aspects: (i) to increase and widen the knowledge
about a theory, method, system, definition, and so on; (ii) to develop skills which include adoption
of new knowledge into practice, technical skills and son on; and (iii) to change or improve
stakeholders’ attitude and behavior. Capacity building may take the form of in-class training as
well as workshops, webinars and in some instances, on-the-job-training.
Cognizant of the background of the principal stakeholder who are the member of the ZCWSC and
considering their functions and roles the following training are highly recommended to enable
them to effectively contribute towards the preparation of the Water Security Master Plan and
eventually help oversee the implementation of the programs, projects and activities:
102
● Emergency Response Planning
● Vulnerability Assessment in relation to Climate Change Adaptation
● Conflict Resolution and Management
● Basic Negotiation Skills
While these objectives are useful, they currently lack specificity in terms of options and alternative.
For example, the objective to “delay the implementation of additional capital investment” does not
provide specific guidance as to when one would begin the planning and execution of a new
infrastructure project; what are alternatives to those investments? What are the metrics that would
be used to trigger that development process? What are the metrics to be used to establish new
water supplies and how can metrics be used to help manage new portfolios of water supplies,
and might various water supply options be used to strategically meet competing objectives (e.g.
water supply reliability, environment conditions, recreational uses, etc.). The process of
articulating the broad objectives and defining tangible performance metrics is at the heart of the
water security planning and must be supported by modern decision support tools and analysis.
XLRM Framework
To help frame the elements required to achieve water security, assessment and management,
elicitation using a framework known as “XLRM” is required. XLRM organizes the important
elements of deeply uncertain decision analysis like climate change by grouping them into four
different categories:
Exogenous factors (X) are outside of the control of the water managers and are often
uncertain or not completely understood (e.g., climate change and demographic growth).
Policy levers (L) are actions taken by water managers to alter the outcomes.
Relationships (R) describe how the factors interact with one another and govern the final
output. The relationships in this case are represented by climate models, rainfall runoff
103
models, water resource systems models which are integrated into the WEAP software
platform.
Performance measures (M) are metrics that water managers use to determine the success
of various strategies under different scenarios.
Risks are managed through available levers (L) to ensure successful outcomes as measured by
performance metrics (M), subject to a wide range of uncertain future conditions (X). Decision
science (or risk management) offers a number of approaches when considering the uncertainty
inherent in climate change adaptation analysis.
The XLRM framework was introduced to the stakeholders from the perspective of the water supply
systems during online meetings. The exogenous (External) factors (X) are assumptions about
population and water demand growth, water quality, disasters, and climate change. The
management options or (L) levers are to optimize existing resources (WDM, NRW, rainwater
harvesting), increased capacity to supply additional water through the development of new water
sources. The WEAP model (R) is used to explore these relationships, and the performance
measures (M) are simply a way to determine if metrics have been met. Table 47 presents potential
elements that could be used within the XLRM Framework.
104
WEAP Model
For this project, the WEAP decision support tool Study Definition
is used to explore the performance of the ZCWD Spatial Boundary System Components
water system in the context of the stated goals Time Horizon Network Configuration
and objectives. WEAP is an integrated,
scenario-based modelling tool that helps
stakeholders manage water supply resources to Current Accounts
Demand Pollutant Generation
meet often-competing demands from cities, Reservoir Characteristics Resources and Supplies
industries, and farms, as well as consider long- River Simulation Wastewater Treatment
neglected interests such as wildlife habitat and
vulnerable communities. Through the
stakeholder-driven input and knowledge, a
WEAP model is being built that represents the Scenarios
regional water resources system that includes Demographic and Economic Activity
the ZCWD service area. WEAP is transparent Patterns of Water Use, Pollution Generation
Water System Infrastructure
and user-friendly – and it is able to distill the Hydropower
growing complexity of water systems into an Allocation, Pricing and Environmental Policy
understandable format. Users can see current Component Costs
conditions and then explore future scenarios to Hydrology
In Figure 47, the Current Accounts year serves as the base year for the model. Scenarios explore
possible changes to the system up to a specified time after the Current Accounts year. The ability
to carry out scenario analysis is central to WEAP. Scenarios are used to explore the implications
of a wide range of future conditions and uncertainly, represented by questions that may confront
a water manager, such as:
WEAP contains a series of built-in scenario management tools that allow the user to easily
construct completely new scenarios or make minor modifications that tier off a parent scenario.
These capabilities will be used to explore the objectives and goals based on a set of options and
alternatives. The Project Team has developed a climatically driven WEAP model of the ZCWD
105
service area that will be used to explore the water resource management alternatives and
formulate decisions contained within the Water Security Master Plan.
Figure 48: Initial screen shot of the WEAP ZCWD application domain, showing initial
watershed boundaries, major river networks, and the Zamboanga service region
Study Definition
Evaluating the implications of managing diversions and impoundments along a river requires the
consideration of the entire land area that contributes to the flow within the river – the river basin.
Within WEAP it is necessary to set the spatial scope of the analysis by defining the boundaries of
the river basin. Within these boundaries there are smaller rivers and streams (or tributaries) that
flow into the main river of interest. Because these tributaries determine the distribution of water
throughout the whole basin, it is also necessary to divide the study area into sub-basins such that
we can characterize this spatial variability of river flows.
Current Accounts
The Current Accounts scenario represents the basic definition of the water system as it currently
exists. Establishing current accounts requires the user to "calibrate or verify" the system data and
assumptions to a point that accurately reflects the observed operation of the system. The current
accounts include the specification of supply and demand data (including definitions of reservoirs,
pipelines, treatment plants, pollution generation, etc.). This verification process also includes
setting the parameters for WEAP’s rainfall-runoff module such that WEAP can use climatic data
(i.e. temperature and precipitation) to estimate water supply (i.e. river flows, aquifer recharge) and
demand (evaporative water demand) in the delineated basins.
106
Scenarios
At the heart of WEAP is the concept of scenario analysis. Scenarios are self-consistent storylines
of how a future system might evolve over time. The scenarios can address a broad range of
"what if" questions. This allows evaluation of the implications of unintended changes in the
system and then how these changes may be mitigated by policy and/or technical interventions.
For example, WEAP may be used to evaluate the water supply and demand impacts of a range
of future changes in demography, land use, and climate. The result of these analyses guide the
development of response packages, which are combinations of management and/or
infrastructural changes that enhance the productivity of the system. Scenarios are selectively
activated in using the Manage Scenarios tool found in the Data View.
Evaluation
Once the performance of a set of response packages has been simulated within the context of
future scenarios, the packages can be compared relative to key metrics. Often these relate to
water supply reliability, water allocation equity, ecosystem sustainability, and cost, but any
number of performance metrics and be defined and quantified within WEAP.
Water Allocation
Two user-defined priority systems are used to determine allocations of water supplies to demands
(i.e., urban and agricultural), for instream flow requirements, and for filling reservoirs – demand
priorities and supply preferences. Demand priorities are used to allocate water to competing
demand sites and catchments, flow requirements, and reservoir storages. The demand priority
is attached to the demand site, catchment, reservoir, or flow requirement and range from 1 to 99,
with 1 being the highest priority and 99 the lowest. Many demand sites can share the same
priority, which is useful in representing a system of water rights, where water users are defined
by their water usage and/or seniority. In cases of water shortage, higher priority users are satisfied
as fully as possible before lower priority users are considered. If priorities are the same, shortage
will be shared equally (as a percentage of their demands).
When demands sites or catchments are connected to more than one supply source, the order of
withdrawal is determined by supply preferences. Similar to demand priorities, supply preferences
are assigned a value between 1 and 99, with lower numbers indicating preferred water sources.
The assignment of these preferences usually reflects some economic, environmental, historic,
legal and/or political realities. In general, multiple water sources are present when the preferred
water source is insufficient to satisfy all of an area’s water demands. WEAP treats the additional
sources as supplemental supplies and will draw from these sources only after it encounters a
capacity constraint (expressed as either a maximum flow volume or a maximum percent of the
demand) associated with the preferred water source.
WEAP’s allocation routine uses demand priorities and supply preferences to balance water
supplies and demands. To do this, WEAP must assess the available water supplies at any given
timestep. While total supplies may be sufficient to meet all the demands within the system, it is
often the case that operational considerations prevent the release of water to do so. These
regulations are usually intended to hold water back in times of shortage so that delivery reliability
is maximized for the highest priority water users (often urban indoor demands). WEAP can
represent this controlled release of stored water using its built-in reservoir object.
107
Hydrology
The hydrology module in WEAP is spatially continuous, with a study area configured as a
contiguous set of sub-catchments that cover the entire extent of the river basin in question. This
continuous representation of the river basin is overlaid with a water management network
topology of rivers, canals, reservoirs, demand centers, aquifers, and other features (see Yates et
al. 2005a and Yates et al. 2005b for details). Each sub-catchment (SC) is fractionally subdivided
into a unique set of independent land use/land cover classes that lack detail regarding their exact
location within the SC, but which sum to 100 percent of the SC’s area. A unique climate-forcing
data set of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed is uniformly prescribed
across each sub-catchment.
A one-dimensional, quasi-physical water balance model depicts the hydrologic response of each
fractional area within an SC and partitions water into surface runoff, infiltration,
evapotranspiration, interflow, percolation, and baseflow components. Values from each fractional
area within the SC are then summed to represent the lumped hydrologic response, with the
surface runoff, interflow and baseflow being linked to a river element; deep percolation being
linked to a groundwater element where prescribed; and evapotranspiration being lost from the
system. Where stream-aquifer interactions are significant, the two-store water balance
representation within select SCs can be reformulated by recasting the lower store as a simplified
groundwater element that has hydraulic connection to associated river reaches. The hydrology
module also includes a snow accumulation/melt routine based on the use of an index temperature
approach.
At each time step, WEAP first computes the hydrologic flux, which it passes to each river and
groundwater object. The water allocation is then made for the given time step, where constraints
related to the characteristics of reservoirs and the distribution network, environmental regulations,
and the priorities and preferences assigned to points of demands are used to condition a linear
programming optimization routine that maximizes the demand “satisfaction” to the greatest extent
possible (see Yates et al. 2005a for details). All flows are assumed to occur instantaneously; thus
a demand site can withdraw water from the river, consume some, and optionally return the
remainder to a receiving water body in the same time step. As constrained by the network
topology, the model can also allocate water to meet any specific demand in the system, without
regard to travel time. Thus, the model time step should be at least as long as the residence time
of the study area.
108
Figure 49: Screen. Diagram of the two-layer WEAP hydrology model (Yates, et. al., 2005a)
Climate Data
Daily time series of meteorological data, including precipitation, temperature, relative humidity
and windspeed are used to drive the hydrologic model that is implemented within each of WEAP’s
catchment objects. Each catchment object is further sub-divided into 500-meter elevations bands
that help characterize the spatial distribution of climate across the watershed. The project team
acquired from the PAGASA daily climate data for the Zamboanga City station.
This study made use of two publicly available, gridded global datasets of the key meteorological
variables that the WEAP model can make use of. The first dataset is the Climate Hazards Group
InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) is a 35+ year quasi-global rainfall data set.
Spanning 50°S-50°N (and all longitudes) and ranging from 1981 to near-present, CHIRPS
incorporates a climatology, CHPclim 70, 0.05° (~5km) resolution satellite imagery, and in-situ
station data to create gridded rainfall time series that can be used for hydrologic simulation and
seasonal drought monitoring. The CHIRPS dataset only provides daily rainfall, and so a second
global, gridded, daily dataset was acquired and implemented- the Princeton 71 dataset, which
provides daily precipitation, temperature, and windspeed on a 0.25° grid (~25 km). This dataset
blends reanalysis data with observations and disaggregates in time and space, providing daily
data for 1948-2016. With these data, the WEAP model can simulate the hydrologic conditions
across the Zamboanga region.
70 The Climate Hazards Center's Precipitation Climatology version 1 (CHPclim v.1.0,) is a geospatial modeling approach
based on moving window regressions and inverse distance weighting interpolation. This approach combines satellite
fields, gridded physiographic indicators, and in situ climate normals. The resulting global 0.05◦ 25 monthly precipitation
climatology is shown to compare favorably with similar global climatology products, especially in areas with complex
terrain and low station densities.
71 A global 50-yr (1948-2016) dataset of meteorological forcings derived by combining reanalysis with observations.
Available at 0.25-degree spatial resolution and 3-hourly, daily and monthly temporal resolution. Sheffield, J., G. Goteti,
and E. F. Wood, 2006: Development of a 50-yr high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface
modeling, J. Climate, 19 (13), 3088-3111
109
The mean annual precipitation of the PAGASA Zamboanga weather station suggests an annual
average precipitation of 1200 mm, with a minimum of 677 mm in the El Niño year of 1997 and a
maximum of 2100 mm in 1999. The annual average temperature is 27°C, with an apparently
strong warming trend through the 1950 to 2014 period of record.
Figure 50: Annual rainfall measured at Zamboanga City Del Sur Surface (left) and annual
average temperature (right)
Since we make use of the CHIRPS precipitation product, we compared its estimate of rainfall with
the PAGASA Zamboanga station data. Generally, after bias correction where the CHIRPS daily
rainfall was uniformly scaled by a factor of 0.85, the annual rainfalls compare favorably between
CHIRPS and the Zamboanga Del Sur station for the period 1981 to 2019, with the CHIRS data
extended through 2019 is the daily average of these two series and shows that the PAGASA
station shows greater day-to-day variability in terms of the minimum and maximum daily rainfall,
thus suggesting that the CHIRPS data has less intense rainfall than what is observed (the locally
observed rainfall has higher highs, and lower-lows when compared with the CHRIPS daily rainfall
for the concurrent location).
110
Figure 51: Total annual rainfall (mm) at Zamboanga City Del Sur for the PAGASA station
(green) and the CHIRPS (blue) remotely sensed rainfall estimate 72
Figure 52: Comparison of daily average rainfall for the Zamboanga Del Sur location from
the PAGASA observational dataset (green) and the CHIRPS remotely sensed product
(blue)
72 Note that the PAGASA data were only available through 2014, thus demonstrating the added value of the remotely
sensed product that extends the historical record through the current period. Note that strong decrease in rainfall as
observed at the Del Sur station and estimated by CHIRPS for the strong El Nino years of 1997, 2015, and 2019.
111
Overview of the ZCWD-WEAP Model
This section describes and documents the inputs and assumptions regarding the ZCWD-WEAP
model. It details the representation of system components within the model and how WEAP
controls the execution of these model objects. Through a sequence of screen captures and
narratives, the model is documented to allow the ability to modify, update, and run the model; and
analyze its results. The document provides an explanation of the attributes and assumptions
made for each ZCWD-WEAP data object. Figure 53 is a screen capture of the ZCWD-WEAP
model for the critically important central region of the ZCWD service area.
Figure 53: Screen shot of the portion of the ZCWD-WEAP model showing the main
demand area of Zamboanga City (Central Area), and the watershed and supply
infrastructure of the Tumaga River. The colored polygons represent the Barangays that
are part of the ZCWD service area
112
As a water resource management model, WEAP solves the basic supply-demand allocation
problem, the distribution of a water supply to a set of demands based on a prescribed set of rules.
A WEAP model can represent supplies in a number of different ways. For example, water supply
can be defined by historic observations of streamflow, reservoir storage and operations, and
groundwater availability. Alternatively, WEAP can make use of climate data to derive available
supply through a conceptual representation of the hydrologic cycle, including rainfall-runoff,
streamflow, groundwater-surface water interactions, and groundwater storage. There is an
advantage in the later approach, especially when studying the potential impacts of climate change
on a water system, as a climatically driven WEAP model tracks water from source-to-sink,
providing water budget closure. The water supply in the ZCWD-WEAP model makes use of
WEAP’s internal rainfall-runoff calculation, with the model driven by meteorological data on a daily
time step.
The existing and future ZCWD infrastructure objects are entered into the WEAP modeling
environment via WEAP’s schematic model building tools, where linkages between the natural
watershed (catchments, rivers, and groundwater) are made to the water management system
(diversions, reservoirs, transmissions, and demands) are defined. The green circles with
attending dashed lines represent catchments and their connection to a given river (e.g., the
Tumaga River, the Manicahan River, and others) and is where depictions of land use and climate
are made. Each catchment area is associated with a watershed boundary bounded area depicted
in Figure 54 by the red and black polygon segments. The green, solid line returning to the
catchment from a diversion indicates that the catchment has irrigation requirements. The red
circle objects are where the municipal water demand data are entered for each Barangay, which
are then aggregated to the regional level (e.g., West, Central, and Eastern demand centers). The
transmission links to each demand center represents ZCWD’s water supply and treatment
capacity, which is defined along the transmission link from each water source (surface water,
groundwater, or spring). The red dot demand objects are used to calculate demand based on
population, per-capita use, and sectoral water use by activity at the Barangay level.
The green square (ZCWD Production Wells) represents a groundwater object, with dashed lines
from catchments indicating their hydrologic connection to the groundwater object. A solid line
originating from a groundwater object to a catchment or demand site indicates the groundwater
is a source of supply for that demand. The individual numbers along a supply source or at a
demand site indicate the supply preference or demand priority, respectively, which are used by
WEAP’s allocation logic to apportion water. The green triangles represent reservoirs or water
treatment storage
In the ZCWD-WEAP application, the adopted time-step is daily and the historic period of
simulation is 1981 through 2020, for the future period simulation, the analysis time window can
extend to 2099. While the spatial domain and time step have already been set, if the analyst wants
to set a new period of analysis, he or she should choose the General, Years and Time Steps
menu to set a new time horizon. Do not change the number of Time Steps per Year, which should
be set to 365 (daily). The simulation is based on a calendar month and assumes a water year that
same as the calendar year so begins on January 1st. We recommend that this not be changed.
113
ZCWD-WEAP Key Assumptions
In WEAP, the Key Assumptions are place within a WEAP model that
contains data that are unique to the study area of interest. There are
three broad groupings of Key Assumptions in the ZCWD-WEAP
model, including Water Use; Hydrologic Parameters; and Scenarios.
The Water Use parameters include per-capita water use (lpcd);
commercial, industrial, semi commercial, institutional, and ZCWD
Facility water use in m3/day. The Consumption parameters is the
percent loss of water that is delivered but does not return to a
treatment plant or discharge. The Hydrologic Parameters include
those coefficients specific to the two-layer soil moisture model that is
summarized in Figure 54. These include the variables at the land-use
and sub-catchment level: Root Zone Conductivity (RZC, in mm/day);
Runoff Resistance Factor (RRF, >= 0); Crop Coefficient (KC); and Soil
Water Capacity (SWC, in mm). The Hydrologic Parameters at the
Catchment Level include the Deep-Water Capacity (DWCap, mm); the
Deep-Water Conductivity (DWCond, mm/day); the initial deep soil
water capacity fraction (Z2, 0 <= Z2 <- 1.0); and the Preferred Flow
Direction (PFD, 0.0 for completely vertical discharge and 1.0 for
completely horizontal discharge). The Precipitation Bias Correction
(PBC) is a scalar parameter that uniformly applies to the CHIRPS
precipitation data to scale the rainfall to match the PAGASA
Zamboanga Del Sur station observations more closely and is currently
set at a value of 0.85, implying that the CHIRPS rainfall estimates are
about 15 percent greater than the local observations of PAGASA.
The ZCWD-WEAP model divides the study domain into a set of ten catchment objects that
contribute flow discharge to eight rivers, including the critically important Tumaga that drains to
the South Coast and is currently the key water supply of the ZCWD; the Manicahan River to the
east, which is being explored as a water supply alternative, and several other coastal rivers that
serve as water supply sources, such as the Pamucutan River. The Pamucutan River is currently
being used as a bulk water supply source as part of the Prime Water agreement. The model
includes a groundwater basin in the southern coastal region that is hydrologically connected to
the Tumaga River and serves as a set of deep production wells for the ZCWD. Each catchment
object is divided into elevation and land use basins as is shown for the Upper Tumaga catchments
which are the main water source to the ZCWD diversion point on the Tumaga River.
114
Table 47: Example of the sub-division of the Upper Tumaga catchment according to
elevation band and land use
Figure 55 is a screen capture of a catchment object’s data entry and shows the range of various
variables and attributes that are necessary for the model, such as contributing area, climate,
hydraulic conductivity and others. The blue line in the figure is the daily precipitation for the
Current Accounts year of 1981.
Figure 55: The Tumaga Catchment object selected from the WEAP data tree, with the
Forecast Land class selected for the 0 to 500 meter elevation band
The ZCWD-WEAP model was run for the period 1981 to 2020 using a blend of the CHIRPS Data
for precipitation and the Princeton Data for daily average temperature and windspeed. It was
assumed that relative humidity is a constant across the domain at 75 percent. The ZCWD-WEAP
model was used to simulate the streamflow for the region for this historic period, with an estimated
annual flow of the Tumaga River of about 90 MM3. Figure 56 and Table 49 summarize the annual
115
discharge for the simulated flows for the three primary river for which the ZCWD currently receives
its water supply, including the Manicahan River (blue), the Pamucutan River which is the Prime
Water supply (red); and the Tumaga River (green), which is the majority water supply for the
ZCWD. The Tumaga average annual flow was 84 MM3, which is slightly less than the historically
observed estimate of 90 MM3. The flows the Pamucutan and Manicahan are roughly 50 percent
and 60 percent of the flows of the Manicahan River on average.
Figure 56: Simulated annual flows for key points in the ZCWD water service region as
annual totals for the period 1981 through 2020 (left) and daily flows plotted as a
frequency distribution on log scale for the same location. Annual avg. daily flows are
1.67, 1.36 and 2.61 cms.
Table 48: Summary of annual simulated flows for key points on in the ZCWD water
service region, showing minimum, maximum, mean, median, standard deviation of the
simulated flows
The ZCWD-WEAP model acquired and implemented the activity-based demand model as is
represented in the ZCWD demand worksheet 73. This worksheet provided data at the Barangay
level for 5 categories of demand, including domestic on a per-capita basis for the estimated
population per Barangay; and commercial, industrial, institutional, semi-commercial, and other
ZCWD District level demand on a water use per cubic meter for the number of accounts or
activities also within each Barangay. These data sets were entered per Barangay, then
aggregated according to their one of the three zonal delivery regions, including west, central, and
east (see Figure 57). Data for each Barangay are entered into the WEAP model, but because
there are entered as “children” to the regional “parent”, WEAP makes it easy to summarize the
results at the regional level, and not be burdened by the details at the Barangay level. This is
73Demand data was retrieved from the provided worksheet: PNWDP_Zamboanga City_constrained PSA with new
NRW.xlsx
116
equivalent to a “Pivot Table” in Microsoft Excel. An example entry of demand data at the Barangay
level is shown in Figure 58 for the Baliwasan, which is in the Central ZCWD Service Area.
Figure 57: Summary of the Barangay and the service zones for each region
117
Figure 58: Demand object data entry for Barangay Baliwasan in the Central Area
118
The water supply system in the ZCWD-WEAP model includes the primary water supplies of the
Tumaga River, which is represented as a diversion object which is constrained by the capacity of
the water treatment plant. The diversion includes small amount of storage to smooth out day-to-
day variability, with the estimate of that storage at 38 m3. The green lines that extend from the
Zamboanga Water Treatment Plant represent the transmission lines to the three demand centers
(Eastern, Central, and Western), and it is assumed that this water source is a primary supply.
The Prime Water supply originates from the Pamucutan River, which lies a few kilometers away
from the center of the city. Figure 59 shows the location of the diversion on the river, with a WEAP
reservoir object used to represent the site storage, which is estimated to be 50,000 m3. Its
transmission links can supply water to the West Coast and Central Area Barangay users.
The recent, historic record of water supply delivery to the ZCWD shows that the dominant source
is surface water supplied by the Tumaga River. Even in 2016, a El Niño year where one would
expect surface water shortage, it makes up a larger share of the total, since 2017, the share of
the bulk water supply has increased as shown in Figure 60 but is limited due to the source water
limitations of the facility.
119
Figure 60: Historic portion of water supplied by the various sources for recent years
Shows the ZCWD simulated supply delivered by source for the period 1981 to 2020. Note that
the Prime Water contribution does not begin until 2017, as that is the year the source becomes
active. The number of times where water was not fully delivered on a given day was counted, and
over the 40-year period (or about 14,600 days), the Central Area was short on three percent of
the days, while the Western and Eastern regions were short on about eight percent of the days.
This also shows the assumption that the primary supply in the Tumaga River and the Prime Water
source is not always a substantial share of the water supply, as it is given a lower priority as
compared to the Tumaga River and the groundwater production wells.
120
Figure 61: Supply delivered by source, includes NRW. Shortage of delivery implies
reduction in water service
121
VII. Water Security Options and Alternatives
Water Security Options
This section describes the options that are being utilized within the ZCWD-WEAP model. Options
are defined as projects or programs that essentially increase water supply, these include new
water sources, expansion of existing sources, reduction in lost water (NRW) or water saving
programs.
Bog Lake
Table 49: Land use and area for the watershed connected to Bog Lake
122
Within the context of the ZCWD-WEAP model and its evaluation of the performance of the ZCWD
water system, the Bog Lake was explicitly modeled in terms of its ability to supply water up to 20
MLD as presented in Table 51.
Manicahan River
Table 51: Land use and area for the watershed connected to Upper Manicahan
(47 km² and Lower Manicahan 23 km²)
Area
Sub-Watershed Elevation Band Land Use
(ha)
Lower Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Agriculture 2,132
Lower Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Forest 6
Lower Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Wetland 56
Lower Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Urban 5
Lower Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Open Water 136
Upper Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Agriculture 1,009
123
Area
Sub-Watershed Elevation Band Land Use
(ha)
Upper Manicahan Elevation 0 to 500 m Forest 61
Upper Manicahan Elevation 500 to 1000 m Agriculture 1,412
Upper Manicahan Elevation 500 to 1000 m Forest 2,248
Upper Manicahan Elevation 1000 to 1500 m Forest 4
The current primary water supply for the ZCWD service area is from the Tumaga River, with a
drainage area of about 210 square kilometers. The contributing drainage of the Tumaga river to
the ZCWD diversion point is about 90 square kilometers. Based on the available data, the annual
average flow is about 5.46 cubic meters per second, with an estimated 80 percent dependable
monthly flow ranging from a low of 1.66 cubic meters per second during March to a high of 4.95
m3/s in October. The annual average yield as presented in Figure 65 is about 105 MCM, while
the annual average flow for the whole basin is about 200 MM3.
Figure 64: Annual average historic flows as estimated by the ZCWD-WEAP model for the
Tumaga and Manicahan Rivers at the river’s diversion points.
NRW Reduction
Almost all water districts in the Philippines suffer to some extent from losses in their distribution
network. Referred to as NRW, the resulting losses hamper efforts to expand the distribution
network to underserved or non-served populations. In 2020, the NRW as reported was 64 percent
and varied between 50 percent and 64 percent on an annual basis since the year 2015.
Minimizing NRW is a supply-side WDM policy. In general, it is lower risk (compared to constructing
new water supplies), climate resilient and is low in operating costs. LWUA guidance is for water
districts to have NRW of less than 30 percent, which is a realistic future goal for ZCWD with proper
funding.
124
The process of identifying the range and scale of the NRW problem as well as its solution is
variable and may take several years, depending on available investment resources and the
magnitude or rate of NRW reduction required. ZCWD has a dedicated team that is responsible
for reducing NRW, utilizing a varying approach such as identification of high-water losses areas,
water main replacement, and utilizing the private sector through PPP. The current focus of ZCWD
NRW reduction program is to replace large water mains that were installed in 1920’s and 1930’s.
The age of these water mains makes them susceptible to corrosion, brittleness and reduced
thickness caused by internal scour; all of which could lead to significant leaks. The focus of
replacing large old water mains to reduce NRW is an excellent strategy that should be
aggressively pursued. Other strategies such as replacing old water meters will also help to reduce
NRW and recover additional revenue caused by the under-reading of the meters.
It is critical that ZCWD keeps focusing on reducing NRW as it is the most cost effective and low
risk option for increasing water security. In addition, reducing NRW is “climate proof” as compared
to identifying new water sources, building infrastructure, treat, operate and distribute the additional
water. In the WEAP model, NRW reduction is based on a rate of 4 percent per year which is a
reduction from 60 percent to either 40 percent or 30 percent depending on the scenario being
analyzed. These NRW rates and goals have been accepted by ZCWD as reasonable if adequate
funding is available.
There are 13 water permits issued to ZCWD with a total of 52.91 MLD. The 12 of the 13 water
permits are for groundwater sources with a total of 14.32 MLD and one for surface water (Tumaga
River) for 38.59 MLD. In the WEAP analysis contained within this report expansion of the number
of wells in the general location of the existing wells is an option under consideration. Increasing
the number of the wells owned and operated by ZCWD will increase and diversify the water supply
system which will reduce the risk and impact of future climatic events. The expansion of the
groundwater supply can only occur with an increased understanding and data of existing
groundwater supply wells. Comprehensive data on water extraction rates and well levels are
needed to avoid overextraction. In the WEAP model the expansion of wells is assumed to be a
25 percent increase in capacity by 2025, after which the capacity remains constant.
Local distributed supplies in the context of the WEAP model are related to springs that would
serve small areas within the service area. Rainwater harvesting is also included in this portion of
the WEAP analysis as it would only have a minor contribution to water security. Rainwater
harvesting is of limited value as a supply source as it only replaces a small percentage of potable
water demands; in addition, the capture of rainwater is low during extended droughts or El Niño
125
events. In the WEAP model the amount of water available from these sources remains constant
throughout the planning period.
WDM has over the years emerged as both an alternative and complement to conventional water
supply management. Major policy approaches to support and promote WDM can target the water
users and provide through demand-side and supply-side interventions, respectively. WDM
involves the adoption of policies or investment to achieve efficient water use by all residents of
the city. WDM refers to getting the most use from the available water supplies through water
conservation and increased water efficiency. It consists of reducing the quantity of water required
to accomplish a task as it flows from the source through use and disposal. WDM includes the use
of public policies, laws, water rates, and measures and practices to reduce water use, with the
goal of securing long-term, reliable, affordable, and safe supply of water for the benefit of society
and the environment 74. More importantly, managing water demand ensures the ability of the water
system to serve society even during times when water is in short supply.
First introduced by the USAID Be Secure project in 2015, ZCWD has implemented various
components of WDM. One of the prominent results of this program in the city was the formal
launching of ZCWD’s WDM Program in February 2016 and the creation of the ZWAT. The ZWAT
prepared water audit toolkits for Residential and Commercial water users and trained water
auditors, as part of the major undertaking in mainstreaming WDM in Zamboanga City.
As part of integrating WDM a key component is understanding the water use patterns of
customers utilizing a water audit. A water audit provides a better understanding of customer water
use patterns, characteristics, and consumption. The data gathered during a water audit also
assists in establishing a baseline for various customer segments and for future strategic and
policy planning. The results of the water audits will provide ZCWD with a specific understanding
of where water is used, as well as water-efficiency opportunities. In conjunction with a water audit,
other WDM tools that should be investigated and implemented include community awareness,
local capacity building, plumbing codes, regulation and policy revisions and as previously
identified protection of catchment areas.
The goal of the ZWAT is to develop programs that can be shared with other local water districts,
water service providers, and other governmental and private institutions. Another goal is to
educate people—especially youth and those working in large commercial establishments—on
WDM concepts and strategies, and to promote the efficient use of water through utilization of
water-saving technologies.
The existing ZWAT consists of seven ZCWD employees who in addition to their assigned duties
and responsibilities are part of the team; therefore, the ability to grow the ZWAT program is limited.
Achieving water security requires many different approaches and programs; the expansion of the
ZWAT program to include government facilities, schools and businesses is an important
component.
Another aspect of WDM is the use of technologies and efficient water practices to reduce water
use for domestic, commercial, and industrial users. For example, one showerhead is considered
74Global Water Partnership (2012). Water Demand Management: The Mediterranean Experience. Technical Focus
Paper.
126
more efficient than another if it can accomplish the same purpose by using less water or other
inputs. For domestic water use, some of the available devices and products are low-flow
showerheads, shower flow restrictors, toilet-tank inserts, faucet aerators, low flush toilets, dual
flush toilets, insulation of hot-water pipes, horizontal axis washing machines, low-pressure supply
connections, pressure-reducing valves, water efficient landscape designs and irrigation practices.
The water efficiency gains of these devices over traditional counterparts can be substantial
without diminishing the fulfilment of the original purpose for which water is used. For example,
ultra-low flow toilets consume as little as 20 percent of what traditional toilets consume. Toilet
dams or other water displacement devices block part of the tank so that less water is required to
fill the toilet following each flush.
In the industrial sector, technological devices include counter-flow washing and rinse systems,
reuse of process water, recirculation of cooling water, ozone treatment for cooling towers,
treatment, and reuse of blow-down and water recycling.
The extent of use of water saving devices and technologies depends largely on the market
penetration of these products, the types of industries linked to the system, and the technologies
available for the domestic market. As a more aggressive strategy, a municipality can enact
standards for water-using appliances, at least for upcoming localities with new construction. A
review of the Water Code of the Philippines and Water Crisis Act of 1995 did not show provisions
on incentives and rewards for the use of water-saving devices. Only the Clean Air Act of 2004
has a provision (Section 26) for incentive schemes, but these are targeted to technologies and
devices for pollution control and clean production. The 2014 Investment Priority Plan of the
Bureau of Investment includes incentives for water pollution control and energy-saving
technologies but none on water-saving technologies.
As a part of Zamboanga City efforts in WDM, USAID through the SURGE Project has been
providing technical assistance for the strengthening of technical and institutional capacity of cities
on water and sanitation. One such area of focus is WDM, a strategy that supports the closing of
the gap between available supply and the increasing demand by reducing water use rather than
by just augmenting supply.
The National Center for Water Demand Management (The Center) proposes the collaboration of
the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU), a leading academic institution based in
Zamboanga City and the NWRB, the national policy making and oversight body for water
resources regulation in the country. The collaboration will address and hopefully close the gap
between the public’s awareness and appreciation of the WDM program and the potential of WDM
to be a credible national program. The NWRB has recently hosted the International Virtual
Conference on WDM on 18 March 2020 conferring the national interest to mainstream the
management of water demand alongside water supply management programs.
127
The cost of implanting a WDM program and calculating the savings is a difficult analysis due the
varying factors and variables involved, in addition since WDM is a new concept in the Philippines
cost information is not available. In areas outside the Philippines such as the US, several EPA
WaterSense programs have been enacted successfully; the varying cost of the programs between
the two countries makes it difficult to determine the true cost benefit. One way to determine the
positive impact of a WDM Program is by utilizing the Benefit-Cost Ratio of various WDM options,
which vary from 3 to 15. In order to quantify the water savings that could be achieved through a
WDM program a target level of reducing demand of 5 percent after 5 years of implementation is
assumed in the WEAP model. The 5 percent goal is a reasonable metric for the water district and
LGU to pursue and will reduce the cost of future water supply options.
Impounding Dam
Since the 1970’s and more recently USAID and others have investigated the proposed
construction of a large dam on the Tumaga River as a way to increase water supply and for
generation of power for Zamboanga City. Due to the large cost of this project (PhP 6,585-12,855
million) and risk, it was not included in the ZCWD Improvement Project list. A project of this
magnitude would require substantial government funding or a public private partnership (PPP).
The impounding dam project would include a 105-m high earth filled dam capable of providing
216 MLD of water, which would be used for domestic supply and hydropower. A new 146 MLD
water treatment plant and 900 mm transmission main would be constructed as part of the project.
(EDCOP, 2021). As a long-term water security supply solution, the impounding dam has merits
but the size, risk, environmental and social impacts require careful consideration. As a general
approach to achieving water security, diversification of water resources and phasing of options
generally tends to be a more effective approach in particular due to the future climate change
impacts. The WEAP model does not contain any elements of the impounding dam project as the
focus of the model is diversified projects that can realistically be implemented by 2050.
Alternatives
Alternatives are defined in WEAP as those actions that can be taken by the water district in order
to alter the outcomes of the future water conditions. Maintaining current operations and water
supplies (No Action) are considered the baseline in which to compare other Alternatives.
Alternatives describe specific and unique ways in which the individual options could be
implemented.
The Low-Cost Alternative includes reduction of NRW from 60 to 40 percent at a rate of 4 percent
per year, implementation of WDM with the goal of reducing per capita water use by 5 percent by
2025, the implementation of Bog Lake in 2027 (start of the design process) with water available
in three years. Expansion of groundwater supply for the years 2025 and 2026 by 25 percent.
The High Supply Reliability Alternative includes NRW reduction to 30 percent at the same rate of
4 percent per year, same WDM reduction as in the Low-Cost Alternatives; but the two large water
supply projects Bog Lake and Manicahan River have water available 2025 and 2030 respectively.
128
Figure 65 lists the WEAP alternatives that have been developed, implementation year and other
assumptions.
No Action
Low Costs
Within the ZCWD-WEAP Model capital and operating cost variables are needed as part of the
financial analysis for the various options. The costs shown in Table 54 do not assume inflation or
other factors that influence the value and are developed to compare one option to another. The
Scenarios will be described in the next section and answer the “what if” question.
WEAP Capital
Operating
Options and Cost
Timeline Cost Comments
Scenario (PhP in
(PhP/m³)
Assumption Million)
260 million
for 3 years
Bog Lake 2025 or 2025 (High Supply Alt), 2030 (Low-Cost
(Low Cost 10
(20 MLD) 2030 Alt), 3 years to implement
and High
Reliability)
PhP 520
Manicahan million/year
2030 (High Supply Alt), 3 years to
River 2030 for 5 years 10
implement starting in 2027
(50 MLD) (High
Reliability)
PhP 60
NRW Starting million/year 60% --> 40/30 % @ 4 % per year (Low
10
Reduction 2025 for 10 years Cost and High Reliability, respectively)
(Low Cost)
129
WEAP Capital
Operating
Options and Cost
Timeline Cost Comments
Scenario (PhP in
(PhP/m³)
Assumption Million)
PhP 80
million /year
for 14 years
(High
Reliability)
PhP 8
million for 2
New Only serving Central District, 12 CUM/day
years (Low
Groundwater 2025 12 (Existing) increase by 25% in 2025. Capital
Cost and
Wells Cost in 2025 and 2026
High
Reliability)
Local
distributed No additional supplies
supplies
5 % reduction, implemented immediately in
WDM 2025 0.5
2020 and applied equally to all uses
Scenarios
Water
Demand 2020 High 3.0 %, Low 1.5 %
Growth
Historical and Dry (10%) Conditioned off
Climate 1950-
the CESM1-CAM5 RCP8.5 Climate
Projections 2050
Projection for 2020 through 2050
WEAP Analysis
At the heart of WEAP is the concept of scenario analysis. Scenarios are self-consistent storylines
of how a future system might evolve over time. The scenarios can address a broad range of
"what if" questions and are the “X” or Exogenous factors in the XLRM framework. A scenario
allows for the evaluation of the implications of unintended changes in the system and how these
changes may be mitigated by policy and/or technical interventions. In the ZCWD-WEAP model
water supply, water demand and the impacts of future climate change are the primary external
factors related to these unintended changes. Scenarios can be selectively activated or changed
in the WEAP model using the Manage Scenarios tool found in the Data View. The main driver of
water demand are the assumptions around sectoral water use, with the estimates for each activity
for the three service areas (Western, Central, and Eastern), where within each of those zones are
data at the individual Barangay levels. Table 55 shows the historic sectoral estimate to 2020 and
the estimated future projections that assume a 1.5 percent annual growth in population (Domestic,
cap) and for each sector (Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Semi-Commercial, and ZCWD
Facility. Annex 10 is the calculation of projected population used in the WEAP analysis.
130
Table 54: Historical and Future Population Projection for each Sector of ZCWD
based 1.5 percent Growth
Activity 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Commercial 4,343 4,679 5,040 5,430 5,849 6,301 6,788 7,313 7,878
(Prod.)
Domestic (cap) 288,375 310,661 334,670 360,535 388,399 418,416 450,753 485,588 523,117
Industrial 24 26 28 30 32 35 38 40 44
(Prod.)
Institutional 494 532 573 618 665 717 772 832 896
(Prod.)
Semi Comm 1,553 1,673 1,802 1,942 2,092 2,253 2,427 2,615 2,817
(Prod.)
ZCWD Facility 40 43 46 50 54 58 63 67 73
(Prod.)
Figure 66: (a) The historical observed water supply delivered by source from 2016 to
2020; and (b) the ZCWD-WEAP model’s estimate of supply delivered by source for the
same years
131
The ZCWD-WEAP model provides additional metrics that can be used to analyze the
performance of the water system in terms of both supply and demand. Figure 67(a) shows the
unmet demand for the recent observational period and highlights the fact that water was in short
supply without inputs from the Prime bulk water supply, with most of the shortage occurring in the
east and west coast regions of the ZCWD service area. Figure 67(b) shows the daily coverage of
the water supply and shows that most of the shortage occurred during the ENSO years, and
particularly in the dry season from February through May.
a. b.
Figure 67: (a) Annual unmet demand by water use for the three demand zones (west,
central, and east) for the recent years with available observations, and (b) the percent
coverage for the same period and zones
Each of the three WEAP alternatives were evaluated against assumptions encompassed within
two different scenarios, which are described below. Each scenario makes assumptions about two
primary uncertain factors, including the (i) future trends in demand growth and (ii) assumptions
regarding the future climatic conditions. The first scenario assumes that future demand follows
historic patterns of growth and that the future climate can be represented by the climate of the
past. This narrative used to describe this scenario is “History Repeats” and is similar to the “Status
Quo” condition with the impact of historical climate included. Water demand growth is set at 1.5
percent per year and the historical climate repeats into the future.
The second scenario is based on what happens to the water supply and demands if future water
demands increase to 3 percent and the climate is drier than the historical average. The narrative
used to describe this scenario is “High and Dry”, implying higher demands and a generally driver
future climate. This would tend to be the worst-case scenario for the water supply and water
district’s ability to supply a growing water demand to its customers, although would also represent
an opportunity for the utility to expand its revenue base and increase its supply reliability. Figure
68 (a,b) summarizes the assumptions of the future demand and climate for these two scenarios.
132
a. b.
Figure 68: (a) Projected future demand for the two scenarios, showing historic trends
(orange line) and a high projected demand (blue line); and (b) the annual precipitation
over the Zamboanga region under assumptions that the historic climate repeats (blue
line) and the climate is drier
Figure 69 shows the results for the water supply delivered and unmet demand for each of the
scenario evaluated for the three alternatives. Note that the supply delivered implies the
assumptions of NRW reductions for each of the alternative. A few key messages stand out from
these results. Unmet demand is likely to grow into the future without actions taken to reduce NRW
and perhaps invest in new water supplies. Also, with a high demand growth and a drier climate
(Hot and Dry) the system could be even more stressed. Without any actions, the current system
can supply about 151 MLD with consistency. With NRW reductions and some infrastructure
investments, the necessary supply is mostly satisfied, albeit with occasional instances of unmet
demand. Under the higher demand projection (High and Dry) and drier conditions, taking the No
Action alternative would result in considerable unmet demand, which would skyrocket under
conditions of rapid demand growth and a drier climate. Investments in few infrastructures such as
Bog Lake and the Manicahan River would allow for consistent deliveries, but by 2050 might still
be deficient in meeting all demands, even with considerable reductions in NRW.
133
a. Supply Delivered: “History Repeats” b. Supply Delivered: “High and Dry”
Scenario Scenario
Figure 69: (a) Supply Delivered and (c) Unmet Demand for the History Repeats; and (b)
Supply Delivered and (d) Unmet Demand for the High and Dry scenario given for each of
the three alternatives
Figure 70 shows the supply delivered by scenario and for each alternative. Results are shown at
five-year increments to simplify interpretation of results. In the ZCWD-WEAP model, legacy
surface water sources are the first and primary supply source, and then the new supply sources
including the Prime Bulk supply. Local springs supply is assumed to be constant, albeit modest,
amount of the water supply. The new supplies then follow in priority, Bog Lake (used in both the
Low Cost and High Reliability alternatives) and the Manicahan River (only in the High Reliability
alternative). Groundwater has the lowest priority and is used when surface supplies need to be
supplemented.
• No Action Alternative: In No-Action alternative, both scenarios show that the system
supplies a maximum of about 151 MLD per year. This alternative demonstrates that the
system is generally supply limited and with considerable unmet demand (see Figure 70).
With the assumption of 60 percent NRW, this outcome is expected.
• Low-Cost Alternative: Bog Lake is moderately used in the History Repeats scenario, as
reduction in NRW and moderate increases in demand are able to be generally supported
by the existing infrastructure, with Bog Lake being use more frequently by 2050. Under
the High and Dry scenario, Bog Lake is used more frequently, as high demand growth and
drier conditions require more from the new supply sources. Bog Lake is used considerably
under the High and Dry scenario, and might not be adequate to support high levels of
demand. In fact, the storage in Bog Lake is significantly stressed under this scenario (not
shown). This alternative shows that it can deliver more than 164 MLD per year under dry
conditions, supported by reduction in NRW.
134
• High Reliability Alternative: This alternative can deliver more than 164 MLD per year by
2050, with reductions in NRW and the new source of Bog Lake and the Manicahan River
able to meet the increased demand. If demand growth is moderate and the climate is not
appreciably dry, then the Manicahan River is likely to be adequate to support future levels
of demand. As a more reliable source it might make more sense to prioritize developing
the Manicahan River supply over Bog Lake given the uncertainty of Bog Lake from both a
water quantity and quality perspective. Due the large cost of developing the Manicahan
River supply further study is warranted, therefore in the analysis Bog Lake is prioritized.
Figure 70: Supply delivered by source for both scenarios (columns) and for all three
alternatives (rows)
Figure 71 shows the discounted costs of the various alternatives and scenarios. It shows that the
NPV of the discounted costs of the High Reliability alternative are about 60 percent greater than
the No Action alternatives. While the Low-Cost alternative is about 37 percent greater than the
No Action alternative. The High and Dry scenario actually show smaller NPV since less water is
delivered overall, reducing operating costs. Note that the analysis does not consider the revenue
side of the accounting.
135
Figure 71: Discounted (4 percent) Net Present Value of the Operating and Capital Costs
for the three Alternatives and for each Scenario for the full simulation period of 2010 to
2050
The Prime Water Bulk Agreement was intended as a means to ensure water security for the
customers of the water district. The lack of proper planning and operational issues have created
the reality that the concessionaire is unable to meet its 50 MLD water supply obligation. The
analysis carried out with the WEAP model under various future climatic conditions in this study
confirms that the water source for the bulk water treatment facility will continue to be inadequate
to supply the contractual obligation in the future.
136
VIII. Financing Modalities
The implementation of these PPAs will support the goals and objectives set forth in achieving
water security for Zamboanga City. Financial and economic feasibility of the project through a
detailed financial and economic analysis should be first determined to ascertain sustainability and
viability of the proposed programs and projects. For the water district, a water rate structure that
will support the reliability and sustainability of the proposed system should be well established.
The proposed PPAs can be implemented and funded through various financing options, including
but not limited to, collaboration with private sectors to control loans for both Government
Financing Institutions (GFIs) and Private Financing Institutions (PFIs), private sector financing
through commercial loans, and grants through international funding institutions.
The GAA is one of the most important legislations that Congress passes annually. It defines the
annual expenditure program of the national government and all of its instrumentalities. The
expenditure program includes all programs and projects that are supposed to be funded out of
the government’s funds for the year. The main offices that assist the Office of the President in this
function are: the Development Budget Coordinating Committee, the Department of Budget and
Management, the Regional Development Councils, and all agencies and offices of the national
government.
For the period 2022-2027, the GAA designated the following agencies for infrastructure
development projects: the DA, DENR, DPWH and NIA. The GAA also specifically designated the
local government support fund (LGSF) to undertake the following: (i) Assistance to Cities, (ii)
Conditional Matching Grant to Provinces for Infrastructure Rehabilitation, Upgrading and
Improvement, (iii) Financial Assistance to LGUs; and (iv) Disaster Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Assistance Program for LGUs.
NEDA also plays an important role in providing general administration and support to the water
supply and sanitation sector by increasing its access to and in improving the water supply and
sanitation situation. Investments may be shouldered through the following:
• NEDA Three-Year Rolling Infrastructure Program (TRIP) for Fiscal Years (FY) 2022-2024
• NEDA Board Committee on Infrastructure (INFRACOM) Project Development and other
Related Studies (PDRS)
• NEDA Board Investment Coordination Committee –Cabinet Committee (ICC-CabCom)
Regional Infrastructure Development Projects
• NEDA Board-Regional Development Committee
• NEDA 2023-2027 Public Investment Program (PIP)
The ODA is an important source of development financing at the regional, provincial, or city levels.
It is a loan or a grant contracted with foreign governments with which the Philippines has
137
diplomatic and trade relations. It may be availed through international multilateral and bilateral
lending institutions or international financial institutions which has a grant element of at least 25
percent. The ODA is intended to promote sustainable social and economic development and
welfare. The countries that can be sources of ODA loans and grants are Japan, South Korea,
China, USA, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Canada, Spain and New Zealand. The
international institutions and multilateral agencies that serve as sources of the ODA loans and
grants are ADB, AIIB, EU IDB, IFC, World Bank, and the UN System. On the other hand, loans
and grants may be coursed through such bilateral agencies as AFD, CIDA, China Exim Bank,
DFAT, DFID, FINNIDA, GIZ, JICA, KOICA, Korea Exim Bank, USAID, and NZAID. 75 Among the
list, World Bank, ADB, USAID, JICA, and AIIB have significant investments in the water and
sanitation sector.
The LGU may also request grants from the national government and congressional allocations.
Likewise, the LGU may seek financing from government banks, such as the DBP. The bank,
however, may require proportional assignment of the LGU’s IRA in its favor to guarantee the loan
repayment.
The LGU may also entertain unsolicited proposals for Joint Venture or PPP. This will entail more
rigid compliance to policies and guidelines issued by the Department of Finance (DOF) and other
regulatory agencies.
For small size loans, projects and financial services, the LGU as well as the WD may promote
microfinancing. Microfinance is conventionally understood as financial services delivered by a
variety of providers such as rural banks, nonprofits, credit unions/cooperatives, and non‐banking
financial institutions. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are providing aids by providing small loans
for water and sanitation to households and businesses. Another option is to promote the blending
75 ADB- Asian Development Bank, AIIB- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, EU IDB - European Union Inter-
American Development Bank, IFC - International Finance Corporation, AFD- Agence française de développement,
CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency, DFAT - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Government of
Australia), DFID - Department for International Development, FINNIDA - Finnish International Development Agency,
GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, JICA - Japan International Cooperation
Agency, KOICA - Korea International Cooperation Agency, USAID - United States Agency for International
Development, NZAID - New Zealand Aid Programme
138
of grant or subsidy and a microfinance loan to reduce the required cash expenditure for
consumers compared to a lump-sum upfront investment. USAID SURGE for instance, supports
innovative financing in CDI Cities to increase the access to water supply and sanitation including
promotion of water demand management. Small projects such as initial water service
connections, construction of toilets and septic vaults, desludging services, and even replacement
of fixtures and equipment that are water-efficient are being supported by MFIs and the
Microfinance Council of the Philippines, Inc. (MCPI) 76.These MFIs have track records of
disbursing a large volume of water and toilet loans and they working closely with local government
and nongovernmental organization (NGO) programs for social marketing and demand-
generation.
Alternatively, the water district may opt for financing outside LWUA by approaching government
banks like Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) or
private commercial banks like Philippine National Bank (PNB) and Bank of the Philippine Islands
(BPI). However, these banks will require the water district to secure first a waiver from LWUA that
permits the water district to contract the outside loan, particularly if the water district has any
outstanding loan with LWUA. Bank loans usually carries 5-6 percent interest per annum, payable
for a maximum period of 15 years.
In the case of ZCWD, majority of its PPAs were anchored on the water rates increase that should
have been implemented as scheduled last 2020. As a consequence of the failure to secure the
proposed increase in full, funding for most of the projects were curtailed and its implementation
were placed on hold. Most of these projects were intended for the reduction of NRW and
development of new water sources which were reprogrammed and loaned under ADB-WDDSP.
Without the implementation of the proposed water rates, ZCWD’s ICG is not sufficient to fund
projects it programmed for immediate implementation. Even loans from the ADB-WDDSP and to
some extent from the LBP 77 are in a way tied with the implementation of the increase in water
rates. Hence, considering its financial position, the following options are open to ZCWD for
funding its projects;
76 MCPI is the national network of microfinance institutions working towards sustainable, innovative and client-
responsive solutions to poverty in the country. MCPI is currently comprised of 57 institutions, including 47 practitioners
and 10 support institutions. Its regular members include 26 non-government organizations, 13 banks, 6 cooperatives,
and 2 regional networks.
77 ZCWD had reservations in early 2020 of availing the NSSMP grant for the STP project because management was
afraid of not being able to repay the loan because the 50% equity will be drawn from the LBP loan.
139
Request for financial assistance from LWUA
Explore available Grant funds from the government and congressional fund allocations
Joint venture (JV) under the PPP schemes.
Seek financial assistance from the LGU as the latter is willing to assist financially.
Explore international ODA loans and grants
Sell non-performing assets. Proceeds from the sale to be used in financing priority NRW
reduction projects.
Work on securing LGU concurrence for the immediate implementation of the water rates
increase as per the program and schedule prepared by the ZCWD. 78
78 With the implementation of the proposed rate hike, ZCWD can fund most of its projects through the ICG. However,
the reason for the non-implementation of the rate hike is the refusal of the present local executive to increase the rates
citing humanitarian considerations amidst the pandemic.
140
IX. Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
The lack of a comprehensive water security plan and misdirected past water development
initiatives for Zamboanga City have contributed to local and regional water insecurity in the past.
The development of this master plan was based on state-of-the-art decision support techniques
based on national and international experience. A comprehensive water supply and demand
model, based on the WEAP decision support system was used along with downscaled future
climate projections. The development of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan with
these state-of-the-art scientific analysis techniques results in the first planning document in the
Philippines to specifically address the climatic impacts on future water supply in a scientific proven
methodology.
In Section IV (Goals, Strategies and Objectives based on Water Risks) recommended several
goals to guide the WSC to achieve water security are:
The outcome of this study includes the ability of the ZCLGU and ZCWD to improve drought
resiliency, improved access to reliable water, and reduction in water rationing. Training was
provided on the WEAP software as part of capacity development which will benefit current and
future water supply projects whether locally or privately funded. The ZCWD-WEAP model is the
anchor of the water supply analyses carried out in this study, and from the analysis it is clear that;
Unmet demand is likely to grow into the future without actions taken to reduce NRW with
a high demand growth and a drier climate (Hot and Dry) the system could be even more
stressed.
Without any actions, the current system can supply about 55 MLD with some consistency.
With NRW reductions and some infrastructure investments, the necessary supply is
mostly satisfied, albeit with occasional instances of unmet demand.
Under the higher demand projection (High and Dry) and drier conditions, taking the No
Action alternative would result in considerable unmet demand, which would skyrocket
under conditions of rapid demand growth and a drier climate.
Investments in few infrastructures such as new groundwater wells, Bog Lake and the
Manicahan River would allow for consistent deliveries through 2050. All this is predicated
on a considerable reduction in NRW.
141
Figures 72 and 73 present the unmet water demand under various scenarios, as shown
depending on the alternatives the unmet water demand can be as high as 300 MLD which would
be a disastrous impact to the water customers of the water district. Enacting the elements
recommended in this study would allow the LGU, water district, customers, and stakeholder a
future of water security.
100
80
MLD
60
40
20
0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
No Action Low Cost Alternative High Reliability Alternative
250
200
MLD
150
100
50
0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
No Action Low Cost Alternative High Reliability Alternative
The PWSSMP is an action plan being led by NEDA to achieve universal access to water supply
and sanitation services from 2019 to 2030. It was aligned in government’s goal of attaining water
supply and sanitation targets under the Updated PDP 2017-2022, Clean Water Act of 2004 and
142
UN SDG. The Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan is unique as it one of the first water
supply plans to align with and include reform areas of the recently launched PWSSMP. Presented
in Table 56 are the national priorities, reforms, programs and activities identified in PWSSMP and
its synergy with the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan.
Table 55: Alignment of Water Security Master Plan with Philippine Water Supply and
Sanitation Master Plan (2019-2030) Reform Areas (NEDA, 2019)
Priority, Reforms, ZCWD Water
Program, and Rational and
Recommendations Security Master Plan
Activities Objectives
Elements
Reform Area No. 1: Reform Area No. 1 Enhance stakeholder Enhance stakeholder
Establish Effective Create master plans to engagement and engagement in the
WSS Sector foster coordinated responsibility for planning process, key
Institutions efforts and guide the elements of the master involvement by the
Concerned plan; WSC
implementing agencies
to attain universal Promote the master The Water Security
access in the sector; plan as framework for Master Plan is
water security in other formatted in step-by-
areas of the Philippines step framework to
allow implementation
in other areas of the
Philippines
Reform Area No. 3 Explore policies and Expand WDM
Reform Area No. 3: focuses on projects to promote Program
Balancing Water interventions in efficient water
Supply and addressing water utilization; New surface water
Demand scarcity and managing source identified
the finite water Develop new water
resources through end- sources to protect Prioritize NRW
users. It balances the watersheds that are reduction
demand with supply critical to existing and
while safeguarding the potential water sources.
water ecosystem
Reform Agenda through the following Establish policies that Encourage the
3.2: Adopt water measures: provide incentives to promotion of the
demand foster efficient and National Center for
management as a conscientious Water Demand
policy. water users (e.g., Management with
labelling of water Western Mindanao
fixtures regarding their State University
water consumption
similar to Energy Recommend an
Efficiency aggressive NRW
Ratio (EER) for electric Program and
appliances, expansion of ZWAT
installation and Program. Instill the
retrofitting of water importance of water
efficient equipment); and conservation to
the customers of the
Promote programs water district.
towards reducing
NRW and increasing
efficiency (e.g.,
143
Priority, Reforms, ZCWD Water
Program, and Rational and
Recommendations Security Master Plan
Activities Objectives
Elements
reticulating leakage
detection, repair
programs, and pressure
reduction);
Reform Area No. 4: Reform Area No. 4 Consider disaster risk Utilization of climate
Building Climate focuses on reduction and climate driven WEAP Model to
Resiliency interventions in change adaptation analyze options and
addressing issues and strategies to ensure scenarios to achieve
challenges related to resilient infrastructure water security through
climate change. It facilities; and, 2050
builds a climate-
resilient water sector Enhance the capacities Training of Water
through the following of concerned District, LGU and
measures: entities by the Stakeholders on
government in climate resilient water
developing system planning and
and managing water- decision making
related projects.
Likewise, the Key Reform Agenda No. 6 of the PWSSMP focuses on the interventions towards
the improvement of access to funding and financing for WSS through the unified resource
allocation framework (UARF). This framework aims to address the fragmented and uncoordinated
approach in funding and implementing WSS projects across the country and to aid the
achievement of universal access and improved service standards. While the realization of this
framework will still take some time to be established, a wide range of financing options for the
PPAs of both the ZCLGU and ZCWD shall be carefully planned, prioritized and analyzed. This is
to ensure its appropriateness and viability vis-à-vis the implementation of these PPAs. In this
regard, PPAs with a clear impact of reducing the NRW followed by water source development
must be given priority. It is noteworthy that the institutional development and capacity
strengthening of the key stakeholders shall also be prioritized.
Without any intervention, water stress and unmet demand will substantially increase in the future.
It was estimated that about 300 MLD of unmet demand is possible with a future of high-water
demand and a dryer climate. NRW reduction is the most important and cost effective “water
supply” program to achieve water security. The NRW program coupled with WDM and new water
sources will allow Zamboanga City to move towards water security. The existing leadership and
new tools are positive attributes to attain water security, all that is missing is the adequate funding
and coordination.
ZCLGU and ZCWD has the leadership and tools to achieve water security;
all that is missing is proper funding and internal/external coordination.
144
Recommendations
Recommendations for the achievement of water security for ZCLGU and ZCWD proposed in this
study are based on a high-level analysis utilizing limited data and known conditions as of this
date. Planning for water security is an on-going process that requires refinement as new data is
obtained, regulatory and governance changes, and as climate impact projections are further
refined. Considering that the analysis carried out in this Water Security Master Plan is a “snap
shot” of today’s known risks, nevertheless the recommendations to achieve water security
include;
The four elements of water security are meant to be a summary of the proposed activities needed
to achieve “drought proofing” and to enhance the ability to expand service to areas outside the
existing service area. The four elements are all important and need to be enacted simultaneously
and with the same focus.
Aggressively pursue NRW reduction, prioritize programs with goals, objectives and metrics to
reduce NRW to 30 percent within a specified time period, the program needs have accurate data
145
and include a formal plan that can be enacted with proper funding. The reduction of NRW is the
lowest cost and most climate resilient option which will increase water supplies available to the
customers. In general, the NRW reduction program needs to be elevated with specific actions for
example:
There must be a specific target and timeline for the ZCWD NRW Reduction Program. The
target should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound (SMART).
Each individual project or program within the NRW reduction program should have
SMART goals.
Policies on the reduction of NRW can be adopted by the Board of Directors directing
management to reduce NRW to a specific level within a specific time.
Train personnel on NRW Reduction, in particular field staff in the identification of water
loss issue. They can be trained by private water companies that have extensive successful
experience in this field.
Provide adequate financial funding for the implementation of the proposed PPAs for NRW
reduction.
Ascertain the accuracy of production volume by re-calibrating all measuring devices
associated with water production. Production and billing are the major factors in
calculating NRW. If either of these are not as accurate NRW results could be inaccurate.
The first step in reducing NRW is to develop an understanding of the ‘big picture’ of the water
system, which involves establishing a water balance (also called a ‘water audit’ in the United
States). This process helps utility managers to understand the magnitude, sources, and cost of
NRW. The International Water Association (IWA) 79 has developed a standard international water
balance structure and terminology that has been adopted by national associations in many
countries across the world. Figure 75 presents water balance showing NRW Components.
Unauthorized Consumption
System Apparent Losses
Input Customer Meter Inaccuracies and Data
Volume Handling Errors Non-Revenue
Leakage on Transmission and Water
Water Losses Distribution Mains
Leakage and Overflows from the Utilities
Physical Losses
Storage Tanks
Leakage on Service Connections up to the
Customer Meter
79
See more detailed descriptions of each component and their measurement in the IWA reference manual by Farley, M.
and S. Trow, 2003. Losses in Water Distribution Networks—A Practitioner’s Guide to Assessment, Monitoring, and Control.
IWA Publishing: ISBN 1 900222 11 6. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1900222116
146
Steps for Conducting a Water Balance
The utility manager needs to have certain information about the network to conduct a water
balance:
The four basic steps to conduct a water balance are summarized below:
It is unlikely that ZCLGU and ZCWD will achieve water security without a significant
reduction in NRW.
147
Expand the WDM program now, managing water demand ensures the ability of the water
system to serve customers even during times when water is in short supply. Therefore, it’s an
important element of making the water district drought resilient.
Engage stakeholders and new tools in the planning process, ZCLGU, ZCWD, WSC, LWUA,
NWRB, DENR and all other stakeholders are a critical component of the water planning process.
Not only do the stakeholders bring various interests they instill a level of confidence to the
customers that proper water supply planning is being achieved.
Expand water supply sources and implement new policies, an important component of water
security as it pertains to climate change is the diversification of water supply sources and policies
to protect water sources. Groundwater is less impacted by short climatic issues such as El Niño
and provides long term water quality consistency. Increasing the use of groundwater is a relatively
low risk and cost part of a new water source program. The expansion of groundwater sources has
to be done withing the limited regulatory framework and regulations of the NWRB to minimize
over-extraction.
Bog lake has been identified and reviewed in this master plan as a water supply option, with
implementation after 2025. The hydrologic data available for Bog Lake related to quantity and
quality is limited therefore additional studies are recommended to solidify this source and reduce
the risk as a viable water supply option. In order to quickly determine the viability of Bog Lake as
a water supply option, water quality should be investigated through a study. The water quality
study should generally contain these components:
Similar to Bog Lake, using the Manicahan River as a water supply option is based on limited data
and contains risk which with proper study can be quantified and understood. The analysis carried
out in this study recommends implementation of the Manicahan River as a water supply option in
2030. In order to facilitate any long-term investment requirements and the potential value of the
Manicahan River as a water source, Manicahan River Feasibility Study should be started in 2022.
Enact policies to protect groundwater, watershed, and recharge zones, the protection of these
areas will enhance water supply, quality and climate resiliency. For example, full control of the
Pasonanca Watershed by ZCWD would allow implementation of policies and programs to totally
prevent encroachments which can potentially contaminate tributaries that feed the Tumaga river
and destroy flora which is important in keeping the watershed healthy.
148
Figure 76 is the proposed schedule for implementation of the four elements towards the
attainment of water security. The NRW, WDM and investigation of Bog Lake as a water supply
source are programs that should begin immediately.
The identification of long-term water supply options could assist in achieving water security. But
due to the relatively high cost, long distance and risks these water sources and subsequent
projects should only be investigated as long-term water sources. The two long-term water supply
projects identified by the stakeholders include: Malayal River in the municipality of Sibuco,
Zamboanga del Norte, and Lakewood in Zamboanga del Sur. Near-term solutions (NRW
reduction, WDM, etc.) and new sources presented in the previous sections should be
implemented before attempts are made to secure long-term solutions.
Listed below are the recommended programs, projects and activities in order to allow staff to
achieve the goals and objectives of this study. The short and long term interventions are based
on the following: (i) Summary of Results of Survey Questionnaire, (ii) Online Stakeholder
Consultation on the Preparation of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan, (iii) Online
Consultation Meeting with the Zamboanga City Water Security Council on the Preparation of the
Water Security Master Plan (Consultation on the Pressing Issues on Water Security), (iv) Gap
Analysis on Addressing Prevailing Issues, Concerns and Challenges on Water Security, and (v)
SWOT for ZWAT during the Strategic Planning Session held on June 30, 2021. Further detail of
these programs is presented in Section V.
Short-Term
149
and manage the WSMP (as outlined in Annex 9 and Annex 12). This may be outsourced
through ODA funding – from ADB, WB, USAID, UNICEF or Mandanas cap-devt funds.
Policy Research to Assess the Benefits of Establishing a National Knowledge, Learning
and Research Center for Water Security.
Impact Evaluation of the Water Audit Program: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in
Program Implementation.
Design, Development and Implementation of a City-Level Strategic Communication
Campaign Plan for Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan.
Design, Development and Implementation of City-Level Strategic Communication
Campaign Plan for Zamboanga City Water Demand Management Plan.
Long-Term
Next Steps
Following the final submittal and approval of the Water Security Master Plan several next steps
are recommended to keep the “ball moving” in respects to achieving water security. These steps
include:
Each responsible agency develops action plans, follow the reform framework developed
in the National Water and Sanitation Master Plan
Recommend that the ZCLGU, ZCWD, and ZCWSC conduct the needed review and
proceed with the adoption of the WSMP through a resolution (see Annex 13)
Promote and disseminate the Water Security Master Plan
Immediately incorporate the WEAP model as a planning tool, identify and train
“champions”, ZCWD, ZCLGU, and ZCWSC should endeavor to find immediate funding
for WEAP training to better implement and manage the WSMP
Ensure adequate funding from ZCLGU and/or ZCWD
Begin feasibility studies of Bog Lake and Manicahan River as water supply options in
2022
Conduct a more detailed analysis of NRW to determine what are the causes of the high
NRW. Utilizing the water balance framework in this report will assist in the analysis and
will help guide future the NRW Program.
These next steps should be carried out simultaneously and with urgency by ZCLGU and ZCWD.
As shown in the water supply analysis in this study, the water security situation in Zamboanga is
150
getting worse, fortunately achieving water security is achievable based on the recommendations
contained within this study and focused effort.
151
X. References
Corazon, Abansi & Hall, Rosalie & Siason, Ida. (2018). Water Demand Management and
Improving Access to Water. 10.1007/978-3-319-70969-7_11.
City Government of Zamboanga. (2018). Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2016-2025)
Volume I. Zamboanga City: Office of the City Planning and Development Office.
City Government of Zamboanga. (2015). Zamboanga City Local Climate Change Action
Plan 2016-2030. Zamboanga City
City Government of Zamboanga and Palafox Associates. (2015). Comprehensive Land Use
Plan (2016-2025) Draft Final Report Volume III. Zamboanga City: Office of the City
Planning and Development Office.
City Government of Zamboanga and DPWH. (2015). Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2016-
2025) Draft Final Report Volume III. Zamboanga City: Office of the City Planning and
Development Office.
DENR (2016). Climate Change-Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and
Development Plans for the 8 Clustered River Basin. River Basin Control Office
DENR (2008). Water Quality Monitoring Manual. Retrieved from Water-Quality-Monitoring-
Manual-Vol.-1-ambient_14aug08.pdf (emb.gov.ph)
DENR-EMB IX. (2021). Tumaga River Water Quality. Retrieved from
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/TUMAGA-RIVER.pdf
Folland, C.K., J.A. Renwick, M.J. Salinger, N. Jiang, and N.A. Rayner (2003). Trends and
variations in South Pacific Islands and ocean surface temperatures. Journal of
Climate, 16, 2859-2874
Folland, C.K., J.A. Renwick, M.J. Salinger, and A.B. Mullan (2002). Relative influences of
the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence.
Zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 21-1-21-4 13
NEDA. (2019). Conduct of Feasibility Study for the Zamboanga City Impounding Dam
Project. NEDA
NEDA. (2020). Draft Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan. NEDA
NEDA. (2021). Updated Philippine Development Plan. NEDA
NIA. (2019). Annual Report. Retrieved from https://www.nia.gov.ph/?q=content/2019-
annual-report
NWRB. (2020). Water Permits in Zamboanga Peninsula. Quezon City: National Water
Regulatory Board.
PSA (2020). Selected Statistics on Agriculture.
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2_SSA2020_final_signed.pdf
Regional Development Council Region (2019). Zamboanga Peninsula Regional
Development Plan (2017-2022). Philippines.
USAID. (2017). Hydrological Vulnerability Assessment of Zamboanga City. USAID.
USAID. (2016). Pre-Feasibility Study Draft Report Technical Services for the Pre-Feasibility
for an Impounding Dam with Conjunctive Hydroelectric Power Plant for a Sustainable
Water Supply for Zamboanga City. USAID.
WWF and BPI Foundation, Inc. (2013). Hydrological Vulnerability Assessment of
Zamboanga City. Philippines
ZCWD. (2016-2020). Year-End Monthly Data Sheets. Zamboanga City Water District:
Planning and Monitoring Division.
152
Annex 1: Population Per Barangay
153
Barangays Population Watershed Barangays Population Watershed
34. Labuan 11,457 MW 83. Talisayan 8,220 MW
Bolong,
35. Lamisahan 2,289 84. Talon-talon 34,916 Tumaga
Manicahan
36. Landang Gua 2,993 MW 85. Taluksangay 10,237 MW
37. Landang Laum 4,768 MW 86. Tetuan 29,785 Tumaga
38. Lanzones 3,287 Tumaga 87. Tictapul 3,817 Vitali-Taguite
39. Lapakan 1,378 Manicahan 88. Tigbalabag 1,803 Vitali-Taguite
Curuan, Vitali-
40. Latuan (Curuan) 2,457 89. Tigtabon 5,292 MW
Taguite
Manicahan,
41. Licomo 5,317 MW 90. Tolosa 2,773
Tumaga
42. Limaong 4,000 Vitali-Taguite 91. Tugbungan 23,837 Tumaga
43. Limpapa 5,782 MW 92. Tulungatung 9,246 Ayala
44. Lubigan 2,945 Bolong 93. Tumaga 30,824 Tumaga
45. Lumayang 1,471 Tumaga 94. Tumalutab 2,417 MW
46. Lumbangan 3,235 Tumaga 95. Tumitus 3,026 MW
47. Lunzuran 9,931 Tumaga 96. Victoria 2,802 Manicahan
48. Maasin 8,958 MW 97. Vitali 9,406 Vitali-Taguite
49. Malagutay 6,657 MW 98. Zambowood 10,166 Tumaga
Total 861,799
Note: MW - Minor Watershed
Source: PSA (2015)
154
Annex 2: Historical Production
155
Groundwater Historical Actual Production
Actual Annual Production (m³/year)
Rated
Name of Facilities 2016 2019 2020 Status as of
Capacity
(Location) (w/ El 2017 2018 (w/ El (w/ June 2021
(m³/year)
Niño) Niño) drought)
Baliwasan
(Lemon Drive, 161,220 193,923 81,512 12,012 - 59,011 Stand-by
Baliwasan, ZC)
Gov. Ramos
(Gov. Ramos Ave, 464,028 532,869 486,756 467,476 400,245 257,557 Stand-by
Sta. Maria, ZC)
Putik
(MCLL Hiway, Putik, 546,408 413,106 548,216 562,979 490,335 460,340 Operational
ZC)
Guiwan
(Cadena de Amor,
696,120 560,904 661,527 676,847 590,334 597,310 Operational
Palmeras dr.,
Guiwan, ZC)
Gov. Camins
(Gov. Camins Ave., 1,069,980 1,016,815 662,471 168,045 703,680 830,845 Operational
ZC)
San Lo Ruiz
(Atilano St., San
353,376 401,574 233,596 - - 234,933 Stand-by
Lorenzo Ruiz,
Tetuan, ZC)
Caputatan
(Caputatan, Putik, 522,348 479,045 478,137 515,188 517,627 526,657 Operational
ZC)
Lunzuran
46,980 117,485 66,126 87,354 81,509 69,755 Operational
(Lunzuran, ZC)
Ayala 2
135,948 245,013 14,883 4,597 - 65,448 Stand-by
(Ayala, ZC)
Tulungatung1
234,060 251,364 16,470 22,179 68,728 105,310 Stand-by
(Ayala, ZC)
Maci-ay
(Maciay Dr., Pasay 43,368 108,795 38,486 55,812 66,121 91,108 Operational
Rd., San Roque, ZC)
156
Name of Rated Actual Annual Production (m³/year) Status as
2016 2019 2020
Facilities Capacity of June
(w/ El 2017 2018 (w/ El (w/
(Location) (m³/year) Niño) Niño) drought) 2021
Brillantes
(Brillantes
495,864 524,545 509,867 484,379 460,876 233,973 Operational
Dr., Sta.
Maria, ZC)
Trumata
(Trumata Dr.,
278,040 371,064 325,899 269,985 238,767 283,045 Operational
Tumaga-Putik
Rd., ZC)
Lupong
(Lupong Rd.,
119,064 118,035 70,832 - - - Stand-by
Cabatangan,
ZC)
Pasobolong 2
(Pasobolong, 416,280 422,383 458,536 424,901 410,265 399,010 Operational
ZC)
Tulungatung
2
(Resettlement
55,896 56,336 922 2,617 34,171 27,668 Stand-by
Area,
Tulungatung,
ZC)
Divisoria
(Cuvarubias
264,816 252,294 212,122 295,811 300,278 306,816 Operational
Dr., Divisoria,
ZC)
Lumiyap
(Lumiyap,
Divisoria, 287,820 314,178 300,086 339,684 342,820 374,130 Operational
Zamboanga
City)
Presa Mayor
(Presa
Mayor,
73,704 67,414 72,518 66,330 61,933 76,667 Operational
Tumaga,
Zamboanga
City)
Cabaluay
(Paso
Caballo,
201,276 202,138 201,840 201,938 202,217 215,337 Operational
Cabaluay,
Zamboanga
City)
Malasiga
(Malasiga
Rd., San
266,544 276,116 155,863 63,143 30,474 - Stand-by
Roque,
Zamboanga
City)
Total 6,733,140 6,925,396 5,596,665 4,721,277 5,000,380 5,214,920
Source: ZCWD
157
Annex 3: Executive Order
Creating the Water Security Council
158
159
160
161
162
Annex 4: Water Permits
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA CITY CANDAR,
ZAMBOANGA CANDAR WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-17.34 122-04-36.66 31.55 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
CANELOR ZAMBOANGA CITY CANELOR MORET,
ZAMBOANGA MORET WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-5.58 122-04-08.7 2.77 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
DIVISORIA BOSIAN
ZAMBOANGA CITY AREA,
ZAMBOANGA DIVISORIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA DEEPWELL 06-56-14.64 122-06-1.26 14.57 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
ZAMBOANGA CITY DIVISORIA,
ZAMBOANGA DIVISORIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA DEEPWELL 06-57-1.26 122-06-25.62 10.07 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
ZAMBOANGA CITY GUIWAN,
ZAMBOANGA GUIWAN WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-33.84 122-05-25.38 18.93 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
PRESA ZAMBOANGA CITY PRESA MAYOR,
ZAMBOANGA MAYOR WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-56-42.06 122-04-44.76 7.88 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
SAN SAN LORENZO
LORENZO ZAMBOANGA CITY RUIZ, TUTUAN,
ZAMBOANGA RUIZ WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-15 122-05-12.48 13.94 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
BALAGON, SIAY,
BALAGON IRRIGAORS SIBUGAY, BALAGON
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY ASSOCIATION ZAMBOANGA CREEK 07-46-59.06 122-54-2.66 1.60 IRRIGATION 07/14/2005
BALAGON, SIAY,
BALAGON IRRIGAORS SIBUGAY, PANDASAN
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY ASSOCIATION ZAMBOANGA CREEK 07-47-59.05 122-54-25.77 1.60 IRRIGATION 07/14/2005
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY LGU-BUUG MABUHAY, BUUG, SPRING 07-42-38.58 123-00-51.33 0.890 MUNICIPAL 09/14/2007
NATIONAL GRID OTHER USE
CORPORATION OF STA. CLARA, NAGA, (FIREFIGHTI
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY THE PHILS. ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 07-48-36.72 122-41-13.20 0.029 NG) 07/01/2013
STA. ZAMBOANGA CITY STA. MARIA,
ZAMBOANGA MARIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-48.34 122-03-57.18 15.78 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
STA. ZAMBOANGA CITY STA. MARIA,
ZAMBOANGA MARIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-19.08 122-04-39.06 15.46 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
STA. ZAMBOANGA CITY STA. MARIA,
ZAMBOANGA MARIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-16.38 122-03-21.06 12.62 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
STA. ZAMBOANGA CITY STA. MARIA,
ZAMBOANGA MARIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-56-12 122-03-25.32 6.5 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
163
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
STA. ZAMBOANGA CITY STA. MARIA,
ZAMBOANGA MARIA WATER DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-57.45 122-05-31.68 15.71 MUNICIPAL 04/29/2011
NATIONAL GRID OTHERS
CORPORATION OF BRGY. SINUNUG, (OFFICE
ZAMBOANGA SINUNUG THE PHILS. ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-56-12 122-01-15 0.0290 USE) 05/25/2010
OTHERS
ZAMBOANGA BACUNGA TALINGA, TALINGA (COMMERCI
DEL NORTE N RAMON O. MARTINEZ BACUNGAN SPRING 08-10-47 122-57-31 0.850 AL) 01/13/1995
BRGY. DICULOM,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T BALIGUAN,
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE BALIGUAN NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 07-54-13.8 122-14-45.54 1.80 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
ZAMBOANGA JOSE ADAZA MIASAK, BINIRAY, DICAYA
DEL NORTE BINIRAY MIRANDA ZAMBO. NORTE RIVER 08-29-38 123-17-44 20.000 IRRIGATION 01/12/1996
ZAMBOANGA DAPITAN
DEL NORTE DAPITAN F.S.D.C. ILAYA, DAPITAN RIVER 08-39-45 123-25-30 35.000 IRRIGATION 11/28/1979
SAN
ZAMBOANGA SAN PEDRO, PEDRO
DEL NORTE DAPITAN NEMESIO ATIS DAPITAN C. CREEK 08-37-46 123-23-53 4.000 FISHERIES 01/04/1982
ZAMBOANGA SAN PEDRO, SEA
DEL NORTE DAPITAN NEMESIO ATIS DAPITAN C. WATER 08-37-52 123-23-55 5.000 FISHERIES 01/04/1982
ZAMBOANGA DAPITAN CITY WATER CALANGRIS, DIWA- TALYAMAN
DEL NORTE DAPITAN DISTRICT AN, DAPITAN CREEK 08-35-00 123-26-55 50.000 DOMESTIC 06/23/1995
ZAMBOANGA DAPITAN PAYAN IRRIGATOR'S ILAYA, DAPITAN PAYAN
DEL NORTE CITY ASSN. INC. CITY CREEK 08-33-03 123-26-26 55.240 IRRIGATION 10/08/2007
BRGY. NAPO,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T DAPITAN CITY,
ZAMBOANGA DAPITAN OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE CITY NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 08-41-26.89 123-29-28.29 1.00 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
BRGY. CANLUCANI,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T DAPITAN CITY,
ZAMBOANGA DAPITAN OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE CITY NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 08-42-37.08 123-22-51.72 1.20 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
KM.9
ZAMBOANGA TAIWAN OVERSEAS DIPLAHAN,ZAM.
DEL NORTE DIPLAHAN MINING CO., DEL SUR DEEPWELL 07-41-06 122-59-06 0.060 DOMESTIC 07/22/1999
ZAMBOANGA DIWAN, DIPOLOG LUBUNGAN
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG F.S.D.C. CITY RIVER. 08-24-57 123-21-20 15.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
164
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA SAN JOSE, PUNTA
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG F.S.D.C. DIPOLOG RIVER 08-29-30 123-19-34 40.000 IRRIGATION 11/28/1979
ZAMBOANGA LUGDUNGAN, DIPOLOG
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG F.S.D.C. DIPOLOG RIVER 08-35-00 123-21-40 69.000 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
ZAMBOANGA CAYASAN, LUBUNGAN
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG F.S.D.C. DIPOLOG RIVER 08-26-40 123-18-30 45.000 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG-POLANCO OLINGAN, DIPOLOG LAYAWAN
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG IRR. CITY R. 08-30-42 123-21-12 1672.000 IRRIGATION 06/01/1988
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA WATER MIBANG,STA. DEEP
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG DISTRICT FELOMENA WELL 08-34-23 123-21-09 22.200 DOMESTIC 04/11/1989
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG CITY GALAS. DIPOLOG D.C. WELL
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG WATER DISTRICT CITY FIELD 08-24-48 123-08-41 10.000 DOMESTIC 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG CITY GULAYON,
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG WATER DISTRICT DIPOLOG CITY DEEPWELL 08-33-28 123-20-46 21.830 DOMESTIC 10/29/1996
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG CITY LOBING OGIS,
DEL NORTE DIPOLOG WATER DISTRICT GALAS, DIPOLOG DEEPWELL 08-35-26 123-20-35 17.540 DOMESTIC 10/29/1996
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG LILIY CONST. & DEVT. DIPOLOP CITY.
DEL NORTE CITY CORP. ZAM DEL NORTE DEEPWELL 08-28-22 123-21-00 2.500 DOMESTIC 06/20/2000
ERNESTO RALPH L. LORENZO III,
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG TAN - ENZURE TURNO, DIPOLOG
DEL NORTE CITY WATER SUPPLY CITY DEEPWELL 08-34-24 123-21-58 0.52 MUNICIPAL 01/27/2015
ERNESTO RALPH L. SAN JOSE VALLEY,
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG TAN - ENZURE BRGY. DICAYAS,
DEL NORTE CITY WATER SUPPLY DIPOLOG CITY DEEPWELL 08-35-08 123-22-28 0.52 MUNICIPAL 01/27/2015
ERNESTO RALPH L. MADISON COUNTY,
ZAMBOANGA DIPOLOG TAN - ENZURE BRGY. DICAYAS,
DEL NORTE CITY WATER SUPPLY DIPOLOG CITY DEEPWELL 08-35-17 123-22-38 0.52 MUNICIPAL 01/27/2015
ZAMBOANGA LOMOGOM IRR ASSN LOMOGOM, LOMOGOM
DEL NORTE GODGOD INC GODGOD CREEK 08-00-38 122-54-27 60.000 IRRIGATION 06/25/2004
BRGY. BAYANIHAN,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T GULATAC,
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE GULATAC NORTE NORTE SPRING 07-59-22.14 122-17-21.84 1.00 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
BRGY. TABON,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T JOSE DALMAN,
ZAMBOANGA JOSE OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE DALMAN NORTE NORTE SPRING 08-27-11.28 123-02-25.98 0.87 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
165
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
BRGY. SIPAROK,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T JOSE DALMAN,
ZAMBOANGA JOSE OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE DALMAN NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 08-29-11.52 123-02-34.02 1.90 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
KALAWIT,
ZAMBOANGA BATAYAN UNITED ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE KALAWIT F.I.A. NORTE RIVER 07-56-30 122-34-45 56.530 IRRIGATION 10/29/1998
ZAMBOANGA KALIPUNA SERES
DEL NORTE N SERES IAI SERES, KALIPUNAN CREEK 08-23-53 123-19-20 76.690 IRRIGATION 11/25/2004
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA MIAS
DEL NORTE N G. BILOG MIAS, KATIPUNAN CREEK 7.000 IRRIGATION 10/09/1975
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA MIAS
DEL NORTE N J. TUNGUIAS MIAS, KATIPUNAN CREEK 3.000 IRRIGATION 10/09/1975
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA BOAL-
DEL NORTE N S. MIRANDA MIAS, KATIPUNAN BOAL S. 5.000 IRRIGATION 10/09/1975
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA KATIPUNAN, ZAM. PUNTA
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. DEL NORTE RIVER 08-26-58 123-18-43 15.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA MIASAK, DICAYO
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. KATIPUNAN RIVER 08-29-35 123-17-42 15.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA SINUYAK, LUBUNGAN
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. KATIPUNAN RIVER 08-28-37 123-19-07 40.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA CERES, CERES
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. KATIPUNAN RIVER 08-28-47 123-16-35 16.000 IRRIGATION 12/28/1979
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA MALUGAS, DIKAYO
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. KATIPUNAN RIVER 08-29-56 123-17-56 55.000 IRRIGATION 03/19/1980
ZAMBOANGA KATIPUNA MITUNGAN IRR. ASS. KATIPUNAN, ZAM. MITUNGAN
DEL NORTE N INC. DEL NORTE SPRING 08-25-28 123-18-32 72.000 IRRIGATION 07/24/2000
KILAWIT,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL MALUB
DEL NORTE KILAWIT KALAWIT IA, INC NORTE RIVER 07-55-03 122-31-15 198.870 IRRIGATION 12/29/2003
ZAMBOANGA OSUKAN
DEL NORTE LABASON OSUKAN FA INC. OSUKAN, LABASON CREEK 08-03-48 122-30-48 70.000 IRRIGATION 08/01/1985
LABASON,
ZAMBOANGA TRIPLE L IRRIGATORS ZAMBOANGA DEL LABASON
DEL NORTE LABASON ASSO. INC. NORTE RIVER 08-02-40 122-29-50 216.000 IRRIGATION 03/03/2006
PROVINCIAL GOV'T
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL BRGY. LOPOC,
DEL NORTE LABASON NORTE LABASON, DEEPWELL 08-04-1.02 122-31-33.6 2.60 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
166
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA DEL
NORTE
BRGY. TALINGA,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T ELON B. POSTIGO,
ZAMBOANGA LEON B. OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE POSTIGO NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 08-10-27.96 122-27-16.56 2.00 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
LILOY,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE LILOY LGU WATER SYSTEM NORTE DEEPWELL 08-07-10 122-40-52 10.000 DOMESTIC 12/21/2001
PROVINCIAL GOV'T BRGY. BANIGAN,
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL LILOY, ZAMBOANG
DEL NORTE LILOY NORTE DEL NORTE DEEPWELL 08-06-43.44 122-38-27.36 1.20 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
ZAMBOANGA MA. DAPITAN WATER AMBOGOC, MA. AMBOGOC
DEL NORTE CRISTINA DISTRICT CRISTINA CREEK 08-38-50 123-26-40 20.000 DOMESTIC 06/23/1995
PONOT-
ZAMBOANGA DIOT
DEL NORTE MANUKAN I. DALMAN PONOT, MANUKAN RIVER 5.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
ZAMBOANGA CRYSTAL BEACH PUNTA BLANCA, RECREATIO
DEL NORTE MANUKAN RESORT MANUKAN DEEPWELL 08-31-00 123-04-00 0.500 N 09/10/1996
ZAMBOANGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT PALI, PALARANAN, UNNAMED
DEL NORTE MANUKAN OF MANUKAN MANUKAN SPRING 08-29-00 123-06-00 1.000 DOMESTIC 06/24/1997
ZAMBOANGA NIPA-AN
DEL NORTE PINAN NIPA-AN IAI BACUYONG, PINAN CREEK 08-29-45 123-25-37 58.000 IRRIGATION 07/01/1994
POB.
ZAMBOANGA NORTH POLANCO WATER POB. NORTH
DEL NORTE POLANCO DISTRICT POLANCO DEEPWELL 08-31-25 123-21-40 21.000 DOMESTIC 07/12/1999
ZAMBOANGA PIAN
DEL NORTE POLANCO G. PATANGAN PIAN, BANDERA CREEK 15.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
ZAMBOANGA DANSULLAN, POLANCO
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. POLANCO RIVER 03-25-08 123-23-20 180.000 IRRIGATION 09/12/1979
ZAMBOANGA NEW SIYACAB, POLANCO
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. POLANCO RIVER 08-24-02 123-24-35 50.000 IRRIGATION 09/12/1979
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION, LAYAWAN
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. POLANCO RIVER 08-31-36 123-21-42 28.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA LAYAWAN
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. MIASI, POLANCO RIVER 08-29-22 123-20-53 28.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. ISING, POLANCO LIPAAN CK. 08-34-04 123-22-58 80.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
167
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
POLANCO,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL DIPOLOG
DEL NORTE POLANCO F.S.D.C. NORTE RIVER 08-32-16 123-22-15 22.500 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
POLANCO,
ZAMBOANGA FIRM BLDRS'S. ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE POLANCO REALTY CORP. NORTE DEEPWELL 08-32-26 123-21-31 0.760 DOMESTIC 05/28/1996
POLANCO,
ZAMBOANGA NEW SICAYAB & ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE POLANCO DANSULLAN I.A NORTE RIVER 08-26-05 123-22-39 149.480 IRRIGATION 11/26/1998
ZAMBOANGA PRYCE POB. NORTH DIPOLOG
DEL NORTE POLANCO CORPORATION POLANCO RIVER 08-32-21 123-22-02 2.880 IRRIGATION 05/11/1999
SILAWE,
ZAMBOANGA LASILELA IRR. ASS. ZAMBOANGA DEL LAYAWAN
DEL NORTE POLANCO INC. NORTE RIVER 08-27-51 123-21-43 241.220 IRRIGATION 07/12/1999
ZAMBOANGA GUINLES, PINAN
DEL NORTE POLANCO GUISALI IAI POLANCO RIVER 08-29-26 123-24-27 324.000 IRRIGATION 05/19/2005
UPPER LA
ESPERANZA,
RIZAL,
ZAMBOANGA NILABO - LONGONAN ZAMBOANGA DEL NILABO
DEL NORTE RIZAL IA, INC. NORTE CREEK 08-33-50 123-32-33 14.27 IRRIGATION 01/27/2006
UPPER LA
ESPERANZA,
RIZAL,
ZAMBOANGA NILABO - LONGONAN ZAMBOANGA DEL LONGONA
DEL NORTE RIZAL IA, INC. NORTE N CREEK 08-33-55 123-31-57 3.22 IRRIGATION 01/27/2006
ZAMBOANGA PRES.M.A.ROXAS LANGATIAN,
DEL NORTE ROXAS WATER DIST. ROXAS DEEPWELL 08-30-41 123-14-33 8.000 DOMESTIC 05/26/1995
SOUTHERN ISLAND
OIL MILL C./
WORLDWIDE
INVESTMENT LAND
ZAMBOANGA MANAGEMENT & NABILID ROXAS
DEL NORTE ROXAS RESOURCES INC. ZAMBO DEL NORTE DEEPWELL 08-30-50 123-15-20 5.050 INDUSTRIAL 01/28/1999
POMS VENTURES
CORPORATION/WORL
DWIDE INVESTMENT
ZAMBOANGA LAND MANAGEMENT PAIAO
DEL NORTE ROXAS AND RES. INC. NABILID, ROXAS RIVER 08-30-50 123-14-39 1.00 INDUSTRIAL 08/27/2009
168
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA SALOG
DEL NORTE SALUG F.S.D.C. LANAWAN, SALUG RIVER 08-05-59 122-44-45 27.000 IRRIGATION 21 09 2005
ZAMBOANGA SERGIO PIDAGAN, S. SALUG
DEL NORTE OSMENA F.S.D.C. OSMENA RIVER 08-05-45 122-45-12 43.000 IRRIGATION 04/23/1979
ZAMBOANGA SERGIO YABU ADJACENT SERGIO OSMENA, YABU
DEL NORTE OSMENA BRGYS. I.A.I. SR. RIVER 08-15-36 123-24-33 261.000 IRRIGATION 01/28/1992
BRGY. PARANG
PROVINCIAL GOV'T LUMBA, SIAYAN,
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE SIAYAN NORTE NORTE SPRING 08-17-52.08 123-03-12.36 3.00 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
ZAMBOANGA VITALI
DEL NORTE SIBUCO IRRIG. ASSN. LONDAY, SIBUCO RIVER 07-18-53 122-08-48 200.000 IRRIGATION 06/22/1984
ZAMBOANGA INUMAN, LINGAWAN
DEL NORTE SINDANGA DON FEDERICO IAI SINDANGA CREEK 08-11-53 123-00-41 40.000 IRRIGATION 03/14/2005
ZAMBOANGA SINDANGA MARAS, INGIN
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. SINDANGAN RIVER 08-11-24 122-58-48 70.000 IRRIGATION 07/03/1979
ZAMBOANGA SINDANGA PIAO
DEL NORTE N F.S.D.C. PIAO, SINDANGAN RIVER 08-14-05 123-00-30 39.000 IRRIGATION 11/28/1979
SINDANGAN,
ZAMBOANGA SINDANGA Zamboanga del SINDAGAN
DEL NORTE N SINDANGAN IAI Norte RIVER 08-11-42 123-07-00 1200.000 IRRIGATION 07/01/1994
ZAMBOANGA SINDANGA LAGAG, PIAO
DEL NORTE N LAGAG-DENOYAN IAI SINDANGAN RIVER 08-16-38 123-03-02 175.670 IRRIGATION 12/14/1998
ZAMBOANGA SINDANGA SINDANGAN WATER MANDIH,
DEL NORTE N DISTRICT SINDANGAN DEEPWELL 08-12-59 123-00-26 22.000 DOMESTIC 06/06/2003
SIOCON,
ZAMBOANGA OLD & NEW LITUBAN ZAMBOANGA DEL LIBUTAN
DEL NORTE SIOCON BRGY. IRR. NORTE RIVER 07-41-54 122-11-08 1125.000 IRRIGATION 02/26/1991
WATER
ZAMBOANGA TVI RESOURCES CANATUAN, FALL
DEL NORTE SIOCON DEVT., INC. TABAYO, SIOCON CREEK 07-44-48 123-16-20 502.750 DOMESTIC 08/27/1996
SIOCON,
ZAMBOANGA TVI RESOURCES ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE SIOCON DEVT., INC. NORTE JP CREEK 07-44-54 122-17-11 0.190 DOMESTIC 10/29/1996
SIOCON,
ZAMBOANGA TVI RESOURCES ZAMBOANGA DEL CANATUAN
DEL NORTE SIOCON DEVT., INC. NORTE CREEK 07-44-15 122-16-37 24.500 INDUSTRIAL 02/11/1997
169
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA SILVESTRE CABRAL S. CABRAL, CANIBUNG
DEL NORTE SIOCON IRRIGATORS SIOCON AN CREEK 07-44-45 122-09-10 45.650 IRRIGATION 03/31/2004
SAPA
ZAMBOANGA SILVESTRE CABRAL S. CABRAL, LIKOD
DEL NORTE SIOCON IRRIGATORS SIOCON CREEK 07-44-43 122-09-15 15.620 IRRIGATION 03/31/2004
SIMASFRATTI MALIPOT, SIOCON,
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATORS ZAMBOANGA DEL SIOCON
DEL NORTE SIOCON ASSOCIATION, INC. NORTE RIVER 07-45-12 122-11-6.54 559.49 IRRIGATION 10/05/2005
ZAMBOANGA PIACAN
DEL NORTE SIRAWAI CLUBP IAI PIACAN, SIRAWAY RIVER 07-31-19 122-07-54 285.000 IRRIGATION 04/29/1994
SIRAWAI,
ZAMBOANGA SIRAWAI PLYWOOD & ZAMBOANGA DEL LINCOB
DEL NORTE SIRAWAI LUMBER NORTE CREEK 07-30-29 122-15-00 25.000 IRRIGATION 07/27/1998
BRGY. POBLACION,
PROVINCIAL GOV'T SIRAWAL,
ZAMBOANGA OF ZAMBOANGA DEL ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL NORTE SIRAWAI NORTE NORTE DEEPWELL 07-35-4.8 122-09-3.6 1.70 MUNICIPAL 03/27/2019
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN UPPER TUMAGA
DEL NORTE GA ZAMBOANGA WD POSONANCA RIVER 06-58-13 122-04-07 354.000 DOMESTIC 02/24/1988
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN FLORENCIO A. MAMPANG, ZAM. RAIN
DEL NORTE GA PARAISO CITY WATER 06-55-12 122-07-55 120.000 FISHERIES 07/27/1988
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN MANICAHAN FARM'S MANICAHAN,ZAM.C MANICAHA
DEL NORTE GA I.A. ITY N RIVER 07-02-06 122-10-37 400.000 IRRIGATION 08/09/1988
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN TALISAYAN,ZAM. TALISAYAN
DEL NORTE GA TALISAYAN FIA CITY RIVER 07-00-51 121-57-16 66.000 IRRIGATION 09/15/1988
ZAMBOANGA LAMBUYOGAN, LAMBUYO
DEL SUR ALICIA C. AQUINO ALICIA GAN RIVER 15.000 IRRIGATION 06/10/1975
ZAMBOANGA BINUANGA
DEL SUR ALICIA BELLA I.A. INC. PAYANGAN, ALICIA N CREEK 07-31-38 122-56-58 137.000 IRRIGATION 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA LUTIMAN IRR LUTIMAN
DEL SUR ALICIA SERVICE ASSN LUTIMAN, ALICIA RIVER 07-35-41 122-55-08 172.320 IRRIGATION 09/08/2003
ZAMBOANGA BALINTAWAK, TUKURAN
DEL SUR AURORA P JABELLO AURORA RIVER 6.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA TITA ONG AURORA WELL 07-56-58 123-34-26 0.020 DOMESTIC 09/17/1982
ZAMBOANGA SAN JOSE,
DEL SUR AURORA P. CARORO AURORA WELL 07-56-27 123-33-56 0.020 DOMESTIC 09/17/1982
170
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA ANITA MAYVE AURORA WELL 07-57-06 123-35-00 0.020 DOMESTIC 09/17/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA N. GUMALE AURORA WELL 07-56-59 123-35-01 0.020 DOMESTIC 09/17/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA C. CORTEZ AURORA WELL 07-56-59 123-34-57 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA AIDA YANGCO AURORA WELL 07-57-16 123-34-56 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA JOSE TECSON AURORA WELL 07-56-21 123-34-58 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA G. TECSON JR. AURORA WELL 07-56-12 123-34-48 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA A. TECSON AURORA WELL 07-56-10 123-35-16 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA TIRSO APORTO AURORA WELL 07-58-00 123-34-49 0.020 DOMESTIC 10/12/1982
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR AURORA LUZ FLORES AURORA WELL 07-57-00 123-34-50 0.020 DOMESTIC 09/17/1982
KAUSWAGAN,
AURORA, SAPA
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL LUBOC
DEL SUR AURORA KASAVIFIA INC. SUR CREEK 07-59-37 123-32-28.4 69.530 IRRIGATION 06/23/2006
SAPA LUBOC,
AURORA, SAPA
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL LUBOC
DEL SUR AURORA KASAVIFIA INC. SUR CREEK 07-59-37 123-32-28.4 37.500 IRRIGATION 06/23/2006
AURORA,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL SUR AURORA LGU-AURORA SUR DEEPWELL 07-56-41.76 123-35-43.62 4.35 MUNICIPAL 04/28/2015
AURORA,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL SUR AURORA LGU-AURORA SUR DEEPWELL 07-57-10.26 123-34-32.04 9.25 MUNICIPAL 05/28/2015
NATIONAL GRID BRGY. CABILINAN, OTHERS
ZAMBOANGA CORPORATION OF ZAMBOANGA DEL (FIREFIGHTI
DEL SUR AURORA THE PHILIPPINES SUR DEEPWELL 07-55-51.06 123-35-26.58 0.116 NG) 05/28/2018
ZAMBOANGA MEGA FISHING DUMAGSA, AYALA,
DEL SUR AYALA CORPORATION ZAM. CITY DEEPWELL 06-59-00 120-55-46 3.350 INDUSTRIAL 12/21/2001
171
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
NATIONAL
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION KALAYAGAN, SIBUGUEY
DEL SUR BAYOG ADMINISTRATION BAYOG RIVER 3500.000 IRRIGATION 12/31/1975
ZAMBOANGA BOBUAN BOCADE IRR. BOBUAN
DEL SUR BAYOG SERVICE ASS. BOBUAN, BAYOG RIVER 07-58-06 123-05-07 62.570 IRRIGATION 07/26/1999
ZAMBOANGA BOBUAN, BOCADE IRR. CANUAYAN, CANUAYAN
DEL SUR BAYOG SERVICE ASS. BAYOG RIVER 07-57-59 123-04-13 62.570 IRRIGATION 07/26/1999
ZAMBOANGA MUYO
DEL SUR BUUG F.S.D.C. MAGANAY, BUUG RIVER 07-40-51 123-02-22 80.000 IRRIGATION 05/22/1978
ZAMBOANGA MUYO
DEL SUR BUUG F.S.D.C. MUYO, BUUG RIVER 07-44-34 123-06-01 25.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA TIMUALAG
DEL SUR BUUG F.S.D.C. MUYO 2, BUUG RIVER 07-40-36 123-02-27 18.000 IRRIGATION 12/28/1979
ZAMBOANGA TIMUALAG
DEL SUR BUUG TIMICALAG ISA LABRADOR, BUUG CREEK 07-43-44 123-03-56 90.000 IRRIGATION 05/16/1986
ZAMBOANGA MUNICIPALITY OF SITIO BARORAO, BARORAO
DEL SUR BUUG BUUG PAMINTAYAN SPRING 07-41-15 123-04-53 4.500 MUNICIPAL 07/24/2007
ZAMBOANGA DIMATOLIN VALENTIN O. BUBORAY
DEL SUR G BONCAVIL DIMATOLING RIVER 86.000 IRRIGATION 10/09/1975
DINAS,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL DINAS
DEL SUR DINAS F.S.D.C. SUR RIVER 07-37-42 123-20-44 107.000 IRRIGATION 09/29/1976
ZAMBOANGA DINAS
DEL SUR DINAS F.S.D.C. MIGPULAO, DINAS RIVER 07-37-24 123-20-30 20.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA EAST MIGPULAO, DINAS
DEL SUR DINAS F.S.D.C. DINAS RIVER 07-36-58 123-20-49 21.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA EAST MIGPULAO, DINAS
DEL SUR DINAS F.S.D.C. DINAS RIVER 07-37-57 123-21-24 20.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA DINAS
DEL SUR DINAS F.S.D.C. DUNGGUAN, DINAS RIVER 07-37-14 123-20-27 15.000 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
ZAMBOANGA DIVINA
DEL SUR DINAS PEPITO A. DIVINA SAN ISIDRO, DINAS SPRING 07-36-16 123-18-31 7.220 IRRIGATION 07/09/1996
ZAMBOANGA DITAY-GUINOMAN IA. GUINOMAN, GUINOHAN
DEL SUR DIPLAHAN INC. DIPLAHAN CREEK 07-50-03 122-55-01 10.400 IRRIGATION 02/25/1992
ZAMBOANGA DITAY-GUINOMAN IA, GUINOMAN, DITAY
DEL SUR DIPLAHAN INC. DIPLAHAN CREEK 07-50-01 122-56--3 480.000 IRRIGATION 02/25/1992
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA POBLACION, O- TUPAK
DEL SUR O E. DAGASDAS DUMALINAO CREEK 48.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
172
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA CANONAN, DUMALINA
DEL SUR O E. LUNA DUMALINAO O RIVER 20.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA SUMADAT, DUMALINA
DEL SUR O MINDANAO COL. DUMALINAO O CREEK 20.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA SOUTH.MINDANAO DUMADAT, DUMALINA
DEL SUR O COLLEGES,INC. DUMALINAO O CREEK 20.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA SUMADAT, DUMALINA
DEL SUR O I. PANANG DUMALINAO O RIVER 6.000 IRRIGATION 10/09/1975
DUMALINAO, DINAS
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA CANUNAN ZAMBOANGA DEL DIOT
DEL SUR O IRRIGATORS ASSN. SUR RIVER 07-45-51 123-20-24 240.000 IRRIGATION 06/26/1978
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA NILO IRRIGATORS NILO
DEL SUR O ASSN. NILO, DUMALINAO RIVER 07-48-05 123-18-50 86.000 IRRIGATION 03/23/1983
DUMALINAO,
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA ZAMBOANGA DEL DUMALINA
DEL SUR O PAGSUDUM I.A., INC. SUR O RIVER 07-49-13 123-22-17 70.000 IRRIGATION 09/27/1991
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA MARAGAN
DEL SUR O REYMUNDO T. OPENA LIMAS, DUMALINAO G RIVER 07-49-45 123-18-20 50.500 IRRIGATION 10/15/1991
REBOCON
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA IRRIGATORS REBOKON, MALUBO
DEL SUR O SERVICE DUMALINOA RIVER 07-45-00 123-25-02 112.500 IRRIGATION 05/28/1996
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINA HILIGAYNON IRRIG. REBOKON, REBOKON
DEL SUR O SERVICE IA DUMALINAO RIVER 07-45-34 123-24024 84.480 IRRIGATION 11/12/1996
ZAMBOANGA NEW BASAK,
DEL SUR DUMINGAG M. FERRAREN JR DUMINGAG 12.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
DINAS DIOT,
BALONGATING,
GUIPOS,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL SUR GUIPOS BALOCAN IA, INC. SUR 07-46-8.48 123-20-12.39 393.700 IRRIGATION 06/23/2006
BRGY. DAAGOHOY,
PRIMETELL GUIPOS, DINAS
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATORS ZAMBOANGA DEL DAKO
DEL SUR GUIPOS ASSOCIATION INC. SUR RIVER 07-54-36.58 123-18-36.58 30.68 IRRIGATION 09/30/2016
ZAMBOANGA IPIL, ZAMBOANGA GUITUAN
DEL SUR IPIL MR. JOSE TABAMO DEL SUR RIVER 7.000 IRRIGATION 10/19/1976
ZAMBOANGA TUPILAC
DEL SUR IPIL F.S.D.C. TUPILAC, IPIL RIVER 07-37-49 122-27-02 45.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
173
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA SURABAY
DEL SUR IPIL LEA Z.A. TUPAZ MABINI, IPIL RIVER 07-39-40 122-28-45 46.300 FISHERIES 11/26/1991
ZAMBOANGA EDUARDO A. ZAMBOANGA DEL TIAYON
DEL SUR IPIL PARRENAS SUR RIVER 07-44-00 122-33-00 26.710 FISHERIES 12/21/1992
ZAMBOANGA IPIL-TITAY WATER
DEL SUR IPIL DISTRICT CAPARAN, IPIL DEEPWELL 07-45-32 122-32-36 5.6 MUNICIPAL 11/05/2009
ZAMBOANGA IPIL-TITAY WATER
DEL SUR IPIL DISTRICT TAWAY, IPIL DEEPWELL 07-46-55 122-35-04 1.00 MUNICIPAL 11/05/2009
ZAMBOANGA DEL JOSEFINA, SALUG
ZAMBOANGA SUR-ELECTRIC ZAMBOANGA DEL DAKU
DEL SUR JOSEFINA COOPERATIVE INC. SUR RIVER 08-15-24 123-28-10 2323.2 POWER 01/18/2011
ZAMBOANGA DEL JOSEFINA, SALUG
ZAMBOANGA SUR-ELECTRIC ZAMBOANGA DEL DAKU
DEL SUR JOSEFINA COOPERATIVE INC. SUR RIVER 08-16-15 123-32-54 950.4 POWER 01/18/2011
ZAMBOANGA DEL JOSEFINA, SALUG POWER
ZAMBOANGA SUR-ELECTRIC ZAMBOANGA DEL DAKU GENERATIO
DEL SUR JOSEFINA COOPERATIVE INC. SUR RIVER 08-15-57.3 123-32-17 1069.31 N 01/18/2011
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA CALAPAN, BAUAYAN
DEL SUR N F.S.D.C. KABASALAN RIVER 07-46-45 122-47-53 80.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA CONCEPCION, BAUAYAN
DEL SUR N F.S.D.C. KABASALAN RIVER 07-46-46 122-47-51 40.000 IRRIGATION 12/28/1979
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA POBLACION,
DEL SUR N ADELAIDA TAN KABASALAN WELL 07-47-49 122-45-37 1.000 INDUSTRIAL 10/01/1982
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA RIVERSIDE, BOOC
DEL SUR N B. WOOTON KABASALAN RIVER 07-47-22 122-44-56 20.000 FISHERIES 06/22/1984
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA SANTALE
DEL SUR N ADELAIDA TAN KABASALAN CREEK 07-46-00 122-47-41 10.000 FISHERIES 06/22/1984
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA BUAYAN, BUAYAN
DEL SUR N B-CALAPAN IAI KABASALAN RIVER 07-48-20 122-48-52 72.000 IRRIGATION 05/30/1986
KABASALAN,
ZAMBOANGA KABASALA POB. KABASALAN I.A., ZaAMBOANGA DEL KABASALA
DEL SUR N INC. SUR N RIVER 07-50-15 122-46=58 600.000 IRRIGATION 08/27/1991
KUMALARANG
FARMERS KUMALARANG,
ZAMBOANGA KUMALARA IRRIGATORS ZAMBOANGA DEL KUMALARA
DEL SUR NG ASSOCIATION, INC. SUR NG RIVER 07-45-26.09 123-10-41.75 200.120 IRRIGATION 12/07/2006
ZAMBOANGA WEST LUYA,
DEL SUR LABANGAN B. ORTIZ LABANGAN LUYA R. 14.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
174
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA LABANGAN
DEL SUR LABANGAN F.S.D.C. LABANGAN RIVER 07-54-35 123-26-18 80.000 IRRIGATION 10/19/1976
ZAMBOANGA DIPAYA, LABANGAN
DEL SUR LABANGAN F.S.D.C. LABANGAN RIVER 07-55-12 123-20-40 27.400 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
ZAMBOANGA BULANIT, TAWAGAN
DEL SUR LABANGAN NICANOR GEGUIERA LABANGAN RIVER 07-49-42 123-29-03 8.300 FISHERIES 02/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA BULANIT, TAWAGAN
DEL SUR LABANGAN PRIMO GEGUIERA LABANGAN RIVER 07-49-42 123-29-05 11.100 FISHERIES 02/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA GOVT. GRANT BINAYAN, BINAYAN
DEL SUR LABANGAN BINAYAN WS.I.A. LABANGAN CREEK 07-55-28 123-24-09 6.660 IRRIGATION 07/27/1995
ZAMBOANGA LAKEWOO TUBOD, LILY'S COMMERCIA
DEL SUR D ERNESTO D. AGUILAR LAKEWOOD SPRING 07-48-38 123-12-36 0.160 L 03/04/2004
ZAMBOANGA LAPUYAN
DEL SUR LAPUYAN F.S.D.C. LAPUYAN RIVER 07-37-52 123-11-54 17.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA MARUING, MARUING
DEL SUR LAPUYAN CATALINO BUGAO LAPUYAN CREEK 07-39-25 123-09-40 50.000 FISHERIES 04/28/1992
ZAMBOANGA LUBOSAN, PILAGAN
DEL SUR LAPUYAN BRGY LUBOSAN LAPUYAN SPRING 07-40-03 123-13-42 0.150 MUNICIPAL 02/10/2005
ZAMBOANGA MAGSAYS SAPA ANDING SAPA, ANDING, TUKURAN
DEL SUR AY AGRARIAN RC MAGSAYSAY RIVER 07-58-34 123-26-35 180.000 IRRIGATION 05/19/2004
ZAMBOANGA BONICO IRRIGATORS MANGUELE
DEL SUR MAHAYAG ASSN. BONIO, MAHAYAG S CREEK 08-07-09 123-26-18 372.000 IRRIGATION 08/09/1977
DIWAN PARASAN
ZAMBOANGA MABUHAY IRRIG. DIWAN
DEL SUR MAHAYAG ASSN. DIWAN, MAHAYAG CREEK 08-07-30 123-28-26 141.000 IRRIGATION 12/27/1982
ZAMBOANGA BONIAO FARMERS GETRAN
DEL SUR MAHAYAG I.A., INC. BONIAO, MAHAYAG RIVER 08-08-00 123-23-00 140.250 IRRIGATION 08/27/1991
ZAMBOANGA MOLAVE WATER BOGUAG
DEL SUR MAHAYAG DISTRICT DIWAN, MAHAYAG SPRING 08-07-43 123-28-43 50.000 DOMESTIC 02/25/1992
ZAMBOANGA RECREATIO
DEL SUR MAHAYAG ROGELIO MABANAG MAHAYAG SPRING 08-07-15 123-27-17 7.200 N 09/01/1999
MAHAYAG,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL DIWAN, RECREATIO
DEL SUR MAHAYAG JOAQUIN WONG, JR. SUR SPRING 08-07-37 123-28-02 6.120 N 10/18/1999
BRGY. TUBORAN,
MAHAYAG,
ZAMBOANGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT ZAMBOANGA DEL TUBORAN
DEL SUR MAHAYAG OF MAHAYAG SUR SPRING 08-07-00 123-25-00 20.700 MUNICIPAL 08/18/2006
175
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA MALANGA LINDANG, SIBUGUEY
DEL SUR S A. CASAMAYOR MALANGAS RIVER 20.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
LIMAMAWAN,
MARGO SA TUBIG,
ZAMBOANGA MARGO SA LGU- MARGO SA ZAMBOANGA DEL SUAREZ
DEL SUR TUBIG TUBIG SUR SPRING 07-34-18 123-09-46 8.100 MUNICIPAL 02/13/2007
TIGULAN, MARGO
SA TUBIG,
ZAMBOANGA MARGO SA LGU- MARGO SA ZAMBOANGA DEL MAGALLOP
DEL SUR TUBIG TUBIG SUR AN SPRING 07-34-29 123-10-18 15.300 MUNICIPAL 02/13/2007
LIMAMAWAN,
MARGO SA TUBIG,
ZAMBOANGA MARGO SA LGU- MARGO SA ZAMBOANGA DEL GALVEZ
DEL SUR TUBIG TUBIG SUR SPRING 07-34-17 123-09-25 9.900 MUNICIPAL 02/13/2007
ZAMBOANGA BIHILOT
DEL SUR MIDSALIP F.S.D.C. BIHILOT, MIDSALIP CK. 08-04-23 123-19-53 40.000 IRRIGATION 11/29/1977
ZAMBOANGA BONAWAN
DEL SUR MIDSALIP MINING CO. MIDSALIP RIVER 08-01-31 123-17-40 0.700 DOMESTIC 07/31/1980
ZAMBOANGA TIMHABOY
DEL SUR MIDSALIP MINING CO. MIDSALIP RIVER 08-01-31 123-17-40 62.300 INDUSTRIAL 07/31/1980
ZAMBOANGA TIMHABOY, TIMHABOY
DEL SUR MIDSALIP TIMHABOY ISA MIDSALIP RIVER 08-03-00 123-18-05 150.000 IRRIGATION 07/31/1980
ZAMBOANGA BUCOL
DEL SUR MIDSALIP GUMA-POB.A.I.A.INC. POB.A.MIDSALIP CREEK 08-02-23 123-23-15 33.000 IRRIGATION 02/29/1989
ZAMBOANGA TIMBABOY-POB. TIMBABOY,MIDSALI BUNAWAN
DEL SUR MIDSALIP I.A.INC. P RIVER 08-01-17 123-16-43 24.100 IRRIGATION 05/29/1990
BULORON-
ZAMBOANGA DUMALINAO VALLEY BULORON, MIDSALIP
DEL SUR MIDSALIP IAI MIDSALIP RIVER 08-01-06 123-21-37 295.850 IRRIGATION 04/16/1993
NATIONAL
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION UP. TIMONAN, D&T&M&
DEL SUR MIMINGAY ADMINISTRATION MIMINGAY GULTON 3000.000 IRRIGATION 08/20/1975
NATIONAL
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION
DEL SUR MOLAVE ADMINISTRATION MOLAVE SALOG R. 08-08-07 123-26-06 6450.000 IRRIGATION 07/31/1980
F-
ZAMBOANGA PELOCABAN, PELOCABA
DEL SUR MOLAVE S. EMNACEN MOLAVE N SP 08-09-05 123-32-37 113.000 POWER 07/31/1980
176
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA MAGSAYSAY- MALATING, MALATING
DEL SUR MOLAVE KATIPUNAN I.A.I. MOLAVE RIVER 08-03-47 123-25-42 294.200 IRRIGATION 01/28/1992
ZAMBOANGA MUN. GOVT. OF
DEL SUR MOLAVE MOLAVE MOLAVE SPRING 08-07-57 123-28-31 25.990 DOMESTIC 11/12/1998
ZAMBOANGA HEIRS OF PEDRO BACALAN
DEL SUR NAGA CHANGCO LA PAZ, NAGA RIVER 07-48-15 122-38-48 7.640 FISHERIES 08/13/1991
ZAMBOANGA CELESTIAL FARMS.
DEL SUR NAGA INC. LA PAZ. NAGA DEEPWELL 07-48-40 122-39-18 1.320 DOMESTIC 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA CELESTIAL FARMS,
DEL SUR NAGA INC. LA PAZ, NAGA DEEPWELL 07-48-57 122-39-11 2.200 INDUSTRIAL 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA CELESTIAL FARMS,
DEL SUR NAGA INC. LA PAZ. NAGA DEEPWELL 07-48-18 122-38-49 1.320 INDUSTRIAL 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA CELESTIAL FARMS, BACALAN
DEL SUR NAGA INC. LA PAZ, NAGA RIVER 07-47-46 122-38-39 757.000 FISHERIES 01/14/4992
ZAMBOANGA COLESTIAL FARMS BACALAN
DEL SUR NAGA INC. LA PAZ,NAGA RIVER 07-47-25 122-38-17 757.000 FISHERIES 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR OLUTANGA PATRICIA C. BAYA SOLAR, OLUTANGA DEEPWELL 07-18-53 122-56-44 0.500 DOMESTIC 01/14/1992
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR PAGADIAN J. PADAYHAG PAGADIAN CITY DEEPWELL 07-49-26 123-26-10 0.150 DOMESTIC 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA LUMBIA, PAGADIAN
DEL SUR PAGADIAN BRGY. LUMBIA CITY LUMBIA S. 07-49-40 123-26-34 10.000 DOMESTIC 08/22/1980
ZAMBOANGA TUBURAN,
DEL SUR PAGADIAN LINO COLOMA PAGADIAN DEEPWELL 07-30-23 123-27-04 0.300 DOMESTIC 07/24/1981
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN CITY CABRERA ST. DUMAGOC
DEL SUR PAGADIAN WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY SPRING 07-49-07 123-25-29 43.500 DOMESTIC 03/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN CITY CABRERA ST. BALANGAS
DEL SUR PAGADIAN WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY AN SPRING 07-49-42 123-25-24 15.000 DOMESTIC 03/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN CITY CABRERA ST. DUMAGOC
DEL SUR PAGADIAN WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY SPRING 07-49-04 123-25-49 5.800 DOMESTIC 03/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN CITY CABRERA ST. NAPOLAN
DEL SUR PAGADIAN WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY SPRING 07-49-35 123-24-52 15.000 DOMESTIC 03/12/1991
ZAMBOANGA KAWIT, PAGADIAN PAGADIAN
DEL SUR PAGADIAN ERNESTO BAYLOSIS CITY RIVER 07-49-20 123-27-05 25.000 FISHERIES 08/13/1991
ZAMBOANGA LOWER SIBATANG SIBATANG, SIBATANG
DEL SUR PAGADIAN SUBANIN IAI PAGADIAN CITY RIVER 07-55-15 123-26-05 42.640 IRRIGATION 02/26/1993
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN COMMERCIA
DEL SUR CITY SAYAO ENTERPRISES PAGADIAN CITY DEEPWELL 07-49-31 123-26-22 0.290 L 04/10/2001
177
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN SALVA VICTORIA A. MANGA, PAGADIAN MANGA
DEL SUR CITY DELA PENA CITY SPRING 07-51-54 123-25-40 7.640 DOMESTIC 06/24/2002
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN ZAMBOANGA DEL BALANGASAN
DEL SUR CITY SUR MARITIME DIST., PAGADIAN DEEPWELL 07-49-28 123-25-02 1.000 DOMESTIC 06/06/2003
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN BARANGAY SAN SAN PEDRO, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY PEDRO WW PAGADIAN CITY #1 07-49-31 123-26-36 0.348 DOMESTIC 12/12/2003
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN BARANGAY SAN SAN PEDRO, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY PEDRO WW PAGADIAN CITY #2 07-49-32 123-26-31 0.290 DOMESTIC 12/12/2003
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN BRGY SAN PEDRO SAN PEDRO, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATERWORKS PAGADIAN CITY #3 07-49-30 123-26-27 0.348 DOMESTIC 12/12/2003
RIZAL AVE.,
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN TUBURAN RECREATIO
DEL SUR CITY SAMSON M. LIM DISTRICT SPRING 07-49-37 123-26-29 3.000 N 09/15/2004
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY TAWAGAN SUR, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY #1 07-50-47 123-27-45 29.00 MUNICIPAL 11/07/2005
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY TAWAGAN SUR, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY #2 07-51-26 123-27-42 20.00 MUNICIPAL 11/07/2005
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY TAWAGAN SUR, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY #3 07-51-00 123-28-15 20.00 MUNICIPAL 11/07/2005
LUMAD, PAGADIAN,
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN ATTY. PRECY M. ZAMBOANGA DEL LUMAD
DEL SUR CITY MORON SUR CREEK 1.220 IRRIGATION 05/10/2006
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN VIOLETA GILONGOS LINENZA,
DEL SUR CITY CARIAGA PAGADIAN CITY DEEPWELL 07-50-57.54 123-27-26.52 0.005 LIVESTOCK 08/08/2007
ZAMBOANGA DEL JOSEFINA, SALUG POWER
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN SUR ELECTRIC COOP. ZAMBOANGA DEL DAKU GENERATIO
DEL SUR CITY INC. SUR RIVER 08-15-42.83 123-31-26.23 2028.850 N 07/11/2007
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN UPPER SAN TAN,
DEL SUR CITY DAVID B. CARTOJANO TAWAGAN SUR DEEPWELL 07-51-41 123-28-06 0.034 MUNICIPAL 09/07/2007
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN BONIFACIO ST.A
DEL SUR CITY ALVIN LIM SY PAGADIAN CITY DEEPWELL 07-49-22 123-26-21 0.02 MUNICIPAL 07/14/2005
TIGUMA, PAGADIAN
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY CITY, ZAMBOANGA DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT DEL SUR #1 07-50-13 123-57-30 12.000 MUNICIPAL 06/13/2006
TIGUMA, PAGADIAN
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY CITY, ZAMBOANGA DEEPWELL
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT DEL SUR #2 07-51-01 123-26-56 20.000 MUNICIPAL 06/13/2006
178
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
MANGA, PAGADIAN
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY CITY, ZAMBOANGA MANGA
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT DEL SUR SPRING 07-51-16 123-26-19 19.719 MUNICIPAL 06/13/2006
ATTY. JORGE T. PAGADIAN CITY, 07-49-32.13 123-26-15.40 1.3 OTHERS
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN ALIMONTE - HOTEL ZAMBOANGA DEL (HOTEL
DEL SUR CITY CAMILA SUR DEEPWELL USE) 07/23/2014
TIGUMA, PAGADIAN
ZAMBOANG PAGADIAN PAGADIAN CITY CITY, ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR CITY WATER DISTRICT DEL SUR DEEPWELL 07-50-50.05 123-27-45.5 5.8 MUNICIPAL 07/25/2014
PRIMEWATER
ZAMBOANGA PAMUCUT INFRASTRUCTURE PAMUCUTAN, ANULING
DEL SUR AN CORPORATION ZAMBOANGA CITY RIVER 07-01-58 121-57-46 752.31 MUNICIPAL 07/25/2014
PAGADIAN, OTHER USE
ZAMBOANGA PAGADIAN PAGADIAN DOCTORS ZAMBOANGA DEL (HOSPITAL
DEL SUR CITY HOSPITAL SUR DEEPWELL 07-49-28 123-26-16 0.09 USE) 03/27/2019
ZAMBOANGA KULASIAN
DEL SUR PAYAO BULAWAN K-G IA. INC. KULASIAN. PAYAO RIVER 07-37-30 122-50-12 984.000 IRRIGATION 04/28/1992
BC
ZAMBOANGA ORE-LINE MINING CAMPSITE
DEL SUR R. LIM CORP. KM. 19 RT LIM CRK 07-44-59 122-22-51 0.600 DOMESTIC 10/29/1993
BC
ZAMBOANGA ORE-LINE MINING CAMPSITE
DEL SUR R. LIM CORP. KM. 19 RT LIM CRK 07-44-55 122-22-49 0.650 INDUSTRIAL 10/29/1993
RAMON
ZAMBOANGA MAGSAYS RAMON DIPOLOG
DEL SUR AY F.S.D.C. MAGSAYSAY R. 08-03-01 123-29-05 124.000 IRRIGATION 01/10/1978
RAMON
ZAMBOANGA MAGSAYS KATIPUNAN VALLEY KATIPUNAN, R. LIARGAO
DEL SUR AY IAI MAGSAYSAY RIVER 08-03-27 123-27-49 142.830 IRRIGATION 04/15/1994
RAMON
ZAMBOANGA MAGSAYS RAMON
DEL SUR AY JAMES T. CABARON MAGSAYSAY SPRING #2 77-58-44 123-01-46 0.990 DOMESTIC 08/06/2003
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR SIAY F.S.D.C. LABASAN SIAY SULUAN R. 07-42-19 122-52-32 100.000 IRRIGATION 06/13/1978
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGUEY
DEL SUR SIAY F.S.D.C. LAGPING, SIAY R. 07-29-32 122-52-30 192.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR SIAY F.S.D.C. BATO, SIAY BATO R. 07-45-13 122-49-33 60.300 IRRIGATION 12/28/1979
179
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR SIAY F.S.D.C. BALUCANAN, SIAY SULUAN R. 07-42-00 122-52-35 40.000 IRRIGATION 04/07/1980
ZAMBOANGA BALINGAS
DEL SUR SIAY BALINGASAN FIA BALINGASAN, SIAY AN CK. 07-43-45 122-57-00 30.000 IRRIGATION 05/16/1986
ZAMBOANGA POKILACO SULOAN
DEL SUR SIAY I.ASSN.,INC. KIMOS,SIAY RIVER 07-43-09 122-52-45 170.000 IRRIGATION 01/24/1989
ZAMBOANGA PRIMITIVO F. SIBUGUEY
DEL SUR SIAY ACEBRON LAITH, SIAY BAY 07-44-33 122-49-01 5.400 FISHERIES 08/13/1991
ZAMBOANGA MANIHA
DEL SUR SIAY UPPER MANIHA I.A.I. MANIHA, SIAY CREEK 07-45-00 122-54-20 46.600 IRRIGATION 08/27/1991
ZAMBOANGA MOLAVE HERITEGE BUKID MONCHING, SEA
DEL SUR SIAY REALTY SIAY WATER 07-42-25 122-48-32 70.000 FISHERIES 08/27/1991
ZAMBOANGA MOLAVE HERITAGE BUKID SEA
DEL SUR SIAY REALTY NMONCHING, SIAY WATER 07-43-28 122-48-50 70.000 IRRIGATION 08/27/1991
MANIHA
ZAMBOANGA WATERWORKS & UNNAMED
DEL SUR SIAY SAN. ASS BRGY. MANIHA SPRING 07-44-00 122-55-07 0.330 DOMESTIC 06/08/1999
ZAMBOANGA CAMANGA AGRARIAN CAMANGA
DEL SUR SIAY REFORM CAMANGA, SIAY CREEK 07-45-05 122-54-31 162.980 IRRIGATION 03/31/2004
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR TALUSAN LORENZO YWAYAN TALUSAN DEEPWELL 08-31-23 122-46-10 1.800 INDUSTRIAL 07/10/1990
ZAMBOANGA POBLACION,
DEL SUR TALUSAN ERLINDA A. DETALLA TALUSAN DEEPWELL 07-25-25 122-48-54 0.348 DOMESTIC 04/14/1998
NATIONAL T&I&
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION TOLUAN
DEL SUR TAMBULIG ADMINISTRATION TAMBULIG CK. 2770.000 IRRIGATION 06/17/1975
NATIONAL
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION
DEL SUR TAMBULIG ADMINISTRATION TAMBULIG USUGAN R. 1668.000 IRRIGATION 08/18/1976
NATIONAL
ZAMBOANGA IRRIGATION TOLOAN
DEL SUR TAMBULIG ADMINISTRATION TAMBULIG CK. 137.000 IRRIGATION 08/18/1976
ZAMBOANGA SALUG-
DEL SUR TAMBULIG F.S.D.C. LOWER TIPARAC DUIT R. 07-37-50 122-27-36 150.000 IRRIGATION 11/29/1977
ZAMBOANGA BALUGO, DIPOLOG
DEL SUR TAMBULIG F.S.D.C. TAMBULIG R. 07-47-59 123-06-10 440.000 IRRIGATION 11/29/1977
ZAMBOANGA HAPPY VALLEY ET AL USUGAN
DEL SUR TAMBULIG I.A. TAMBULIG RIVER 08-04-31 123-32-35 240.000 IRRIGATION 10/15/1991
180
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA Y-CLUSTER TITA ZAMBOANGA PALOMOS
DEL SUR TITAY IRRIGATORS AI DEL SUR RIVER 07-53-48 122-35-27 195.000 IRRIGATION 12/14/1998
ZAMBOANGA KAYABAN RIVER
DEL SUR TITAY IRRIGATORS TITAY RIVER 07-54-27 122-33-36 3.000 IRRIGATION 08/23/1999
ZAMBOANGA PAG-LAUM IRR PALOMOC
DEL SUR TITAY ASSOCIATION TITAY RIVER 07-53-54 122-33-30 240.480 IRRIGATION 09/08/2003
ZAMBOANGA IPIL-TITAY WATER PUROK MANGGA,
DEL SUR TITAY DISTRICT TITAY DEEPWELL 07-52-28 122-32-10 2 MUNICIPAL 11/05/2009
ZAMBOANGA IPIL-TITAY WATER MANGGA
DEL SUR TITAY DISTRICT AZUSANO, TITAY DEEPWELL 07-52-24 122-32-02 6 MUNICIPAL 11/05/2009
ZAMBOANGA CORVADA, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN Q. CABRALES TUKURAN R. 18.000 IRRIGATION 05/14/1975
ZAMBOANGA TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN F. OCAMPO TUKURAN R. 12.000 IRRIGATION 05/25/1979
ZAMBOANGA NAVALAN, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN M. OSORES TUKURAN R. 21.000 IRRIGATION 06/10/1975
ZAMBOANGA CORVADA, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN I. PADAYBAG TUKURAN R. 07-52-18 123-35-10 100.000 IRRIGATION 11/24/1975
ZAMBOANGA CORVADA, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN R. RIVERA TUKURAN R. 150.000 IRRIGATION 10/18/1976
ZAMBOANGA TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN A. CABATIC MILITAR, TUKURAN R. 6.000 IRRIGATION 06/17/1975
ZAMBOANGA CORBADA, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN Q. CABRALES TUKURAN R. 07-52-33 123-35-33 18.000 IRRIGATION 09/10/1975
ZAMBOANGA TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN F.S.D.C. TUKURAN R. 07-52-43 123-35-55 74.000 IRRIGATION 09/29/1976
ZAMBOANGA LAPIRAN, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN F.S.D.C. TUKURAN R. 07-52-35 123-35-23 40.000 IRRIGATION 11/29/1979
ZAMBOANGA CURHADA, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN F.S.D.C. TUKURAN R. 07-52-12 123-35-12 40.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA LAPIRAN, TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN F.S.D.C. TUKURAN R. 07-55-14 123-34-00 34.000 IRRIGATION 10/03/1980
ZAMBOANGA TUKURAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN TUKURAN I.ASSN.INC. TUKURAN RIVER 07-53-31 123-36-26 598.000 IRRIGATION 09/26/1988
ZAMBOANGA MR. FRANCISCO TABUAN
DEL SUR TUKURAN DOSDOS TUKURAN CREEK 07-54-40 123-33-00 8.000 IRRIGATION 02/14/1989
ZAMBOANGA TEODORICA LOWER NAVALAN,
DEL SUR TUKURAN MAGUSARA TUKURAN SPRING 07-56-21 123-31-01 0.010 LIVESTOCK 04/29/1994
181
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA TUNGAWA MASAN, SEA
DEL SUR N JOE ROMEL ALDE TUNGAWAN WATER 07-36-36 122-27-01 4.630 FISHERIES 03/29/1996
ZAMBOANGA TUNGAWA MASAO,
DEL SUR N PILAR MARIA ALDE TUNGAWAN SEAWATER 07-36-36 122-27-01 4.630 FISHERIES 03/29/1996
ZAMBOANGA TUNGAWA MASAO,
DEL SUR N EMILY ALDE TUNGAWAN SEAWATER 07-36-36 122-27-01 4.630 FISHERIES 03/29/1996
ZAMBOANGA TUNGAWA JESUSA TAGARO LUNIB,VICENCIO,S MACULAY
DEL SUR N GAMON AGUM RIVER 07-33-22 123-13-00 10.000 FISHERIES 05/29/1990
ZAMBOANGA VINCENZO MUNICIPALITY OF V. LINOGUAYAN, V. LINOGUAY
DEL SUR SAGUN SAGUN SAGUN AN SPRING 07-33-00 123-10-00 17.400 DOMESTIC 04/29/1997
ZAMBOANGA VITALI DISTRICT IRR. SIBULAO
DEL SUR VITALI ASS.INC BRGY. SIBULAO RIVER 07-20-27 122-15-03 124.280 IRRIGATION 07/12/1999
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN PERFECTO E. CABALUAY, CABALUAY
DEL SUR GA MARQUEZ ZAMBOANGA CITY RIVER 07-00-40 122-10-20 14.000 IRRIGATION 05/29/1975
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN AYALA PALAWAN
DEL SUR GA BASE METAL ZAMBOANGA CITY CK. 07-03-02 122-01-46 1.000 INDUSTRIAL 11/11/1976
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN
DEL SUR GA S.M.C. ZAMBOANGA CITY WELL 06-55-31 122-04-51 9.700 INDUSTRIAL 07/03/1979
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN LUNZURAN HEIGHTS LUNZURAN,
DEL SUR GA SUBD. ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-57-38 122-05-22 10.000 DOMESTIC 09/26/1979
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN
DEL SUR GA F.S.D.C. ZAMBOANGA CITY VITALI R. 07-21-10 122-15-56 40.000 IRRIGATION 10/24/1979
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL SUR GA SEAFOODS CORP. SUR WELL 06-58-06 121-56-17 1.300 INDUSTRIAL 11/26/1980
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN
DEL SUR GA IRRIG. ASSN. ZAMBOANGA CITY MASABA R. 07-10-54 122-12-03 130.000 IRRIGATION 03/23/1983
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN BALINSUNGAY MERCEDES,ZAM. SINGUP
DEL SUR GA I.A.INC. CITY RIVEREK 07-01-58 122-10-34 554.000 IRRIGATION 06/27/1989
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN GOLDEN ICE KING TETUAN,ZAMBOAN
DEL SUR GA PLANT GA CITY DEEPWELL 06-54-38 122-04-36 0.005 INDUSTRIAL 12/17/1991
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN WESTERN MINDANAO MANICAHAN, MANICAHA
DEL SUR GA POWER CORP. ZAMBOANGA CITY N CREEK 07-01-38 122-10-56 55.150 INDUSTRIAL 05/19/1998
ANULING
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN PAMUCUTAN
DEL SUR GA TALISAYAN FIAI ZAMBO.CITY SAS RIVER 07-01-28 121-57-10 36.920 IRRIGATION 03/08/1999
LUMPANAC,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN LUMPANAC IRR ASSN, IMELDA LUMPANAC
DEL SUR GA INC ZAMBOANGA CREEK 07-39-20 122-53-39 84.892 IRRIGATION 07/16/2004
182
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN COLUMBUS TALISAYAN, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR GA CITY SEAFOODS CORP ZABOANGA CITY #1 06-59-20 121-55-43 9.450 INDUSTRIAL 09/23/2002
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN COLUMBUS TALISAYAN, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR GA CITY SEAFOODS CORP ZABOANGA CITY #2 06-59-21 121-55-38 9.450 INDUSTRIAL 09/23/2002
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN COLUMBUS TALISAYAN, DEEPWELL
DEL SUR GA CITY SEAFOODS CORP ZAMBOANGA CITY #3 06-59-22 121-55-34 9.450 INDUSTRIAL 09/23/2002
RAMON SAPA
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN BRGY SAPA ANDING MAGSAYSAY, ANDING
DEL SUR GA CITY RWSS ZAMBOANGA SPRING 07-57-23 123-31-00 0.825 DOMESTIC 04/29/2004
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN MARCELO MENDOZA Gov. Lim Ave., DDEEPWEL
DEL SUR GA CITY CORPORATION Zamboanga City L 05-55-16.38 122-03-21.06 0.58 MUNICIPAL 02/07/2006
COLUMBUS
SEAFOODS CORP. - PUROK 1
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN CENTURY PACIFIC DUMAGSA,TALISAY DEEPWELL
DEL SUR GA CITY FOOD INC. AN Z.C. #4 06-59-27 121-55-38 12.620 INDUSTRIAL 03/21/2007
COLUMBUS
SEAFOODS CORP. - PUROK 1
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN CENTURY PACIFIC DUMAGSA,TALISAY DEEPWELL
DEL SUR GA CITY FOOD INC. AN Z.C. #5 06-59-31 121-55-38 12.620 INDUSTRIAL 03/21/2007
ZAMBOANGA CITY
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN SPECIAL ECO.ZONE SAN RAMON,
DEL SUR GA CITY AUTHORITY ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-59-53 121-55-30 5.270 INDUSTRIAL 05/07/2007
BRGY. SANGALI,
NATIONAL GRID ZAMBOANGA CITY, OTHERS
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN CORPORATION OF ZAMBOANGA DEL (FIREFIGHTI
DEL SUR GA CITY THE PHILS. SUR DEEPWELL 07-48-36.96 122-41-13.32 0.029 NG) 07/01/2013
PRIMEWATER
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN INFRASTRUCTURE PAMUCUTAN, ANULING
DEL SUR GA CITY CORPORATION ZAMBOANGA CITY RIVER 07-01-58 121-57-46 173.61 MUNICIPAL 02/09/2015
MCLL Rd.,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN NADECO REALTY CULIANAN,
DEL SUR GA CITY CORPORATION ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-58-0.309 122-08-24.686 3.97 INDUSTRIAL 05/16/2016
MCLL Rd.,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN NADECO REALTY CULIANAN,
DEL SUR GA CITY CORPORATION ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-57-56.78 122-08-23.136 5.25 INDUSTRIAL 06/28/2016
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN SAN RAMON POWER BRGY. TALISAYAN, SAAZ
DEL SUR GA CITY INC. ZAMBOANGA CITY RIVER 07-00-3.99 121-55-40.61 4.67 INDUSTRIAL 07/29/2016
183
PROVINCE MUNICIPAL GRANTEE LOCATION SOURCE LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRANTED PURPOSE DATE_APP
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN LUZVIMINDA LAND TETUAN DISTRICT,
DEL SUR GA CITY HOLDINGS INC. ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-28 122-04-51 14.83 INDUSTRIAL 08/21/2016
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN LUZVIMINDA LAND TETUAN DISTRICT,
DEL SUR GA CITY HOLDINGS INC. ZAMBOANGA CITY DEEPWELL 06-55-30 122-04-51 16.67 INDUSTRIAL 08/21/2016
BRGY. TALISAYAN,
ZAMBOANGA CITY,
ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOAN SAN RAMON POWER ZAMBOANGA DEL
DEL SUR GA CITY INC. (SRPI) SUR SULO SEA 07-00-41.01 121-55-07 6388.890 INDUSTRIAL 11/27/2017
184
Annex 5: Water Resources
OBJECTIVE
This chapter presents the analysis on the surface water resources and hydrology situation of the
Project Area. Under this heading, the general objective is to determine the net available surface
water that may be utilized, taking into account the current situation and utilization in the Project
Area, as well as considering future trends and the projected effects of climate change. The river
in primary concern is the Tumaga River, which is also the current source of the Zamboanga Water
District.
Climate
The Philippine climate is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high temperature,
high humidity and abundant rainfall. The Philippine climate is classified into four types depending
on rainfall distribution and pattern (Figure ). The four climate types are described as follows:
year.
River Basins
Delineation of river basins in the project area was done using interferometric synthetic aperture
radar elevation data from NAMRIA. It was processed and analyzed using ArcMap GIS Software.
Three notable watersheds were identified for possible source of water – Tumaga River,
Mercedes River, and Mahihacan River, where there is an existing dam for irrigation purposes.
Figure 77 presents the delineated watersheds.
185
Figure 77 – Watersheds in the Project Area
Rainfall
200
180
160
Monthly Rainfall (mm)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
-
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 3: Average Monthly Rainfall (1951-2014)
186
Streamflow
The nearest river gauging station is located in Barrio Posolong, Zamboanga City, monitoring the
adjacent Mercedes River. Daily streamflow data is available from 1993 to 1999. It can be
accessed through a barrio road from km. 12. It is about 200 meters above the existing masonry
dam of the Mercedes Irrigation System. The monitoring station drains a catchment area of about
38 km2 and an annual average discharge of about 1.23 m3/s.
Water Permits
Table 1 shows the list of water permits granted by the NWRB in the Project Area. Water
withdrawn from rivers and creeks are mainly used for irrigation purposes. Portion of the granted
water usage are dedicated for domestic consumption, as well as industrial activities.
These grantees are plotted against the watersheds being considered and presented in Figure 4.
In order to ensure that proper discharges are allocated, applicable permits will be subtracted to
corresponding water sources during the computation of the net available flows.
187
Figure 78 – Water Permits Map
188
100
10
1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure 5: Tumaga River Flow Duration Curve
The shape of a flow-duration curve in its upper and lower regions is particularly significant in
evaluating the stream and basin characteristics. The shape of the curve in the high-flow region
indicates the type of flood regime the basin is likely to have, whereas, the shape of the low-flow
region characterizes the ability of the basin to sustain low flows during dry seasons. The Tumaga
River FDC presents a relatively moderate high flows curve that is probably rain-caused floods. In
the low-flow region, the relatively flatter curve indicates that moderate to low flows are sustained
throughout the year due to natural or artificial streamflow regulation, or due to a large groundwater
capacity which sustains the base flow to the stream.
The dependable flow is defined as the volume of flow that has a probability of occurrence of 80%
at a specific time. This is the flow from which the available water for extraction is based from. The
flow statistics for the Tumaga River is shown below.
189
Table 2: Tumaga River Flow Statistics
%
Flow (cms)
Probability
90% 1.564
80% 1.742
70% 1.873
60% 2.048
50% 2.559
40% 3.386
30% 4.614
20% 6.591
10% 11.231
Available surface water for extraction is computed considering the allocation for riparian flow in
streams, as required by the DENR. This is equal to 10% of the computed flow in consideration.
Further, the amount of granted water permits along the river of concern should also be deducted.
The net available flow (cms) for the Tumaga River is shown in
Table 3.
190
Other sources considered were the Manihacan and Mercedes River. Discharge values
for these sources were obtained by using area-proportion method from the Tumaga River
flows. The corresponding net available flows are presented in the following tables:
191
10% 6.863 0.686 0.4+0.554+0.05515 6.122
PAGASA has climate change scenarios for years 2036-2065 including projections on the percent
change in rainfall and temperature 80. The model used assumptions underlying RCP 8.5 scenario.
In the Zamboanga peninsula, the dryest possible rainfall change is at about -18.7% and the
wettest possible change can reach about 16.7%.
Table 7: Percent Change in Rainfall (PAGASA Climate Change Projection for 2036-2065)
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Zamboanga del Norte Lower Bound -12.4 -16.1 -10.4 -18.7
Median 1.9 -2.5 4.9 -0.5
Upper Bound 13.8 8.1 12.2 10.8
Zamboanga del Sur Lower Bound -18.1 -8.2 -11.8 -13.3
Median 4.4 -3.3 2.0 -0.6
Upper Bound 13.8 16.3 16.7 6.2
Zamboanga Sibugay Lower Bound -11.6 -18.5 -15.4 -14.8
Median -0.2 1 2.3 -6.0
Upper Bound 8.4 7.5 13.4 7.0
For conservative results, the lower bound values were used in estimating the most drastic effect
of climate change to the surface water resources of the Project Area. The resulting net available
water is shown in Table 8.
80
Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change in the Philippines, 2018
192
IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT
The study adopted existing cropping patterns from past projects in study area. The crop water
requirement was computed assuming dominant clay loam soil type. Stagger period was set at
30 days for typical service areas of less than 1,000 ha.
Where:
CWR - crop water requirement, mm
kls - area factor of land soaking
LS - land soaking requirement, mm
klp - area factor of land preparation
LP - land preparation requirement, mm
kn - area factor of nursery
N - nursery requirement, mm
kfc - area factor of field crop requirement
FCR - field crop requirement, mm
Tunits - number of days for calculation purposes
Effective Rainfall
Effective rainfall is the net amount which will be available to satisfy crop requirement at a specific
time. The actual amount of rainfall that can be considered effective in any area depends not only
on the soils ability to absorb and store water in the crop root zone but also upon the intensity and
distribution of rain, depth of standing water in the paddy, size and maintenance of farm dikes,
irrigation method and water delivery interval and topography of land and drainage facilities These
rainfall were summarized into decades (10-day rainfall) and the effective rainfall for each decade
was determined by probability analysis as the rainfall with 80% probability of occurrence. A
criterion is followed for the value of effective rainfall per decadal basis (in mm) using 80%
dependable rainfall data:
• If the dependable rainfall is less than 5 mm/decade then, the effective rainfall is equal to
zero.
• If the dependable rainfall is greater than 50 mm/decade, then the effective rainfall is equal
to 50 added to 80% of the residual value from 50 mm.
• Otherwise the effective rainfall is equal to the dependable / probable rainfall.
The resultant net farm water requirement, as affected by effective rainfall, varies within the
cropping season but in good agreement with the crop water requirement.
193
Irrigation Diversion Requirement
The irrigation diversion requirement is defined as the farm water requirement plus allowances
for farm waste, operational losses and conveyance losses where the overall irrigation efficiency
can be derived. This is expressed as:
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 =
𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
Where:
DWR - diversion water requirement, mm
FWR - farm water requirement, mm
OEff - overall irrigation efficiency
The overall irrigation efficiency used in the study was pegged at 55% during dry season and
50% during wet season. The resulting annual diversion water requirement was calculated to be
about 1,310 mm with a maximum water duty of 1.33 liters per second. The decadal DWR is
shown in
Table 59 below.
The resulting irrigation water demand for the existing irrigation systems of the NIA Zambasulta
RSO were likewise computed and presented in Table 60. Rice-rice cropping was assumed in the
calculations, as it demands the highest water requirement. If diversified crops are preferred to be
planted during the dry season, the presented water requirement would still be sufficient.
194
Table 60 : Irrigation Water Demand for Existing IS
IRRIGATED AREA Irrigation Water Demand (lps)
AREA IN HECTARES (Has.) @Water Duty = 1.50 lps/ha
for
SERVICE NEW for NEW
NON SERVICE for
CROPS NAME OF CIS AREA GENERATED FUSA OPERATIONAL WET DRY GENERATED
OPTL AREA FUSA
(Has) AREA AREA
(Has)
NIA-Assisted/Constructed
G-Gravity
DISTRICT 1
high value crops Ayala CIS 187.00 152 152.00 152 152 280.50 - 228.00
high value crops La Paz CIS 60.00 60 60.00 60 60 90.00 - 90.00
high value crops Baluno sip 40.00 40 40.00 40 5 60.00 - 60.00
high value crops Patalon SIP 39.00 39 24.00 15.00 24 24 58.50 - 58.50
high value crops Malagutay SIP 50.00 50 50.00 50 50 75.00 - 75.00
rice Preza Mayor CIS 100.00 80 65.00 15.00 65 65 150.00 - 120.00
rice Talisayan CIS 100.00 86 86.00 86 86 150.00 - 129.00
high value crops Sta. Rita CIS 50.00 50 50.00 50 50 75.00 - 75.00
high value crops Labuan SIP 50.00 20 30 20.00 10.00 20 20 75.00 30.00 45.00
high value crops Lumayang SIP (CARP) 35.00 11 24 24.00 24 24 52.50 16.50 36.00
high value crops Sta. Rita CIS (CARP) 44.75 29.75 15.0 15.00 15 15 67.13 44.63 22.50
SUB-TOTAL DISTRICT 1 755.75 60.75 626 586.00 40.00 586 551 1,133.63 91.13 939.00
DISTRICT 2
rice Boalan CIS 35.00 30 30.00 30 30 52.50 - 45.00
rice Bolong CIS 100.00 100 100.00 100 100 150.00 - 150.00
rice Bunguiao CIS 95.00 72 72.00 72 72 142.50 - 108.00
rice Curuan CIS 115.00 115 115.00 115 115 172.50 - 172.50
rice Dabuy CIS 77.00 77 70.00 7.00 70 70 115.50 - 115.50
rice Buenavista PIS 50.00 - - - 75.00 - -
high value crops Mangga CIS 103.00 103 103.00 103 103 154.50 - 154.50
rice Manicahan CIS 254.00 254 254.00 254 254 381.00 - 381.00
rice Mercedes CIS 701.00 665 516.00 149 516 516 1,051.50 - 997.50
rice Quiniput CIS 75.00 75 75.00 75 75 112.50 - 112.50
195
IRRIGATED AREA Irrigation Water Demand (lps)
AREA IN HECTARES (Has.) @Water Duty = 1.50 lps/ha
for
SERVICE NEW for NEW
NON SERVICE for
CROPS NAME OF CIS AREA GENERATED FUSA OPERATIONAL WET DRY GENERATED
OPTL AREA FUSA
(Has) AREA AREA
(Has)
rice San Isidro Bunguiao CIS 35.00 35 35.00 35 35 52.50 - 52.50
high value crops Sinuropan CIS 36.00 36 36.00 36 36 54.00 - 54.00
high value crops Sinuropan CIS Extension 25.00 25 - - - 37.50 37.50 -
rice Tictapul CIS 5.00 5 5.00 5 5 7.50 - 7.50
rice Tictapul CIS Extension 25.00 25 25.00 25 25 37.50 - 37.50
rice Vitali CIS 225.00 225 60.00 165 60 60 337.50 - 337.50
high value crops Lower Tigbao Licomo SIP 65.00 65 - - - 97.50 97.50 -
rice Guisao CIS 80.00 80 80.00 80 80 120.00 - 120.00
high value crops Licomo SIP 40.00 40 - - - 60.00 60.00 -
rice Taloptap CIS 75.00 75 25.00 50 25 25 112.50 - 112.50
SUB-TOTAL DISTRICT 2 2,216.00 130.00 1,972 1,601.00 371 1,601 1,601 3,324.00 195.00 2,958
SUB-TOTAL (Gravity) 2,971.75 190.75 2,598 2,187.00 411 2,187 2,152 4,457.63 286.13 3,897
P-PUMPS
DISTRICT 1
high value crops Ayala PIP 22.00 22 22.00 33.00 - 33.00
high value crops Zamboanga City CIS I 3.00 3 3.00 4.50 - 4.50
rice Vitali PIP 8.00 8 8.00 12.00 - 12.00
SUB-TOTAL DISTRICT 1 33.00 - 33.00 - 33.00 - - 49.50 - 49.50
DISTRICT 2
high value crops Lumayang PIS 24.00 24 24.00 36.00 - 36.00
rice Vitali PIP 22.00 22 22.00 33.00 - 33.00
high value crops Buenavista PIS/Upper Buenavista CIS 30.00 24 24.00 24 24 45.00 - 36.00
196
IRRIGATED AREA Irrigation Water Demand (lps)
AREA IN HECTARES (Has.) @Water Duty = 1.50 lps/ha
for
SERVICE NEW for NEW
NON SERVICE for
CROPS NAME OF CIS AREA GENERATED FUSA OPERATIONAL WET DRY GENERATED
OPTL AREA FUSA
(Has) AREA AREA
(Has)
OGA-Other Gov't Agency Assisted
high value crops Buenagatas CIS - - - - -
rice Cabaluay CIS 25.00 25 25.00 25 25 37.50 - 37.50
rice Guiwan CIS 110.00 110 110.00 110 110 165.00 - 165.00
rice Lunzuran CIS 5.00 5 5.00 5 5 7.50 - 7.50
rice Manga-Bunguiao CIS 38.00 38 38.00 38 38 57.00 - 57.00
high value crops Muti CIS 20.00 20 20.00 20 20 30.00 - 30.00
high value crops Pamiguitan CIS 18.00 18 18.00 18 18 27.00 - 27.00
high value crops Sapa Tomas CIS 20.00 20 20.00 20 20 30.00 - 30.00
rice Seguinan CIS 75.00 75 75.00 75 75 112.50 - 112.50
rice Licopon CIS 45.00 45 45.00 45 45 67.50 - 67.50
SUB-TOTAL OGA 356.00 - 356.00 356.00 - 356 356 534.00 - 534.00
4,585.
GRAND TOTAL 3,436.75 190.75 3,057 2,567 490 2,567. 2,532 5,155.13 286.13
5
Source: NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION - ZAMBASULTA RSO: O&M PLANS AND PROGRAMS COMMITMENT DATA PER CIS FOR 2019
CROPPING OPERATIONS, ZAMBOANGA CITY
197
Annex 6: Tumaga River Water Quality
Tumaga River is regarded as the most important inland river in Zamboanga City. The River
traverses several heavily populated areas including Pasonanca, Tumaga, Tetuan, Tugbungan
and Mampang. The Tumaga River-Water Quality Management Area (TR-WQMA) was officially
designated through the signing of DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-01 on 24 January 2013.
As part of the requirement under the WQMA program, water quality monitoring is regularly
conducted to assess the present condition of the Tumaga River. Presented in Table 1 and Figure
1 are the monitoring stations in Tumaga River.
198
Source: EMB, Region IX
The water quality guidelines for specific parameters being sampled in Tumaga River is presented
in Table 2. The parameters are based on guidelines for water body classification included in
DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08 dated May 24, 2016.
The result of the water quality monitoring in Tumaga River for year 2020 are discussed below
which covers the following parameters: phosphate, chloride, total suspended solids, fecal
coliform, pH, DO, color and temperature.
199
0.6
0.5
Phosphate (mg/L)
0.4
Phosphate. Phosphate are nutrients
that come from both natural sources 0.3
and human activities such as 0.2
fertilizers, detergents, wastewater, 0.1
among others. The phosphate levels 0
in Tumaga River are within the 1 1aa 1a 2 2aa 2a 2b 3 4 5 5a 6 7
guideline values ranging from 0.05 to
C B A
0.46 mg/L. Highest value was
Station Name and Water Classification
recorded in Station 1.
2020 Guideline Value (2016-08)
700
Chloride (mg/L)
600
500
400 Chloride. Chlorides are widely
300 distributed in nature as salts of
200 sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), and
100 calcium (CaCl2). High chloride in a
0
freshwater body could be an
1aa
2aa
1a
2a
2b
5a
1
3
4
5
6
7
100
Total Suspended Solids
80
Total Suspended Solids. Total 60
Suspended Solids (TSS) are 40
(mg/L)
2aa
1a
2a
2b
5a
1
3
4
5
6
7
200
600,000.00
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100mL)
500,000.00
400,000.00 Fecal Coliform. Fecal coliform
300,000.00 bacteriological test is an indicator
200,000.00
that the water is free from disease-
100,000.00
-
causing bacteria. The level of fecal
coliform in all the sampling
1aa
2aa
1a
2a
2b
5a
1
3
4
5
6
7
stations are beyond the guideline
C B A values ranging from 1,413.01 to
Station Name and Water Classification 231,533.20 MPN/100mL. The
fecal coliform values are extremely
high, especially in Class C part of
2020 Guideline Value (2016-08)
the river.
Source: DENR EMB, Region IX
10
9
8
pH
7
6
5
1 1aa 1a 2 2aa 2a 2b 3 4 5 5a 6 7
pH. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion C B A
concentration in liquids. The pH Station Name and Water Classification
levels are within the guideline values
ranging from 2.13 to 8.27 mg/L.
2020
Maximum Guideline Value (2016-08)
Minimum Guideline Value (2016-08)
Source: DENR EMB, Region IX
8
Dissolved Oxygen Minimum
6
4 Dissolved Oxygen. Dissolved oxygen
(DO) levels are considered the most
2
(mg/L)
2aa
1a
2a
2b
5a
1
3
4
5
6
7
201
8
(mg/L)
0
(BOD) is a measure of the amount
1aa
2aa
1a
2a
2b
5a
1
3
4
5
6
7
of oxygen removed from aquatic
environments by aerobic C B A
microorganisms. BOD levels are Station Name and Water Classification
within the guideline values ranging
from 1.94 to 6.48 mg/L.
2020 Guideline Value (2016-08)
80
Color (TCU)
60
40
20
0 Color. The color levels in all the
1 1aa 1a 2 2aa 2a 2b 3 4 5 5a 6 7 sampling locations are within the
guideline values ranging from 5.00 to
C B A
7.82 mg/L.
Station Name and Water Classification
31
30
29
28
27
26
Temperature. The temperature 25
24
are within the guideline values for
1 1aa 1a 2 2aa 2a 2b 3 4 5 5a 6 7
most of the sampling stations
except for Stations 5, 5a and 6 as C B A
shown in Figure 10. Station Name and Water Classification
2020
Maximum Guideline Value (2016-08)
Minimum Guideline Value (2016-08)
202
Annex 7: Stakeholders Consultations Conducted
Online Stakeholder To obtain pertinent data and information from the 8 Jul
3
Consultation with National National Irrigation Administration Region-9 (NIA-Region 2021
Irrigation Administration- IX) on the (i) related water security studies available in
Region IX the agency; (ii) existing irrigation system, agricultural
water demand and sources in Zamboanga City; (iii)
future irrigation system, projected agricultural water
demand and potential sources in Zamboanga City; (iv)
current programs, projects and activities (PPAs) to
achieve water security; and (v) other information that will
help in the preparation of the Water Security Master Plan.
Two-Day Online Seek to (i) present and discuss the salient provisions of 28-29
4
Consultation Meeting with the EO, particularly the prescribed roles and
Jul 2021
the Zamboanga City responsibilities of the member-organizations; (ii) present
Water Security Council on and discuss the summary of responses to the
the Preparation of the questionnaire previously circulated to various
Water Security Master stakeholders and obtain the general expectations of the
Plan Council on the responses; (iii) present and elaborate the
pressing issues on water security/water provision
services; (iv) facilitate consultation and/or an open forum
to discuss in detail the pressing issues as well as on how
to appropriately address these issues; (v) introduce a
framework integral in the development of a decision
support mechanism to evaluate water security
objectives; and (vi) identify and define the succeeding
activities.
5 Online Consultation Presentation of the: (i) Water Security Options, Scenario 14 Sep
Meeting with the and Alternative Analysis; (ii) Programs/Projects/Activities 2021
Zamboanga City Water for Institutional Capacity Strengthening; and (iii) Potential
Security Council on Water Funding Sources and Modalities.
Security Options,
Scenario and Alternative
Analysis
203
Particulars Objective/s Date
6 Water Evaluation and To capacitate the key stakeholders on the use of WEAP 23 and
Planning (WEAP) System as the water system decision support tool 29 Sep
Training
2021
7 Online Meeting for the To present and validate the prepared Water Security 29 Sep
Presentation and Master Plan with the Zamboanga City Water Security
2021
Validation of the Water Council and SURGE.
Security Master Plan for
Zamboanga City
204
b. Online Stakeholder Consultation on the Preparation of Water Security Master Plan (June
17, 2021)
205
c. Two-Day Online Consultation Meeting with the Zamboanga City Water Security Council
on the Preparation of the Water Security Master Plan (July 28-29, 2021)
206
d. Online Consultation Meeting with the Zamboanga City Water Security Council on Water
Security Options, Scenario and Alternative Analysis (September 14, 2021)
e. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System Training (September 23 and 29, 2021)
207
f. Online Meeting for the Presentation and Validation of the Water Security Master Plan for
Zamboanga City (September 29, 2021)
208
209
Primary Stakeholders of the Water Security Master Plan
Stakeholder Agency/Position
• Office of the City Vice Mayor (Vice Mayor)
• Zamboanga City Water District (General Manager)
• Office of the City Environment and Natural Resources (CENR Officer)
• SP Committee on Energy and Public Utilities (Chair)
• SP Committee on Natural Resources and Environment Protection (Chair)
• SP Committee on Health and Sanitation (Chair)
• Office of the City Administrator (City Administrator)
• Office of the City Planning and Development Coordinator (CPDC Officer)
• Office of the City Agriculturist (City Agriculturist)
Members of the • Office of the City Health (City Health Officer)
Zamboanga City • Office of the City Disaster Risk Reduction Management (CDRRM Officer)
Water Security Council • Office of the City Mayor (Division Head and Barangay Affairs Officer)
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region IX (DENR-
Region IX), Office of the Regional Executive Director (Regional Director,
EMB IX, OCENR Zamboanga City, PENRO Zamboanga Sibugay)
• Western Mindanao State University (President, Head of the Environmental
Engineering Department, Head of Sanitary Engineering Department)
• Ateneo de Zamboanga University (President and Head of the Ateneo
Center for Environment and Sustainability)
• Zamboanga City Chamber of Commerce & Industry Foundation, Inc.
(President)
• Industrial Group of Zamboanga, Inc. (President)
• National Irrigation Administration-Region IX (NIA-R9)
National and Regional • National Water Resources Board (Representative Officer)
Government Agencies • Department of Public Works and Highways-Region IX (DPWH-Region IX)
• Local Water Utilities Administration (Representative)
• Multilateral and Bilateral Donor Agencies (ODA Projects)
Other Stakeholders
• Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Zamboanga City
Prior to the conduct of the consultation and assessment activity, a survey questionnaire was
circulated to the stakeholders with the intention of capturing their understanding of what water
security is all about and its relation to their respective agency and/or organization mandate. The
main objective of the survey was to understand the roles, interests, and participation of the
different stakeholders in the preparation of the master plan. Given as very limited time and
interactions, the survey was considered as an appropriate and effective instrument to gather initial
data and information as well as the aspirations different stakeholders, in particular the members
of the Zamboanga City Water Security Council both in terms of the offices and individual
respondents. Ideally, a follow up activity such as workshop, one-on-one interview with selected
respondents to further discuss and verify responses should be conducted. Again, however the
time limitations simply did not permit any follow through activity. What was undertaken was to
present the results (summary of the results) in a plenary session with the aim of getting further
inputs, discussion and or clarifications from the respondents.
The survey instrument is composed of 16 related questions, all designed to better understand the
nature, functions of the stakeholder organization as it relates to the preparation of a Water
Security Master Plan. As such, the questionnaire was designed to capture relevant data and
information on the following:
210
● Organizational background (roles, functions and coverage and extent of influence,
involvement in water development and management)
● Definition of water security from the respondent’s perspective and as it relates to the
roles/function of the organization
● Success factors in achieving water security
● Challenges and barriers in achievement of water security
● Area/s of Interest in relation to water security
● Expected involvement in the preparation of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master
Plan
● Level of knowledge and understanding on water related issues
● Level of understanding on historical limitation related achieving water security
● Knowledge on best practices and programs in support to water security
● Expectations from other co-stakeholders in achieving water security
● Current plans and programs that can contribute to achievement of water security
The survey questionnaire was sent to pre-identified respondents as Google Form to facilitate
convenience in responding and to have a readily available summary for better understanding.
Stakeholder Engagements
To ensure that stakeholder participation and engagement is carried out, it is necessary to map
out and identify stakeholders irrespective of the potential impact of the project. Taking into account
that the Water Security Master Plan will focus on domestic water supply and demand aspects of
water security, the mapping and identification of stakeholders will revolve around these two
important and priority focal areas but at the same time will endeavor to include other non-domestic
use of water. Given these priority areas, the primary stakeholders identified are classified into
groups as listed in Table 43.
A total of 13 offices have responded to the survey questionnaire. Of these 13 office respondents,
majority or 10 (77 percent) are members of the WSC. In terms of individual respondents, a total
of 23 individuals responded to the survey. Again, a majority of 20 (87 percent) came from the
WSC members. The following are the highlights of the responses:
211
responded at less than 100 percent agreement that water security is being achieved, it
is surmised that this is the result of the previous water shortages affecting these two
agencies (or water customers) more than the others.
The responses to this important question showed that majority of the respondent is in
agreement that Water Security is being achieved in relation to the mandate of their
respective agencies. This can be explained by the fact that on the earlier questions
regarding the definition of Water Security, it was observed that the responses gathered
were tied up or related to the mandated functions and roles of those who responded. For
instance, for DENR , WS definition is related to environmental protection .
212
• Practices that are a threat to WS (i.e., proliferation of deep wells, wastage
in water use)
• Operations and Maintenance budgets for existing infrastructure not enough
213
• On Expected Interactions between and Among Stakeholders. Respondents expects the
following that among and between stakeholders: (i) commitment and full support; (ii)
allocation of needed funds for water security-related efforts; (iii) involvement in
monitoring the plan; and (iv) implement programs to help protect watersheds.
• On Current PPAs that can Contribute to Achieving Water Security. At present, the
following programs/projects and activities have been identified by respondents that can
contribute towards achievement of water security: (i) development of infrastructure; (ii)
natural resources management and development programs; (iii) WDM; (iv) forest land
use planning; (v) septage and sewerage management program; (vi) promotion of
rainwater harvesting; and (vii) practice of climate resilient agriculture (SMART
agriculture).
The summary of responses showed that stakeholders have an ample knowledge on what water
security and has provided a good definition of it. Majority agreed that water security is being
achieved with several success factors clearly identified, but there appears to be a limited definition
of water security in the context that each agency appears to have their own experience and
definition of water security. However, challenges and barriers were also noted by respondents. In
terms of interest, respondents identified a wide spectrum of interest across different thematic
areas. Relatedly, respondents identified their perception in terms of their potential involvement in
water security planning. Knowledge wise, respondent displayed medium to high level of know
how same as in understanding historical limitations of water security planning. As far as limitations
in achieving water security, respondents identified relevant factors they believed would hinder the
success of achieving water security. Several expected interactions among and between
stakeholders were also identified. Finally, respondent provided a list of current PPAs that are
being implemented by their respective offices that van effectively contribute towards achieving
water security.
Overall, the survey provided important data and information critical to the preparation of the
master plan. It can be concluded that respondents have a good background and knowledge based
with regards to water security. This moderate to high level of understanding of the concept of
water security would be a plus factor and is expected to provide the project the much-needed
support, buy-in and active engagement of the different stakeholders towards the preparation of
the Water Security Master Plan.
214
Online Meeting for the Presentation and Validation of the Water Security Master Plan for
Zamboanga City
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
Annex 8: SWOT Analysis of ZWAT
The Zamboanga Water Audit Team (ZWAT) was created after the formal launching of the
ZCWD WDM Program in February 2016. 81
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
1. Staff competence (Level 1 Prime HR) 1. Cramped working space/ Lack of
2. Gravity-based water system resources storage for documents and equipment
3. Strategic Location of Resources (e.g IT equipment)
4. Well defined Vision and Mission 2. Weak transfer of knowledge of aging
Statement workforce (Retiring seasoned
5. Strong support from the Board of employees, across all employees);
Directors absence of succession planning
6. Systems and policies are properly 3. Priority Projects are not implemented
cascaded as planned
7. Developed Water Safety Plan for 4. Unacceptable percentage of Non-
implementation Revenue Water
8. Management is innovative and open to 5. Occupational Safety and Health not
changes fully implemented (include COVID
9. Established customers database system requirements)
10. Established customer feedback 6. Unmet collection target (Collection
mechanism (customer care Facebook Efficiency)
page) 7. do not have asset database for the
11. Attractive Investment Profile (Category A pipeline system
water district) 8. no unit assigned to be the central
12. Good watershed condition (Pasonanca documents custodian
Natural Park) 9. Marketing plan not fully implemented /
13. Availability of new bulk water supply no market study
14. Multi-sectoral BOD members 10. Need to improve interdepartmental
coordination and communication;
absence of ISO aligned business
processes
11. Need for full implementation of
procurement plan
12. Lack of proper studies for projects
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
1. Good relationship with the LGUs
81
The ZCWD management and Board of Directors approved a budget to support the implementation of the WDM program and created
the ZWAT.
230
2. Availability of water resources 1. Short- and long-term effects of climate
3. Potential for growth of consumer change
market 2. Security threat to the water sources
4. Income generation potential of the and facilities (e.g. man-made
watershed multiple use zone via conflicts, sabotage, disasters)
ecotourism 3. Privatization of Local Water Districts
5. Rapid industrialization and (can affect tenure of employees)
urbanization (opportunity for business 4. Greater employment opportunities/
growth) career growth outside ZCWD
6. Strong ties with fellow water utilities 5. Increasing population surrounding
7. Political interventions/support water sources
8. Available trainings for career 6. Political Agenda/ Election/ Changing
enhancement Leadership
9. Introduction of water reforms 7. rural water service providers, private
10. Aid and grants from other water refilling stations, private water
organizations (e.g. USAID) supply in a subdivision
11. Potential for PPP, joint ventures on 8. Endo (ZCWD cannot absorb JO
infrastructure projects workers)
12. Creation of water security council 9. COVID19
13. opportunity to tap the services of the 10. ground water extractions on rural/
academe (public/ private even urban areas
colleges/universities) to conduct 11. negative perception on increased
research proposals for ZCWD water rates
231
BROAD STRATEGIES
1. Establish ISO aligned business processes
[to include processes on departmental coordination and communication; Human
Resources, improvement of ZCWD Physical Office Setup, Monitoring)
Strengths
- Staff competence (Level 1 Prime HR)
- Well defined Vision and Mission Statement
- Strong support from the Board of Directors
- Systems and policies are properly cascaded
- Management is innovative and open to changes
- Established customers database system
- Established customer feedback mechanism (customer care Facebook page)
Weaknesses
- Cramped working space/ Lack of storage for documents and equipment (e.g IT
equipment)
- Weak transfer of knowledge of aging workforce (Retiring seasoned employees,
across all employees); absence of succession planning
- Occupational Safety and Health not fully implemented (include COVID
requirements)
- do not have asset database for the pipeline system
- no unit assigned to be the central documents custodian
- Marketing plan not fully implemented / no market study
- Need to improve interdepartmental coordination and communication; absence
of ISO aligned business processes
- Need for full implementation of procurement plan
2. Improve efficiency
[to include efficiency on distribution, planning, personnel, operations, ease of doing
business, implementation of ARTA, transparency of information]
Strengths
- Gravity-based water system resources
- Strategic Location of Resources
- Developed Water Safety Plan for implementation
- Good watershed condition (Pasonanca Natural Park)
- Availability of new bulk water supply
Weaknesses
- Priority Projects are not implemented as planned
- Unacceptable percentage of Non-Revenue Water
232
- Lack of proper studies for projects
Strengths
- Attractive Investment Profile (Category A water district)
Weaknesses
- Unmet collection target (Collection Efficiency)
Strengths
- Established customers database system
- stablished customer feedback mechanism (customer care Facebook page)
Weaknesses
- Lack of proper studies for projects
233
PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, POLICIES, AND ACTIVITIES
234
external and internal Provide technical guidance to the
teams through re-training WMSU water audit team during the
and/or immersion re-audit of the university
activities
235
instructional videos, smartphone
app for WDM, online calculator for
cost-savings computation, etc.
15. Advocate a development
of City-wide WDM
through the Water
Security Council
236
HOW DO WE MONITOR AND EVALUATE SUCCESS?
1. Meeting between WMSU and ZCWD chairman (existing MOA and new MOA- creation of
the national knowledge center on WDM).
2. ZCWD Chairman to advocate expansion of the water audit team in the water security
council
3. Review of WDM Training Design and development of Module. Check for potential
inclusion in the UDLP program.
4. Development of IEC Materials for WDM
5. Updating of the existing WDM Toolkit
6. Develop proposal for user’s study, application development
7. Capture the lessons from the water security master plan and Septage FS with reuse
237
Annex 9: Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System Training Report
Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) is an integrated, scenario-based modelling tool
that helps stakeholders manage water supply resources to meet often-competing demands from
cities, industries and farms, as well as consider long-neglected interests such as wildlife habitat
and vulnerable communities.
WEAP has been used as a planning and decision-making tool for the development of the
Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan. In order to inculcate understanding and knowledge
as well as build capacity on the application of WEAP using on-hand information in the
development of the master plan, a training was conducted by USAID SURGE through WCI/TE
Project Team for selected stakeholders in Zamboanga City. Dr. David Yates, the Project Team’s
Water Decision Support Expert, spearheaded the said training via Zoom in two parts last
September 23 and 29, 2021. The first session focused on the introduction of WEAP and its
application on the masterplan using data from Zamboanga City. The second session was
dedicated to coaching and getting feedback from the stakeholders on the use of the tool.
Part 1
Out of 80 registrants, a total of 62 participants attended the training. Engr. Jay Tecson, Water
Demand Management Consultant of USAID SURGE Project opened the activity and Engr.
Maurice Tobon, Team Leader of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan introduced the
WEAP program as a tool and how it is used in the master plan.
238
Prior to the training, the participants were requested to do the following tasks: (1) Install the free
version of the software thru this link: https://www.weap21.org/; (2) Watch the "WEAP in one hour"
thru this link: https://www.youtube.com/c/WEAP-System; and (3) Read additional reference:
https://weap21.org/downloads/WEAP_Tutorial.pdf. WEAP is a free software and can be
downloaded from the software’s website. Prior to download, users need to register as member of
the forum where the password will be emailed after registration.
Dr. Yates inquired whether all participants have downloaded and installed the program in their
computers. There were more than 10 participants who encountered issues with the installation
due to (1) registration problems with the website, (2) internet connectivity, (4) installation issues
with their computer, and (4) license. Dr. Yates mentioned that participants need to register with
the WEAP forum to get to the link to the download site. For the license, he mentioned that
participants can still run the program even if it is in Evaluation Mode and not the licensed one. To
get the license, they have to make a request to WEAP forum.
The training started with Dr. Yates informing participants to use WEAP in One Hour Tutorial as
reference for the step-by-step process of manipulating data in WEAP.
239
The whole training revolved around following the steps indicated in the tutorial.
240
The training ended with Dr. Yates informing the participants that they can manipulate real data
based on the model database that he developed for Zamboanga City. A link where they can
download the data was provided after the training.
Part 2
Dr. Yates continued the activity with a discussion on key assumptions and expression builder
using the tutorial on WEAP. According to him, the use of key assumptions is especially worthwhile
when the model has many similar objects, for example demand sites, and when performing
scenario analyses. The expression builder, on the other hand, is a simple way of entering
expressions and functions. Users can by-pass it and enter functions, references and
mathematical expressions directly in the main expression window.
241
The session focused on getting their feedback on WEAP using the data on Zamboanga City.
242
Observations and Next Steps of the Training
• Delivering the training online is quite a challenge both for the participants and the trainer.
It is difficult to maintain the participants’ attention and control distractions while being
online.
• This training will be more effective if done in-person. The trainer could not monitor the
pace of the participants and any issues encountered by participants could easily be
resolved if the activity is done via face-to-face interaction.
• There was very limited interaction between the trainer and the participants. This could be
due to participants being overwhelmed on the topic and/or the topic was too technical to
comprehend. This resulted to very few questions being asked by participants to the trainer.
• There was a general interest among the participants given the potential application and
use of WEAP in the planning and decision making on water resource management.
The following are proposed next steps to sustain the momentum of the participants on WEAP:
243
Training Evaluation
An evaluation was circulated among the participants in order to get their feedback. A total of 26
participants sent their thoughts on the activity. In general, the participants rated the activity as
either good or excellent and have met their expectations on the training. A summary of the
evaluation is further presented below:
244
245
246
9. What lesson/learning did you gain from the WEAP training?
• The lecture/Tutorial is kind of in a fast phase but I was able to grasp some of the vital
information for the training. It will be helpful also with the copy of the toolkit.
• It's a very useful tool especially in interpreting data like the supply and demand of a
specific area.
• The training is very necessary as reference for future programs and projects of the
city.
• A new software can be used in a table survey setting.
• How to use some aspects of the model.
• data integration, projections based on assumptions
• Data from GIS can be used in the WEAP
• MANIPULATE AND INTERPRET THE DATA AND RESULTS OF WEAP
• Making use of the program to see what variable or activity is more water demanding.
• Basic operations using WEAP application
• Certain scenarios can be analyzed base on the consolidated data.
• applicability of the app in future planning
• WEAP id o think user friendly software program and that can provide a system for
maintaining water demand and supply information
• I have learned that there is a software intended for water resources evaluation and
planning.
• Still learning, did not really get into the weap software yet, however I am glad that
tutorial is available and easy to understand
• The Seminar was not really designed for me as I am not a technical guy nor a
computer savvy person or cannot follow much and understand online application
models or things like this!
• Water resource management projections
• Basic Knowledge on simulation of WEAP
• This is new to me, and I think this training is relevant for future use.
• Features and overview of manipulating WEAP software
• Practical usage in the development water project utilizing surface water
• The creation of the so called weap areas and its attributes. With the given tutorial
notes, you can do it by following the instructions given.
• Using the model to interpret data and useful for future planning of water resources
• different scenarios that can be used; using mathematical expressions and
implications.
• The various scenarios and its effect.
• WEAP Basics
247
10. What issues or constraints did you encounter in using the WEAP software?
• Nothing.
• One of the constraints/ issues maybe is the connections and loading of the WEAP
software and since it is in EVAL MODE so I have not able to save the part 1 works.
Also, files like the ZAM WEAP AREA Files were not able to download due to large
files.
• The plotting of the transmission/distribution line.
• The software is new to me which in my part is difficult to catch-up with but yet its
interesting.
• WEAP software should more open or compatible with GIS and other geographical
software.
• having access- recognition of personal email address.
• installation issues, but might be an isolated issue for my windows OS installed
• INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
• Uploading the weap program
• License
• unavailability of license
• I have not yet downloaded and install the WEAP licensed version therefore there is a
limitation on data saving.
• WEAP software cannot run smoothly on low specs laptop/computer.
• none at the moment
• Did not use it. I wasn't able to download it as I do not know how to do it.
• Technical difficulty.. and not able to interact with the speaker
• Sometimes Lagging
• Its not that easy, yet very interesting!
• Hands on exercises
• Downloading the software
• It is handy for me in the future but for now since I'm not be able to use it in my job
directly, at least I have the basic knowledge on how to use the said software.
• Will ZCWD need to purchase WEAP software for future use?
• have not used it yet.
• The plotting of the network.
• None
11. Which aspect of the training and/or WEAP software do you think the resource
person/expert should focus on to help improve your learning?
• Important points were tackled, maybe the scenarios which made the visual result.
• The importation of data links (e.g. Excel data, pivot table)
• I have difficulty on understanding the software especially on plotting. I think its best to
have a face-to-face training.
248
• Creating the model network and compatibility with other softwares.
• how to import excel and cad files to the model
• perhaps more on GIS coordinates integration
• Longer training time
• GRAPHS AND INTERPRETATIONS
• His expert in everything he discussed
• Very well presentation for the resource person, no comment.
• The training just needs a matter of time for the resource person to fully explained the
software.
• exercises/workshop will provide grasps of the learning
• The speaker should focus more on the scenario explorer
• I think resource expert should also explain the bases of the engineering
calculation/analysis being executed by the software for the users.
• The resource person is an expert of the WEAP, maybe just needed more time for the
participants to learn and appreciate
• The details of the use of the model is not really for the WSC members but for the Staff
or Secretariat. The WSC members just need the concepts about it and other
objectives, where and what it represents and other things, not the use or the details of
it.
• Get familiar with zoom app
• Nothing
• I guess this training would have been better if we did it on a usual training basis (face
to face, one on one training)
• Exercises
• The resource person is an expert. Therefore, nothing so far.
• Resource person may explain or elaborate further on the other "data" in each of the
subjects in the weap areas especially to others who are new to this kind of program.
• certainly the resource person did well.
• Its application to Zamboanga City project.
• In the importation of links like excel files / tables for data consolidation.
• NRW
• It will be a useful for the organization since it can be able to forecast scenarios base
of the figures we have presently.
• It's very useful in monitoring and evaluating the trend especially the NRW aspect for
further programs in the reduction of the water losses.
• Serves as guide for implementation of programs, projects and activities of our
organization.
• Watershed management since ZCWD is dependent more on its watershed in the city.
• designing water supply systems
• water resources management / monitoring vs demand
249
• It can be very useful considering that WEAP can consolidate the data from water flow,
quality ang outflow in one application.
• PLANNING ANF PROJECTIONS
• Making use of the program to share to my Environmental Engineering students.
• Future projection for ZCWD for the next 50 years
• The WEAP can be very useful in our organization in order to visualize the different
scenarios of the water supply and demand considering that we are Water Service
provider.
• it can be used to manage water resources
• I’m under ZCWD DESIGN DIVISION team, so weap can help me a lot in water
resources planning not only for the city of Zamboanga but also to the entire
Philippines.
• ZCWD being a water provider of the city, this tool will be useful for the technical
personnel in evaluating and planning for the water resource to be developed as
against the growing demand of the city.
• ZCWD planning for water security
• I am not sure if we can use it!
• Water resource management, projections
• Planning and Improving of Water Resources
• Easy plotting of data
• Data presentation and analysis
• In verification of the efficiency of surface water source for future project assistance.
• I’m sure it will be useful for our organization. Through this software our engineers will
be able to see holistically the water system in the AOR.
• Future planning of water resources
• for water resource management projects.
• The different scenarios in interpreting the data and to evaluate and interpret for future
programs / strategies to lower the Non-Revenue Water in the system.
• Preparation of Water Master Plan
250
Annex 10: Institutional Development and Capacity Strengthening
USAID Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE) Project
Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City
A. Background 82
The Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) indicates that the gap between available water
supply and demand continues to widen in the country as some areas are already experiencing water stress and
water scarcity. As such, the PWSSMP serves as the blueprint of water supply and sanitation sector (WSS)
development as it defines the activities, responsible agencies, and the budget necessary to grow the WSS sector
infrastructure projects. According to the PWSSMP, climate change aggravates the sector’s challenges, such as
“higher water demand with increasing global temperatures, rainfall variability, sea level rise, and extreme weather
events, which leaves the country more vulnerable to longer droughts and floods”. The performance of the WSS
sector remains fragmented, and the efforts of many government agencies remain uncoordinated. In addition, the
lack of oversight makes programs of the sector prone to being used as political currency at the expense of long-
term goals and the communities.
1. Constitution and Water Code of the Philippines 83 As prescribed by Section 2, Article XII of the 1987
Philippine Constitutions, “water resource is owned by the State, including its development and
utilization and shall be under the full State control and supervision.” Meanwhile, as prescribed by
Presidential Decree No.1067 series of 1976 or the Water Code of the Philippines, the basic water law
states that: (i) all waters belong to the State; (ii) all waters that belong to the State cannot be the subject
to acquisitive prescription; (iii) The State may allow the use or the development of waters by
administrative concession; (iv) The utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection
of water resources shall be subject to the control and regulation of the government through the National
Water Resources Board (NWRB); and (v) Preference in the use and development of waters shall
consider current usage and be responsive to the changing needs of the country. Aside from governing
the appropriation of water through domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock
raising, industrial and recreational, the Water Code adopts the policy of “first-in time, first-in right” for
the water allocation among users.
2. AmBisyon Natin 2040 84 The Philippine government’s AmBisyon Natin 2040 represents the collective
long-term vision and aspiration of the Filipino people for themselves and for the country in the next 25
years. It describes the kind of life that people want to live, and how the country will be by 2040. As such,
it is an anchor for development planning across at least four administrations. In addition, it is a picture
of the future, a set of life goals and goals for the country as well as a plan which describes the way to
get to the destination. AmBisyon Natin 2040 is the result of a long-term visioning process that began in
2015 wherein it envisaged that all sectors of society, whether public or private, should direct their efforts
towards creating opportunities for Filipinos to enjoy a matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay.
Government in particular, must use its tool of fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies to steer the
development path towards enabling Filipino to attain their AmBisyon. This pertains to all dimensions of
development: economic, human and physical capital, institutional, social and cultural. By 2040, the
Philippines is a prosperous middle class society where no one is poor. People live long and healthy
lives and are smart and innovative. The country is a high-trust society where families thrive in vibrant,
culturally diverse, and resilient communities.
82
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
83
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
84
About AmBisyon Natin 2040 – AmBisyon Natin 2040 (neda.gov.ph)
251
3. Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan 85 As envisioned, the Philippines Water Supply
and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) sets the direction for attaining the water supply and sanitation
subsector’s targets through the development of strategies, formulation of policy reforms, and
identification of priority program and projects for implementation. It maps out the direction towards
achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 6: Ensure Availability and
Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All. Aside from a situationer, the Plan also
embedded a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to ensure that initiatives are on track. It also provide
details on policy directions, needed priority programs, and ongoing and pipeline projects contributing
to these programs, including the corresponding investment requirements and the financing scheme.
The Plan also lays down the foundation for warranted for a closer vision of attaining water supply and
sanitation goals by 2030.
4. Multilateral and Bilateral International Financial Institutions’ Initiatives on Water. The global
consensus on water supply and sanitation, environmental and climate change reflect the policies of
most international agencies.
a. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 86 ADB’s Water for All recognizes the Asia and Pacific region’s
need to formulate and implement integrated, cross-sectoral approaches to water management and
development as well as provide ADB with a means to more effectively meet the development
challenge. In general, the policy seeks to promote water as a socially vital economic good that
needs increasingly careful management to sustain equitable economic growth and reduce poverty;
and advocate a participatory approach in meeting the challenges of water conservation and
protection in the region. In July 2021, ADB released a Guidance Note on COVID-19 and Water in
Asia and the Pacific which provides a comprehensive look at the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic
on the water sector from March to December 2020, the actions taken by water service providers in
response to various challenges, the potential pathways toward post pandemic recovery, and the
role of the ADB in supporting water sector recovery and rejuvenation.
b. World Bank (WB). 87 As the world’s largest multilateral source of financing for water in developing
countries, the World Bank is working closely with partners to achieve “A Water-Secure World for
All,” by sustaining water resources, delivering services and building resilience. In 2019, World Bank
launched the program “Working Together for a Water-Secure World”, the World Bank’s Strategic
Action Plan on Water. The Plan focuses on (i) Sustaining Water Resources (sustaining water,
valuing water, storing water and sharing water), (ii) Delivering Services (universal access to water
supply and sanitation, optimizing water use in agriculture) and (iii) Building Resilience (adapting to
climate change and weather extremes, conflict and migration).
c. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). 88The AIIB’s Water Strategy ensures the availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, in line with the SGDs. AIIB has a
unique and catalytic role in improving the efficiency of the water sector through the application of
innovative technologies. AIIB’s Water Strategy Investment Focus includes (i) Water Services, (ii)
Resource Management and (iii) Resilience. The Bank’s investments in the three key areas of
improving access to water services, increasing the availability and quality of water through
improved water resources management and improving resilience to the impact of water related
disasters will be guided by the following principles: (i) Principle 1-Promoting sustainable
infrastructure; (ii) Principle 2-Integrated resource management; (iii) Principle 3-Mobilizing private
capital and efficiencies; and (iv) Principle 4-Adopting innovative technology.
85
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
86
About AmBisyon Water For All: The Water Policy of the Asian Development Bank | Asian Development Bank (adb.org)
87
WatWater Overview (worldbank.org)
88
Water Strategy (aiib.org)
252
d. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 89 JICA’s Cooperation Strategy for Water
Resources Sector (water supply, sanitation and water resources management) is aligned with the
goals of achieving SDGs. Japan contributes the most in the field of water and sanitation in various
parts of the world, particularly in the disbursement of Official Development Assistance (ODA), and
is developing a wide range of cooperation utilizing various resources and expertise accumulated
not only in Japan but also in developing countries. JICA aims to further develop its operations
towards the achievement of the SDGs, by improving the effectiveness, impact and sustainability of
its cooperation activities.
e. United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 90 The US Global Water Strategy
envisions on water-secure world, where people and nations have the water they need to be healthy,
prosperous and resilient. In relation to this, USAID’s Water and Development Plan is an agency-
specific plan in conjunction with the whole-of-government Global Water Strategy wherein it provides
for USAID’s contribution to the US government’s shared vision for a water-secure world, and links
directly to the following strategic objectives in the Global Water Strategy: (i) Promote sustainable
access to safe drinking water and sanitation services, and the adoption of key hygiene behaviors;
(ii) Encourage the sound management and protection of freshwater resources; and (iii) Strengthen
water sector governance, financing and institutions. This contribution is aligned with and
complementary to other USAID investments across development sectors that promote water
security.
a. Presidential Decree No.198, as amended, otherwise known as the Provincial Water Utilities Act of
1973 was enacted to form local water districts for provincial cities and municipalities outside of
Metro Manila. The act also created the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) to provide
institutional, technical and financial assistance to water districts nationwide.
b. Presidential Decree No. 856, s. 1975 or the Sanitation Code is a comprehensive legal basis which
broadly covers various activities related to health and sanitation wherein the health of the people
(being of paramount importance), all efforts of public services should be directed towards the
protection and promotion of health.
c. Presidential Decree No. 1206, s. 1977, known as the Public Service Law, authorizes NWRB to
supervise water supply services and regulate water tariffs, except those under the control of MWSS
and LWUA.
d. Republic Act No. 6234 an act creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS) and dissolving the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA). This act
authorized MWSS to serve water supply and sanitation needs of Metro Manila.
The enactment of the Republic Act No. 6234 or an act creating the MWSS paved the way for MWSS to
serve water supply and sanitation needs of Metro Manila, and also the dissolution of the NAWASA. The
laws preceding this act include (i) Presidential Decree No. 198 or the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973;
(ii) Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of 1975; and (iii) Presidential Decree No. 1206 or
known as the Public Service Law of 1977. Indicated in Table 1 below is the list of major water-related
89
Water Strategy (aiib.org)
90
Water and Development Strategy | U.S. Agency for International Development (usaid.gov)
91
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
253
legislations, orders and their salient provisions categorized into water resource management principles,
governance, water supply, land acquisition, involuntary resettlement, and PPP/privatization.
TABLE 1. MAJOR WATER-RELATED LEGISLATIONS AND ORDERS 92
Category Legislation/Orders Salient Provision
Constitution of the Philippines (1987) Stipulates that all water resources in the Philippines
belong to, and under the control of the State
PD No. 1067 (1976) Water Code of the Provides the framework for water resource development
Philippines as and management including the rules governing the water
Water Resource amended use and it rights and obligations as well as government
Management agency for enforcement (former NWRB). It adopts the
Principles and water appropriation policy of “first in-time, first in-right”.
Governance PD No. 424 (1974) NWRC Charter Creation of NWRC (now NWRB) for coordination and
planning of water resource management
RA No. 6324 (1971) - Creation of MWSS for water supply and sanitation
services for Metro Manila
PD No.198 (1973) Provincial Water Creation of LWUA as supervising government body and
Utilities water districts as local water supply service providers at
the provincial level. The act also enables LWUA to
provide lending facility and technical assistance to water
districts.
PD No. 1206 (1977) Public Service Law Mandates NWRB to supervise and regulate all water
Water Supply supply services except those under the jurisdiction of
MWSS and LWUA
PD No. 856 (1975) Sanitation Code of the Establishes various sanitation policies and standards for
Philippines water supply, food processing, sanitary facilities,
sewerage and sewage management, etc.
RA No. 8974 (2000) - Known as “An Act to Facilitate the Acquisition of Right-of-
Way, Site or Location for National Government
Infrastructure Projects and for Other Purposes”, it
provides policy on land acquisition and compensation
thereof in infrastructure projects implemented by national
Land government
Acquisition and IRR for Proper and - Pursuant to relevant provisions of RA No. 7279 (Urban
Involuntary Humane Relocation Development and Housing Act), this IRR is set forth to
Resettlement Procedures (1992) provide detailed rules and regulations on resettlement
procedures.
EO No. 215 (1987) - First legal framework established for privatization of public
infrastructure, resulting in the implementation of about 20
power sector projects
PPP/ RA No. 6957 (1990) Former BOT Law Authorizes the financing, construction, operation and
Privatization maintenance of infrastructure projects by the private
sector (amended by RA No. 7718 of 1994).
RA No. 7718 (1994) BOT Law Amendment of RA No. 6957 of 1990, also known as the
current BOT Law of the Philippines
RA No. 8041 (1995) National Water Crisis Privatization of MWSS water facilities
Act
Among the legislations under water resource management principles and governance, the Constitution of
the Philippines (1987) stipulates that all water resources in the Philippines belong to, and under the control
of the State. PD No. 1067 (1976) or the Water Code of the Philippines provides the framework for water
resources development and management, including the rules governing the water use and its rights and
obligations, and PD No. 424 (1974) establishes the NWRC (now NWRB) for the coordination and planning
of water resource management. While RA6234 No. 6234 facilitated the creation of MWSS for water supply
and sanitation services for Metro Manila. With regard to water supply, the creation of LWUA through PD
No 198 (1973) as supervising government body and water districts as local water supply service providers
at the provincial level. The act also enables LWUA to provide lending facility regulated technical assistance
92
JICA Study Team. The Study of Water Security Master Plan for Metro Manila and Its Adjoining Areas (Final Report), March 2013.
254
to water districts. PD No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the Philippines establishes various sanitation
policies and standards for water supply, food processing, sanitary facilities, and sewerage and sewage
management. PD No. 1206 or the Public Service Law which mandated NWRB to supervise and regulate
all water supply services except those under the jurisdiction of MWSS and LWUA.
Indicated in Table 2 below are water sector reform legislations and their status filed in the 17th Congress.
Specifically under the Senate, SB 245 or an Act Promoting Integrated Water Resource Management in the
Use of the Country’s Water Resources through the Rationalization of Service Areas filed by Senator Loren
Legarda is currently pending in Public Services Committee. On the other hand, Representative Linabelle
Ruth R. Villarica filed HB 221 or an Act Creating the National Water Resources Management Authority and
Appropriating Funds Thereof is also currently pending in Government Enterprises and Privatization
Committee is an important legislation that needs appropriate support from both Senate and the House. In
relation to this, Representative Estellita B Suansing filed HB 4995 or an Act Creating the Department of
Water Resources and Services and Appropriating Funds Thereof which is very strategic and integral in
promoting sustainable water resources initiatives and programs in the country.
93
USAID. Policy Brief No. 7 of Arangkada Philippines: Water (A Project of the Joint Foreign Chambers of the Phiippines), September 2018.
255
HB 6828 An Act Mandating Each City or Municipality to Create a Maximo B. Pending in Local Government
River Development Authority for the Preservation, Rodriguez, Jr. Committee
Protection and Development of All Rivers, River
Systems and Natural Waterways within its Jurisdiction,
Defining its Powers and Functions and Appropriating
Funds Thereof
2. Water Related Organizations 94 There are more than 30 national agencies involved in the water sector
but ten of which are key agencies involved in the planning, financing, implementation, operation and
regulation of the water sector outside Metro Manila. Presented in Table 3 are the major water-related
organizations/institutions and their responsibility or key functions.
94
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
95
JICA Study Team. The Study of Water Security Master Plan for Metro Manila and Its Adjoining Areas (Final Report), March 2013.
256
Local Water Utilities It is a GOCC which has been given the mandate of promoting and overseeing the development of water
Administration supply systems in provincial cities and municipalities outside of Metro Manila. LWUA exercises regulatory
(LWUA) functions over urban water supply aside from Metro Manila. It formulates and implements quality and
performance standards of service for water districts. The agency extends financial and advisory services
to the water districts and LGU-managed utilities as part of its institutional development initiatives for the
water service providers (WSPs).
Local Government The Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160) has devolved the powers and functions from the national
Unit (LGUs) government to the LGUs to include the delivery of basic services and facilities such as safe potable water
to their constituents. The responsibility for policy formulation, planning and regulatory functions on water,
sewerage and sanitation is among the tasks that have been devolved to local government units. In
providing reliable water supply to the community, the LGU may have the option to (i) both directly provide
and finance these services; (ii) encourage the involvement of the private sector in both provision and
financing through management, service contract or concession arrangement; and (iii) enter into a joint
venture agreement and other locally generated income in financing or securing external borrowings for
water supply development. The LGUs are also responsible for the overall supervisors of the Barangay
and Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Associations (BWSAs/RWSAs) that have been formed to operate
and manage Level I and Level II systems.
Department of It extends general administration and capacity building support in all aspects of local governance to the
Interior and Local LGUs, including water and sanitation concerns DILG’s Office of the Project Development Services
Government (DILG) (OPDS), through the Water Supply and Sanitation Unit (WSSU), is presently managing the provision of
Water Supply Program or Salintubig (Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat). An undertaking of DOH,
DILG and the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC), the program aims at providing water supply
systems to identified waterless municipalities and waterless thematic areas (barangays, health centers,
and resettlement sites) all over the country.
Department of Health It is mandated to regulate water supply quality and set standards on water testing, treatment and
(DOH) sanitation. These functions are being undertaken through the Environmental Health Services (EHS) and
the Bureau of Research Laboratories (BRL). The EHS is responsible for water supply and sanitation
programs and implementing intervention to avert environment-related diseases while BRL undertakes
monitoring activities on the quality of water.
Department of It is mandated to promote the sound and efficient use of government resources. It also formulates the
Budget and overall resource allocation strategy and the medium-term expenditure plan, and prepares annual budget
Management (DBM) clearance from DBM to process a proposed infrastructure project using the national budget. The
and Department of Department of Finance (DOF) is responsible for national fiscal policy and management. Its Corporate
Finance Affairs Group (CAG) undertakes the supervision over GOCCs such as MWSS.
D. Capacity Building for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure development is an important factor that allows for sustainable economic development, and
provides a solid starting point for the steady ascension of social well-being indicators in the long run. 96 With
reference to developing and implementing various water sector infrastructure projects, capacity building is
the process by which a government institution, government entity, and national government agencies
personnel obtain, improve, and retain the knowledge and skills, including appropriate tools and equipment,
and other resources needed to do their jobs competently. Similarly, capacity building allows local
government units (LGUs), government organizations, national government agencies (NGAs) and personnel
to perform at a greater capacity despite the number of tasks and responsibilities attributed to their
involvement in the development, implementation and monitoring of various water sector infrastructure
development projects. Capacity building has a variety of contexts and interpretations based on documented
historical perspectives. During the 70s, the focus of capacity development was designated for improving
individual capacity, particularly in providing scholarships and on-the-job trainings. However, individual
training alone failed to prosper in capacity development. As embezzlements became prevalent during the
80s, auditing came into focus and capacity building initiatives on restructuring and redesigning of
organizations succeeded to avoid embezzlements.
With the onset of the 90s, an increased understanding the wider institutional framework emerged and the
need to focus on outcomes emerged. It was during this time when the World Bank introduced the concept
of monitoring the performance and that institutional development and/or capacity building must be an
96
https://doc-research.org/our-events/capacity-building-infrastructure-development-emerging-economies/
257
important objective of development aid. However, throughout the 90s, institutional capacity strengthening
was still a secondary objective of many aid projects with no clear cut definitions and ways of achieving it.
By 2000, the information revolution has brought tremendous growth in the democratization and
decentralization of national authorities which causes international organizations to reassess their roles and
competencies in offering development aid.
These processes are being designed through facilitative and participatory approaches, and should be
responsive and accountable to national priorities and objectives. Beginning 2010s, various perspectives
interrogates the idea of capacity building theoretically and explores the variety of meanings, constructions
and practices especially in the context of developing and developed countries.
The need for adequate institutional capacity strengthening is one of the leading issues in water sector
infrastructure development, and yet the concept of institutional capacity strengthening remains complex as
well as difficult to grasp and put into practice. With reference to existing literatures available on institutional
capacity strengthening, “it occurs by acquiring resources (human, financial, networks, knowledge, systems
and culture) and integrating them in a way that leads to change in individual behavior and ultimately to more
efficient and effective operations of institutions and organizations.” The World Bank defines institutional
capacity strengthening in infrastructure development as investment in people, institutions, practices, that
will enable countries and its governments to achieve the infrastructure development projects’ development
objectives.
Meanwhile, institutional capacity has relationship with governance, with regard to accelerating infrastructure
development as both stand for the ability to manage the challenges and opportunities brought by the
changing environment. Likewise, the aspect of capacity building for government officials can enhance their
ability to address development issues, implement projects and deliver projects on time. Strengthening
institutional capacity will connect government officials, the private sector, project stakeholders, civil society
and non-government organizations, and will facilitate cooperation among various sectors involved in the
development, implementation and monitoring of water sector infrastructure development projects.
This strategy aims to improving the technical and organizational capabilities of personnel from both
LGUs and NGAs involved in implementing water sector infrastructure development projects. In the
water sector infrastructure development projects in particular, this strategy has become common and
it is the one mostly considered as capacity building and/or institutional strengthening approach.
Activities include: (i) technical assistance in terms of personnel improvement through capacity building
and institutional strengthening programs; (ii) technical training of local personnel on skills upgrading
either locally and in form of scholarships abroad; (iii) improvement of management and financial
systems; and (iv) improved working conditions and work area procedural improvements. This strategy
has definitely improved technical and organizational capabilities of many institutions, at least in the
short-term. The value of training and skills improvement are undoubtedly important for capacity
development and should be encouraged.
The aim of this strategy is to help induce a policy or a general direction that can guide actions and the
development of capacity in the long-term. The advantage with this strategy is that it is simple. Ideas
developed can be compared to experiences in various infrastructure development projects elsewhere.
The problem is on whether this strategy is really taken into account in a most appropriate way.
Otherwise, it will most likely result into a failure of organizations involved in water sector infrastructure
development projects implementation.
258
F. Mandates Implemented by the National Government, Regional and City Government on Water
Supply and Sanitation Sector
1. Updated Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022. 97 The PDP has been formulated to lay
down the foundation for inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient society, and a globally competitive
knowledge economy. The Updated PDP will lead the Philippines back to the vision of strongly rooted,
comfortable and secure life. Under the Updated PDP 2017-2022, the following strategies related to
water resources are identified: (i) Pursue water supply and sanitation (WSS) policies, plans and
programs in accordance with the key reform agenda identified in the Philippine Water Supply and
Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP); (ii) Pursue initiative on attaining water security; (iii) Adopt a
common/unified framework for resource allocation for WSS and review the National Sewerage and
Septage Management Program (NSSMP) to accelerate the provision of WSS services; (iv) Optimize
funds for irrigation development and strengthen technical capacities for the development and
maintenance of irrigation facilities guided by the National Irrigation Master Plan; and (v) Improve
coordination between flood management efforts and undertakings in other sectors.
2. Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP). 98 The PWSSMP is an action plan
being led by NEDA to achieve universal access to water supply and sanitation services from 2019 to
2030. It was aligned with the government’s goal of attaining water supply and sanitation targets under
the PDP 2017-2022. The Clean Water Act of 2004 and United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG). The highlights concerning Zamboanga City as described in the PWSSMP are as follows:
(i) Water Availability, Water Stress and Water Scarcity (the NWRB has identified Zamboanga City as
one of the nine water-critical urban areas where water is consumed intensely); and (ii) List of Programs,
Projects and Activities (an estimated amount of PhP20.46 billion allocated for water supply projects
and PhP339 million for sanitation projects are identified for Zamboanga City).
According to a recent report from the Board of Investments, of the country’s total population, 14.5% are
still not served by Water Service Providers and 337 municipalities located mostly in the nation’s 10
poorest provinces are still considered waterless as of 2015. The situation in Metro Manila is better with
two water concessionaires performing relatively well at the end of 2015. Further, irrigation service to
support agricultural production increased slightly from 56.57% of the total potential irrigable area in
2014 to 57.33% in 2015. Despite the increase, this fell short of the targeted total irrigable area of 70.91%
for irrigation in the same year. Meanwhile, on flood management, DPWH has increased the protected
flood-prone areas through construction of flood management structures to 18.33% out of the total
717,524 km identified flood-prone areas nationwide in 2015. DPWH has implemented a total of 1,295
flood control projects in 2015 alone. NIA is currently implementing the construction of the Chico River
Pump Irrigation Project, particularly on the installation of electric motor-driven pumps, construction of
pumping station and appurtenant structures and construction of canals. Meanwhile, the New Centennial
Water Source-Kaliwa Dam Project was recently issued an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
which entitled the project to proceed with construction of the project.
97
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
98
Ditto
99
https://www.nia.gov.ph/?q=content/offices-and-functions
259
provincial irrigation offices. The Irrigation Management Transfer Program is a major component of
Plan and NIA started implementing its 5-year phased Rationalization Plan in 2008.
b. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). 100 MWSS is the government’s chief
agency on water and sewerage services, and ensures that their concessionaire’s action is equally
guided by its Vision and Mission. MWSS is mandated to operate and maintain the waterworks
system to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of potable water and other
purposes and the proper operation and maintenance of sewerage systems in its service area which
includes the whole of Metro Manila, parts of Cavite and Rizal.
Under the NIA is consistent on its performance in the development and implementation of infrastructure
flagship projects (IFPs), specifically on its compliance in the preparation and implementation of water sector
infrastructure projects, particularly on project progress reporting requirements. Currently, the DPWH is
implementing the “Improvement of the Remaining Sections along Pasig River (Del Pan Bridge-Napindan
Channel” together with the Balo-i Plains Flood Control Project, while the NIA is currently at the project
development/conceptualization stage for the Asbang Small Reservoir Irrigation and the Ilocos Norte
Irrigation Project Phase 2. In addition, NIA’s Tumauini River Multipurpose Project is currently at the detailed
engineering design/procurement stage of implementation.
TABLE 5. WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE FLAGSHIP PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED BY NGAS AND GOCCS 102
NO. PROJECT TITLE AGENCY PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Project Development/Conceptualization Stage
1. Asbang Small Reservoir NIA Construction of a reservoir dam and irrigation facilities in Matanao, Davao
Irrigation del Sur. The project seeks to irrigate around 1,660 hectares.
2. Ilocos Norte Irrigation NIA Construction of a 126.41-meter high storage dam across the Palsiguan
Project Stage 2 River in the Municipality of Lagayan, Province of Abra and an after bay
dam in Nueva Ecija.
3. Ipo Dam No.3 NIA Construction of a dam downstream of the Ipo Dam and upstream of the
Bustos Dam to serve as catchment for spillage from Angat Dam and to
mitigate flooding within the area.
4. Bohol Northeast Basin NIA Includes a two (2) multi-purpose storage dams, five (5) diversion dams,
Multipurpose Project trans basin tunnel, hydro-electric power plant, and irrigation and drainage
facilities, to irrigate around 12,500 hectares.
B. Implementation (Budgeting)
100
https://www.mwss.gov.ph/
101
NEDA Institutional Capacity Strengthening of NGAs and/or GOCCs involved in the Development, Implementation and Monitoring of
Infrastructure Flagship Projects: A Policy Paper on Institutional Capacity Strengthening, November 2020.
102
Ditto
260
Aqueduct No. 7 MWSS
Construction of additional 15.5 km. aqueduct to serve as replacement to
the existing Aqueducts 1 and 2 whose functionality has diminished due to
age. The project aims to ensure reliability and improve operational
flexibility of raw water conveyance to the Metro.
B. Implementation (Detailed Engineering Design/Procurement)
5. Ambal-Simuay River DPWH Construction of various flood control management structures such as
and Rio Grande de construction of dikes/revetments, parallel dikes, retaining walls, flood
Mindanao River Flood gates, and channel dredging and excavation (for cut-off and new channel),
Control Projects among others.
6. Cavite Industrial Area DPWH Construction and improvement of flood mitigation structures covering
Flood Management 151.50 square kilometers within the San Juan River Basin and
Project Maalimango Drainage Area in Cavite.
7. Tumauini River NIA Construction of an 81.6-meter central core zoned type of rock and earth
Multipurpose Project filled storage dam across the Tumauini River in Isabela. It includes an
after bay dam, new irrigation facilities, improvement and upgrading of
existing facilities, and institutional development.
8. New Centennial Water MWSS This is an integrated system that includes a 600 million liters per day
Source – Kaliwa Dam (MLD) Kaliwa Dam, with intake and other appurtenant facilities and a
2,400 MLD capacity raw water conveyance tunnel.
9. Panay River Basin NIA Construction of a high reservoir dam, floodway, conveyance of bulk raw
Integrated Development water supply, hydropower generation management, which is intended to
Project serve 26,800 hectares of agricultural land.
B. Implementation (Construction)
10. Improvement of the DPWH Construction and improvement of revetment, parapet wall and appurtenant
Remaining Sections drainage improvement works along the Pasig River, from Delpan Bridge to
along Pasig River (Del immediate vicinity of Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure to reduce the
Pan Bridge-Napindan vulnerability of individuals and families in Metro Manila from flooding.
Channel
11. Balo-I Plains Flood DPWH The project will put up a 3,086.78 meter-flood protection system in the
Control Project plains of Balo-I, Lanao del Norte to prevent the overflowing of Agus River
and save the agricultural areas from inundation.
12. Chico River Pump NIA Installation of electric motor-driven pumps, construction of pumping station
Irrigation Project and appurtenant structures and construction of canals.
C. Review
13. Gregorio Del Pilar NIA Construction of an 89-meter center clay core rock fill dam, spillway, 12-km
Impounding Project trans basin tunnel, power plant with installed capacity of 18 MW, and
irrigation and drainage facilities.
Though strengthened regulation of the sector is seen as a key element to expanding coverage in the
country in a sustainable manner, various projects and programs are already being implemented, which
are engaged in providing the necessary funds to make this a reality. Some noteworthy
projects/programs are:
a. Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat (Salintubig. This multi-billion peso National Government
program aims to expand water and sanitation coverage among the 455 waterless communities
throughout the country, while reducing the incidence of water-borne and sanitation-related
diseases.
b. Water District Sector Development Program (WDSDP). Worth US 60 million and funded by the
ADB, WDSDP aims to expand coverage and improve health conditions in identified localities served
by water districts.
103
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
261
c. Unified Framework for WSS Sector Financing. Development of this framework was funded by the
World Bank. It is envisaged to provide a way to ensure the optimal use of available funds (donor,
private and public) in the sub-sector, diverting the different categories of funds to where they are
needed and have the most impact in terms of expanding water supply and sanitation coverage. It
is also meant to avoid fund duplication, as often occurs.
d. National Sewerage and Sanitation Management Program (NSSMP). The goal of the NSSMP is to
improve water quality and protect public health in urban areas of the Philippines by 2020. The
objectives are to enhance the ability of local implementers to build and operate wastewater
treatment systems for urban centers and promote the behaviour change and supporting
environment needed for systems to be effective and sustainable. The main strategy is to facilitate
a bottom-up, demand-driven project development process by providing national government
support/subsidies and incentives.
e. Philippines Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan. The Plan serves as the roadmap to achieve
the country’s long-term targets of universal access to 2025 for water supply and 2028 for sanitation.
The plan will incorporate: (i) Strategies, policy reforms, priority programs and projects over the
short-, medium-, and long-term to achieve access targets; (ii) Inputs from previous roadmaps (e.g.
National Sewerage and Septage Management Program, Water Supply Roadmap) and programs
(e.g. Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure Program, Unified Financing Framework Program); (iii)
Capacity-building programs to ensure the various government agencies involved will be able to
carry out the strategies and programs to be laid down in the plan.
This development plan captures policy directions, strategies and programs addressing current regional
development issues and concerns in Zamboanga Peninsula. The following strategies related to the
water resources were identified:
a. Sustain the implementation and rehabilitation of irrigation systems in the region. The funding and
implementation of rehabilitation of Communal Irrigation System (CIS) and Small Water Impounding
System (SWIP) shall be accelerated to sustain the provision of water for rice lands across the
region;
b. Prioritize the funding of major irrigation projects;
c. Conduct preliminary investigation on supplemental water sources for CIS and allocate funds to
augment and sustain the supply of irrigation water;
d. Provide adequate, safe and sustainable water supply and explore and develop new water sources
to meet existing and growing demand;
e. Public and private facilities shall be required to establish sewage and septage treatment plants for
treating wastewater;
f. Incorporate water collection system in school building design of DPWH/DepEd;
g. Zamboanga Peninsula Water Districts to conduct Isotope studies for watershed within their areas
of responsibility;
h. Improve disaster flood mitigation and response and reduce adverse effects; and
i. Mitigate flood damage in principal river basin.
G. Priority Reforms, Programs and Directions for National Water Resources and Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector
1. Policy Directions
104
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
262
a. Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. The PDP has been clear in addressing the issues and
challenges faced by the WSS Sector. The following key development plans are listed under water
resources and WSS sector.
TABLE 6. DEVELOPMENT PLANS UNDER PDP’S WATER RESOURCES AND WSS SECTOR 105
b. Creation of an Apex Body. The PDP identified the creation of an apex body for the water supply,
sewerage and sanitation subsectors as a primary strategy to address the fragmented structure and
uncoordinated efforts of government units and agencies across the country. The continued and
fragmented management and regulation of water resources and services hinder the enactment and
implementation of comprehensive, integrated and doable long-term solutions to deal with lasting sector
issues and attain universal access targets. The apex body shall address the fundamental governance
and institutional issues of the sector by being the single entity that will be in-charge of the overall policy-
making, planning, programming, policy formulation, and management for the sector. It will coordinate,
monitor and evaluate sector performance and take appropriate action as needed. It will also make way
for an integrated and coordinated planning and implementation of programs and projects that promote
synchronized, sustainable and science-based management of the country’s water resources that would
address the imbalance in water resource utilization, reduced water availability, declining water quality,
recurrent flooding, and other water-related issues in many parts of the country.
105
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
263
expansion and improvement of service; (ii) Encourage private sector participation in the development of
water and sanitation services; (iii) Protect the interests of consumers; (iv) Regulate wastewater tariffs
(i.e. sewerage and septage); and (v) Address the conflicts of interest inherent in the current regulatory
agencies.
2. Reform Agenda of the Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
The Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) presents the eight reform areas that have
been identified to prioritize interventions for the water supply and sanitation sector. These reform areas are
based on the WSS issues and challenges as described in the master plan. The eight reform areas presented
in Table 7 below.
H. Issues, Challenges and Constraints in Implementing Water Supply Sanitation Sector Projects 107
A gap analysis matrix is presented and described in Table 2 based on the consultation and Q&A session conducted
during the first day of the two-day online consultation meeting with the Zamboanga City Water Security Council on
the Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City.
1. Lack of and/or insufficient potential surface water sources 108, including other surrounding areas. The main
source of Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD) is the Tumaga River wherein the water treatment facility
is located in Brgy. Pasonanca, Zamboanga City. However, supply from Tumaga River barely meets the
requirements of the water treatment plants as the river’s current source is barely enough to supply the town
proper and some of its adjacent barangays. As such, several studies have been conducted to identify other
potential sources of surface water other than the existing and depleting water resources. One of the studies
is the USAID Water Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project which
identified six major river systems 109 in Zamboanga City as potential alternative surface water sources. The
identified rivers include the Vitali River, Curuan River, Balong River, Manicahan River, Culiahan River and
Ayala River. In this regard, the Manicahan River which has headwaters also coming from the Pasonanca
National Park may be developed as an additional domestic water source to feed into ZCWD’s system. As
their development is contingent on population density projections, an alternative would be to optimize first
106
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
107
Zamboanga City Water Security Council participated in the Online Consultation Meeting on the Preparation of the Zamboanga City Water
Security Master Plan held on 28 July 2021.
108
Determining the available water sources in an area depends on the hydrologic cycle and its various compartments: rainfall, surface water,
groundwater and any man-made impoundment.
109
These rivers were identified based on their large catchment basins and high discharge. Several ground water sources were also identified.
264
existing spring sources in these barangays while the other one is to identify potential water sources in
adjoining and/or surrounding localities. To address this insufficiency, there is an urgent need to expedite
the approval, funding and implementation of the Feasibility Study and Conceptual/Basic Design for the
Tumaga River Impounding Dam and Multi-Purpose Dam Project to abate this impending problem.
265
TABLE 8. PWSSMP REFORM AGENDA AND THEIR RESPECTIVE PROPOSED REFORMS 110
Reform Agenda Rationale and Objectives Proposed Reforms
1. Reform Reform Agenda No. 1 establishes an Reform Area 1.1: Create and establish the Water Sector apex body. This reform includes the following:
Agenda No. effective WSS sector institution through the Promote an integrated WSS sector to gain support from partner institutions and stakeholders
1: following objectives: Establish options and mechanisms to expedite and support the smooth implementation of the PWSSMP while the
Establishing Create an apex body to address its creation of the Apex Body is yet underway.
Effective fragmented structure of the sector and Build the capacity of the newly created apex body to follow the IWRM principle
WSS Sector institutionalize a science-based river basin
Institutions
approach that integrates the IWRM Reform Area 1.2: Foster integrated and coordinated WSS efforts with LGUs (e.g., at the provincial and municipal or city
principles. level), partner institutions, and stakeholders. The reform includes the following
Create master plans to foster coordinated Prepare provincial and municipal levels master plans to help achieve the targets by translating PDP targets and SDGs
efforts and guide the concerned commitments to local targets and commitments.
implementing agencies to attain universal Develop integrated WSS initiatives with LGUs. These initiatives may be piloted in priority municipalities, and then later
access in the sector. modalities may be replicated or improved towards efficient and effective delivery of services.
Strengthen NWRB and NEDA’s Develop and implement WSS programs that focus on delivery of services to far-flung, hard-to-reach and poverty-
coordination with partner institutions across stricken areas. The nature and modality of providing the services may entail development and adoption of a right-
different subsectors. based local governance framework that promotes gender equality and social inclusion while considering potential
national government subsidies similar to the subsidy for missionary areas in the energy sector, poverty-friendly tariff,
and/or other cost-sharing arrangements to support and ensure cost recovery and a sustainable O&M of services.
2. Reform Reform Agenda No. 2 aims to strengthen the Reform Area 2.1: Support the creation and establishment of the Water Regulatory Commission (WRC) as well as
Agenda No. 2: existing regulatory environment consistent address the economic regulation concerns. This reform includes the following:
Strengthening with the PDP through the following objectives: Adopt measures to facilitate the approval of the WRC bill
Regulatory Pursue institutional reforms to encourage Review and improve the regulatory guidelines of LWUA, NWRB, MWSS to become more responsive to current
Environment and guide investments in the WSS sector. situation
Create an independent economic Review, rationalize and improve NWRB guidelines for granting Certificates of Public Convenience or CPCs (e.g.,
regulatory body for the WSS sector for private bulk water supplier intending to sell to WDs, LGU-level CPC requiring Sangguniang Bayan (SB) resolution)
transparent and consistent regulation Establish a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) framework suitable for WSPs. This guideline may (i) review and revise
Expedite the processing of water permits by the 2013 NEDA JV Guidelines; (ii) review and improve the LWUA guidelines for regulating PPP transactions; (iii)
deputizing and capacitating local or enable independent review of PPP proposals by LWUA; and (iv) suspend processing of PPP proposals pending
regional agents. update of 2013 NEDA JV Guidelines
Review and strengthen existing laws and
regulations on water resources Reform Area 2.2: Address the resource regulation concerns. This reform includes the following:
Review, rationalize and improve NWRB guidelines for granting water permits
Review existing water permits to weed out speculators
Enforce issued permits and corresponding limits (e.g., volume granted must not exceed volume required)
Review water permits granted to NIA to free up water sources for water supply
Reduce conflict by publishing all hearing decisions in NWRB’s website
110
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
266
3. Reform Reform Agenda No. 3 focuses on Reform Area 3.1: Optimize available water resources. This reform includes the following:
Agenda No. 3: interventions in addressing water scarcity and Increase drainage and sanitation facilities for wastewater management and incorporate treatment facilities for potential
Balancing managing the finite water resources through re-use. Wastewater management shall include drainage and excess water from agriculture.
Water Supply end-users. It balances the demand with Integrate and prioritize run-off storage (detention and retention basins) in flood mitigation projects to maximize
and Demand supply while safeguarding the water
utilization of surface water for various uses.
ecosystem through the following measures
Explore policies and projects to promote Intensify behavioral change initiatives towards promoting improved sanitation for better, safer, and affordable water
efficient water utilization supply
Prioritize surface water source Promote the development of non-traditional alternative water sources, such as rainwater harvesting and reuse of
development for water-critical areas treated wastewater
Incorporate groundwater recharge system Prioritize development of surface water sources for water-critical areas and incorporate groundwater recharge system
in the development of the surface water Adopt IWRM in water resources and watershed management. IWRM entails environmental and social safeguards and
source for critical areas wherever possible the sustainability of the water ecosystem
and in accordance with prescribed
Reform Area 3.2: Adopt water demand management as a policy. This reform includes the following:
standards Intensify behavioral change initiatives towards efficient and conscientious use of water.
Use and design eco-efficient water Adopt provincial or district bulk (surface) water supply systems and encourage multi-purpose reservoir development
infrastructure to address water demand and and optimization
supply mismatch. Establish policies that provide incentives to foster efficient and conscientious water users (e.g., labeling of water
Develop new water sources to protect fixtures regarding their water consumption similar to Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) for electric appliances, installation
watersheds that are critical to existing and and retrofitting of water efficient equipment)
potential water sources Promote programs towards reducing NRW and increasing efficiency (e.g., reticulating leakage detection, repair
programs, and pressure reduction)
Use reclaimed water (e.g. wastewater/grey water) to reduce the need for fresh water supply meant for other uses.
4. Reform Reform Agenda No. 4 focuses on Reform Area 4.1: Enhance WSS systems and structures to become climate-resilient. This reform includes the following:
Agenda No. 4: interventions in addressing issues and Disseminate PAGASA climate projections, Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGM) Geohazard maps, and explain the
Building challenges related to climate change. It builds implications of climate change on all water sources and WSS infrastructure.
Climate a climate-resilient WSS sector through the Enforce design of WSS infrastructures based on DPWH Design Considerations and Specifications for climate-
Resiliency following measures:
hydraulic structures, and existing codes (e.g., National Structural Code of the Philippines or NSCP)
Consider disaster risk reduction and climate
Issue guidelines to require climate-resilient design standards of all developers
change adaptation strategies to ensure
Build capacity of WSS projects with a climate lens
resilient infrastructure facilities.
Incorporate septage treatment in plans for emergency and disaster response
Enhance the capacities of concerned
Encourage DENR to enter into more co-management agreements with other agencies, LGUs, RBOs, WQMAs for the
entities by the government in developing
protection and rehabilitation of watersheds
and managing water-related projects
Reform Area 4.2: Optimize available water sources as a result of climate change (e.g., extreme weather, intensive
rainfall, flood and drought). This reform includes the following:
Implement DPWH Design Guidelines integrating retention and retarding basins in flood control and drainage projects
Promote use and storage of rainwater. This guideline may include issuance of policies and installation of rainwater
harvesting and storage structures in all government and public buildings and, the issuance of local ordinances by
267
LGUs to immediately require rainwater harvesting, storage and use of all new developments within their jurisdiction
and give existing structures a lead time (about five years) to comply with this requirement.
5. Reform Reform Agenda No. 5 focuses on Reform Area 5.1: Define the most appropriate institutional arrangement for WSS provision. This reform includes the
Agenda No. 5: interventions for WSPs. It aims to address the following:
Creating and issues and challenges that hinder the Adopt the most effective institutional arrangement for WSS provision, which is less fragmented and oriented towards
Ensuring effective delivery of WSS services to its target efficient and sustainable operations
Effective WSS beneficiaries and franchise area. It ensures Increase the coverage of WDs by operationalizing non-functional WDs and requiring WDs to attain 100 percent
Services an effective and sustainable WSS services
service coverage
and providers with cost-efficient and well-
designed WSS structures, and adequate Recommend changes in certain governmental regulations that negatively affect WD operations
institutional capability to efficiently operate Evaluate the effectiveness of past and existing programs that are directed at the poor and waterless communities
and maintain the water supply and sanitation (SALINTUBIG, Assistance to Municipalities)
systems. This area has the following Assess the performance of LGU-run utilities and determine the sustainability thereof
measures: Study and develop alternative models of PPP or Public Social Partnership (PSP) for medium-sized WSPs where the
Enhance the capacities of concerned community is the partner of government
entities by the government in developing Review and revise the existing Joint Venture guidelines to ensure that consumers are well protected
and managing water-related projects.
Support plans to broaden the scope of the Reform Area 5.2: Build capacities of the institutions. This reform includes the following:
NSSMP to improve the response from Develop and implement capacity building program for LWUA. Increase current manpower of LWUA from 447 to
LGUs and WDs appropriate level to enable the agency to meet increasing demand
Assist WDs by expanding the coverage of Empower LWUA to recommend the appropriate capacity building programs for WDs
reliable water service at affordable rates Develop LGU-run water utilities into financially viable and sustainable organizations
and reducing NRW while ensuring Strengthen DILG to effectively assist in the development of LGU-run utilities
economically-viable operations Provide assistance (technical, managerial, financial, legal) to enable WDs and other WSPs to properly evaluate
Expand sewerage and sanitation unsolicited proposals to properly evaluate unsolicited proposals for JVs
infrastructure Review and propose amendments to PD 198 to enable less politicization of WDs (appointment of the Board of
Directors and appropriate sanctions)
Build DILG and DOH’s partnerships with civil society, NGOs, academe and businesses to broaden capacity building
assistance to poor and waterless municipalities
Develop and implement a capacity building program for other agencies that have a key role in the development of the
WSS sector – NWRB, MWSS, DPWH, DOH, NEDA, DOF and DBM.
Reform Area 5.3: Strengthen sector planning and development. This reform includes the following:
Build the capacity of the apex body on WSS planning and development using the IWRM principle towards national
delivery of WSS services
6. Reform Reform Agenda No. 6 focuses on Reform Area 6.1: Implement the UFF in the sector in accordance with the PWSSMP
Agenda No. 6: interventions geared to improve access to
Enabling funding and financing for WSS services Reform Area 6.2: Review and improve financing policies and coverage. This reform includes the following:
Access to through the objective: Review and improve LWUA financing policies. This reform may include increased capitalization of LWUA.
Funding and Establish a unified financing framework Review coverage of WQMA fund
Financing (UFF) with a definite scope and streamlined Expand the funding and coverage of NSSMP
268
process to consolidate and other financial
resources for WSS projects. Reform Area 6.3: Build capacity and offer technical assistance to WSPs and LGUs in accessing financing. This reform
includes the following:
Enable effective use of Level III funds for LGUs through a design, build, and operationalize scheme.
Explore other funding and financing sources
7. Reform Reform Agenda No.7 focuses on Reform Area 7.1: Harmonize and integrate WSS data. With the creation and establishment of an apex body, data sets
Agenda No. 7: interventions in addressing the issues and from other agencies on WSS must be combined and integrated into one WSS database under the responsibility of the
Managing challenges related to availability, accessibility, apex body. This reform includes the following:
Data and reliability, and use of WSS data and Formulate the guidelines and framework for the harmonization and integration of WSS data
Information information. It ensures availability and Design a comprehensive WSS data structure
accessibility of reliable and sound WSS data Harmonize and integrate WSS data platform with PSA to make it accessible to the public
for planning, programming and policy
formulation – consistent with the PDP 2017- Reform Area 7.2: Establish and operationalize the Philippine WSS Information System (PWSSIS). This reform includes
2022 the following:
Design the PWSSIS
Establish the WSS data center in the apex body
Develop and deploy a comprehensive PWSSIS
Develop and streamline programs to establish baseline data (e.g., pertaining to SDG, coverage and other relevant
indicators)
Roll out existing PWSSIS at NWRB (if apex body has not been yet established) or the National Water Management
Council (if the EO creating this strengthened NWRB is signed by the President), and provide funding support.
Reform Area 7.3: Build capacity of the apex body and PWSSIS-trained data custodians. This reform includes roll-out
and training of the PWSSIS nationwide (e.g. apex body, provinces, and cities/municipalities)
Reform Area 7.4: Draft and enact policies that will compel data custodians to regularly enter and upload WSS related
data.
8. Reform Reform Agenda No.8 focuses on Reform Area 8.1: Establish a Research and Development (R&D) Division (or its equivalent). This division oversees the
Agenda No. 8: interventions related to research and accreditation of WSS-related new technologies at the apex body. This reform includes the following:
Managing development, innovative solutions, Create a division at the apex body for the review and approval of WSS-related technologies
Data and technologies, or policies that restrict use of Build the capacity of the division
Information potential technologies related to WSS.It
explores technologies in water supply. Reform Area 8.2: Improve accreditation of new WSS-related technologies
Reform Area 8.3: Adopt innovative technologies and cost-effective solutions. This reform includes the following:
Conduct R&D studies (e.g., tie-up with academe, WSS partners and experts)
Roll out studies approved for implementation
Develop and adopt advance infrastructure design and construction methodology solutions
Reform Area 8.4: Ensure availability of government financial support of local WSS-related interventions. This reform
includes the following:
Establish and implement government financial support of local WSS-related interventions
Tap local inventors and scientists with attractive government support
269
2. Lack of and/or insufficient information on the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques to ensure clean ground
water sources. During rainy season, quick infiltration of silt and debris in the Tumaga River is a perennial
problem as it becomes heavily silted during the rainy season. In the same manner, groundwater
contamination is also one of the issues in zoning, monitoring and development of water resources
management policies. In this regard, the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques could be a solution to
address these constraints but this method has not been introduced yet. Therefore, the lack of and/or
insufficient information on the use of isotopic and nuclear techniques to ensure clean ground water sources
should be appropriately addressed. Scientists 111 from the University of the Philippines-Diliman (UP Diliman)
and the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI) used
nuclear techniques to analyze the salinity of the groundwater sources in Pampanga. In this regard, a
capacity building and/or technology transfer activity on the use of the isotopic and nuclear techniques for
the ZCWD to ensure clean freshwater and groundwater supply to ZCWD concessionaires.
The priority programs support the reforms areas through: (i) WSS potential projects and (ii) identified projects.
The cost of infrastructure investments was derived based on anticipated demand based on projected population,
economic growth, and factored investments to ensure continuous delivery of WSS services of existing systems.
The computation included the anticipated upgrade of existing service levels (e.g., Level I, Level II and Level III).
The computation was used due to limited data collected at the regional consultations. The provinces provided their
list of potential projects, but the projected impact of these projects is not enough to achieve the national targets. As
such, the lists of projects collected are classified at identified projects
The participants of regional consultations listed current and potential WSS projects. Majority of these projects are
in the conceptual stage. In addition, government agencies provided their list of projects through consultations. For
Region XII, with a total population of 3,629,783, the gap in access to water supply is at 832,841, while the gap in
the access to sanitation is at 245,591. As such, the total budget requirement (in millions) is at 42.683 billion.
Specifically, the budget requirement for 2022 is PhP 27.156 billion and the budget requirements set for 2030 is
15.527 billion.
111
The study was led by Dr. Sunshine P. Tan of UP Diliman’s Environmental Engineering Program, under the mentorship of Dr. Angel Bautista
VII of the DOST-PNRI’s Nuclear Analytical Techniques Applications Section. The study also received assistance from the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Micro Analysis Laboratory, Tandem Accelerator of
Tokyo University.
112
USAID Water Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project. Technical Services for Preparing Vulnerability
Assessments of Water Resources in Zamboanga City: Final Report. Geoscience Foundation, Inc. February 2016.
113
It is predicted that effects of climate change will result in more extreme conditions in the coming decades with the periods of drought
presently experienced by Zamboanga City getting worse.
114
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
115
Ditto
116
Ditto
270
TABLE 9. GAP ANALYSIS MATRIX ON ADDRESSING PREVAILING ISSUES, CONCERNS, AND CHALLENGES ON WATER SECURITY 117
Issue/Concern Description of the Gap Relevant Suggested Actions to Recommended Projects/ Responsible Party
Applicable Policy Bridge the Gap Programs
1. “Lack of and/or Although there have been several Expedite the completion as Feasibility Study and City Government of
a) PD 1067-Water
insufficient potential studies conducted on identifying well as commission additional Conceptual/Basic Design for Zamboanga (CGZ) and City
Code and its
surface water sources, potential freshwater sources, there studies/projects on identifying the Tumaga River Engineering Office (CEO) &
Amended IRR 118
including in other is still no definitive results on the potential freshwater sources Impounding Dam and Multi- Zamboanga City Water District
(b) PD 198-
surrounding areas” potential freshwater sources within and surrounding areas Purpose Dam Project (ZCWD)
Provincial Water
2. “Lack of and/or Groundwater contamination is one Utilities Act 1973 119 Introduce the use of isotopic Capacity Building on the Use City Government of
insufficient information of the issues in zoning, monitoring (c) PD 856 Code of and nuclear techniques used of Isotopic & Nuclear Zamboanga (CGZ) and City
on the use of isotopic and crafting of water resources Sanitation by DOST’s Philippine Nuclear Techniques in Ensuring Engineering Office (CEO) and
techniques to ensure management policies, but the use (d) RA 9275 Clean Research Institute (PNRI) to Freshwater Supply to Zamboanga City Water District
clean freshwater” of isotope and nuclear techniques Water Act ensure the utilization of clean Zamboanga City Water (ZCWD), Zamboanga City
have not been introduced yet (e) RA 8041 Water freshwater sources District Concessionaires Water Security Council (WSC)
3. “Insufficient monitoring There is insufficient adoption of Crisis Act Intensity the adoption of EO Adoption of EO 524 on City Government of
and enforcement of EO efficient practices, designs, fixture, (f) PD 424 and its 524 particularly in designing Rainwater Harvesting Zamboanga (CGZ) and City
524-harvesting storage materials and methods to collect Amendments 120 rainwater collection fixtures in Fixtures in Commercial Engineering Office (CEO)
utilization of rainwater” rainwater in commercial buildings (g) Zamboanga commercial establishments Building Designs/Plans
4. “Lack of or insufficient Insufficient/lack of information on Peninsula Regional Facilitate regular issuance of Feasibility Study & Basic City Government of
information on the the results of pre-feasibility study Development Plan information on the updates of Conceptual Design of Zamboanga (CGZ) and
results of the water for Zamboanga City Impounding 2017-2022 121 various ongoing infrastructure Zamboanga City Water Zamboanga City Water District
impounding dam FS” Dam Project financed by NEDA (h) Zamboanga City projects in the water sector Impounding Dam Project (ZCWD)
5. “Varying levels of Personnel of the Zamboanga City Comprehensive Recommend an institutional Institutional Capacity City Government of
awareness and Water Security Council members Development Plan & capacity building program to Strengthening on Water Zamboanga (CGZ) and
knowledge about water have varying degree of awareness Comprehensive increase the awareness and Security Awareness and Zamboanga City Water
security” and knowledge on water security Land Use Plan 122 knowledge on water security Knowledge Training Security Council (WSC)
6. “Insufficient period and/ The ongoing implementation of the (i) EO BC-661-2021- Recommend and support the Zamboanga City Water Audit City Government of
or implementation of Water Audit Program needs to be Zamboanga City extension and expansion of Program: Phase 2 Zamboanga (CGZ) and
Water Audit Program” expanded to cover other areas Water Security the Water Audit Program (Expansion Phase) Zamboanga City (ZCWD)
7. “Lack of potential There is a significant and urgent Council 123 Initiate a request to national Conduct of Market Sounding City Government of
financing facilities and need to identify potential financing (j) Executive Order and international financing Exercise and Financing Zamboanga (CGZ)
modalities for water facilities and modalities to finance No.524-Rainwater institutions to introduce and Assistance from International Zamboanga City Water District
sector infrastructure several infrastructure development Harvesting 124 offer available facilities and Financing Institutions (ZCWD) and Water Security
development projects” projects in the water sector modalities to finance projects Council
117
The issues and concerns described in the Gap Analysis Matrix were obtained from respondents and/or representatives of the Zamboanga City Water Security Council participated in the Online Consultation
Meeting on the Preparation of the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan held on 28 July 2021.
118
Under PD 1067 of 1976, the Water Code governs the appropriation of water, i.e., the acquisition of rights over the use, taking, or diverting of water from natural resources. Such appropriation of water is
legally allowed by the code for the following purposes: domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial and recreational.
119
PD 198 of 1973 refers to the declaration of national policy favoring local operation and control of water systems; authorizing the formation of local water districts and providing for the government and
administration of such districts; chartering a national administration to facilitate improvement of local water utilities to optimize public service from water utility operations.
120
PD 424 of 1074 refers to the creation of a National Water Resources Council to coordinate and integrate water resources development in the country.
121
The Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan (2017-2022) supports the attainment of accelerating growth and regional contribution to the Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022).
122
The six-year Zamboanga City Comprehensive Development Plan (2017-2022) “seeks to establish Zamboanga as a Metropolitan City with robust biodiversity and sustainable development that is globally
competitive, where investments thrive through good governance and industry”.
123
EO BC-661-2021 is an Executive Order creating the Zamboanga City Water Security Council to strengthen the enabling environment for sustainable management of water supply and water demand.
124
EO 524 requires the adoption of efficient practices, designs, materials, fixtures, equipment, and methods that reduce water consumption (e.g. rainwater harvesting and recycling.
271
J. PWSSMP Priority Programs: Key Actions (Hard Components)
The priority programs support the reforms areas through: (i) WSS potential projects and (ii) identified projects.
The cost of infrastructure investments was derived based on anticipated demand based on projected population,
economic growth, and factored investments to ensure continuous delivery of WSS services of existing systems.
The computation included the anticipated upgrade of existing service levels (e.g., Level I, Level II and Level III).
The computation was used due to limited data collected at the regional consultations. The provinces provided their
list of potential projects, but the projected impact of these projects is not enough to achieve the national targets. As
such, the lists of projects collected are classified at identified projects
The participants of regional consultations listed current and potential WSS projects. Majority of these projects are
in the conceptual stage. In addition, government agencies provided their list of projects through consultations. For
Region XII, with a total population of 3,629,783, the gap in access to water supply is at 832,841, while the gap in
the access to sanitation is at 245,591. As such, the total budget requirement (in millions) is at 42.683 billion.
Specifically, the budget requirements for 2022 are PhP 27.156 billion and the budget requirements set for 2030 is
15.527 billion.
TABLE 10. INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR TARGETS 127
Region Population Gap in Access Gap in Access Total Budget Budget Budget
to Water to Sanitation Requirement (in Requirements Requirements for
Supply Php M) for 2022 2030 (in PhP M)
(in PhP M)
CAR 1,722,006 137,516 523,458 20,418 12,415 8,003
Region I 5,026,128 210,460 271,458 57,674 37,363 20,311
Region II 3,451,410 - 92,934 38,446 27,389 11,057
Region III 11,218,177 201,026 756,951 106,659 76,431 30,228
Region IV-A 14,414,774 1,659,631 926,875 213,918 148,721 65,197
Region IV-B 2,963,360 674,207 520,886 33,410 22,733 10,677
Region V 5,796,989 1,407,084 672,902 51,574 33,026 18,549
Region VI 7,536,383 1,457,642 1,186,720 81,691 57,366 24,325
Region VII 7,396,898 2,609,319 1,229,842 101,637 75,299 26,339
Region VIII 4,440,150 594,882 1,314,215 54,415 36,681 17,734
Region IX 3,629,783 832,841 245,591 42,683 27,156 15,527
Region X 4,689,301 545,846 260,214 59,744 40,318 19,426
Region XI 4,893,318 679,003 396,798 55,758 35,705 20,053
Region XII 4,545,276 265,247 610,714 66,251 45,842 20,409
Region XIII 2,596,709 214,780 431,633 31,364 22,711 8,653
BARMM 3,781,387 1,760,648 1,310,520 52,539 34,493 18,046
Total: 88,102,050 13,250,132 10,751,711 1,068,186 733,657 334,529
125
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
126
Ditto
127
Ditto
272
5. Prioritizing Projects to Achieve National Targets 128
The ensure that funded infrastructure projects shall contribute to timely achievement of the national targets; the
prioritizing framework is as follows:
(i) High priority is given to WSS infrastructures where 100% of target beneficiaries belong to
households with access to safe water supply and households without access to basic sanitation.
(ii) Higher priority is given to WSS infrastructure deemed feasible and ready for implementation.
As such, summary of identified programs and projects, the following are provided:
DILG Assistance to Municipalities, it has a total of 1.04 billion (water supply) and 188 million (sanitation) of
project cost implemented in 2019-2023, covering a total number of beneficiaries of 1,667,138 (8% of the total
population) and 322,992 (2% of the total population) household beneficiaries, respectively. On the other hand,
the DILG Salintubig has a total of 1.549 billion project cost implemented from 2019-2023, covering 863,992
(4%) households or 4% which you have included in the project cost implemented in 2019-2023. Similarly, LWUA
has a total budget of 10.74 billion which will be discussed during the contract (Refer to Table 11).
128
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, 2019.
129
Ditto
273
Sanitation 2,000,000.00 905,971520.00
WSS 155,835,000.00 -
Region X Water Supply 8,556,430,000.00 8,892,800,000.00 828,170 70%
Sanitation 4,392,481,420.00 2,299,036,910.00
WSS 257,100,100.00 15,000,000.00
Region XI Water Supply 5,172,767,764.00 792,794,028.00 1,154,438 87%
Sanitation 5,273,572,000.00 541,992,000.00
Region XII Water Supply 32,160,000.00 474,946,000.00 1,000,291 82%
Sanitation 170,000.00 91,420,000.00
WSS 790,280,000.00 64,000,000.00
Region XIII Water Supply 24,900,000.00 8,512,441,000.00 548,645 87%
Sanitation - 3,104,550,000.00
BARMM Water Supply 4,331,952,110.00 10,691,005,026.67 725,449 100%
WSS 11,742,740,000.00 8,060,535,614.00 - -
Sanitation 12,800,000.00 41,600,000.00 - -
Water Supply 75,224,405,325.35 77,921,319,975.91 - -
WSS 31,167,865,520.00 94,704,909,274.50 - -
Sanitation 1,347,567,100.00 187,800,000.00 - -
Total: 107,739,837,945.35 172,814,029,250.42 16,377,714 72%
K. Programs, Projects and Activities Aligned with the Eight Reform Agenda of PWSSMP
There are several program, projects and activities (PPAs) which are considered priority programs which are aligned
or supportive of the eight reform agenda through: (i) WSS potential projects and (ii) the identified projects. Indicated
in Table 12 below are water supply and sanitation infrastructure development projects (physical and non-physical)
identified and/or listed in the Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) and the Zamboanga
City Water Security Master Plan (ZC-Water Security Master Plan). Projects and activities contributing to the
realization of sector targets and goals, especially for the short term, are identified to facilitate their implementation
alongside the operationalization of the PWSSMP. Assessment was made on the basis of the reform activities and
their schedule of implementation.
Under Reform Agenda No. 3: Balancing Water Supply and Demand, the following projects are included in the
PWSSP (i) Cahumban Water System (Cost: P76.4 million); (ii) Water Impounding Facilties (Cost: P19 billion); (iii)
Rancho Frio a Banguiao Water System (Cost: P121million); and (iv) Zamboanga City Water Demand and
Impounding Program (Cost: P30.5 million). Under the same reform agenda, the following projects are included and
proposed under the ZC-Water Security Master Plan : (i) Construction of Rainwater Collection System (Cost: P20
million); (ii) Construction of Impounding Dam (216 MLD): Bulk water supply and hydroelectric power (Cost: P6.6
billion); (iii) Expansion of Groundwater Sources (Cost:P17 million); (iv) Water source development: Manicahan River
(50MLD) (Cost: P2.7 billion); (v) Water source development: Bog Lake (20 MLD) (Cost: P790 million); (vi)
Cahumban Water System (Cost: P76.1 million; (vii) Water Source Development in Sitio Latap, Brgy. Limpapa (Cost:
P120.4 million); (viii) Bunguiao Water System (Cost: P59 million); (ix) Watershed Protection/ Rehabilitation
Program: Perimeter Fencing (Cost: P197 million); (x) Rehabilitation and Expansion of Sewer line (Cost: P28.5
million); (xi) Mainline Replacement Program and Water Distribution Network Expansion and Improvement Program
(Cost: P735 million); and (xii) Treated Water Production Augmentation Program (Cost: P123 million).
With regard to Reform Agenda No. 1: Establishing Effective WSS Sector Institutions, the following PPAs are
included and/or identified under the ZC-Water Security Master Plan : (i) Policy Research on the Assessment of
Benefits for the Establishment of a National Knowledge, Learning and Research Center for Water Security (Cost:
P25 million); (ii) WAP Impact Evaluation: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Program Implementation (Cost:
P5 million); (iii) City-level Strategic Communication Campaign Plan for ZC Water Security Master Plan (Cost: P10
million); (iv) WATSEC Watch: Supporting the Zamboanga City and Regional Water Sector Partnership (Cost: P15
million); (v) Establishment of a Knowledge, Learning and Research Center for Water Security (Cost: 250 million);
(vi)WAP-Pro: ZC WAP Implementation for Sustainable Institutional Partnership (Cost: P25 million); and (vii) City-
level Strategic Communication Campaign Plan for ZC WDM Plan (Cost: P5 million). Several PPAs are indicated in
Table 12 below.
274
TABLE 12. MATRIX OF IDENTIFIED PROGRAMS, PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES FROM THE PWSSMP 130AND ZC-WATER SECURITY MASTER PLAN 131
ALIGNED WITH THE EIGHT REFORM AGENDA 132
Reform Key Actions (Based on Philippine Water Supply and PPAs as indicated in the PWSSMP PPAs as Identified by the ZC-Water
Agenda Sanitation Master Plan) (for Zamboanga City LGU) Security Master Plan
(for Zamboanga City LGU)
Reform Agenda Identify champions in Upper and Lower Houses to sponsor the None Policy Research on the Assessment of
No. 1: creation of the Water Sector Apex Body (DoW Benefits for the Establishment of a National
Establishing Adopt an appropriate policy that defines effective service Knowledge, Learning and Research Center
Effective WSS
delivery of water supply and sanitation services – rights-based for Water Security (Cost: P25 million)
Sector
Institutions local water governance framework –that ensures meeting the WAP Impact Evaluation: Best Practices and
normative content of the human rights to WSS Lessons Learned in Program
Develop and pilot-implement a local water supply and Implementation (Cost: P5 million)
sanitation governance framework that enables LGUs to realize City-level Strategic Communication
their obligation of ensuring access to WSS and where the Campaign Plan for ZC Water Security
LGUs shall drive the effective provision of WSS services Master Plan
Consider the creation of a local WSS development office that (Cost: P10 million)
will help plan and coordinate WSS activities and coordination WATSEC Watch: Supporting the
at the local level with national agencies Zamboanga City and Regional Water Sector
Advocate and include provision and ensuring of acceptable Partnership (Cost: P15 million)
and sustainable access to WSS services as a criteria in Establishment of a Knowledge, Learning and
awarding Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) to LGUs Research Center for Water Security
Develop and pilot-implement the integrated provision of water (Cost: 250 million)
supply and sanitation services in selected water utilities
WAP-Pro: ZC WAP Implementation for
Review and improve current cost recovery framework and tariff
Sustainable Institutional Partnership
setting methodologies (water districts, LGU-run water utilities,
(Cost: P25 million)
other WSPs) to adopt a more responsive methodology that will
promote financial sustainability City-level Strategic Communication
Prepare provincial WSS master plan based on the regional Campaign Plan for ZC WDM Plan
roadmaps prepared under the PWSSSMP. The Provincial (Cost: P5 million)
WSS Master Plans shall be the basis for the preparation of the
local (city and municipal) WSS development plans
Develop a program that will prioritize WSS investments in far-
flung and security risk areas
130
Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
131
Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan
132
SURGE Project. Preparation of Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City: Description of the Current Water Security Situation, 2021.
275
Develop strategic WSS communication plans and IEC
campaigns targeting the public to promote WSP’s services,
plans and programs
Reform Agenda Review Sec. 31 of PD 198: “A district shall have the power to None ZC WSC Policy Research on Institutional
No. 2: enter into contracts with any person for the purpose of Capacity Strengthening (ICS)
Strengthening performing any functions of the district: provided, that the (Cost: P20 million)
Regulatory
Board of Directors may not by contract delegate any of the City-Level Strategic Institutional
Environment
discretionary powers vested in the board by this Title.” Development and Capacity Building
Review and improve NEDA JV Guidelines to tailor to Water Program of the ZC Water Security Master
District conditions Plan
Review awarded JV contracts (Cost: P10 million)
Capacitate and increase tariff review staff of LWUA and
ICS of ZC WSC: Training on Water Planning
NWRB
Approach and Decision Support System
Improve tariff formula to take into consideration water demand
using WEAP (Cost: P5 million)
management, small water service providers, poor
ICS of ZC WSC Personnel involved in
communities, power cost adjustment, consumer price index
Development and Implementation of Water
(CPI)
Sector Development Projects
Adopt technologies to lower energy costs
(Cost: P20 million)
Develop common data report for all water service providers.
Data Annual Report to be submitted by all water utilities as Long-Term, Comprehensive and Sustainable
input to Annual Benchmarking Report of all water service ICS for ZC WSC (Cost: P25 million)
providers Water–Isotope Capacity Building and
Identify champions in Upper and Lower Houses to sponsor Demonstration Project (Cost: P5 million)
WRC Bill. NEDA to declare WRC as priority legislation and
endorse it to the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory
Council (LEDAC)
Review and rationalize NWRB guidelines for granting of water
permits and CPCs to weed out speculators; Check and verify
water rights: volume granted should not exceed volume
required; NWRB to require the following in water permit
applications: (a) MOA with water district for private bulk water
supplier (intending to sell to WD; and (b) Sangguniang Bayan
(SB) resolution (For LGU level CPC.
Review water permits granted to NIA to free up water sources
for water supply
Publish all hearing decisions in NWRB website
Reform Agenda Conduct of a nationwide comprehensive inventory/assessment Cahumban Water System (Cost: P76.4 million) Construction of Rainwater Collection System
No. 3: Balancing of the country’s current/available water resources potential to Water Impounding Facilties (Cost: P19 billion) (Cost: P20 million)
Rancho Frio an Banguiao Water System
276
Water Supply determine (a) available water (surface water, groundwater) for (Cost: P121million) Construction of Impounding Dam (216 MLD):
and Demand use; and (b) water resource-scarce LGUs/areas/cities Bulk water supply and hydroelectric power
Zamboanga City Water Demand and Impounding
Advocate development of bulk water supply system projects Program (Cost: P30.5 million) (Cost: P6.6 billion)
that could cover multiple LGUs using surface water sources Expansion of Groundwater Sources
Develop and pilot-implement provincial and/ or clustered-LGU (Cost:P17 million)
bulk water supply projects to serve as sustainable and feasible Water source development: Manicahan
model for future water supply development River (50MLD) (Cost: P2.7 billion)\
Increase drainage and septage. Wastewater treatment Water source development: Bog Lake (20
facilities for potential re-use of treated water MLD) (Cost: P790 million)
Integrate and prioritize run-off storage (detention and retention Cahumban Water System (Cost: P76.1
basins) in flood mitigation projects to maximize utilization of million)
surface water for various uses Water Source Development in Sitio Latap,
Implement and strengthen watershed protection programs; Brgy. Limpapa (Cost: P120.4 million)
adopt IWRM approach in water resources and watershed Bunguiao Water System (Cost: P59 million)
management Watershed Protection/ Rehabilitation
Information, education and communication (IEC) on Water Program: Perimeter Fencing
Demand Management (water efficiency, water conservation, (Cost: P197 million)
rainwater harvesting, reuse of treated wastewater, reduction of Rehabilitation and Expansion of Sewer line
non-revenue water (NRW) (Cost: P28.5 million)
Introduce the use of water efficient technologies or devices to
Mainline Replacement Program and Water
reduce per capita consumption; Use incentives and
Distribution Network Expansion and
disincentives (e.g., tariff) as a mechanism to encourage
Improvement Program
behavioral change; Implement NRW reduction programs (leak
(Cost: P735 million)
detection and control, establish district metered areas (DMAs),
install mother meters Treated Water Production Augmentation
Provide incentives to encourage implementation of sanitation Program (Cost: P123 million)
related projects; Increase awareness by continuous
information dissemination regarding proper sanitation,
treatment and reuse of wastewater/grey water
Reform Agenda Widely disseminate and explain PAGASA climate projections None None
No. 4: Building and their impacts on water
Climate Widely disseminate and explain Geohazard Maps from Mines
Resiliency
and Geosciences Bureau
Locate WSS infrastructure in high risk areas and develop risk
mitigation measures vulnerable structures
Design WSS infrastructure based on the DPWH Design
Considerations, Guidelines and Specifications (DCGS) for
climate resilient hydraulic structures; construct new WSS
infrastructure in low-risk areas
277
Issue guidelines requiring all land developers and LGUs to
adopt the DPWH Guidelines for climate resilient hydraulic
infrastructures
Review all major WSS proposed projects to check if climate
considerations were already integrated
Develop and implement capacity building programs designed
for WSS personnel and officials
Establish DPWH Administrative Order (AO) requiring retention
or retarding basins for flood control and drainage systems
Widely disseminate and implement abovementioned DPWH
AO
Request and accomplish establishment of order from the
Office of the President (OP) requiring all NGAs and LGUs to
install rain water harvesting (RWH) and storage facilities in all
their existing government buildings (national and local) and to
include the same in future construction
DILG to establish Memorandum Order (MO) instructing all
LGUs to pass ordinances requiring RWH and storage for all
future development in their areas
LGUs to issue local ordinances in accordance with OP order
and DILG MO
Tap LGU Leagues (Union of Local Authorities of the
Philippines or ULAP, League of Provinces of the Philippines
(LPP), League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), League of
Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) as partners for
dissemination and monitoring of compliance.
Request and accomplish establishment of OP order for all
government buildings and new constructions including in
resettlement areas to have RWH and use water efficient water
fixtures issued
Revise Building Code and Plumbing Code to include water
efficiency standards
Hold consultations on the proposed standards, prepare draft
Guidelines and conduct consultations with concerned sectors
DENR to enter into co-management agreements with other
agencies, LGUs and multi-stakeholder organizations such as
RBOs and Watershed Councils for the protection and
rehabilitation of the watersheds within their areas
278
Water Service Providers (WSPs) to prepared WSS Emergency
Response Plans; Orient and build capacity for Disaster Risk
Reduction of WSS officials and staff
Reform Agenda Adopt the proposed institutional arrangement for water supply Bulk Water Distribution Line (Cost: P850 million) Water Supply Systems (Artesian Wells,
No. 5: Creating and sanitation service provision (which is also the landscape Feeder line/Water Services Expansion Reservoirs, Pumping Stations and Conduits)
and Ensuring for implementing the investment program) (Cost: P264 million) (Cost: P39 million)
Effective WSS
Implement and expedite a program to operationalize the non- Mainline Replacement Project (Cost: P105 milion) Implementation of the National Sewerage
Services
functional water districts and encourage the creation of new NRW Reduction Program (Cost: P16 million) and Septage Management Program
water districts Sewerage Treatment Plant (Cost: P339 million) (NSSMP) (Cost: P177 million)
Implement a program to assess the LGU run water utilities – Construction of Bulk water supply receiving
operations and capacity needs –to improve their performance. line (50 MLD from PrimeWater)
Priority for assessment will be those who will be part of the (Cost: P580 million)
PWSSIIP Infiltration Gallery for Dumalon Water Source
Develop and pilot-implement a business/ management model (Cost: P4.8 million)
where the government, and CBOs enter a partnership/JV Implementation of NRW Reduction Program
arrangement to operate and maintain a water utility (Pipe replacement Phase 1)
Recommend improvements/changes to certain governmental (Cost: P102 million)
regulations (mainly COA, DBM, DENR and NWRB) that will
Implementation of NRW Reduction Program
enable WDs to be run efficiently and effectively as commercial
(Pipe replacement Phase 2)
enterprises. There are certain government regulations that
(Cost: P590 million)
hamper the operational procedures of the WDs which could be
reviewed and streamlined Pamucutan-Ayala Pipelaying
Conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of other programs (Cost: P12 million)
to accelerate access especially those directed at the poor and Construction/Rehabilitation/ Improvement of
waterless municipalities (Salintubig, Assistance to Mangusu Water System (Cost: P8.7 million)
Municipalities and other programs for community-based water Water system at Dulian-Cabatangan
organizations) (Cost: P7.8 million)
Conduct a capacity needs assessment of LWUA and the WDs
Feeder line/Water Services Expansion
Develop and implement a responsive capacity building
(Cost: P10 million)
program for LWUA and the WDs
Seek approval of budget increase for LWUA’s programs Rehabilitation of Raw Water Transmission
Study the feasibility of setting up Regional Training Centers for Line of ZCWD WTP (Cost: P106.2 million)
WDs and LGU-run utilities Installation of AR, Blow-off in ZCWD Pipeline
Network (Cost: P12.6 million)
Reform Agenda Implement the UFF in the sector in accordance with the Water Demand Management Program Transboundry water supply: Malayal River in
No. 6: Enabling PWSSMP Materials Recovery Facility for Every Barangay the municipality of Sibuco, Zamboanga del
Access to Review and improve LWUA financing policies Sanitary Landfill Norte
Funding and
Propose and implement increased capitalization of LWUA WinS (WaSH in Schools)
Financing
279
Develop and implement a program to train and assist WSPs Zero Open Defecation Transboundry water supply: Lakewood in
and LGUs in accessing financing Zamboanga del Sur
Develop and adopt policies to require GFIs to offer more Septage Treatment Plant/ Septage
flexible terms Management Plan
Expand the funding/and coverage of NSSMP Network expansion: Pipelaying of 40 kms
Explore other fund/financing sources pipe
Development of Watershed Security Plan
Integrated Water Resource Management
Implementation of Water Safety Plan
Water demand management program
including Water Audit
Wins (WASH in Schools)
Zero Open Defecation
Robust Decision Making – XLRM
Sanitation and Septage Management
Ecosystems Based Analysis and
Assessment
Results-Based Monitoring
Emergency Response Planning
Vulnerability Assessment in relation to
Climate Change Adaptation
Conflict Resolution and Management
Basic Negotiation Skills
Computer Software System for Data
Analysis
Reform Agenda Roll out and promote use of the PWSSMP database; None None
No. 7: Managing Train/turnover regional data handling and monitoring to NEDA
Data and ROs
Information
Formulate Guidelines and Framework for the Harmonization
and integration of WSS data
Create Management Information System (MIS) Division at
Apex Body
Establish WSS Data Center at Apex Body
Develop and deploy comprehensive WSS information System
(that is building on existing WSS-related databases, such as
PWSSMP database, NWRB Listing Tubig, WD data from
LWUA, WS-related data from DILG, Sanitation-related data
280
from DOH and DPWH, etc. as well as integrating with WSS
related data sources such as PSA, DPWH BRS, etc.
Develop and streamline programs for the establishment of
baseline data (e.g., pertaining to SDG, coverage, and other
relevant indicators)
Completely and efficiently roll out existing WS Information
System at NWRB, with supporting funding
Roll out and train Apex Body and data custodians on WSS
Information System
Draft law compelling data custodians to timely and regularly
enter and upload WSS related data
Reform Agenda Create Research and Development (R&D) Division at Apex None None
No. 8: Driving Body
Research and Create Division at Apex Body to be responsible in the review
Development
and approval of WSS related technologies
Build capacity of Division responsible in the review and
approval of WSS related technologies
Establish improved accreditation process of WSS-related new
technologies
Conduct R&D Studies (i.e., tie-up with academe, WSS
partners and experts)
Roll out studies approved for implementation
Establish and implement government financial support on local
WSS-related intentions
Tap local investors and scientist with attractive government
Develop and adopt advance infrastructure design construction
methodology solutions
Develop and deploy comprehensive WSS Information System
281
Annex 11: Population Projections used in WEAP Analysis
Demand Site Annual Activity Level
Levels, All Branches, Branch: Demand Sites and Catchments, Levels: 2, Scenario: No Action
--> 1.50%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050
ZAM Central Area\Baliwasan (N/A) 8,687 8,818 8,950 9,084 9,220 9,359 9,499 9,642 9,786 9,933 10,082 10,233 10,387 10,542 10,701 10,861 11,024 11,189 11,357 11,528 11,701 11,876 12,054 12,235 12,419 12,605 12,794 12,986 13,181 13,378 13,579 13,783 13,989 14,199 14,412
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 1 (N/A) 1,274 1,293 1,313 1,333 1,353 1,373 1,393 1,414 1,436 1,457 1,479 1,501 1,524 1,547 1,570 1,593 1,617 1,641 1,666 1,691 1,716 1,742 1,768 1,795 1,822 1,849 1,877 1,905 1,934 1,963 1,992 2,022 2,052 2,083 2,114
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 2 (N/A) 947 961 976 990 1,005 1,020 1,035 1,051 1,067 1,083 1,099 1,115 1,132 1,149 1,166 1,184 1,202 1,220 1,238 1,257 1,275 1,295 1,314 1,334 1,354 1,374 1,395 1,416 1,437 1,458 1,480 1,502 1,525 1,548 1,571
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 3 (N/A) 1,211 1,229 1,247 1,266 1,285 1,304 1,324 1,344 1,364 1,384 1,405 1,426 1,447 1,469 1,491 1,514 1,536 1,559 1,583 1,606 1,630 1,655 1,680 1,705 1,731 1,757 1,783 1,810 1,837 1,864 1,892 1,921 1,949 1,979 2,008
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 4 (N/A) 1,454 1,476 1,498 1,520 1,543 1,566 1,590 1,613 1,638 1,662 1,687 1,712 1,738 1,764 1,791 1,817 1,845 1,872 1,900 1,929 1,958 1,987 2,017 2,047 2,078 2,109 2,141 2,173 2,206 2,239 2,272 2,306 2,341 2,376 2,412
ZAM Central Area\Camino Nuevo (N/A) 2,381 2,417 2,453 2,490 2,527 2,565 2,604 2,643 2,682 2,723 2,763 2,805 2,847 2,890 2,933 2,977 3,022 3,067 3,113 3,160 3,207 3,255 3,304 3,354 3,404 3,455 3,507 3,559 3,613 3,667 3,722 3,778 3,834 3,892 3,950
ZAM Central Area\Canelar (N/A) 6,215 6,309 6,403 6,499 6,597 6,696 6,796 6,898 7,002 7,107 7,213 7,321 7,431 7,543 7,656 7,771 7,887 8,006 8,126 8,248 8,371 8,497 8,624 8,754 8,885 9,018 9,154 9,291 9,430 9,572 9,715 9,861 10,009 10,159 10,311
ZAM Central Area\Pasonanca (N/A) 18,825 19,107 19,394 19,685 19,980 20,280 20,584 20,893 21,206 21,524 21,847 22,175 22,508 22,845 23,188 23,536 23,889 24,247 24,611 24,980 25,355 25,735 26,121 26,513 26,910 27,314 27,724 28,140 28,562 28,990 29,425 29,866 30,314 30,769 31,231
ZAM Central Area\Santa Maria (N/A) 16,197 16,440 16,687 16,937 17,191 17,449 17,711 17,977 18,246 18,520 18,798 19,080 19,366 19,656 19,951 20,250 20,554 20,863 21,175 21,493 21,816 22,143 22,475 22,812 23,154 23,502 23,854 24,212 24,575 24,944 25,318 25,698 26,083 26,474 26,871
ZAM Central Area\Santa Nino (N/A) 2,784 2,825 2,868 2,911 2,954 2,999 3,044 3,089 3,136 3,183 3,231 3,279 3,328 3,378 3,429 3,480 3,532 3,585 3,639 3,694 3,749 3,805 3,862 3,920 3,979 4,039 4,099 4,161 4,223 4,287 4,351 4,416 4,483 4,550 4,618
ZAM East Coast\Boalan (N/A) 2,328 2,363 2,398 2,434 2,471 2,508 2,545 2,584 2,622 2,662 2,702 2,742 2,783 2,825 2,867 2,910 2,954 2,998 3,043 3,089 3,135 3,182 3,230 3,279 3,328 3,378 3,428 3,480 3,532 3,585 3,639 3,693 3,749 3,805 3,862
ZAM East Coast\Cabaluay (N/A) 1,961 1,991 2,021 2,051 2,082 2,113 2,145 2,177 2,210 2,243 2,276 2,311 2,345 2,380 2,416 2,452 2,489 2,526 2,564 2,603 2,642 2,681 2,722 2,763 2,804 2,846 2,889 2,932 2,976 3,021 3,066 3,112 3,159 3,206 3,254
ZAM East Coast\Cacao (N/A) 290 294 298 303 307 312 317 321 326 331 336 341 346 352 357 362 368 373 379 384 390 396 402 408 414 420 427 433 439 446 453 460 466 473 481
ZAM East Coast\Divisoria (N/A) 5,454 5,535 5,618 5,703 5,788 5,875 5,963 6,053 6,143 6,236 6,329 6,424 6,520 6,618 6,718 6,818 6,921 7,024 7,130 7,237 7,345 7,455 7,567 7,681 7,796 7,913 8,032 8,152 8,274 8,398 8,524 8,652 8,782 8,914 9,048
ZAM East Coast\Guisao (N/A) 106 108 109 111 113 114 116 118 119 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 152 154 156 158 161 163 166 168 171 173 176
ZAM East Coast\Guiwan (N/A) 12,273 12,457 12,644 12,833 13,026 13,221 13,420 13,621 13,825 14,033 14,243 14,457 14,674 14,894 15,117 15,344 15,574 15,808 16,045 16,285 16,530 16,778 17,029 17,285 17,544 17,807 18,074 18,345 18,621 18,900 19,183 19,471 19,763 20,060 20,361
ZAM East Coast\Kasanyangan (N/A) 2,479 2,516 2,553 2,592 2,631 2,670 2,710 2,751 2,792 2,834 2,876 2,920 2,963 3,008 3,053 3,099 3,145 3,192 3,240 3,289 3,338 3,388 3,439 3,491 3,543 3,596 3,650 3,705 3,760 3,817 3,874 3,932 3,991 4,051 4,112
ZAM East Coast\Lamisahan (N/A) 449 456 463 470 477 484 491 498 506 513 521 529 537 545 553 561 570 578 587 596 605 614 623 632 642 652 661 671 681 692 702 712 723 734 745
ZAM East Coast\Lanzones (N/A) 337 342 348 353 358 364 369 375 380 386 392 397 403 409 416 422 428 435 441 448 454 461 468 475 482 490 497 504 512 520 527 535 543 552 560
ZAM East Coast\Laumayang (N/A) 332 337 342 347 353 358 363 369 374 380 386 391 397 403 409 415 422 428 434 441 448 454 461 468 475 482 489 497 504 512 519 527 535 543 551
ZAM East Coast\Lumbangan (N/A) 763 774 786 798 810 822 834 847 859 872 885 899 912 926 940 954 968 983 997 1,012 1,027 1,043 1,058 1,074 1,090 1,107 1,123 1,140 1,157 1,175 1,192 1,210 1,228 1,247 1,266
ZAM East Coast\Mampang (N/A) 2,119 2,151 2,183 2,216 2,249 2,283 2,317 2,352 2,387 2,423 2,459 2,496 2,533 2,571 2,610 2,649 2,689 2,729 2,770 2,812 2,854 2,897 2,940 2,984 3,029 3,074 3,120 3,167 3,215 3,263 3,312 3,362 3,412 3,463 3,515
ZAM East Coast\Pasobolong (N/A) 1,388 1,409 1,430 1,452 1,474 1,496 1,518 1,541 1,564 1,587 1,611 1,635 1,660 1,685 1,710 1,736 1,762 1,788 1,815 1,842 1,870 1,898 1,926 1,955 1,985 2,014 2,045 2,075 2,107 2,138 2,170 2,203 2,236 2,269 2,303
ZAM East Coast\Putik (N/A) 10,045 10,195 10,348 10,504 10,661 10,821 10,983 11,148 11,315 11,485 11,657 11,832 12,010 12,190 12,373 12,558 12,747 12,938 13,132 13,329 13,529 13,732 13,938 14,147 14,359 14,574 14,793 15,015 15,240 15,469 15,701 15,936 16,175 16,418 16,664
ZAM East Coast\Rio Hondo (N/A) 368 374 379 385 391 396 402 408 415 421 427 434 440 447 453 460 467 474 481 488 496 503 511 518 526 534 542 550 558 567 575 584 593 602 611
ZAM East Coast\Sangali (N/A) 2,569 2,607 2,646 2,686 2,726 2,767 2,809 2,851 2,894 2,937 2,981 3,026 3,071 3,117 3,164 3,211 3,260 3,308 3,358 3,408 3,460 3,511 3,564 3,618 3,672 3,727 3,783 3,840 3,897 3,956 4,015 4,075 4,136 4,198 4,261
ZAM East Coast\Santa Barbara (N/A) 656 666 676 686 697 707 718 728 739 750 762 773 785 796 808 820 833 845 858 871 884 897 911 924 938 952 966 981 996 1,011 1,026 1,041 1,057 1,073 1,089
ZAM East Coast\Santa Catalina (N/A) 4,747 4,818 4,890 4,963 5,038 5,113 5,190 5,268 5,347 5,427 5,509 5,591 5,675 5,760 5,847 5,934 6,023 6,114 6,205 6,299 6,393 6,489 6,586 6,685 6,785 6,887 6,990 7,095 7,202 7,310 7,419 7,531 7,644 7,758 7,875
ZAM East Coast\Talon Talon (N/A) 12,701 12,891 13,085 13,281 13,480 13,682 13,888 14,096 14,307 14,522 14,740 14,961 15,185 15,413 15,644 15,879 16,117 16,359 16,604 16,853 17,106 17,363 17,623 17,888 18,156 18,428 18,705 18,985 19,270 19,559 19,852 20,150 20,452 20,759 21,071
ZAM East Coast\Tetuan (N/A) 18,730 19,011 19,296 19,586 19,880 20,178 20,480 20,788 21,099 21,416 21,737 22,063 22,394 22,730 23,071 23,417 23,768 24,125 24,487 24,854 25,227 25,605 25,989 26,379 26,775 27,176 27,584 27,998 28,418 28,844 29,277 29,716 30,162 30,614 31,073
ZAM East Coast\Tictapul (N/A) 433 439 446 452 459 466 473 480 487 495 502 509 517 525 533 541 549 557 565 574 583 591 600 609 618 628 637 647 656 666 676 686 696 707 718
ZAM East Coast\Tolosa (N/A) 513 521 528 536 544 553 561 569 578 587 595 604 613 623 632 641 651 661 671 681 691 701 712 722 733 744 755 767 778 790 802 814 826 838 851
ZAM East Coast\Tugbunan (N/A) 6,741 6,842 6,944 7,049 7,154 7,262 7,371 7,481 7,593 7,707 7,823 7,940 8,059 8,180 8,303 8,427 8,554 8,682 8,812 8,944 9,079 9,215 9,353 9,493 9,636 9,780 9,927 10,076 10,227 10,380 10,536 10,694 10,855 11,017 11,183
ZAM East Coast\Vitali (N/A) 694 704 715 725 736 747 758 770 781 793 805 817 829 842 854 867 880 893 907 920 934 948 963 977 992 1,006 1,022 1,037 1,052 1,068 1,084 1,101 1,117 1,134 1,151
ZAM East Coast\Zambowood (N/A) 2,302 2,336 2,371 2,407 2,443 2,480 2,517 2,555 2,593 2,632 2,671 2,711 2,752 2,793 2,835 2,878 2,921 2,965 3,009 3,054 3,100 3,147 3,194 3,242 3,290 3,340 3,390 3,441 3,492 3,545 3,598 3,652 3,707 3,762 3,819
ZAM West Coast\Ayala (N/A) 5,202 5,280 5,359 5,440 5,521 5,604 5,688 5,774 5,860 5,948 6,037 6,128 6,220 6,313 6,408 6,504 6,602 6,701 6,801 6,903 7,007 7,112 7,218 7,327 7,437 7,548 7,661 7,776 7,893 8,011 8,132 8,254 8,377 8,503 8,631
ZAM West Coast\Baluno (N/A) 292 296 301 305 310 315 319 324 329 334 339 344 349 354 360 365 371 376 382 387 393 399 405 411 417 424 430 437 443 450 456 463 470 477 484
ZAM West Coast\Cabatangan (N/A) 5,327 5,407 5,488 5,570 5,654 5,739 5,825 5,912 6,001 6,091 6,182 6,275 6,369 6,465 6,562 6,660 6,760 6,861 6,964 7,069 7,175 7,283 7,392 7,503 7,615 7,729 7,845 7,963 8,082 8,204 8,327 8,452 8,578 8,707 8,838
ZAM West Coast\Calarian (N/A) 11,370 11,540 11,713 11,889 12,067 12,248 12,432 12,619 12,808 13,000 13,195 13,393 13,594 13,798 14,005 14,215 14,428 14,644 14,864 15,087 15,313 15,543 15,776 16,013 16,253 16,497 16,744 16,995 17,250 17,509 17,772 18,038 18,309 18,584 18,862
ZAM West Coast\Campo Islam (N/A) 1,409 1,430 1,452 1,473 1,496 1,518 1,541 1,564 1,587 1,611 1,635 1,660 1,685 1,710 1,736 1,762 1,788 1,815 1,842 1,870 1,898 1,926 1,955 1,984 2,014 2,044 2,075 2,106 2,138 2,170 2,202 2,235 2,269 2,303 2,338
ZAM West Coast\Capisan (N/A) 308 312 317 322 327 332 336 342 347 352 357 362 368 373 379 385 391 396 402 408 414 421 427 433 440 446 453 460 467 474 481 488 496 503 511
ZAM West Coast\Cawit (N/A) 1,706 1,732 1,758 1,784 1,811 1,838 1,866 1,894 1,922 1,951 1,980 2,010 2,040 2,071 2,102 2,133 2,165 2,198 2,231 2,264 2,298 2,333 2,368 2,403 2,439 2,476 2,513 2,551 2,589 2,628 2,667 2,707 2,748 2,789 2,831
ZAM West Coast\Dulian (N/A) 109 110 112 114 116 117 119 121 123 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 147 149 151 153 156 158 160 163 165 168 170 173 175 178 181
ZAM West Coast\La Paz (N/A) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ZAM West Coast\Labuan (N/A) 838 851 863 876 890 903 916 930 944 958 973 987 1,002 1,017 1,032 1,048 1,064 1,080 1,096 1,112 1,129 1,146 1,163 1,180 1,198 1,216 1,234 1,253 1,272 1,291 1,310 1,330 1,350 1,370 1,390
ZAM West Coast\Lunzuran (N/A) 2,642 2,682 2,722 2,763 2,805 2,847 2,889 2,933 2,977 3,021 3,067 3,113 3,159 3,207 3,255 3,304 3,353 3,403 3,454 3,506 3,559 3,612 3,666 3,721 3,777 3,834 3,891 3,950 4,009 4,069 4,130 4,192 4,255 4,319 4,384
ZAM West Coast\Maasin (N/A) 921 934 948 963 977 992 1,007 1,022 1,037 1,053 1,068 1,084 1,101 1,117 1,134 1,151 1,168 1,186 1,204 1,222 1,240 1,259 1,277 1,297 1,316 1,336 1,356 1,376 1,397 1,418 1,439 1,461 1,483 1,505 1,527
ZAM West Coast\Malagutay (N/A) 4,245 4,309 4,373 4,439 4,506 4,573 4,642 4,711 4,782 4,854 4,927 5,000 5,076 5,152 5,229 5,307 5,387 5,468 5,550 5,633 5,718 5,803 5,890 5,979 6,068 6,159 6,252 6,346 6,441 6,537 6,635 6,735 6,836 6,939 7,043
ZAM West Coast\Pamucutan (N/A) 254 257 261 265 269 273 277 281 286 290 294 299 303 308 312 317 322 327 331 336 341 347 352 357 362 368 373 379 385 390 396 402 408 414 421
ZAM West Coast\Patalon (N/A) 335 340 345 350 356 361 366 372 377 383 389 395 401 407 413 419 425 432 438 445 451 458 465 472 479 486 493 501 508 516 524 532 540 548 556
ZAM West Coast\Recodo (N/A) 2,008 2,038 2,069 2,100 2,131 2,163 2,196 2,229 2,262 2,296 2,331 2,365 2,401 2,437 2,474 2,511 2,548 2,587 2,625 2,665 2,705 2,745 2,786 2,828 2,871 2,914 2,957 3,002 3,047 3,093 3,139 3,186 3,234 3,282 3,332
ZAM West Coast\San Jose Cawa (N/A) 2,891 2,934 2,978 3,023 3,068 3,114 3,161 3,208 3,256 3,305 3,355 3,405 3,456 3,508 3,561 3,614 3,668 3,723 3,779 3,836 3,893 3,952 4,011 4,071 4,132 4,194 4,257 4,321 4,386 4,452 4,518 4,586 4,655 4,725 4,796
ZAM West Coast\San Jose Gusu (N/A) 7,784 7,901 8,019 8,140 8,262 8,386 8,512 8,639 8,769 8,900 9,034 9,169 9,307 9,446 9,588 9,732 9,878 10,026 10,177 10,329 10,484 10,641 10,801 10,963 11,127 11,294 11,464 11,636 11,810 11,987 12,167 12,350 12,535 12,723 12,914
ZAM West Coast\San Roque (N/A) 15,787 16,024 16,265 16,508 16,756 17,007 17,263 17,521 17,784 18,051 18,322 18,597 18,876 19,159 19,446 19,738 20,034 20,334 20,639 20,949 21,263 21,582 21,906 22,235 22,568 22,907 23,250 23,599 23,953 24,312 24,677 25,047 25,423 25,804 26,191
ZAM West Coast\Sinunoc (N/A) 7,466 7,578 7,692 7,807 7,924 8,043 8,164 8,286 8,410 8,536 8,665 8,794 8,926 9,060 9,196 9,334 9,474 9,616 9,761 9,907 10,056 10,206 10,359 10,515 10,673 10,833 10,995 11,160 11,327 11,497 11,670 11,845 12,023 12,203 12,386
ZAM West Coast\Talisayan (N/A) 432 439 445 452 459 466 473 480 487 494 502 509 517 525 533 541 549 557 565 574 582 591 600 609 618 627 637 646 656 666 676 686 696 707 717
ZAM West Coast\Tulungatung (N/A) 2,384 2,420 2,456 2,493 2,531 2,569 2,607 2,646 2,686 2,726 2,767 2,809 2,851 2,893 2,937 2,981 3,026 3,071 3,117 3,164 3,211 3,259 3,308 3,358 3,408 3,459 3,511 3,564 3,617 3,672 3,727 3,783 3,839 3,897 3,955
ZAM West Coast\Tumaga (N/A) 17,298 17,558 17,821 18,088 18,360 18,635 18,915 19,198 19,486 19,779 20,075 20,376 20,682 20,992 21,307 21,627 21,951 22,280 22,615 22,954 23,298 23,648 24,002 24,362 24,728 25,099 25,475 25,857 26,245 26,639 27,038 27,444 27,856 28,273 28,698
282
Demand Site Annual Activity Level
Levels, All Branches, Branch: Demand Sites and Catchments, Levels: 2, Scenario: No Action
--> 3.00%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050
ZAM Central Area\Baliwasan (N/A) 8,687 8,818 8,950 9,084 9,220 9,497 9,782 10,075 10,378 10,689 11,010 11,340 11,680 12,031 12,391 12,763 13,146 13,540 13,947 14,365 14,796 15,240 15,697 16,168 16,653 17,153 17,667 18,197 18,743 19,305 19,885 20,481 21,096 21,728 22,380
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 1 (N/A) 1,274 1,293 1,313 1,333 1,353 1,393 1,435 1,478 1,522 1,568 1,615 1,664 1,713 1,765 1,818 1,872 1,928 1,986 2,046 2,107 2,170 2,236 2,303 2,372 2,443 2,516 2,592 2,669 2,750 2,832 2,917 3,004 3,095 3,187 3,283
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 2 (N/A) 947 961 976 990 1,005 1,035 1,066 1,098 1,131 1,165 1,200 1,236 1,273 1,311 1,351 1,391 1,433 1,476 1,520 1,566 1,613 1,661 1,711 1,762 1,815 1,870 1,926 1,984 2,043 2,104 2,168 2,233 2,300 2,368 2,440
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 3 (N/A) 1,211 1,229 1,247 1,266 1,285 1,323 1,363 1,404 1,446 1,490 1,534 1,580 1,628 1,676 1,727 1,779 1,832 1,887 1,943 2,002 2,062 2,124 2,187 2,253 2,321 2,390 2,462 2,536 2,612 2,690 2,771 2,854 2,940 3,028 3,119
ZAM Central Area\Bar Zone 4 (N/A) 1,454 1,476 1,498 1,520 1,543 1,589 1,637 1,686 1,737 1,789 1,842 1,898 1,954 2,013 2,074 2,136 2,200 2,266 2,334 2,404 2,476 2,550 2,627 2,705 2,787 2,870 2,956 3,045 3,136 3,230 3,327 3,427 3,530 3,636 3,745
ZAM Central Area\Camino Nuevo (N/A) 2,381 2,417 2,453 2,490 2,527 2,603 2,681 2,762 2,844 2,930 3,018 3,108 3,201 3,298 3,396 3,498 3,603 3,711 3,823 3,937 4,056 4,177 4,302 4,432 4,565 4,701 4,842 4,988 5,137 5,292 5,450 5,614 5,782 5,956 6,134
ZAM Central Area\Canelar (N/A) 6,215 6,309 6,403 6,499 6,597 6,795 6,999 7,209 7,425 7,648 7,877 8,113 8,357 8,607 8,866 9,132 9,406 9,688 9,978 10,278 10,586 10,904 11,231 11,568 11,915 12,272 12,640 13,019 13,410 13,812 14,227 14,653 15,093 15,546 16,012
ZAM Central Area\Pasonanca (N/A) 18,825 19,107 19,394 19,685 19,980 20,580 21,197 21,833 22,488 23,163 23,857 24,573 25,310 26,070 26,852 27,657 28,487 29,342 30,222 31,129 32,062 33,024 34,015 35,035 36,086 37,169 38,284 39,433 40,616 41,834 43,089 44,382 45,713 47,085 48,497
ZAM Central Area\Santa Maria (N/A) 16,197 16,440 16,687 16,937 17,191 17,707 18,238 18,785 19,349 19,929 20,527 21,143 21,777 22,431 23,104 23,797 24,511 25,246 26,003 26,783 27,587 28,415 29,267 30,145 31,049 31,981 32,940 33,929 34,946 35,995 37,075 38,187 39,332 40,512 41,728
ZAM Central Area\Santa Nino (N/A) 2,784 2,825 2,868 2,911 2,954 3,043 3,134 3,228 3,325 3,425 3,528 3,634 3,743 3,855 3,971 4,090 4,212 4,339 4,469 4,603 4,741 4,883 5,030 5,181 5,336 5,496 5,661 5,831 6,006 6,186 6,371 6,563 6,760 6,962 7,171
ZAM East Coast\Boalan (N/A) 2,328 2,363 2,398 2,434 2,471 2,545 2,621 2,700 2,781 2,864 2,950 3,039 3,130 3,224 3,320 3,420 3,523 3,628 3,737 3,849 3,965 4,084 4,206 4,332 4,462 4,596 4,734 4,876 5,022 5,173 5,328 5,488 5,653 5,822 5,997
ZAM East Coast\Cabaluay (N/A) 1,961 1,991 2,021 2,051 2,082 2,144 2,209 2,275 2,343 2,413 2,486 2,560 2,637 2,716 2,798 2,882 2,968 3,057 3,149 3,243 3,341 3,441 3,544 3,651 3,760 3,873 3,989 4,109 4,232 4,359 4,490 4,624 4,763 4,906 5,053
ZAM East Coast\Cacao (N/A) 290 294 298 303 307 317 326 336 346 356 367 378 389 401 413 426 438 451 465 479 493 508 523 539 555 572 589 607 625 644 663 683 703 724 746
ZAM East Coast\Divisoria (N/A) 5,454 5,535 5,618 5,703 5,788 5,962 6,141 6,325 6,515 6,710 6,912 7,119 7,332 7,552 7,779 8,012 8,253 8,500 8,755 9,018 9,288 9,567 9,854 10,150 10,454 10,768 11,091 11,424 11,766 12,119 12,483 12,857 13,243 13,640 14,050
ZAM East Coast\Guisao (N/A) 106 108 109 111 113 116 119 123 127 130 134 138 143 147 151 156 160 165 170 175 181 186 192 197 203 209 216 222 229 236 243 250 257 265 273
ZAM East Coast\Guiwan (N/A) 12,273 12,457 12,644 12,833 13,026 13,417 13,819 14,234 14,661 15,101 15,554 16,020 16,501 16,996 17,506 18,031 18,572 19,129 19,703 20,294 20,903 21,530 22,176 22,841 23,526 24,232 24,959 25,708 26,479 27,273 28,092 28,934 29,802 30,696 31,617
ZAM East Coast\Kasanyangan (N/A) 2,479 2,516 2,553 2,592 2,631 2,710 2,791 2,875 2,961 3,050 3,141 3,235 3,332 3,432 3,535 3,641 3,751 3,863 3,979 4,098 4,221 4,348 4,478 4,613 4,751 4,894 5,041 5,192 5,347 5,508 5,673 5,843 6,019 6,199 6,385
ZAM East Coast\Lamisahan (N/A) 449 456 463 470 477 491 506 521 536 553 569 586 604 622 641 660 680 700 721 743 765 788 811 836 861 887 913 941 969 998 1,028 1,059 1,090 1,123 1,157
ZAM East Coast\Lanzones (N/A) 337 342 348 353 358 369 380 391 403 415 428 440 454 467 481 496 511 526 542 558 575 592 610 628 647 666 686 707 728 750 772 796 819 844 869
ZAM East Coast\Laumayang (N/A) 332 337 342 347 353 363 374 385 397 409 421 434 447 460 474 488 503 518 533 549 566 583 600 618 637 656 676 696 717 738 761 783 807 831 856
ZAM East Coast\Lumbangan (N/A) 763 774 786 798 810 834 859 885 911 939 967 996 1,026 1,056 1,088 1,121 1,154 1,189 1,225 1,261 1,299 1,338 1,378 1,420 1,462 1,506 1,551 1,598 1,646 1,695 1,746 1,798 1,852 1,908 1,965
ZAM East Coast\Mampang (N/A) 2,119 2,151 2,183 2,216 2,249 2,316 2,386 2,457 2,531 2,607 2,685 2,766 2,849 2,934 3,022 3,113 3,206 3,302 3,402 3,504 3,609 3,717 3,828 3,943 4,062 4,183 4,309 4,438 4,571 4,708 4,850 4,995 5,145 5,299 5,458
ZAM East Coast\Pasobolong (N/A) 1,388 1,409 1,430 1,452 1,474 1,518 1,563 1,610 1,659 1,708 1,760 1,812 1,867 1,923 1,980 2,040 2,101 2,164 2,229 2,296 2,365 2,436 2,509 2,584 2,661 2,741 2,824 2,908 2,996 3,085 3,178 3,273 3,371 3,473 3,577
ZAM East Coast\Putik (N/A) 10,045 10,195 10,348 10,504 10,661 10,981 11,310 11,650 11,999 12,359 12,730 13,112 13,505 13,910 14,328 14,757 15,200 15,656 16,126 16,610 17,108 17,621 18,150 18,694 19,255 19,833 20,428 21,041 21,672 22,322 22,992 23,681 24,392 25,124 25,877
ZAM East Coast\Rio Hondo (N/A) 368 374 379 385 391 402 414 427 440 453 466 480 495 510 525 541 557 574 591 609 627 646 665 685 706 727 748 771 794 818 842 868 894 921 948
ZAM East Coast\Sangali (N/A) 2,569 2,607 2,646 2,686 2,726 2,808 2,892 2,979 3,068 3,160 3,255 3,353 3,454 3,557 3,664 3,774 3,887 4,004 4,124 4,247 4,375 4,506 4,641 4,781 4,924 5,072 5,224 5,381 5,542 5,708 5,879 6,056 6,237 6,425 6,617
ZAM East Coast\Santa Barbara (N/A) 656 666 676 686 697 717 739 761 784 807 832 857 882 909 936 964 993 1,023 1,054 1,085 1,118 1,151 1,186 1,221 1,258 1,296 1,335 1,375 1,416 1,458 1,502 1,547 1,594 1,641 1,691
ZAM East Coast\Santa Catalina (N/A) 4,747 4,818 4,890 4,963 5,038 5,189 5,345 5,505 5,670 5,840 6,016 6,196 6,382 6,573 6,771 6,974 7,183 7,398 7,620 7,849 8,084 8,327 8,577 8,834 9,099 9,372 9,653 9,943 10,241 10,548 10,865 11,191 11,526 11,872 12,228
ZAM East Coast\Talon Talon (N/A) 12,701 12,891 13,085 13,281 13,480 13,885 14,301 14,730 15,172 15,627 16,096 16,579 17,076 17,589 18,116 18,660 19,220 19,796 20,390 21,002 21,632 22,281 22,949 23,638 24,347 25,077 25,829 26,604 27,402 28,225 29,071 29,943 30,842 31,767 32,720
ZAM East Coast\Tetuan (N/A) 18,730 19,011 19,296 19,586 19,880 20,476 21,090 21,723 22,375 23,046 23,737 24,449 25,183 25,938 26,716 27,518 28,343 29,194 30,070 30,972 31,901 32,858 33,844 34,859 35,905 36,982 38,091 39,234 40,411 41,623 42,872 44,158 45,483 46,847 48,253
ZAM East Coast\Tictapul (N/A) 433 439 446 452 459 473 487 502 517 532 548 565 582 599 617 635 655 674 694 715 737 759 782 805 829 854 880 906 933 961 990 1,020 1,050 1,082 1,114
ZAM East Coast\Tolosa (N/A) 513 521 528 536 544 561 578 595 613 631 650 670 690 710 732 754 776 800 824 848 874 900 927 955 983 1,013 1,043 1,075 1,107 1,140 1,174 1,209 1,246 1,283 1,322
ZAM East Coast\Tugbunan (N/A) 6,741 6,842 6,944 7,049 7,154 7,369 7,590 7,818 8,052 8,294 8,543 8,799 9,063 9,335 9,615 9,903 10,200 10,506 10,821 11,146 11,481 11,825 12,180 12,545 12,921 13,309 13,708 14,120 14,543 14,979 15,429 15,892 16,368 16,860 17,365
ZAM East Coast\Vitali (N/A) 694 704 715 725 736 758 781 805 829 854 879 905 933 961 989 1,019 1,050 1,081 1,114 1,147 1,181 1,217 1,253 1,291 1,330 1,370 1,411 1,453 1,497 1,542 1,588 1,635 1,684 1,735 1,787
ZAM East Coast\Zambowood (N/A) 2,302 2,336 2,371 2,407 2,443 2,516 2,592 2,670 2,750 2,832 2,917 3,005 3,095 3,188 3,283 3,382 3,483 3,588 3,695 3,806 3,920 4,038 4,159 4,284 4,412 4,545 4,681 4,822 4,966 5,115 5,269 5,427 5,589 5,757 5,930
ZAM West Coast\Ayala (N/A) 5,202 5,280 5,359 5,440 5,521 5,687 5,858 6,033 6,214 6,401 6,593 6,791 6,994 7,204 7,420 7,643 7,872 8,108 8,352 8,602 8,860 9,126 9,400 9,682 9,972 10,272 10,580 10,897 11,224 11,561 11,908 12,265 12,633 13,012 13,402
ZAM West Coast\Baluno (N/A) 292 296 301 305 310 319 329 339 349 359 370 381 393 404 417 429 442 455 469 483 497 512 528 543 560 577 594 612 630 649 668 688 709 730 752
ZAM West Coast\Cabatangan (N/A) 5,327 5,407 5,488 5,570 5,654 5,824 5,998 6,178 6,364 6,555 6,751 6,954 7,162 7,377 7,599 7,826 8,061 8,303 8,552 8,809 9,073 9,345 9,626 9,914 10,212 10,518 10,834 11,159 11,493 11,838 12,193 12,559 12,936 13,324 13,724
ZAM West Coast\Calarian (N/A) 11,370 11,540 11,713 11,889 12,067 12,429 12,802 13,186 13,582 13,989 14,409 14,841 15,287 15,745 16,218 16,704 17,205 17,721 18,253 18,801 19,365 19,946 20,544 21,160 21,795 22,449 23,122 23,816 24,531 25,266 26,024 26,805 27,609 28,438 29,291
ZAM West Coast\Campo Islam (N/A) 1,409 1,430 1,452 1,473 1,496 1,540 1,587 1,634 1,683 1,734 1,786 1,839 1,894 1,951 2,010 2,070 2,132 2,196 2,262 2,330 2,400 2,472 2,546 2,622 2,701 2,782 2,866 2,952 3,040 3,131 3,225 3,322 3,422 3,524 3,630
ZAM West Coast\Capisan (N/A) 308 312 317 322 327 336 347 357 368 379 390 402 414 426 439 452 466 480 494 509 524 540 556 573 590 608 626 645 664 684 704 725 747 770 793
ZAM West Coast\Cawit (N/A) 1,706 1,732 1,758 1,784 1,811 1,865 1,921 1,979 2,038 2,099 2,162 2,227 2,294 2,363 2,434 2,507 2,582 2,659 2,739 2,821 2,906 2,993 3,083 3,176 3,271 3,369 3,470 3,574 3,681 3,792 3,906 4,023 4,143 4,268 4,396
ZAM West Coast\Dulian (N/A) 109 110 112 114 116 119 123 126 130 134 138 142 146 151 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 191 197 203 209 215 221 228 235 242 249 257 264 272 280
ZAM West Coast\La Paz (N/A) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
ZAM West Coast\Labuan (N/A) 838 851 863 876 890 916 944 972 1,001 1,031 1,062 1,094 1,127 1,161 1,195 1,231 1,268 1,306 1,346 1,386 1,427 1,470 1,514 1,560 1,607 1,655 1,704 1,756 1,808 1,863 1,918 1,976 2,035 2,096 2,159
ZAM West Coast\Lunzuran (N/A) 2,642 2,682 2,722 2,763 2,805 2,889 2,975 3,065 3,157 3,251 3,349 3,449 3,553 3,659 3,769 3,882 3,999 4,119 4,242 4,369 4,500 4,635 4,774 4,918 5,065 5,217 5,374 5,535 5,701 5,872 6,048 6,230 6,417 6,609 6,807
ZAM West Coast\Maasin (N/A) 921 934 948 963 977 1,006 1,037 1,068 1,100 1,133 1,167 1,202 1,238 1,275 1,313 1,353 1,393 1,435 1,478 1,522 1,568 1,615 1,664 1,713 1,765 1,818 1,872 1,928 1,986 2,046 2,107 2,171 2,236 2,303 2,372
ZAM West Coast\Malagutay (N/A) 4,245 4,309 4,373 4,439 4,506 4,641 4,780 4,923 5,071 5,223 5,380 5,541 5,708 5,879 6,055 6,237 6,424 6,617 6,815 7,020 7,230 7,447 7,670 7,901 8,138 8,382 8,633 8,892 9,159 9,434 9,717 10,008 10,308 10,618 10,936
ZAM West Coast\Pamucutan (N/A) 254 257 261 265 269 277 285 294 303 312 321 331 341 351 362 372 384 395 407 419 432 445 458 472 486 501 516 531 547 563 580 598 616 634 653
ZAM West Coast\Patalon (N/A) 335 340 345 350 356 366 377 389 400 412 425 437 451 464 478 492 507 522 538 554 571 588 605 624 642 662 681 702 723 745 767 790 814 838 863
ZAM West Coast\Recodo (N/A) 2,008 2,038 2,069 2,100 2,131 2,195 2,261 2,329 2,399 2,471 2,545 2,621 2,700 2,781 2,864 2,950 3,039 3,130 3,224 3,321 3,420 3,523 3,629 3,737 3,849 3,965 4,084 4,206 4,333 4,463 4,596 4,734 4,876 5,023 5,173
ZAM West Coast\San Jose Cawa (N/A) 2,891 2,934 2,978 3,023 3,068 3,160 3,255 3,353 3,453 3,557 3,664 3,773 3,887 4,003 4,123 4,247 4,374 4,506 4,641 4,780 4,923 5,071 5,223 5,380 5,541 5,708 5,879 6,055 6,237 6,424 6,617 6,815 7,020 7,230 7,447
ZAM West Coast\San Jose Gusu (N/A) 7,784 7,901 8,019 8,140 8,262 8,510 8,765 9,028 9,299 9,578 9,865 10,161 10,466 10,780 11,103 11,436 11,779 12,133 12,497 12,872 13,258 13,656 14,065 14,487 14,922 15,369 15,831 16,305 16,795 17,298 17,817 18,352 18,902 19,470 20,054
ZAM West Coast\San Roque (N/A) 15,787 16,024 16,265 16,508 16,756 17,259 17,777 18,310 18,859 19,425 20,008 20,608 21,226 21,863 22,519 23,194 23,890 24,607 25,345 26,105 26,889 27,695 28,526 29,382 30,263 31,171 32,106 33,070 34,062 35,084 36,136 37,220 38,337 39,487 40,671
ZAM West Coast\Sinunoc (N/A) 7,466 7,578 7,692 7,807 7,924 8,162 8,407 8,659 8,919 9,186 9,462 9,746 10,038 10,339 10,649 10,969 11,298 11,637 11,986 12,345 12,716 13,097 13,490 13,895 14,312 14,741 15,183 15,639 16,108 16,591 17,089 17,602 18,130 18,674 19,234
ZAM West Coast\Talisayan (N/A) 432 439 445 452 459 473 487 501 517 532 548 564 581 599 617 635 654 674 694 715 736 759 781 805 829 854 879 906 933 961 990 1,019 1,050 1,081 1,114
ZAM West Coast\Tulungatung (N/A) 2,384 2,420 2,456 2,493 2,531 2,606 2,685 2,765 2,848 2,934 3,022 3,112 3,206 3,302 3,401 3,503 3,608 3,716 3,828 3,943 4,061 4,183 4,308 4,437 4,570 4,708 4,849 4,994 5,144 5,298 5,457 5,621 5,790 5,963 6,142
ZAM West Coast\Tumaga (N/A) 17,298 17,558 17,821 18,088 18,360 18,910 19,478 20,062 20,664 21,284 21,922 22,580 23,257 23,955 24,674 25,414 26,176 26,962 27,771 28,604 29,462 30,346 31,256 32,194 33,159 34,154 35,179 36,234 37,321 38,441 39,594 40,782 42,005 43,266 44,564
283
Annex 12: WEAP Training Scope of Work
For the Zamboanga Water Security Master Plan the WEAP decision support tool was used to
explore the performance of the ZCWD water system in the context of the stated goals and
objectives. WEAP is an integrated, scenario-based modelling tool that helps stakeholders
manage water supply resources to meet often-competing demands from cities, industries, and
farms, as well as consider long-neglected interests such as wildlife habitat and vulnerable
communities. The ZCWD-WEAP model was built to represent the regional water resources
system that includes the ZCWD service area. WEAP is transparent and user-friendly – and it is
able to distill the growing complexity of water systems into an understandable manner. Users can
see current conditions and then explore future scenarios to identify options for balancing
environment and development concerns amid climate uncertainty.
Although the model is easy-to-use, there are inherent complexities in formulating a WEAP model
to reflect the realities of the water system and requires some level of knowledge and skill to ensure
the model can be effectively used. As a follow-on activity in support of the Water Security Plan,
Dr. Yates will conduct five 2-hour WEAP trainings on the general use of the WEAP software and
application of the ZCWD WEAP model. A User Manual will be created in order document the
model and to allow trained staff to make modifications in order to carry out further water supply
analysis.
Tasks:
• One training session (2-hours) as an introduction to WEAP utilizing the online tutorial
example. This training is focused on trainees who have never used WEAP, if all trainees
are familiar with WEAP this time will be allotted to training activities listed below.
• Conduct online training for ZCWD and Other “WEAPers”, based on 4, 2-hour hour online
training blocks. Training would include both understanding of the basic ZCWD-WEAP
modeling components and basic modifications to the ZCWD-WEAP model and
interpretation of results.
284
• Create a ZCWD-WEAP user document that shows the important components of the model
to help gain understanding and give direction on making changes to model assumptions,
create alternative scenarios, create water system alternatives, etc.
Outputs:
• Understanding the components of a WEAP model including assumptions and scenarios.
• Training and increased level of understanding of the ZCWD-WEAP model and how it is
used for water supply planning.
• The ability to make basic modifications to the ZCWD-WEAP model in order to carryout
analysis and interpretation of results.
• ZCWD-WEAP User Manual.
It is anticipated all training and development of the User Manual can be carried out in
approximately 8 weeks.
285
Annex 13: WSC Resolution to Adopt the Water Security Master Plan
WHEREAS, the United Nations General Assembly, through Resolution A/64/292 of 2010,
explicitly recognized access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential
for the full enjoyment for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights;
WHEREAS, Presidential Decree No. 856, otherwise known as the “Code on Sanitation of the
Philippines” states that, the health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public
services should be directed towards the protection and promotion of health;
WHEREAS, the City Government of Zamboanga proactively reinforces PD No. 856, the
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275), Philippine Water Crisis Act of 1995 (RA 8041) and the
Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan;
WHEREAS, Ordinance No. 529, “The Environment Code of the City of Zamboanga” provides for
inland water management in ensuring clean water supply, protection of underground water, water quality
standards, monitoring and maintenance;
WHEREAS, the Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP) of Zamboanga City 2019-2027 strategized the
protection, conservation and development of forest lands; including its watersheds and rivers systems in
ensuring the sustainable supply of potable, domestic use and agricultural irrigation waters;
WHEREAS, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its
Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE) Project has been supporting the City
Government of Zamboanga in strengthening and institutionalizing the city’s initiatives on water and
sanitation;
WHEREAS, the UNESCO states that “to achieve water security, we must protect vulnerable water
systems, mitigate the impacts of water-related hazards such as floods and droughts, safeguard access to
water functions and services and manage water resources in an integrated and equitable manner”.
WHEREAS, the Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 recognizes the
inadequate supply of water in the region particularly in urban areas due to increasing population, growing
economic activities associated with urbanization, and the impacts of climate change;
WHEREAS, the city has felt the adverse impacts of droughts in 2016 and 2019 that particularly
compelled the main water service provider to implement water rationing due to significant decrease in
drinking water production/supply;
WHEREAS, the adoption of a city-wide Water Demand Management (WDM) program is not only
a potent solution to balance water supply and water demand, but, is also an alternative to preserve the
available water resources for future generations by reusing grey/waste water for non-domestic purposes
among other interventions;
286
WHEREAS, Executive Order No. BB-661-2021, “An Executive Order Creating the Zamboanga
City Water Security Council (ZCWSC)” provides for the establishment of the ZCWSC and for the ZCWSC
guide the design and development of the Water Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City;
WHEREAS, to appropriately address the perennial problem of (i) lack of and/or insufficient water
supply, (ii) lack of and/or insufficient potential surface water sources, (iii) insufficient understanding on the
science of water security, and (iv) lack of potential financing facilities and modalities for anticipated water
sector infrastructure development projects; there is a need to design, develop and implement a Water
Security Master Plan for Zamboanga City that will serve as the basis and guidance of subsequent water and
sanitation programs, projects and activities, including watershed management given the impacts of climate
change.
WHEREAS, this Council Resolution (EO) recognizes USAID SURGE’s efforts in the completion
of the Water Security Master Plan as one of the outcomes inherent with the creation of the Zamboanga City
Water Security Council (ZCWSC) as per EO BC 661-2021.
AS IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED, We, the Council Members, the Council Chair, Co-Chair, and
Vice Chair, do hereby promulgate the resolution, “A RESOLUTION FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE
ZAMBOANGA CITY WATER SECURITY MASTER PLAN (ZC-WSMP) AND ITS
ENDORSEMENT TO THE ZAMBOANGA CITY COUNCIL THEREOF”, to strategically address
prevailing water security issues of the city as well as provide solutions, guidance, and directions for
improving overall water security conditions.
The four elements of water security serve as a summary of proposed activities necessary to attain “drought
proofing” of the Zamboanga City Water District and to enhance the potential for service expansion to other
areas. The four elements are essential and recommended to implement simultaneously:
(i) Intensify NRW (non-revenue water) Reduction. Aggressively pursue NRW reduction, prioritize
programs with goals, objectives and metrics to reduce NRW to 30 percent within specified time
period. The intensified NRW reduction is the lowest cost and most climate resilient option
which is envisioned to increase water supply to customers.
(ii) Immediate WDM (water demand management) Expansion. Managing water demand ensures
the ability of the water system to adequately serve customers in the event of inadequate water
supply, making it an important element of being drought resilient.
(iii) Extensive Stakeholder Engagement in the Planning Process. The collaboration among the
Zamboanga City LGU, Water Security Council, Local Water Utilities Administration,
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and other organizations is an essential
component in participatory water planning process.
(iv) Expand Water Supply Sources and Implement New Policies. One of the essential components
of water security is the diversification of water supply sources, including the effective
implementation of policies to protect water sources. The enactment of policies to protect
287
groundwater, watershed and recharge zones are expected to enhance water supply, water
quality and climate resiliency.
ADOPTED, during the Special Council Session in the City of Zamboanga, this _____ day of October,
2021
288