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    Solid State Physics: Crystal Lattices

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    Imam Sudrajat
    The document discusses crystal lattices and Bravais lattices. It defines a Bravais lattice as a regular periodic array of points in space that appears the same from any orientation. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices in 3 dimensions that describe the arrangement of points in crystal structures. The document provides examples of primitive and conventional unit cells used to describe Bravais lattices and discusses properties like coordination number. Common crystal structures like body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, diamond and sodium chloride structures are also summarized.

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    Solid State Physics: Crystal Lattices

    Uploaded by

    Imam Sudrajat
    158 views36 pages
    The document discusses crystal lattices and Bravais lattices. It defines a Bravais lattice as a regular periodic array of points in space that appears the same from any orientation. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices in 3 dimensions that describe the arrangement of points in crystal structures. The document provides examples of primitive and conventional unit cells used to describe Bravais lattices and discusses properties like coordination number. Common crystal structures like body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, diamond and sodium chloride structures are also summarized.

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    The document discusses crystal lattices and Bravais lattices. It defines a Bravais lattice as a regular periodic array of points in space that appears the same from any orientation. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices in 3 dimensions that describe the arrangement of points in crystal structures. The document provides examples of primitive and conventional unit cells used to describe Bravais lattices and discusses properties like coordination number. Common crystal structures like body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, diamond and sodium chloride structures are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    158 views36 pages

    Solid State Physics: Crystal Lattices

    Uploaded by

    Imam Sudrajat
    The document discusses crystal lattices and Bravais lattices. It defines a Bravais lattice as a regular periodic array of points in space that appears the same from any orientation. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices in 3 dimensions that describe the arrangement of points in crystal structures. The document provides examples of primitive and conventional unit cells used to describe Bravais lattices and discusses properties like coordination number. Common crystal structures like body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, diamond and sodium chloride structures are also summarized.

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    Solid State Physics

    Crystal Lattices

    What is a lattice?
    A lattice (a Bravais Lattice) is an infinite array of discrete points with an arrangement and orientation that appears exactly the same

    In short: a lattice is a regular periodic array of points in space It is a mathematical abstraction Crystal structure is formed when a basis of atoms is attached identically to every lattice point Crystal structure = lattice + basis

    Auguste Bravais (1811 1863)


    French physicist

    What is a lattice?
    A Bravais lattice consists of all points with position vectors R of the form
    =n1 a 1n 2 a 2 n3 a 3 R

    where a 1 , a 2 , a 3 = any primitive vectors which are not always in the same plane n1 , n2 , n3 = integer value (negative, zero, or positive)

    2D Bravais lattice (also known as net)

    5 fundamental 2D Bravais lattices: (1) oblique (2) rectangular (3) centered rectangular (4)hexagonal (5) square

    3D Bravais lattice

    Another example for 3D Bravais lattices

    The following pict is not a Bravais lattice! The arrangement is the same but the orientation is not!

    Infinite Lattice

    The Bravais lattices must be infinite However, the crystals themselves are finite Infinite lattice is an idealization, if the lattice is finite there must be surface effects But for convenience, we consider the finite crystal consists of N sites: for =n1 a 1n 2 a 2n3 a 3 then R
    0n1 N 1 , 0n 2N 2 , 0n3 N 3 and N =N 1 N 2 N 3

    For any given Bravais lattice, the set of primitive vectors is not unique!

    Another example: bcc lattice

    bcc = body-centered cubic

    If simple cubic lattice has primitive vectors: a x , a , and a y z a Then for bcc: a 1 =a x , a 2=a y , a 3= x z y 2

    Or can be written as another set: a a a a 1= y z x , a 2= x y , a 3= x z z y 2 2 2

    Both sets generate the bcc Bravais lattice

    see Kittel for bcc's primitive cell

    Next example: fcc lattice

    fcc = face-centered cubic

    set of primitive vectors for fcc lattice: a a a a 1= y z , a 2= x , a 3= x z y 2 2 2

    see Kittel for fcc's primitive cell

    Note: element with simple cubic lattice is very rare, the alpha phase of Polonium (Po) is the only known example under normal conditions

    Coordination Number

    The points in a Bravais lattice that are closest to a given point are called nearest neighbors Each point in Bravais lattice has the same number of nearest neighbors, referred to as the coordination number of the lattice Coordination number for sc lattice : 6 Coordination number for bcc lattice : 8 Coordination number for fcc lattice : 12

    Primitive Unit Cell

    Primitive (unit) cell is a volume of space that, when translated through all the vectors in a Bravais lattice, just fills all of space without either overlapping itself or leaving voids There is no unique way of choosing a primitive cell for a given Bravais lattice A primitive cell must contain only one lattice point The volume of a primitive cell is independent of the choice of cell (v = 1/n; v = volume, n = density of points in the lattice)

    Primitive Unit Cell

    The primitive cell associated with a set of primitive vector a 1 , a 2 , a 3 is the set of all point r of the form
    r = x 1 a 1 x 2 a 2 x 3 a 3 with 0 x i 1

    This set usually does not display the full symmetry of the Bravais lattice. For example:

    To solve this disadvantage...

    Conventional Unit Cell

    A unit cell is a region that just fills space without any overlapping when translated through some subset of the vectors of Bravais lattice The conventional unit cell is generally chosen to be bigger than the primitive unit cell and to have the required symmetry In this cell, bcc displayed as a cubic unit cell is twice as large as the primitive bcc unit cell And fcc is displayed as a cubic cell is 4 times bigger than the primitive fcc unit cell

    Numbers specifying the size of a unit cell are called lattice constants

    Wigner-Seitz Primitive Cell

    Eugene Wigner (1902 - 1995)

    Frederick Seitz (1911 - 2008)

    Non-Bravais Lattices

    Diamond Structure

    It consists of two interpenetrating fcc lattice, displaced along the body diagonal of the cubic lattice by the length of the diagonal. It can also be regarded as an fcc z lattice with the two-point basis 0 and a /4 x y

    Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure

    c 8 For ideal hcp structure: = a 3

    NaCl Structure

    It consists of equal numbers of Na and Cl ions placed at alternate points of a simple cubic lattice. It can also be described as an fcc lattice with a basis consisting of an Na ion at 0 and Cl ion at a /2 x z y

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