Elementary

Complex Analysis
Re(sinh z)  
∂ ∂
∂x + i∂y f
5
4
C
C
11 s s 3
6
12
10 13
Cc
f (z0 ) = 1
 f (z) 7 9 14
i2π C z−z0 dz 2
8 1
f (z)
f (n) (z0 ) = n!

dz

C w dz = Cs w dz
i2π C (z−z0 )n+1

Taha Sochi
Preface
This book is about complex analysis which is a vital and fascinating branch of mathematics that has many
applications in pure and applied mathematics as well as science and engineering. The book is similar in
style, structure and objectives to my previous book “Introduction to the Mathematics of Variation”. So, the
book is basically a collection of solved problems with a rather modest theoretical background presented in
the main text and hence it is largely based on the method of “learning by example and practice”. However,
solved problems are also used occasionally to address important theoretical aspects and fill potential gaps
in the required theoretical background.
The motivating vision and objective in the writing of this book are primarily to provide a clear, inter-
dependent and well structured exposition of this subject that benefits those who are at the level of under-
graduate in general mathematics (especially real analysis) and have interest in extending their knowledge
to complex analysis. Accordingly, simple language and method of presentation supported by a collection
of clear and well defined symbols and terminology are used throughout the book to provide maximum
transparency and accessibility even though some of these means may compromise the technicality of the
book to a certain degree. Furthermore, many examples and cross references are provided within the main
text and solved problems to enable the reader to understand the presented materials and appreciate their
significance and relations to each other with minimum effort. We also structured and ordered the book
within chapters, sections, subsections and problems in such a way that, in our view, provides maximum
clarity and optimal graduality (like a gently rising stairway rather than a steep ladder or cliff).
The book covers the basics of the mathematics of complex numbers and variables (such as the meaning
and basic operations of complex numbers) as well as advanced topics (like complex contour integration and
Cauchy’s theorem) and their applications. As hinted earlier, the structure of the book is that each topic
investigated within a section or a subsection is introduced by a rather compact (but mostly sufficient)
theoretical background. The theory is then followed by a number of solved problems in which the topic
is further investigated, elaborated, discussed and applied. Cross referencing is used extensively to avoid
repetition as well as to provide essential clarifications about relations and links (as indicated above).[1]
The materials in this book require a decent background in general mathematics (mostly in real analysis
or calculus) at the level of the first or second year of a university program in mathematics or science.
Knowledge and familiarity with the arithmetic and algebra of complex numbers and variables (as well
as mathematical skills in dealing with these topics) will be a big advantage for the reader of this book
although no such background is assumed in the writing and preparation of the book. As indicated above,
the materials in this book have mainly practical objectives, and hence the intended audience of the book are
essentially readers and students of science, engineering and applied mathematics. The book can be used as
a text or as a reference for an introductory course on this subject as part of an undergraduate curriculum
in mathematics or physics or engineering. The book can also be used as a source of supplementary
pedagogical materials used in tutorial sessions associated with such a course.
Taha Sochi
London, May 2021

[1] The cross references in the electronic versions of the book are hyperlinked.

1
Contents
Preface 1

Table of Contents 2

Nomenclature 4

1 Preliminaries 6
1.1 Introductory Remarks, Conventions and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 General Background about Complex Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Complex Numbers and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Mathematical Foundations of Complex Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 General Terminology and Concepts of Complex Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6 Mathematical Representation of Sets and Shapes in the Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7 Graphic Representation of Sets and Shapes in the Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.8 General Aspects and Rules of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.8.1 Relationship between Real, Imaginary and Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8.2 Relationship between Cartesian and Polar Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8.3 Equality, Inequality and Non-equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.8.4 Zero and Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.8.5 Arithmetic and Algebraic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.8.6 Real and Imaginary Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.8.7 Modulus and Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.8.8 Conjugate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.8.9 Reciprocal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.8.10 Powers of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.8.11 Roots of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.8.12 Complex Numbers as a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.9 Limits of Complex Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.10 The Calculus of Complex Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1.11 Complex Functions as Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.12 Useful Identities and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2 Common Functions 100

2.1 Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.2 Exponential and Natural Logarithm Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.4 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

3 Analyticity 149
3.1 Cauchy-Riemann Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.2 Contour Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.3 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.4 Harmonic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

4 Important Theorems 175

4.1 The Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus of Complex Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.2 Cauchy’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.1 Extension of Cauchy’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.2.2 The Residue Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

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 4.3 The Integral Formula Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.3.1 Cauchy’s Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.4 Morera’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.5 Liouville’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.6 The Maximum Modulus Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

5 Series Expansion of Complex Functions 212

5.1 Taylor and Maclaurin Series of Complex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.2 Laurent Series of Complex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.3 Radius of Convergence of Complex Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.4 The Calculus of Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

6 Complex Transformations 248

6.1 Linear Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6.2 Non-Linear Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.3 Bilinear Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.4 Conformal Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
6.5 Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

7 Applications Of Complex Analysis 280

7.1 Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7.2 Geometry and Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7.3 Differential and Integral Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.4 Summation of Infinite Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

References 306

Index 307

Author Notes 314

3
Nomenclature
In the following list, we define the common symbols, notations and abbreviations which are used in the
book as a quick reference for the reader. The list may exclude what is used locally and casually. Also, we
did not include the symbols and notations of standard functions (like ez and cos y) due to their common
use and familiarity, but we included those which have distinct meaning or conventional use (e.g. loge x
and Ln z) to avoid confusion.
! factorial
* (asterisk) complex conjugate
′
(prime) total derivative (usually with respect to z)
∪, ∩ union, intersection
∀ for all
1D, 2D, 3D one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional
|a|, |z| absolute value of a ∈ R, modulus (or magnitude) of z ∈ C
a−1 , k a−1 residue of a complex function (in its Laurent series expansion around a point)
A−1 , n A−1 residue of a product of complex functions
arg, Arg argument, principal argument
C curve (usually in the complex plane)
C constant
C the set of complex numbers
D domain in the complex plane
Df domain of function f
f, F function
f 1 , f2 , · · · , fn functions
f (n) nth derivative of f (i.e. dnf /dz n )
i imaginary unit
iff if and only if
Im(z) imaginary part of z
ln(z) natural logarithm of z
Ln(z) principal value or branch of ln(z)
loge x real natural logarithm of x (as defined in calculus for real positive x)
mod modulus (or modulo) in modular arithmetic
n integer number (possibly restricted, e.g. positive or non-negative)
N neighborhood in the complex plane
p, p1 , p2 powers (or exponents or indices)
P , Pn polynomial, polynomial of order n
r, θ modulus and argument of a complex number in polar form
R region in the complex plane
R radius
Rf range of function f
R the set of real numbers
Re(z) real part of z

4
S set of complex numbers (or points in the complex plane)
S, S1 , S2 series
u, v real and imaginary parts of a complex number in Cartesian form (i.e. w = u + iv)
w complex number with Cartesian form u + iv
x, y real and imaginary parts of a complex number in Cartesian form (i.e. z = x + iy)
z complex number with Cartesian form x + iy and polar form reiθ
θp the principal value of the argument of a complex number in polar form
ρ, φ polar coordinates of plane

5
The book is available in paperback from Ama-
zon:
https://www.amazon.com/Elementary-Complex-Analysis-Taha-Sochi/dp/B09K21BKJ2

It is also available in PDF format from Google

play:
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=7PWBEAAAQBAJ

It is also available in PDF format from my per-

sonal website:
https://tahasochi.com

1
Index
Abelian group, 70 cut, 18, 23, 51, 69, 85, 92–95, 105, 106, 115–118, 158,
Absolute 167, 168
convergence, 212 point, 18, 23, 51, 69, 93, 94, 105, 115–118, 167, 168
maximum, 206–208
value, 4, 7, 41 Calculus of residues, 189, 237, 246, 288, 290, 292, 298, 302
Actual vertex, 274, 276–279 Cartesian
Additive coordinate system, 7, 8, 10, 11, 30, 32, 38, 39, 56
identity, 35 coordinates form, 11
inverse, 35 form, 5, 10–12, 24, 26, 30–37, 39–41, 45, 51–53, 57, 61,
Additivity, 83 70, 78, 86, 107, 109, 149, 160, 168
Algebraic number, 32, 33
combination, 9 pair form, 10, 11, 33
manipulation, 85, 218, 219 plane, 11, 12, 32, 54
operation, 34, 35, 100, 248, 253 representation, 10, 11, 29, 30, 32, 33, 43, 60, 61
structure, 70 Cauchy
sum, 34, 44, 52, 72, 151, 152, 216, 233 -Goursat theorem, 178
Alternating -Riemann conditions, 149
residue, 300, 304 -Riemann equations, 149–159, 165, 168–171, 173, 174,
series, 300 179
Analytic derivative formula, 195, 199, 200, 226, 227
continuation, 17, 214, 282, 283 differentiation formula, 195–197, 201
function, 6, 15, 17–22 inequality, 201, 202, 205
point, 22, 166, 193, 194, 221, 222, 228, 233, 237, 239 integral formula, 195, 196, 200, 201, 246
Analyticity, 18–20, 22, 23, 70, 77, 149, 152, 154–158, 160, integral formula for derivatives, 195, 247
161, 165, 166, 168, 176, 177, 183–187, 189, 190, integral formula theorem, 178
193, 200, 202, 204, 207, 213, 221–223, 228, 229, principal value, 287–289
231, 233, 271 product, 13, 212, 233
Angle form, 11 residue theorem, 194
Annihilation property, 35 theorem, 1, 79, 176–191, 193, 194, 196, 198–200, 202–
Annulus, 19, 24, 221–223, 225, 228–233 204, 225–227, 237, 245, 298
of analyticity, 221–223, 228, 229, 231, 233 Center of
of convergence, 221, 225 annulus, 221
Anticlockwise (orientation or tracking), 6, 16, 30, 50, 90, 91, convergence, 232, 233, 235, 236
160, 161, 177, 178, 186, 187, 192, 194, 198, 245, disk, 200, 213, 232, 255
246, 250, 251, 257, 261, 274–276, 278, 279, 290– series, 214, 221, 230, 232
292, 294 Chain rule of differentiation, 79, 81, 114, 159, 175, 271
Antiderivative, 79, 175, 177, 203 Circle, 6, 7
Applied mathematics, 1, 8 of convergence, 214, 232
Area integral, 179 Circular symmetry, 116
Argument, 4–6, 9–13, 24, 29–32, 34–36, 38, 40, 43, 44, 46, Clockwise (orientation or tracking), 6, 16, 30, 39, 50, 160,
49–52 178, 186, 187, 198, 200, 245, 250, 251, 257, 261,
Arithmetic 293–296, 298
combination, 9 Closed
operation, 34–36 (group), 34, 70
Associative, 29 contour, 16, 188, 189, 191, 194, 202–204, 238
Associativity, 29, 35, 70, 265 curve, 16, 18, 23, 160, 176–179, 183–189, 191–194, 221,
Asterisk (or star symbol), 4, 10 226, 227, 237, 239, 240, 250, 261
Axis of symmetry, 88 disk, 26, 200, 207
form, 212, 214, 233, 282
Bilinear transformation, 264–267, 269, 272, 274 polygon, 274
Binomial theorem, 13, 62, 216, 219 region, 16, 92, 206
Boundary, 15, 16, 19, 24 set, 18, 19
point, 15, 17 Closure, 70, 265
Bounded Commutative, 29, 249
function, 7, 17, 76, 77, 83, 92, 165, 193, 204–206 Commutativity, 29, 35, 70
region, 16–19, 92, 184, 193, 206, 208 Complex
Boundedness, 70, 83, 92, 139, 166, 205 analysis, 1, 6–9, 12, 14–16, 18–20, 23, 70, 71, 280, 283,
Branch, 4, 17, 18, 23, 51, 71, 85, 92–95, 105, 106, 115–118, 286–292, 298
153, 158 conjugate root theorem, 101, 102

307
 function, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16–21, 23, 69–72, 76–80, 82–86, d’Alembert-Euler conditions, 149
88, 90, 92, 100, 106, 119, 120, 136, 140, 141, 147, De Moivre’s formula, 60–62, 98, 283
149, 212, 213, 215–218, 221, 224, 228, 232–234, Definite integral, 8, 79, 82, 161, 176, 237, 240, 243, 287
248, 280, 298, 301 Deleted
number, 1, 4–12, 15, 23, 28, 34, 95, 168 disk, 15
plane, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15–19, 21–23 neighborhood, 15, 72, 165, 167, 282
power series, 212, 232 Denominator, 18, 21, 23, 35, 60, 70, 76, 104, 121, 125, 145,
series, 13, 212–214, 216, 219, 220, 233, 235–237 151, 165, 167, 192, 215, 243, 264, 283, 289, 301,
transformation, 248, 249, 256, 264 302
variable, 1, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19, 23, 24, 28, 34, 70, 78–80, Dependent variable, 16, 78, 84, 86
84, 86, 95, 114, 121, 168 Derivative, 4, 7, 17–21, 79–82, 114, 115, 137, 145–147, 149–
Component 152, 157, 160, 167, 168
form, 11 Derivatives of all orders, 20, 79, 160, 169, 195, 197, 200, 213
notation, 11 Difference, 19–22, 36, 44, 45, 52, 94, 189, 193, 205, 282, 293
Composition of sets, 27, 28
of functions, 19, 21, 22, 92, 151–153, 173, 205, 206, 212, Differentiability, 7, 17, 18, 20, 22
216 Differentiable, 17, 18, 20, 79, 150, 157, 160, 169, 179, 200,
of transformations, 265–267, 269 201, 213
rule of limits, 72, 73 Differential calculus, 8, 78, 286
Conditional Differentiation, 11, 20, 78–82, 100, 114, 115, 136, 137, 146,
convergence, 212 147, 150, 158, 195, 197, 198, 201, 216, 218
statement, 202, 208 under the integral sign, 198
Conformal transformation, 249, 265, 270–274, 276, 277 Discontinuity, 20, 92, 93, 116, 117
Conjugate, 4, 10, 24, 29, 35, 41, 43, 51–53, 57, 101, 102, 159, Discontinuous, 23, 93, 106, 117, 120, 167, 203
168, 250, 258 Discrete mathematics, 298
harmonic, 168 Disjoint, 7, 29, 204
Conjugation, 29, 40, 41, 52, 53, 57–59, 123, 129, 272 Disk, 6, 7, 15, 16, 18
Connected of analyticity, 213
region, 16, 165, 171, 175–177, 179, 186, 188, 190, 193, of convergence, 212–215, 221, 225, 232–234, 236, 282
194, 203, 206, 208 Distributivity, 35
set, 16–19, 79, 281, 282 Dividend, 35, 36, 44
Constant rule of differentiation, 79, 81 Divisor, 35, 36, 44
Continuity, 7, 19–21, 23, 70, 85, 91, 95, 105, 106, 169, 178, Domain, 4, 16–18, 22, 23, 29, 200
196, 197, 206, 271, 282 Dot product, 36, 159
Continuous Double
curve, 16, 250 bar symbol, 7, 41
function, 17–21, 23, 51, 71, 76, 77, 79, 81, 85, 91, 92, 94, inequality, 49
105, 115, 149, 155, 157, 161, 168, 173, 178, 179, pole, 23, 166–168, 225, 229, 241, 247, 290, 294, 302, 303
193, 196, 202–204, 206, 207, 250, 282
line, 168, 271 Elementary functions, 100
mathematics, 298 Ellipse, 25, 42, 51, 161, 163, 180, 182, 184, 192, 240, 256
partial derivative, 149, 155, 168, 173, 178, 179 Elliptical disk, 25, 28
singularity, 193, 194 Engineering, 1, 8, 11, 280
surface, 94 Entire function, 17, 19–22, 85, 100, 105, 106, 121, 135, 151,
variable, 16, 175 204–206, 280, 281
Contour, 16, 149, 160 Entirety, 19, 22, 100, 139, 149, 152, 155–157, 204
integral, 79, 160–162, 164, 165, 176–183, 185–189, 191– Equality, 8, 24, 29, 33
195, 198, 199, 204, 237, 239–241, 243–246, 287, Equation, 7, 8, 33
299, 300 Essential
integration, 1, 79, 160, 161, 175, 177, 185, 189, 239 pole, 166, 223, 224
Contrapositive, 77, 154, 155, 159, 205, 206, 208 singularity, 166–168, 223, 224, 228, 229, 238, 239
Convergence test, 212, 213, 219, 233 Even function, 139, 293
Convergent, 191, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 233, 234, 237, 289, Expansion point, 232, 237
292, 300 Exponent, 4, 13, 14, 60, 62, 63, 70, 105, 107
Correspondence principle, 9 Exponential
Critical point, 270, 272, 273, 277 form, 11
Cross function, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19–22, 36, 60, 79, 82, 85, 90,
product, 36 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 108, 110, 111, 114–116, 138,
ratio, 269 151, 152, 155, 172, 173, 205, 216, 234, 239, 256,
Cubic 272, 287
polynomial, 248, 256, 281 transformation, 253, 256
root, 65, 66, 68 Exponentiation, 60, 62–65, 68, 69, 105, 107, 108
transformation, 248, 252 Extended
Cubing, 64, 98 Cauchy’s theorem, 188–192, 238, 240, 241, 246, 247, 299
Curvature, 6, 16 complex plane, 15, 204, 205, 211, 280

308
Factorial, 4, 195, 213, 224, 237 integration, 161
Field (algebraic structure), 70 Independent variable, 16, 78, 84–86
Finite Indeterminate form, 18, 20, 22, 167
complex plane, 15, 17, 21, 107, 204, 206, 211, 234, 270, Index, 4, 18, 60, 96, 107, 224, 299, 300, 302
272, 273, 277 Induction, 35, 48, 52, 80, 81, 197
group, 70 Inequality, 8, 15, 24, 33, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, 201, 254
limit of integral, 300 Infinite
order, 79 group, 70, 265
set, 16 limit of integral, 289, 292, 293, 300
sums, 13 order, 94
value, 214, 233, 237 sector, 28, 277, 278
First order series, 13, 151, 212, 298
derivative, 20, 196 strip, 24, 275, 276
partial derivative, 149, 155, 178, 179 sums, 73
Fixed point, 249, 251, 252, 265–267 Infinitely
Fundamental differentiable, 79, 160, 169, 200, 201, 213
region, 114, 135 many, 11, 12, 18, 32, 51, 61, 72, 85, 95, 105, 266
theorem of algebra, 280, 281 multi-valued, 44, 51, 65, 85, 95, 105, 107, 108, 147
theorem of calculus, 175, 176, 178 Infinity, 15, 16, 19, 27, 41, 72–74, 86, 95, 117, 167, 204–206,
211, 212, 274, 280, 289–297
Geometry, 283 Integral
Goursat, 178 calculus, 8, 78, 286
Gradient, 159 formula theorem, 178, 194–196, 200
Graphic representation, 26, 27, 32, 34, 39, 41, 56, 84, 86, function, 17
89–91, 187, 198, 199 Integration, 1, 11, 44, 78, 79, 82, 100, 115, 136, 137, 146,
Green’s theorem, 178, 179 147, 160, 161, 164, 165, 175–177, 184, 185, 189,
Group, 70, 265 204, 206, 216, 218, 239, 287, 289
by parts, 287
Half-plane, 19, 24, 26, 250, 251, 254, 255, 263 Intersection, 4, 24–26, 198, 270, 273
Harmonic Inverse
conjugate, 168, 170, 171, 174, 273 cosine function, 142
function, 168–174 element (of group), 35, 70, 265
Heptagon, 103 function, 11, 19, 22, 30, 52, 63, 64, 69, 85, 86, 97, 105,
Hole, 16, 187–190, 194, 222, 274 107, 110, 116
Holomorphic, 19, 21 hyperbolic function, 142, 143, 146, 147
Hyperbola, 42, 184, 185, 260, 261 image (or pre-image or source), 86, 249, 255, 262
Hyperbolic operation, 63, 69, 107, 137, 146, 147
cosine, 19, 20, 22, 135, 139, 151–153, 205 transformation (or mapping), 86, 265, 269, 271, 274
function, 36, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 137–139, 216, 219 trigonometric function, 85, 142, 143, 145, 147
identity, 128, 130, 131, 284 Inversion, 58, 85, 252
sine, 19, 20, 22, 130, 135, 138, 139, 151, 152, 156, 172, Involution, 52
205 Involutory operation, 58
transformation, 253, 256 Irrational number, 105, 108
Isolated
Identity point, 15, 179, 281, 282
element (of group), 70 singular point, 228
transformation, 249, 251, 265 singularity, 15, 21, 104, 165, 166, 168, 283
Imaginary zero, 15, 18, 207, 281, 282
axis, 7, 11, 12, 19, 24, 28, 43, 49, 54, 58, 64, 75, 76, 139, Iteration, 52, 72, 73, 80, 81
152, 161, 250, 252, 253, 256–258, 264, 276, 279,
293 Jordan’s lemma, 296–298
component, 7, 10, 29, 34, 43, 257
function, 157 Lagrange’s trigonometric identity, 284
line, 152, 282 Laplace’s equation, 168, 171, 173
number, 7, 38, 56, 152, 252, 264, 280 Laurent series, 4, 166, 194, 212, 221–233, 237–239, 243, 245,
numbers, 6, 7, 10, 11, 29, 34, 54, 58, 60, 70, 121 288, 291–293, 295, 296, 298, 303–305
part, 4, 5, 7–11, 15, 17, 21, 29, 30, 32–35, 38–40, 43, 44, Least common multiple, 95
52–54, 62, 72, 77, 78, 85, 86, 102, 114, 116, 169, Level curve, 273, 274
171 Limit, 12, 17, 70–73, 75–79, 86, 90, 92, 93, 150, 165–167, 193,
period, 135, 139 196, 197, 211, 212, 219, 220, 228, 236–238, 243
unit, 4, 9–11, 16, 34, 98, 99, 249 Line
variable, 78, 152, 161 integral, 79, 160, 165, 176, 177, 179, 183–185
Improper integral, 286–289, 292, 293, 296, 297 integration, 160, 161, 185
Indefinite Linear
integral, 79, 287 combination, 83, 214

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 polynomial, 85, 102, 103, 180, 192, 205, 206, 248 Non-
transformation, 248, 251–256, 259, 264, 265, 267 analytic, 22, 167
Linearity, 83 analyticity, 22, 77, 155
Liouville’s theorem, 19, 204–206, 211, 280 commutative, 265
Local critical point, 271–273
maximum, 160 differentiable, 22
minimum, 160 equality, 8, 33, 41, 42, 48, 49
Logarithm, 62, 63, 105–107, 110, 111, 217 isolated singularity, 165, 167, 168
function, 18, 22, 36, 44, 60, 85, 97, 105–107, 110, 111, linear transformation, 249, 256, 258, 259, 262
115, 116, 147, 153 removable singularity, 166, 167, 233, 239
Logarithmic singular, 22, 215
integral, 115 singular point, 222
transformation, 256 singularity, 22, 237
Long division, 216, 280, 281 zero, 15, 17, 65, 69, 94, 100, 107, 160, 192, 205, 207,
Lower half of the complex plane, 50, 57, 275, 276, 278, 279, 224, 260, 266, 271, 281–283
289, 291, 292 Numerator, 18, 35, 70, 111, 125, 151, 167, 192, 215, 246, 247,
264, 290, 297, 301, 302
Maclaurin series, 12, 193, 212–219, 221, 222, 224–226, 228– Numerical integration, 239, 243–245, 289
237
Magnification, 251, 252, 258 Odd function, 138, 139
Magnitude, 4, 10, 17, 32–35, 43, 58, 68, 83, 90, 116, 138, 201, Open
204, 252, 256, 272 curve, 16, 160, 183, 186, 187, 189, 250
Mapping, 16, 50, 59, 60, 68, 69, 83, 84, 86, 88–91, 248, 250, disk, 15, 24, 229
251, 253, 255, 256, 261, 262, 266, 267, 270, 272, half-plane, 26
274, 277–279 polygon, 274
Mathematical representation, 23–27, 248, 249 quadrilateral, 277, 279
Mathematics, 1, 6, 8, 12, 14, 22, 52, 95, 100, 149, 213, 274, region, 16, 200, 202
280, 298 rhombus, 275–277
Maximum modulus theorem, 206, 208–210 set, 15, 16, 18, 19
Mean value theorem, 200, 201, 207 triangle, 274–278
Meromorphic, 21 Ordinary
Minimum modulus theorem, 206, 208–210 integral, 183–185
Mirror integration, 161, 164, 165, 176, 184, 185, 189
image, 51 Origin-punctured, 7, 58
reflection, 10, 53, 56, 57 complex plane, 51
Modular arithmetic, 4 disk, 15
Modulo, 4 Orthogonal, 159, 273, 274
Modulus, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 24, 29, 33–36, 38, 41–44, 46, Orthogonality, 159
48, 50, 52–54 Orthonormal Cartesian coordinate system, 10
Morera’s theorem, 202–204 Overdot (symbol), 161, 271
Multi-valued function (or relation), 17, 18, 23, 44, 51, 60, 61,
65, 71, 85, 94–96, 105, 107, 108, 147, 167 Parabola, 25, 42, 43, 49, 51, 88, 90, 162, 165, 184, 185, 248,
Multi-variable 249, 256, 260–263, 273
calculus, 179 Parabolic section, 261
line integration, 161 Parameterization, 64, 68, 176
Multiple constant rule of approach, 161, 180, 239
differentiation, 79, 81, 82, 100, 114 Parity, 139
limits, 91 Partial
Multiplicative derivative, 149, 150, 155, 158, 159, 168–171, 173, 178,
identity, 35 179
inverse, 35, 70 fractions, 192, 193, 216, 218, 229–232
Multiply-connected, 16, 177, 179, 188, 194 sum, 212
Mutually Path
exclusive, 204 alternativeness, 183–185, 189
orthogonal, 273 dependence, 176, 177
dependent, 79, 165, 176
Natural independence, 165, 176, 177, 179, 183, 184, 189
logarithm, 4, 105–107, 109–111, 142 independent, 79, 165, 176, 177, 179, 180
logarithm function, 6, 8, 18, 44, 60, 85, 105–107, 110, integral, 83
115, 116, 147, 153 integration, 160
Negation, 33, 40, 53, 54 of integration, 165
Negatively oriented, 16 Period, 107, 113, 114, 134–136, 139, 281, 282
Neighborhood, 4, 15–17, 23, 24, 72, 149, 152, 155, 157, 160, Periodic, 113, 114, 134, 135, 138, 139, 281, 282
165, 167, 168, 186, 189, 200, 206, 207, 222, 223, Periodicity, 12, 51, 65, 98, 107, 114, 134, 135, 139, 282
239 Perpendicular, 116, 257

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Phase Quadrant, 8, 12, 24–26, 28, 30, 38, 42, 49, 51, 56, 58, 60, 68,
angle, 10, 30, 35, 36, 68 69, 74, 92, 93, 161, 163, 180, 184, 278
lag, 116 Quadratic
shift, 134 equation, 112, 266
Phasor form, 11 formula, 100, 104, 112, 133, 134, 142, 252, 281
Physics, 1, 9, 280 polynomial, 102–104, 172, 248, 256, 266
Piecewise smooth, 79, 160, 177, 179, 193, 194 transformation, 248, 252, 259, 271
Pointwise convergence, 212 Quadrilateral, 277, 279
Polar Quadruple pole, 304
coordinate system, 7, 10, 11, 30, 32, 49 Quantum physics, 9
coordinates, 5 Quarter
exponential form, 11 circle, 68
form, 4, 5, 8, 10–12, 18, 24, 26, 30–37, 40, 43, 44, 46, disk, 24, 27
51–53, 56, 57, 59–61, 70, 78, 92, 95, 100, 101, 105, ellipse, 161, 163, 180, 184
107, 108, 113, 149, 160, 168, 250, 252, 259, 271 plane, 24, 27, 34
number, 32 Quartic polynomial, 281
pair form, 11 Quotient, 21, 35, 36, 44, 46, 52, 99, 151
representation, 10, 11, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 43, 60, 61 rule of differentiation, 79, 80, 136, 150
trigonometric form, 11, 12 rule of limits, 76
Pole, 18, 21, 23, 166–168, 191, 203, 223–225, 228, 229, 237–
247, 288–296, 298–304 Radius of convergence, 212–214, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 226,
of infinite order, 166, 223, 228 232–236
of order n, 18, 23, 166, 223, 224, 228, 237, 240–243 Raising to power, 60, 62, 64, 69
Polygon, 68, 103, 274–279 Range, 4, 8, 11, 12, 30, 49, 50
Polygonal path, 16 Ratio test, 213, 219, 220, 233, 235, 236
Polynomial Rational
equation, 69, 251 function, 104, 168, 192, 243, 283, 287, 289
function, 4, 19–22, 36, 65, 69, 72, 79, 82, 85, 100–104, number, 108
151–153, 155, 172, 173, 180, 192, 205, 206, 216, Real
217, 234–236, 249, 251, 256, 266, 272, 280, 281, analysis, 1, 7–9, 14, 16, 20, 29, 71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 85,
283 92, 94, 100, 105, 106, 108, 161, 177, 179, 204, 212,
integral, 102 213, 215, 237, 243, 286, 287, 289
transformation, 249, 251, 256 and imaginary variables approach, 161, 162, 176, 181
Position vector, 10, 35, 38, 39, 56, 252 axis, 7, 11, 12, 19, 24, 28, 42, 43, 49–51, 53, 54, 57–59,
Positively oriented, 16, 179, 193, 194 65, 69, 75, 76, 85, 92, 93, 106, 152, 253
Power, 4, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69, 98, 105, 113, 130, 158, 223, 228, component, 7, 10, 257
229, 282 function, 6, 8, 16, 19, 20, 79, 80, 82, 84–86, 90, 92, 106,
rule of differentiation, 79, 81, 82, 100, 114, 115 107, 111, 136, 149, 155, 157, 158, 168, 169, 171,
series, 11–13, 17, 73, 160, 212, 217, 221, 232–234, 243, 212
282 line, 16, 20, 72, 93, 120, 135, 152, 204, 213, 259, 274,
Pre-image (or inverse image or source), 86 281, 282
Precedence (of algebraic operations), 253 natural logarithm, 4, 105–107
Prime (symbol), 4, 80, 95, 150, 213, 271 number, 7, 38, 56, 152, 252, 264, 280
Primitive, 161, 175, 177, 193, 203 numbers, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 29, 33–36, 44, 54, 58, 60, 62,
Principal 68, 70, 94, 106, 107, 121, 215
argument, 4, 8, 12, 30, 43–45, 50, 51, 65, 93–95, 105, part, 4–11, 15, 17, 21, 29, 30, 32–35, 38, 40, 43, 44, 52,
106, 253 53, 57, 62, 77, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 106, 114, 116,
branch, 51, 85, 92–94, 105, 106, 117, 153 133, 138, 152, 157, 165, 168–171, 173, 179, 212,
logarithm function, 18 257, 285, 287
part, 166, 223–226, 228, 229, 237–239 period, 139
polar form, 31, 34, 61, 101 power series, 12
root, 65, 68, 258 series, 13, 14, 212–216, 219, 298, 302
value, 4, 5, 30, 31, 39, 51, 64, 65, 67, 85, 96, 105, 110, variable, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 78, 79, 84, 86, 114, 121, 152,
111, 116, 117, 132, 143, 144, 271 168, 175, 176, 204, 249, 286, 289
Product, 4, 9, 19–22, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 44, 46, 52, 53, 66, Reciprocal, 18, 19, 35, 57–60, 65, 70, 151, 205, 208, 252, 258,
80, 99, 102, 104, 112, 130, 151, 152, 155, 157, 158, 263, 265, 267, 272, 280
173, 205, 214, 233–235, 246, 257, 299 function, 58, 272
rule of differentiation, 20, 79–82, 115, 150 transformation, 252, 263, 265, 267
rule of limits, 72 Reciprocation, 52, 58, 59, 253
Projection, 43, 74, 257, 258, 273 Rectangular form, 11
Punctured disk, 15, 221, 223, 228 Reflection, 248, 249, 258, 270
Pure across line, 249, 256
imaginary number, 10, 11 in the x axis, 10, 56
mathematics, 1, 6, 8 in the y axis, 56
in the imaginary axis, 250, 253, 256–258

311
 in the line x = a, 256 circle, 64, 68, 181, 184, 289–295, 298
in the line y = −x, 256 circular arc, 293
in the line y = ax + b, 257, 258 ellipse, 182
in the line y = b, 257 inequality, 8, 44, 49, 207
in the line y = x, 256 infinite strip, 24, 274, 275, 277
in the origin, 56, 250, 253, 254, 257 line, 29, 51, 60, 64, 68, 69, 118, 276
in the real axis, 53, 57, 59, 250, 253, 256–258 major axis, 161
Reflexive, 29 minor axis, 161
Reflexivity, 29 strip, 275
Region, 4, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25 Sequence, 212
of analyticity, 160, 183–185, 187, 231 Series, 4, 5, 11–14, 17, 73, 212–214, 298, 299
of convergence, 222 expansion, 4, 11–14, 166, 194, 212–214, 216–219, 221,
Regular, 21 223, 224, 226, 228, 232–235, 237, 288, 291–293,
polygon, 68, 103 295, 296, 298
Relatively prime, 95 Set of
Removable singularity, 165–167, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 233, analytic functions, 20
236–239, 243, 244 bilinear transformations, 265
Removal of branch cut, 23, 93, 105, 106, 115, 158 complex numbers, 4, 5, 9, 29, 34, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 70,
Residue, 4, 194, 223, 237–246, 288, 291–293, 295, 296, 298– 215
305 continuous functions, 20
theorem, 194, 237–240, 243–247, 286, 298 imaginary numbers, 54, 70
Reversibility, 83 real numbers, 4, 9, 54, 70
Rhombus, 6, 190, 208, 275–277 unity numbers, 33, 34
Riemann surface, 94, 95, 118 Sheet (representing branch), 94, 95, 118
Ring, 19, 24, 27 Simple
Root, 65–70, 85, 94, 98, 100–104, 107, 167, 251, 258, 280, connectivity, 189, 194
281, 283, 291, 295 curve (or contour), 16, 179, 189, 194, 198, 237, 239, 240,
Rooting, 65, 69 250
Rotation, 6, 11, 30, 35, 38, 39, 50, 56, 68, 138, 248, 250–254, pole, 23, 166–168, 224, 229, 240–242, 245–247, 288, 291,
256, 257, 259, 265, 271, 272, 278, 279 293–295, 298, 301–304
Rules of polygon, 274
complex numbers, 28, 108 zero, 18, 23, 242
complex variables, 80 Simply-connected, 16, 19, 79, 165, 171, 175–177, 179, 186,
conjugation, 52, 123, 129 188, 190, 193, 194, 203
differentiation, 79, 80, 82, 100, 114, 115, 136, 137, 146, Single-
147, 150, 158 valued function, 17, 18, 21, 23, 30, 51, 60, 61, 79, 85,
exponents, 14, 65, 70 94, 95, 105, 107, 108, 117, 147, 270–273
indices, 96, 107 variable function, 86
inequalities, 201 Singular
integration, 82, 115, 136, 137, 146, 147 function, 17–20, 22, 165, 176, 224
limits, 71–73, 76, 79, 91 point, 15, 18, 165–167, 221, 222, 228
logarithms, 63, 105, 107, 217 Singularity, 15, 18, 21–23, 104, 121, 142, 143, 165–168
manipulating i, 9 Slope, 103, 257
mathematics, 95 Solutions, 42, 50, 55, 100, 103, 252, 255, 266, 281, 283
modulus and argument, 43 Source (or inverse image or pre-image), 86, 249–252, 255, 256,
polynomial functions, 100 261–263, 272, 273
real analysis, 9 Spiral, 49, 94
real exponential functions, 14 Square, 6, 16, 25, 28, 88, 89, 91, 92, 103, 104, 161, 162, 190,
real numbers, 70 208–210, 270
real series, 212 root, 9, 10, 18, 21, 43, 65, 66, 68, 92, 94, 98, 99, 142,
trigonometric functions, 136 234, 253
Squaring, 64, 98, 131, 253
Scalar, 7, 78, 86, 161, 271 Stokes theorem, 179
Scaling, 35, 59, 60, 66, 250, 252–256, 258, 259, 265, 271, 272, Strip, 18, 19, 24, 114, 135, 274–277
301 Subset of
rule of limits, 72 complex numbers, 9, 29, 33, 58, 68, 70, 106, 215
Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, 249, 274–279 complex plane, 19, 248
Science, 1, 8, 299 continuous functions, 20
Second order paired harmonic functions, 168
derivative, 7, 20 Sum, 10, 11, 13, 19–21, 34–36, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 73, 81, 83,
differentiability, 7 92, 95, 151, 152, 212
partial derivative, 168, 173 rule of differentiation, 79, 81, 82, 100, 114, 115
Sector, 28, 277, 278 rule of exponents, 14
Semi- rule of limits, 72, 73, 91
axes, 25, 28, 42 Summation, 44, 298

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Symmetric, 29, 42, 243, 260, 273, 293, 296 Unity, 21, 33, 34, 38, 52, 250, 286
Symmetry, 29, 88, 116, 293 imaginary numbers, 34
real numbers, 34
Taking Upper
ith root, 68 bound, 193, 201, 205, 302
nth root, 65, 69 half of the complex plane, 50, 57, 274–279, 289–291,
absolute value, 7 293–296
argument, 50 limit, 201
conjugate, 102, 258
cubic root, 68 Vector, 7, 10, 35, 36, 38, 39, 56, 68, 252, 271, 272
exponential, 111 Virtual vertex, 274
imaginary component, 43, 257
imaginary part, 43 w complex plane, 16
inverse, 11
least common multiple, 95 z complex plane, 16
limit, 86 Zero, 33–35, 40, 70
logarithm, 62–64, 107 of function, 18, 208, 224
modulus, 7, 50, 52, 201, 272 of order n, 18, 224
natural logarithm, 110, 111, 142 Zeros (or solutions or roots), 65, 69, 100, 104, 133, 139, 167,
negative of argument, 52, 58 168, 207, 215, 242, 280, 281, 283, 290, 291, 295
negative of imaginary part, 52
partial derivative, 169
principal argument, 50, 51
real part, 43, 52, 57, 257
reciprocal, 58, 59
reciprocal of modulus, 58
root, 65, 69
square root, 43, 68, 234, 253
Tangent, 45, 270, 272
vector, 271, 272
Taylor series, 17, 160, 166, 193, 201, 212–216, 218–228, 230–
233, 235–237, 239, 243, 282
Termwise
differentiation, 212, 214–216, 218
integration, 212, 215, 216, 218
Total derivative, 4, 80, 150
Transformation, 16, 84, 86, 88, 248, 252, 256, 264, 270, 274
Transitive, 29
Transitivity, 29
Translation, 248–254, 256–259, 265
Triangle, 25, 180, 181, 183, 192, 240, 260, 261, 270, 274–278
inequality, 44
Trigonometric
cosine, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 51, 107, 139, 151, 152, 172,
181, 204, 205, 282
function, 36, 85, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 136–139, 205,
216, 219, 248, 287
identity, 14, 39, 45, 60, 98, 125, 128, 130, 284
sine, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 51, 107, 138, 139, 151–153, 204,
205, 282
transformation, 248, 253, 256
Trigonometry, 283
Triple pole, 166, 224, 229

Unbounded
function, 17, 22, 139, 204–206
region, 16–19
Uniform convergence, 212
Union, 4, 9, 18, 19, 25, 26, 28, 29, 83, 185–187, 203, 283, 290,
293, 294
Uniqueness, 17, 33, 71, 85, 106, 223
Unit
circle, 7, 24, 58–60, 64, 65, 68, 69, 161, 162, 178, 185,
189, 201, 202, 239, 243, 244, 268, 287
disk, 7, 28, 210, 220, 232, 234, 252, 282

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Author Notes
• All copyrights of this book are held by the author.
• This book, like any other academic document, is protected by the terms and conditions of the universally
recognized intellectual property rights. Hence, any quotation or use of any part of the book should be
acknowledged and cited according to the scholarly approved traditions.
• This book is totally made and prepared by the author including all the graphic illustrations, indexing,
typesetting, book cover, and overall design.

314