”The Feasibility of Nymphaea Green Bags: Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) Leaves and

Banana Leaves as a Waterproof Paper Bag”

Researchers:
Baniel, Lyssa Mae E.
Cernechez, Christine Ann A.
Excija, Samantha Lianna Daine
Fabia, Mae Ann D.
Manaman, Sean Kyle S.
Misal, Janahbelle M.
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION:
1.1.Background of The Study:
In today’s world plastics has had numerous negative effects on our environment and
health. The long-term utilization and exposure of plastics and plastic items to high temperatures
can lead to filtering of poisonous chemical constituents into nourishment, drinks and water.
Aimless transfer of plastic on arrives and open discuss burning can lead to the discharge of
poisonous chemicals into the discuss causing open wellbeing risks (Alabi, 2019). Furthermore,
plastics also contribute to climate change and continuous deterioration of wildlife. Due to the
negative effects of plastics and the advancements in protecting our environment, many
manufacturers and shops turned to much organic and toxic-free materials and methods in
crating their packaging. One of the common alternatives most shops and manufacturers use is
the usage of paper bags for their packaging.
 
The common type of paper bag used is made of kraft paper. The benefits of using kraft
paper is that it is non-toxic and odorless. The kraft paper can also be recycled and non-
polluting.  Additionally, it is convenient for compound processing because the mechanical parts
of the product have a good performance and cushioning (Jialan Package, 2022). However, kraft
paper is vulnerable to water. Its vulnerability to water can be an inconvenience when it is raining
or when the item you're going to put on is wet. Moreover, some paper bags made out of kraft
paper are thin and easy to tear apart.
 
This study aims to create a waterproof paper bag out of banana and taro leaves. Banana
plants are common in tropical regions of the world. The banana plant also grows in many parts
of the Philippines that makes it easy to attain. Apart from that, banana leaves are sustainable,
compostable, and biodegradable, which make them 100% environment-friendly (Wilson, 2019).
Moreover, banana leaves have a wax-like coating that gives it a water-proof quality (Mostafa,
2021).
 
On the other hand,  the taro plant or also known as the elephant plant is a tropical and
subtropical plant that is native to Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, it is locally known as gabi in
the wild or profusely planted (Albert, 2022). The heart-shaped leaves of the taro plant have a
hydrophobic quality that creates a waterproof quality (Kumar & Rajneesh, 2022). Furthermore,
the researchers will use jackfruit latex or sap to strongly bind together the ground banana and
taro leaves to make the paper bag firm. Jackfruit latex is an extremely sticky and contains
natural rubber. You can find latex in all parts of the Jackfruit (Hannah, 2018).

1.2. Statement of The Problem:

The study entitled “ The Feasibility of Banana Leaves and Taro (Colocasia Esculenta)
Leaves as a Material for a Waterproof Paper Bag” aimed to determine the feasibility of banana
leaves and taro leaves in creating a waterproof paper bag.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1.What is the effectiveness of taro (Colocasia Esculenta) and banana leaves as material for a
waterproof Paper bag in terms of:
a. Tensile strength
b. Tear strength
2.Does the amount of taro leaves have a significant effect to the waterproof
characteristics of the paper bag?
3. What is the effect of jackfruit latex to the paper bag in terms of:
a. Color
b. Odor
c. Texture

1.3.Hypotheses:
H0: The amount of Taro leaves and the application of jackfruit latex has no significant effect to
the texture and waterproof quality of the paper bag.

H1: The amount of Taro leaves and the application of jackfruit latex has a significant effect to
the texture and waterproof quality of the paper bag.
1.4. Significance of the Study:
This study investigated the feasibility of banana leaves and taro leaves as a material for a
waterproof paper bag, and so to help the following:
Environment. The study may be beneficial in preventing the increase of plastic and lessen
plastic pollution in the environment.
Community. This study may help in providing the community a non-polluting packaging and will
help in raising awareness about issues affecting the environment.
Entrepreneur. The study will help provide a feasible, eco-friendly and sustainable hermetic
material for their packaging
User. The users will have a much convenient and eco-friendly paper bags.
Teachers. The study may help teachers in educating students and making them aware of the
issues that are happening today.
Future Researcher. The study may be of help as a future reference for future researches.

1.5. Scope and Delimitations

The study will focus on the crafting of a waterproof paper bag using the Taro and banana
leaves as a material. In addition, the study will also test the durability of the paper bag and the
effects of jackfruit latex to the texture, odor, and color of the paper bag.

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Studies and Literature
This chapter presents the publications, articles, and research papers that provide
information and specifics on the current subject. These provided the researchers with
information on how to make paper bags out of taro and banana leaves. The papers and
literature cited will help the researchers interpret their findings.

Review of Related Literature

Foreign
Every year, tons of banana stems are wasted as an agricultural waste throughout the
world. The fibers from banana stems are the finest substitutes for plastic and paper. The annual
trash from banana growing plantations will rise. The fibers from the banana stems must be
removed to turn this waste into wealth. Both a manual and a mechanical procedure are used to
harvest the fiber from banana stems. The mechanical approach, which uses a machine to
harvest banana fiber, is quick but generates much less than the hand process. The chemical
combination of cellulose and lignin makes the natural fibers. The pulp and paper industries use
an alkaline treatment to free the fibers from the lignin that binds them to the cellulose. The
cellulosic fibers can be removed using this method, which involves dissolving lignin in a NaOH
solution. Banana waste fiber and banana fiber that has been removed generate various
amounts of banana paper. The remaining west of the banana stem is used for vermicompost
after the fiber has been extracted from it. The resulting fiber will be used to make paper (Patil,
2019).

  Additionally, although the processing has been altered and improved enough to make
banana fiber economically appealing, the use of banana fiber has not changed all that much
throughout time. With advancements in extraction and putting the fiber into a pulp, handmade
paper stands out as one of the major uses for banana fiber. The fibers can be converted into
textiles, mats, woven materials, and handmade papers. To get the required texture and make
the paper suitable for a finished product, the thickness can be changed. Thick papers can be
made to achieve a card stock feeling that is ideal for greeting cards and business cards, or thin
enough for tissue paper. Additionally, papermakers have experimented with blending different
fibers, such as pineapple, saka, and recycled paper pulp (Paper, 2017).

Furthermore, according to studies, the bio-wax on taro's surface, which can be removed,
is what gives it its hydrophobicity. The researchers hypothesized that the bio-wax might be
applied as a coating on paper to make it waterproof as well. The research determined how well
Taro Bio-Wax Extract worked to waterproof paper. It demonstrates how a droplet of water
behaves when placed on the surface of coated and uncoated paper. The absorption rate of the
uncoated paper was 70.58%, whereas the absorption rate of the taro-coated paper was only
18.27%. The study's findings demonstrated the usefulness of taro bio-wax extract in
waterproofing paper (Evangilista et al., 2018). Taro leaves are the heart- shaped leaves of the
taro factory ( Colocasia esculenta), generally grown in tropical regions. While generally known
for its edible, stiff root, the leaves of the taro plant also serve as a staple food in various
cuisines. While consuming cooked taro leaves may also offer some health benefits (Preiato,
2022).

Moreover, according to Topinka (2016) hydrophobicity is greatly influenced by

microscopic textures. As an illustration, the waxy, tiny ridges on the leaves of the Colocasia
plant prevent water drops from adhering to the leaf. If you zoom in really close, you can  see a
water drop sitting on a Colocasia leaf looking like a Ping-Pong ball balanced on the teeth of a
comb. As an added bonus, the water drops pick up dirt and dust as they roll around the leaf,
making the leaf surface self-cleaning.

Local
Notice how rainfall on gabi (taro) leaves just bead up and slip off, this is made possible
by the plant's leaves having a large number of small waxy spikes on their surface that generate
high water shedding to keep the plant from becoming wet. The "lotus effect" refers to the same
water-repelling property displayed by lotus leaves and describes this phenomena. Observe how
butterfly wings don't get wet in the rain and how water gently rolls off a duck's back to see how
this is shared by other insects and birds (Baldo, 2013). According to Gruer (2020) most leaves
are fairly water-resistant. They have a waxy cuticle covering their outside. A cuticle is a covering
composed of several layers of different biological elements.. Most of these materials are
hydrophobic. Hydrophobic substances keep water at bay. The waxy cuticle's primary job is to
stop water from entering or leaving the leaf. As the plant's leaves contain water that is
necessary for photosynthesis to occur, it is critical to avoid water loss from the plant. Plants use
photosynthesis to transform sunlight into energy.

Furthermore, according to Barret (2019) The innovative, environmentally friendly

preservation technique modifies the cellular structure of the 100% organic banana leaves used
as the raw material by increasing its qualities, allowing the leaves to stay green for an entire
year without the use of any chemicals. Additionally, their shelf life is increased to three years.
The improved leaves have improved load-bearing capacity, resilience to severe temperatures,
durability, elasticity, and flexibility after the preservation process. The website for Banana Leaf
Technology also claims that the processed leaves have antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial
qualities that make them more pathogen-resistant. This is accomplished because The method
strengthens the cell walls of the banana leaves and stops pathogenic organisms from
destroying the cells of the processed biomaterial.

In addition, Paper cups, disposable glassware, and even the best to carry bags are
made using banana paper. The strongest long fibers among natural fibers were discovered to
be used to make banana paper, which has a shelf life of over 100 years. Up to 3,000 folds can
be made with it. Banana paper is also used to make a variety of items, including filter paper,
lamp shades, pen stands, and many more. While plastic is frequently used as wrapping paper, it
is not good for the environment. Plastic may be efficiently replaced with banana paper (Admin,
2021). Moreover, banana paper is used in two different contexts. The first relates to the paper
made from the banana plant's bark, which is mostly beneficial for aesthetic purposes. The
second uses the exquisite translucency of this paper to create lights. The fragility of the paper
may appear to be its beauty. Once coated with methylcellulose, it becomes sturdy and
adaptable and may take on various shapes (DimensionAngel, 2022).

Review of Related Studies

Foreign
In the study of Subagyo and Chafidz (2018) the morphological properties of pseudo-
stem fibers of banana plant was investigated. In this study the Banana pseudo-stem fiber was
examined using optical microscopy, and it was discovered to be a multicellular fiber similar to
other vegetable fibers. The banana pseudo-hollow stem's form implies that the fiber will have
strong insulation and absorption qualities. Moreover, it has a low strain at break and is a robust
fiber. Its shiny look is a result of the extraction and spinning procedures. The pseudo-stem fibers
of banana plant have a high moisture absorption capacity and low density. Additionally, in the
study by Yasin et al. (2018) about handmade paper from waste banana fiber, he concluded that
waste banana fibers have very low -cellulose content and high ash content. Fibers, broken
fibers, and nonfibrous cells make up waste banana fibers. With an 8% alkali charge and 120
min of heating, waste banana fibers are defibrillated with a pulp yield of 35.9%. Extracted
banana fiber pulp has a very high initial SR value (65), which rises to a very high tensile
strength. Because of its larger fiber length, extracted banana fiber has an extremely high tear
index. The waste banana fiber papermaking features are highly suitable for making handmade
paper. However, these qualities are significantly lower than those of the extracted banana fiber
pulp. Banana fiber extraction plant waste can be used to make handmade paper, which will
reduce pollution and open up employment opportunities in rural areas.

Furthermore, according to the study of Kalita and Nayan (2018) Colocasia esculenta
bears a bio-wax layer on its leaves that is extremely hydrophobic. By using an organic solvent
extraction process, in this case chloroform, the bio-wax may be removed from the leaves.
Additionally, even when exposed to high temperatures of 95 to 100 degrees Celsius, the
extracted bio-wax exhibits hydrophobic properties. These qualities make Colocasia esculenta
bio-wax a promising material for coating papers to make them hydrophobic. The resulting
hydrophobic paper can then be used to construct biodegradable hydrophobic paper bags.

Additionally, in the conducted study of Ulfah (2019) on the manufacture and

characterization of bio-foam based on a composite of taro leave powder reinforced Polyvinyl
Acetate, showed that that the taro leaf powder had an ideal PVAc ratio of (45:55) wt%, a
density of 0.744 x 103 kg/m3, a water absorption capacity of 1.765%, and was composed of
cellulose, lignin, and OH and CH groups of PVAc, yielding it degrading properties of 91.2% for
50 days. Mechanical characteristics with an elongation of 246.416%, an elastic modulus of
1.449 MPa, and tensile strength of 0.357 MPa. The thermal characteristics with a 350.21 oC
melting point whose outcomes have met the requirements of the traditional brand Synbra
Technology. The outcomes of taro leaf and PVAc composite bio-foam material can be used as
food packaging.

Furthermore, Kabir et al. (2018) tested the application of jackfruit latex gum as an eco-
friendly binder for pigment printing. After testing the sharpness, color strength, the drape and
the color fastness, they concluded that using the binder mixture comprising Jackfruit latex gum,
a reasonable amount of color, strength, drape, softness, and fastness qualities was attained.
The same depth of shade was achieved by employing their proper combination, despite 100%
Jackfruit latex gum giving a lesser color yield on the printed fabric than the synthetic binder. i.e.
80%:20% for jackfruit latex gum and synthetic binder. Several experimental findings led to
recommendations for the ideal printing conditions and formulae for the pigment printing paste.

Local
In the study by Alvarez et al. (2019) they created a hydrophobic paper from the wax of
taro leaf and chitin crab shells and compared it to the commercial photographic paper. In their
study, they discovered that the hydrophobic paper had a dirty white color. This is unlike
photographic paper, which is white due to the regular bleaching procedures used to improve its
appearance. In contrast to photographic paper, which has a smooth surface, hydrophobic
paper, which is manually pressed during its creation, has a rough surface. The hydrophobic
paper is less dense but thicker than photographic paper and it may carry less weight. When
exposed to hydrochloric acid, the hydrophobic paper was only marginally soluble. Alternatively,
when exposed to sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, photographic paper was only tangibly
soluble. Furthermore, the study's findings led the researchers to the conclusion that the
hydrophobic paper that has been developed is better than photographic paper in terms of
moisture content, pH, solubility, and liquid dropping. These out come demonstrates that taro leaf
wax and crab shell chitin may combine to create an acid-free low - moisture hydrophobic paper
that can tolerate most solvent penetration. This method can produce durable hydrophobic paper
that lasts longer than standard paper.

Additionally, Junio et al. (2019) studied the taro leaves as a hydrophobic bio-wax coating
for recycled paper grocery bags. The bio-wax from the taro leaves was extracted in this study
using a solvent-extraction technique, and it was then applied to the surface of recycled
supermarket paper bags. They determined the reliability and viability of the hydrophobic bio-wax
through various tests such as charring, liquid dropping tests and hydrophobicity test. After the
tests they have observed that compared to taro leaves, the coated paper bag was found to have
similar hydrophobic qualities. It was impermeable for water, but marginally and moderately
permeable for HCl and NaOH, respectively. Therefore, they have concluded that the bio-wax
derived from the taro leaves has high hydrophobic properties and is suitable as a hydrophobic
coating for recycled grocery paper bags.

Furthermore, in the study by Aguilar et al. (2021) they used fibers from banana plant
pseudo-stems to make sheets of fabric that were then used to make two different sets of facial
masks with various numbers of filter layers to ascertain whether the materials used to make
them—banana pseudo-stem fiber, polypropylene, thread, and elastic—are workable for use and
biodegradable. The investigation could locate a biodegradable substitute that might be used to
make face masks. This material, banana fiber sheets, was found to have high air permeability
and water repellency, which are essential components of mask effectiveness. However, as a
material, it suffered in that it was unable to have short water absorbency times.

Moreover, the study of Taleat et al. (2021) analyzed the recovered pulp from banana
pseudo-stems and found that Lady Finger paper has the highest paper strength and folding
durability, with values of 20 g/mm2 and 1.68, respectively. Different functional groups, including
hydroxyl (3352–3437), amide (1630-1631), carboxylate (1317–1371), and transition metal
carbonyl groups, were detected by FTIR analysis of the various paper kinds (2009-2044). This
invention would boost small-scale industry, decrease deforestation caused by the paper sector
and create more jobs.
 Additionally, Dizon (2022) studied the jackfruit latex as an alternative source of glue.
According to their study commercial glue and eco-glue have the same viscosity. The
commercial glue spreads quicker than the other one in terms of density. Because the eco-glue
is dirty white in hue and the commercial glue is white, the two glues' colors are rather similar.
Commercial glue has a sour aroma, whereas eco-glue has a sweet aroma. The main difference
between the two glues in terms of stickiness is that the eco-glue is stickier overall.

Gap Bridged
With the reviewed literatures and studies the researchers found local and international
studies about the use of banana leaves as a material for paper making however the studies did
not study the hydrophobicity of the paper created from the banana leaves and its efficacy as
material for waterproof paper bags. Moreover, the researchers found few studies about the
efficacy of taro leaves in crafting a hydrophobic paper that can be used as a material for paper
bags. Additionally, with the reviewed studies and literature, no local or foreign studies were
conducted about the application of jackfruit latex as a binder for fibers.

Definition of Terms
Biofoam - Biofoams are biological or biologically derived foams, making up lightweight and
porous cellular solids
Bio-wax- Bio-wax is a group of water-soluble organic polymers that are manufactured from bio-
based raw materials. It is also manufactured as a byproduct of the biodiesel production process.
Hydrophobicity- hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled
from a mass of water.
 Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
To conduct this study, the experimental methods of research was used. The variables
were divided into two groups (independent and dependent variables) to determine the effects of
the treatments and procedures they will undergo. The dependent variable in this study is the
paper-like material created from the fibers of taro (Colocasia Esculenta) and banana leaves
while the independent variable in this study is the amount of jackfruit latex that would be applied
to the to the paper-like material whilst it dries. This experiment was conducted to test the effect
of the jackfruit latex to the color, texture, and odor of the paper bag. The researchers will also
test the hydrophobicity of the paper bag through a water drop test.

Materials
Table 1

Material Unit Unit Price (Php) Total (Php)

Taro leaves 1 kg 76.00 76.00
Banana leaves 1 kg 70.00 70.00
Jackfruit 1 kg 100.00 100.00
Mold and deckle 1 pc 189.00 189.00
(30*40)
Blender 1 pc 599.00 599.00
Big Pot 1 pc 216.00 216.00
Scissors 1 pc 98.00 98.00
Stove 1 pc 557.00 557.00
Paint Brush (large) 1 pc 76.00 76.00
Sponge 1 pc 12.00 12.00
Basin 1 pc 114.00 114.00
Ladle 1 pc 100.00 100.00
Total: Php. 2,210

Procedures
1.Preparing of the Materials

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Cut the banana and Put it in the blender Fill the basin half way
taro leaves into and blend it and add with water and pour the
smaller pieces and little water. Use the grounded leaves of taro
boil it for 10 min water where the and banana.
leaves were boiled
 Step 6 Step 5
Step 4
Remove the paper-like Prepare a bowl and pour
Submerge the mold and
material from the mold and the jackfruit latex
deckle on the basin with
deckle and let it dry. Place it obtained from the tip of
the grounded leaves.
where the sunlight can its fruit. Pour water then
Use the sponge to
reach it. mix it. Apply it to the
remove the excess
grounded leaves using the
water.
paint brush.

2. Making of the Paper Bag

Step 1

On the sheet produced

from the grounded
banana and taro leaves
measure 3 cm on the
larger side and on the
other side measure 7
cm and fold it.
 Step 2 References Step 3
Measure 7 cm- 23 cm- On the longer side
7cm- 23 cm- 7 cm on
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Using the excess sheets cut the longer part
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