Chapter 16

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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders
1. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

a. Since Freud’s time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have involved verbal interaction.
b. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud’s psychoanalysis.
c. All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment.
d. Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.
ANSWER: b
2. Which type of psychotherapist participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients’
understanding of themselves and their problems?
a. biomedical therapist
b. insight therapist
c. homeopathic therapist
d. behaviour therapist
ANSWER: b
3. Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to improve her relationship with her father. During her meetings with her
therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy discussion, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a
variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing. Which type of therapy is most consistent with this
example?
a. behaviour
b. systematic desensitization
c. insight
d. biomedical
ANSWER: c
4. Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking. The therapist has described a number of
specific techniques using reward and punishment that Claude might try to eliminate his behaviour of smoking.
Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example?
a. biomedical
b. insight
c. psychoanalysis
d. behaviour
ANSWER: d
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5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main categories of treatment?

a. insight therapies
b. biomedical therapies
c. behaviour therapies
d. revelation therapies
ANSWER: d
6. Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks. She thinks she may need to see a therapist to help her
overcome her depression, but she doesn’t want to see anyone who is going to dwell on her childhood and try to
work through any problems she experienced years ago. She wants to see someone who will focus on direct
treatment of her current symptoms. In this example, which type of therapy does Leslie want?
a. behavioural
b. psychoanalysis
c. insight
d. humanist
ANSWER: c
7. What are the two most common problems faced by those who seek psychotherapy?
a. excessive anxiety and depression
b. loneliness and boredom
c. low self-esteem and irrational thinking
d. marital conflicts and a sense of emptiness
ANSWER: a
8. Which component of the therapeutic triad has the greatest diversity?

a. treatments
b. therapists
c. clients
d. caregivers
ANSWER: c
9. Which type of psychologist is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems?
a. applied
b. school
c. clinical
d. counselling
ANSWER: c

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10. What is the main practical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling psychologist?
a. Only the clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs.
b. The severity of the problems that they tend to deal with.
c. Clinical psychologists provide behaviour therapy; counselling psychologists provide insight therapy.
d. The clinical psychologist has a doctorate; the counselling psychologist has a master’s degree.
ANSWER: b
11. Which of the following academic degrees is associated with being a psychiatrist?
a. Ph.D.
b. Ed.D.
c. M.D.
d. Psy.D.
ANSWER: c
12. Which of the following is true of psychiatrists?

a. They have essentially the same education as clinical psychologists.
b. They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders.
c. They are less likely to use psychoanalytic methods than psychologists.
d. They focus exclusively on biomedical therapies in treating psychological disorders.
ANSWER: b
13. Which of the following disorders would be LEAST likely to be treated by psychiatrists?
a. schizophrenia
b. mood disorder
c. anxiety disorder
d. marital problems
ANSWER: d
14. Clive is a clinical psychologist, and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. Which of the following would Clive be more
likely to do?
a. treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults
b. deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace sees
c. take a psychoanalytic approach to therapy, while Grace takesa behavioural approach
d. have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree
ANSWER: d

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15. Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local hospital. He plans to
specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. What is Gilbert training to be?
a. counselling psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
c. psychiatrist
d. psychiatric nurse
ANSWER: c
16. Which of the following modern practitioners are most likely to use psychoanalysis?
a. psychiatrists
b. clinical psychologists
c. social workers
d. counselling psychologists
ANSWER: a
17. Belle has her master’s degree, and she helps people integrate back into the community after treatment in a mental
health facility. Which type of mental health professional is Belle?
a. a psychiatrist
b. a clinical social worker
c. a psychiatric nurse
d. a counselling psychologist
ANSWER: b
18. Which type of therapy is based on interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge, and thus
progress to healthy changes in personality and behaviour?
a. emotive therapy
b. insight therapy
c. psychopharmacological therapy
d. behavioural therapy
ANSWER: b
19. What do psychoanalytic, client-centred, and cognitive therapies have in common?

a. They all require a Ph.D. degree to practise.
b. They are only effective in conjunction with drug therapy.
c. They are each used in the treatment of psychosis.
d. They all promote insight into the self.
ANSWER: d

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20. What happens in free association?

a. Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur.
b. Clients relate the events of their dreams as they remember them.
c. Clients are restricted to talking about their sexual conflicts only.
d. Therapists openly express their interpretations of clients’ thoughts and feelings.
ANSWER: a
21. Mario recently started seeing a therapist. During each session, Mario is expected to talk about whatever pops
into his mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his
therapist encourages him to say it all. With which approach is this technique associated?
a. psychoanalytic
b. behavioural
c. cognitive
d. client-centred
ANSWER: a
22. Which of the following would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the unconscious mind?
a. the content of dreams
b. the client’s attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
c. the client’s feelings toward the therapist
d. transference
ANSWER: a
23. In treating an abnormal behaviour, what is a psychoanalyst trying to discover?

a. the unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
b. inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
c. ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized
d. the environmental conditions that are maintaining the behaviour
ANSWER: a

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24. You make an appointment to see a therapist, and as you are waiting, you notice that a large number of the books
on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Sigmund Freud. Which of the following would you expect this
therapist to do?
a. Emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness.
b. Help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
c. Provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of
your therapy.
d. Use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours.
ANSWER: a
25. Dr. Paat believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated by bringing unconscious conflicts
and defences into conscious awareness. This is consistent with the theories of which of the following?
a. Joseph Wolpe
b. Hans Eysenck
c. Carl Rogers
d. Sigmund Freud
ANSWER: d
26. According to Freud, why do people use defense mechanisms?

a. to avoid confronting their inner conflicts
b. to keep people from guessing their secrets
c. to increase the congruency between real and ideal selves
d. to promote adaptive behaviours
ANSWER: a
27. What did Freud theorize about events that occur in dreams?
a. They have no connection to the client’s real life and thus are irrelevant in therapy.
b. They are symbolic representations of recent events in the client’s life.
c. They are logical interpretations of random neural activation.
d. They need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.
ANSWER: d

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28. Josie has been in therapy for five years. Her therapist analyzes the symbolism in her dreams and other comments,
and helps Josie understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie the dreams. In this case, which approach does
Josie’s therapist use?
a. psychoanalysis
b. client-centred approach
c. biofeedback therapy
d. rational-emotive therapy
ANSWER: a
29. What is a therapist looking to discover by using free association and dream analysis?
a. the unconscious
b. irrational thoughts
c. maladaptive behaviours
d. the conscious
ANSWER: a
30. Which of the following is NOT a Freudian technique that is used to bring unconscious material to consciousness?
a. analysis of transference
b. free association
c. dream analysis
d. systematic desensitization
ANSWER: d
31. Michelle has been having a recurring dream for the past four months. Her therapist proposed one possible
explanation that might give meaning to the images in Michelle’s dream. In providing an explanation for the
meaning of the dream, what is the therapist doing?
a. clarification
b. free association
c. interpretation
d. transference
ANSWER: c

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32. What is resistance, in the context of therapy?

a. unconscious defensive manoeuvres intended to hinder the progress of therapy
b. conscious efforts to hinder the progress of therapy
c. the client’s reaction to sexual advances from the therapist
d. unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their parents’ demands
ANSWER: a
33. Clifton has been in psychotherapy for several months, but during the last few sessions he has been distracted and
inattentive. When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has had recently, Clifton insists that he
doesn’t remember any of his dreams. According to Freud, what does Clifton’s behaviour represent?
a. defensive neurosis
b. resistance
c. insight
d. transference
ANSWER: b
34. Which of the following is an example of transference?

a. A therapist encourages a client to see the symbolism in her dreams.
b. A client starts skipping appointments in order to take control of his life.
c. A client starts dreaming about the therapist and the therapeutic process.
d. A client reacts toward the therapist in the way that used to react to his father.
ANSWER: d
35. Which of the following would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

a. The patient takes charge of the therapeutic process.
b. The patient changes her behaviour toward her loved ones.
c. The patient falls in love with the therapist.
d. The patient moves to a deeper understanding of himself.
ANSWER: c
36. What is the term for treating the therapist as though he were a very important person from one’s past, such as a
parent?
a. frustration
b. resistance
c. reaction formation
d. transference
ANSWER: d

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37. Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately, she has started to express a strong sexual desire
for her therapist. Unconsciously, she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own
husband. According to Freud, what does Tasha’s behaviour represent?
a. transference
b. resistance
c. free association
d. defensive neurosis
ANSWER: a
38. After several months of psychoanalysis, Andy begins to feel intensely angry with his therapist, although the
therapist has been consistently warm and supportive. How would a psychoanalyst interpret Andy’s feelings?
a. They are a result of sudden insight about some childhood experience.
b. They are due to a misinterpretation of the therapist’s behaviour.
c. They are signs of an impending psychosis.
d. They are a result of transference.
ANSWER: d
39. Jorge has been in psychotherapy for several months. When he first started therapy, Jorge had a very positive
relationship with his therapist. However, over the past two weeks he has shown increasing hostility, and he often
yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her interpretations of the things that Jorge says during
therapy. According to Freud, what does Jorge’s behaviour represent?
a. evidence of psychosis
b. evidence that his psychological problems are worsening
c. a sign of transference
d. a sign of repressed free association
ANSWER: c
40. How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?

a. by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings
b. by moving to a new topic for discussion
c. by ignoring the diversion and focusing on the real problem
d. by modelling new behaviour for the client
ANSWER: a

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41. Rogers named his technique “clientcentred therapy.” What belief was he trying to emphasize with this term?
a. The client is in a position of natural status and authority over the therapist.
b. Clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy.
c. Therapists should share all of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with clients.
d. Clients should always be the centre of attention.
ANSWER: b
42. What was the basis for Carl Rogers’s clientcentred therapy?
a. behaviourist tradition
b. psychoanalytic tradition
c. humanistic tradition
d. cognitive tradition
ANSWER: c
43. Which therapeutic technique encourages clients to play a major role in determining the pace and direction of
therapy?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. client-centred therapy
c. rational-emotive therapy
d. social skills training
ANSWER: b
44. According to Rogers, when does personal distress occur?

a. when a person engages in negative thinking
b. when there is incongruence between a person’s selfconcept and reality
c. when unconscious conflicts threaten to rise to the surface of conscious awareness
d. when a person is lacking in self-control
ANSWER: b
45. Which of the following is a primary goal of client-centred therapy?

a. to help clients understand how repressed childhood conflicts can affect their behaviour
b. to help clients realize they don’t have to have approval from others
c. to change the ways clients think
d. to modify clients’ maladaptive behaviour patterns
ANSWER: b

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46. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believed is necessary in client-centred
therapy?
a. genuineness
b. empathy
c. unconditional positive regard
d. authority
ANSWER: d
47. Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients, and she never becomes defensive, even if the clients ridicule
her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, which quality does Dr. Benz display in
dealing with her clients?
a. empathy
b. unconditional positive regard
c. genuineness
d. validity
ANSWER: c
48. Charlene is talking with her father, and she confesses that she lied about where she had been on the weekend.
Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn’t approve of her lying. According to Carl Rogers,
which quality does Charlene’s father display?
a. validity
c. genuineness
d. empathy
ANSWER: b
49. Client: “I’ve had a bad week. I’m really down.” Therapist: “You’ve had some unpleasant experiences lately and
are feeling quite depressed as a result.” What is the therapist’s statement in this interaction intended to
communicate to the client?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. empathy
c. interpretation
d. genuineness
ANSWER: b

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50. Lance tells his therapist, “My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what
happens to me.” Lance’s therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about him, but she tells
him, “I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be difficult for you to deal with your
feelings of abandonment.” In this interaction, what quality does Lance’s therapist display?
a. clarification
c. empathy
d. genuineness
ANSWER: c
51. Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a client-centred therapist in treating a
chronically anxious client?
a. “Let’s see if we can identify the irrational beliefs that are producing your anxiety.”
b. “So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”
c. “Let’s look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your anxiety.”
d. “Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support when you were a child?”
ANSWER: b
52. Dr. Yosef is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He often acts as a sounding board,
restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and
problems. Which type of therapist does Dr. Yosef appear to be?
a. a psychoanalyst
b. a rational-emotive therapist
c. a client-centred therapist
d. a cognitive behaviourist
ANSWER: c
53. What is the key task for the therapist in client-centred therapy?
a. clarification
b. cognitive evaluation
c. behaviour modification
d. interpretation
ANSWER: a

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54. Emotionfocused couples’ therapy is a treatment approach developed by Greenberg and Johnson in which
couples are encouraged to identify their needs and express their needs. Which of the following approaches is this
therapy based on?
a. rational-emotive therapy
b. psychoanalysis
c. client-centred therapy
d. cognitive-behavioural therapy
ANSWER: c
55. Gerry has been diagnosed with depression and is seeing a therapist. His therapist encourages Gerry to think
about his strengths, and has asked him to keep a journal in which he notes all the good things that happen to him.
Which approach is Gerry’s therapist using?
a. positive psychotherapy
b. behavioural therapy
c. systematic desensitization
d. psychoanalysis
ANSWER: a
56. In therapy, Sarah is learning to appreciate the little things in her life and to focus on personal growth. Which of
the following theoretical approaches is consistent with this type of therapy?
a. psychodynamic theory
c. behaviourism
d. positive psychology
ANSWER: d
57. What is the most important role for group members in group therapy?
a. reduce both transference and resistance
b. challenge one another’s false belief structures
c. increase conformity and compliance
d. provide acceptance and emotional support
ANSWER: d

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58. What is the therapist’s role in group therapy?
a. to function as just another client
b. to be authoritative and provide clear structure and boundaries for each client
c. to observe the interactions of the group by keeping therapeutic distance
d. to subtly manage and guide the group while participating
ANSWER: d
59. What is the difference between group therapy and family therapy?
a. the types of techniques that work best
b. the importance of unconditional positive regard
c. In group therapy, the clients don’t typically interact outside of therapy.
d. In family therapy, the clients are not expected to provide feedback to each other during sessions.
ANSWER: c
60. What is the term for recovery from a disorder without formal treatment?
a. reified recovery
b. placebo effect
c. countertransference
d. spontaneous remission
ANSWER: d
61. With regard to psychological disorders, what does spontaneous remission refer to?
a. failure to recover despite extensive treatment
b. recovery from a disorder that occurs as a result of formal treatment
c. sudden recurrence of a disorder in a client who had apparently been cured
d. recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment
ANSWER: d
62. Carolyn had been feeling extremely depressed over the loss of her job, and she had considered seeing a therapist
for help with her depression. However, for the past week she has been feeling much better, and has decided that
she doesn’t need professional treatment after all. In this case, what appears to have happened to Carolyn?
a. personal insight
b. placebo effect
c. transference
d. spontaneous remission
ANSWER: d

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63. Given the results of studies that have examined the effectiveness of insight therapy, which portion of therapy
tends to result in the greatest improvement?
a. the first 13 to 18 sessions of therapy
b. any portion of therapy that shows evidence of transference
c. the latter portions of therapy, after approximately 20 weeks of treatment
d. the therapy portion that follows the onset of drug treatment
ANSWER: a
64. If you are evaluating clients’ subjective ratings of changes in their feelings, measures of clients’ behavioural
changes, and therapists’ subjective ratings of changes in clients’ adaptive functioning, what are you trying to
measure?
a. personality differences among clients
b. effectiveness of therapy
c. placebo effects
d. therapists’ professional competence
ANSWER: b
65. When evaluating the effectiveness of insight therapies, which of the following is typically found?
a. Most clients experience spontaneous remission.
b. Insight therapy is only effective in combination with some other therapy.
c. Drug therapy is more effective than insight therapy.
d. Insight therapy is more effective than placebo treatments.
ANSWER: b
66. Which of the following would be a behaviour therapist’s focus in treating an abnormal behaviour?
a. the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
b. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
c. the environmental cues and consequences associated with the troublesome behaviour
d. the ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized
ANSWER: c
67. What does behaviour therapy require?

a. The client must passively accept suggestions for change.
b. The client’s vague complaints must be translated into concrete behavioural goals.
c. The client must develop insight into his or her irrational thought processes.
d. The client’s willingness to take the lead on the therapeutic process.
ANSWER: b

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68. From where does behaviour therapy derive its principles?

a. psychodynamic theories that posit a protective purpose for behaviour
b. research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe
c. the holistic perspective of Gestalt psychology
d. cognitive research into fundamental errors in thought
ANSWER: b
69. Dr. Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated if clients’ vague complaints are
translated into concrete behavioural goals. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Stroetz’s bookshelves
contain a large number of books written by which authors?
a. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
b. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
c. B.F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe
d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
ANSWER: c
70. You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a large number of the books
on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Joseph Wolpe. What should you expect from this therapist?
a. He will emphasize the bringing unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness.
b. He will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
c. He will use counterconditioning to reduce anxiety responses.
d. He will provide a supportive environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of your
therapy.
ANSWER: c
71. According to behaviour therapists, how should pathological behaviours be viewed?

a. They should be viewed as the expression of an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict.
b. They are signs of an underlying emotional or cognitive problem.
c. They can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning.
d. They are the product of irrational thinking.
ANSWER: c

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72. Joseph Wolpe launched behaviour therapy in 1958. Which technique did he develop?
a. aversion therapy
c. rational emotive therapy
ANSWER: b
73. What type of conditioning is the basis for systematic desensitization?

a. instrumental
b. classical
c. operant
d. aversive
ANSWER: b
74. What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization?
a. operant conditioning
b. counterconditioning
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
ANSWER: b
75. If you think about a snake phobia in classical conditioning terms, what term is used to describe the sight of the
snake?
a. unconditioned response
b. conditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus
ANSWER: c
76. When Brett was 6 years old, his older sister hid in his closet, then unexpectedly jumped out and scared him when
he came into his dark bedroom. Brett is still terrified of the dark even as an adult. Based on principles of classical
conditioning, what is Brett’s fear of the dark?
a. a result of counterconditioning
b. an unconditioned response
c. a conditioned response
d. a result of observational learning
ANSWER: c

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77. When Kayla was 6 years old, her older brother hid in her closet, then unexpectedly jumped out and grabbed her
when she came into her dark bedroom. Kayla is still frightened in dark places, even as an adult. Based on
principles of classical conditioning, what term describes the experience of being grabbed unexpectedly by her
brother?
a. conditioned stimulus
b. counterconditioning
d. unconditioned stimulus
ANSWER: d
78. When Ling was 8 years old, she was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as she was walking
under a ladder. As an adult, Ling is still terrified of ladders. Based on principles of classical conditioning, what
term is used to label the sound of the car backfiring?
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
c. counterconditioning
d. transference
ANSWER: a
79. When Donovan was 4 years old, he was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as he was walking
past a fire hydrant. As an adult, Donovan is still fearful of fire hydrants and avoids walking near them. Based on
principles of classical conditioning, what is Donovan’s current fear of fire hydrants?
a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned stimulus
ANSWER: a
80. In systematic desensitization, what type of response is supposed to replace the fear response?
a. cognitive response
b. unconditioned response
c. relaxation
d. defensive response
ANSWER: c

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81. In which of the following therapies would you use an “anxiety hierarchy”?
a. rational emotive therapy
b. psychoanalysis
d. client-centred therapy
ANSWER: b
82. Which treatment method is based on the idea that you can’t be profoundly relaxed and fearful at the same time?
a. systematic desensitization
b. behaviour modification
c. electroconvulsive therapy
d. psychoanalysis
ANSWER: a
83. Which of the following is incompatible with anxiety, and is used in systematic desensitization in an attempt to
recondition phobic cues?
a. vigorous exercise
b. deep muscle relaxation
c. imagined fear
d. imagined pleasant experience
ANSWER: b
84. Bintu is so terrified of snakes that even the sight of earthworms makes her anxious. Her behavioural therapist has
been helping Bintu overcome her fear by having her work through an anxiety hierarchy while she maintains a state
of deep relaxation. What technique is her therapist using?
a. aversion therapy
b. psychopharmacotherapy
c. biofeedback
ANSWER: d
85. Which of the following disorders would be a good candidate for treatment with exposure therapy?
a. anorexia nervosa
b. schizophrenia
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. major depression
ANSWER: c

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86. What is aversion therapy designed to do?

a. remove negative associations using classical conditioning techniques
b. remove negative associations using operant learning techniques
c. remove pleasant associations using observational learning techniques
d. remove pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques
ANSWER: d
87. A therapist attempts to treat a man for his sexual attraction to animals by pairing pictures of animals with painful
electric shocks. What procedure is being used?
a. aversion therapy
b. electroconvulsive therapy
c. extinction
ANSWER: a
88. In therapy, George is shown pictures of children, and every time he begins to evidence sexual arousal, he is given
a shock. What technique is being used?
a. aversion therapy
b. biofeedback therapy
c. electroconvulsive therapy
ANSWER: a
89. What technique is being used if you give an alcoholic an emetic drug so that each time she takes a drink she
becomes violently ill?
a. negative reinforcement therapy
b. psychopharmacotherapy
d. aversive conditioning
ANSWER: d

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90. Stefano loves rich desserts, but he knows that eating a lot of desserts is bad for his heart. He was unable to
control his desire for them until he read an article in a magazine. The article suggested that every time a person
looked at a tempting but forbidden food, he or she should form a mental image of something disgusting. Stefano
has been doing this for the past month, and he no longer finds desserts to be as tempting as they used to be.
What technique has Stefano used?
a. negative reinforcement
c. aversion therapy
d. observational learning
ANSWER: c
91. Heather is a smoker who is unable to quit, even though she knows that smoking is ruining her health. Finally, she
decides to enter therapy in an attempt to control her desire for cigarettes. In this case, what would be the best
behavioural therapy technique to use in helping Heather eliminate her smoking habit?
b. aversion therapy
d. exposure therapy
ANSWER: b
92. Which of the following is an example of modelling?

a. practising a new skill until it becomes easy
b. observing someone who has a skill you want to have
c. gradually developing higher and higher standards for a behaviour
d. providing feedback to another client in group therapy
ANSWER: b
93. Which of the following is a critical component associated with social skills training?
a. behavioural rehearsal
b. biofeedback
c. transference
d. classical conditioning
ANSWER: a

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94. Which type of treatment uses modelling, behavioural rehearsal, and shaping as its major tools?
a. rational-emotive therapy
b. group therapy
ANSWER: d
95. Earl often hits other children when he can’t get his own way. Earl is now seeing a behavioural therapist who has
discussed appropriate ways of interacting with peers. The therapist has shown Earl videos of children resolving
conflicts in nonaggressive ways. Earl has also engaged in role play so that he can practise new ways of dealing
with conflict. What type of treatment is this?
b. social skills training
c. rational-emotive therapy
d. aversion therapy
ANSWER: b
96. What does cognitive therapy emphasize?

a. modifying maladaptive behaviours
b. reliving traumatic childhood experiences
c. increasing the client’s selfawareness and selfacceptance
d. recognizing and changing negative thought patterns
ANSWER: d
97. Dr. Gurk believes that most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
Knowing this, you might expect to find a lot of books by which of the following authors on Dr. Gurk’s
bookshelves?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Aaron Beck
c. Carl Rogers
d. Hans Eysenck
ANSWER: b

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98. You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a large number of the books
on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Aaron Beck. Which of the following would you expect from this
therapist?
a. She will use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours.
b. She will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
c. She will expect you to determine the pace and direction of your therapy.
d. She will bring your unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness.
ANSWER: b
99. Michael feels that there is no point in applying for a new job, because he would never be called for an interview.
According to Beck’s views on depression, what is this belief?
a. a conflict
b. a cognitive error
c. a defence mechanism
d. incongruence
ANSWER: b
100. According to Beck, which types of thought processes tend to produce depression?
a. focusing selectively on positive experiences
b. blaming oneself for things that have situational causes
c. failing to accept responsibility for one’s own actions
d. blaming setbacks on circumstantial factors
ANSWER: b
101. What do clients do in self-instructional training, the therapeutic approach developed by Meichenbaum?
a. They teach themselves new skills, rather than relying on the therapeutic relationship.
b. They learn to develop and use verbal statements that help them cope with difficult situations.
c. They direct the progress of therapy within sessions with a therapist.
d. They learn the skills of psychoanalysis so that they may use the procedures at home, outside the
therapeutic context.
ANSWER: b

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102. Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a cognitive therapist in treating a chronically
anxious client?
a. “Let’s see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your anxiety.”
b. “Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support when you were a child?”
c. “Let’s look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your anxiety.”
d. “So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”
ANSWER: a
103. Dr. Varsho is a psychotherapist who often argues openly with her clients. She is assertive, and tries to persuade
her clients to alter their patterns of thinking. Which of the following is most likely true of Dr. Varsho?
a. She is probably not very successful as a therapist.
b. She is using a client-centred approach to therapy.
c. She is a therapist who uses Beck’s cognitive approach.
d. She is using a modern psychodynamic approach to therapy.
ANSWER: c
104. From which other type of therapy does cognitive therapy borrow many techniques?
a. group
b. psychodynamic
c. client-centred
d. behaviour
ANSWER: d
105. Bryson was surprised by his first psychotherapy session. When the session was over, the therapist gave Bryson a
homework assignment. She asked Bryson to record any thoughts that came to his mind when he experienced a
setback at home or in his job. In this case, which approach does Bryson’s therapist likely use?
a. psychoanalytic approach to therapy
b. Beck’s cognitive therapy
c. client-centred therapy
ANSWER: b

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106. William is trying to simply examine how he feels at this very moment. He is identifying his emotions and thinking
about what is going on around him, without trying to change or judge the overall experience. What is this
technique called?
a. desensitization
b. mindfulness
c. transference therapy
d. rational-emotive therapy
ANSWER: b
107. When evaluating the effectiveness of behaviour therapies, which of the following is supported by research?
a. Behaviour therapies are only marginally effective, even though they are very popular.
b. Behaviour therapies are very effective for treating vague symptoms, but not concrete symptoms.
c. Behaviour therapies are always more effective than insight therapies.
d. Behaviour therapies have good evidence of effectiveness, but not for all disorders.
ANSWER: d
108. For which of the following are behaviour therapies particularly effective?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. major depression
c. phobias
d. vague feelings of unhappiness
ANSWER: c

a. Behaviour therapists have historically placed little emphasis on measuring therapeutic outcomes.
b. Insight therapists generally can measure progress more precisely than behaviour therapists because of the
nature of their therapeutic goals.
c. Behaviour therapies can make important contributions in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder,
schizophrenia, eating disorders, and hyperactivity.
d. The evidence for the effectiveness of insight therapy is stronger than the evidence for the effectiveness of
behaviour therapy.
ANSWER: c

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110. Dr. Ng is a surgeon who specializes in the use of ECT and localized cortical lesions for the treatment of drug-
resistant depression. Which of the following best describes Dr. Ng?
a. biomedical therapist
b. psychodynamic therapist
c. behavioural therapist
d. clinical psychologist
ANSWER: a
111. Which of the following types of therapy is MOST likely associated with a person who has a serious mental
disorder?
a. group therapy
b. couples therapy
c. psychopharmacotherapy
d. rational emotive therapy
ANSWER: c
112. What type of treatment is used if you are using psychopharmacotherapy?

a. aversion therapy
b. electroconvulsive shock
c. medication
d. surgery
ANSWER: c
113. What is the most widely prescribed class of psychiatric drugs?

a. antidepressant drugs
b. antipsychotic drugs
c. antianxiety drugs
d. neuroleptics
ANSWER: a
114. What is Valium?

a. an antidepressant drug
b. an antianxiety drug
c. an MAO inhibitor
d. a mood stabilizer
ANSWER: b

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115. What are the two major antianxiety drugs or tranquillizers?

a. Prozac and Zoloft
b. Valium and Xanax
c. Thorazine and Haldol
d. Elavil and Nardil
ANSWER: b
116. Frank has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antianxiety medication. When should Frank expect to
experience some relief from his symptoms of anxiety?
a. almost immediately after taking the drug for the first time
b. within 24 hours of taking the drug for the first time
c. only after 1 to 2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
d. after 6 to 8 weeks of taking the drug
ANSWER: a
117. Madeleine’s doctor has prescribed a drug from the benzodiazepine family to reduce the severity of Madeleine’s
symptoms. In this case, what is Madeleine most likely being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety
d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: c
118. Brian has been feeling anxious and tense as his final exams approach. He schedules an appointment with his
doctor to find out if there is something he can take to help him feel more relaxed and less anxious. If Brian’s
doctor prescribes a medication for the symptoms that Brian is experiencing, what would it most likely be?
a. Nardil
b. Prozac
c. Thorazine
d. Xanax
ANSWER: d

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119. What is the most commonly cited side effect associated with antianxiety drugs?
a. blurred vision
b. tardive dyskinesia
c. tachycardia
d. drowsiness
ANSWER: d
120. Gil’s doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce the severity of Gil’s symptoms. What is Gil most
likely being treated for in this case?
a. mild depression
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder
ANSWER: c
121. What type of drug is Thorazine?

a. antianxiety
b. antidepressant
c. mood-stabilizing
d. antipsychotic
ANSWER: d
122. Eartha has been experiencing mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Her parents schedule an
appointment with a therapist to find out if there is something she can take to reduce her symptoms. What is the
doctor most likely to prescribe in this case?
a. Prozac
b. Xanax
c. Nardil
d. Thorazine
ANSWER: d

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123. Jennifer’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that decreases the activity of dopamine. What is Jennifer most
likely being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety disorder
d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: a
124. What percentage of psychotic patients respond favourably to traditional antipsychotic medication?
a. 5%
b. 15%
c. 40%
d. 70%
ANSWER: d
125. Which of the following is true of antipsychotic drugs?

a. They are effective in about 95 percent of psychotic patients.
b. They are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical psychotic disorder.
c. They tend to produce an immediate, but short-lasting, effect.
d. They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
ANSWER: d
126. Cyrus has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antipsychotic medication. When should Cyrus expect to
experience a noticeable reduction in his symptoms of schizophrenia?
a. within 2 to 3 hours of taking the drug
b. within 24 hours of taking the drug
c. after 1 to 2 weeks of taking the drug
d. after 6 to 8 weeks of taking the drug
ANSWER: d

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127. Nelson has just begun taking antipsychotic medication to treat his symptoms of schizophrenia. He took his first
dose about 12 hours ago, but so far his family sees no change in his condition. What advice should they be
given?
a. Early changes due to antipsychotic medication are usually not apparent to nonprofessionals, who are
unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.
b. Patients usually don’t begin responding to antipsychotic drugs for at least a few days.
c. If he doesn’t show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of medication should be tried.
d. He may have been misdiagnosed as schizophrenic.
ANSWER: b
128. Which of the following is NOT an effect associated with antipsychotic drugs?
a. better motor coordination
b. decreased activity at dopamine synapses
c. reduced hyperactivity
d. reduced delusions
ANSWER: a
129. What is tardive dyskinesia?

a. a disorder that emerges after long-term use of lithium
b. a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements
c. a symptom associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. a disorder that can be cured with the same medication used to treat schizophrenia
ANSWER: b
130. Colton has been taking a drug to control a psychological disorder. Some of the side effects that he has been
experiencing include drowsiness, constipation, and tardive dyskinesia. In this case, what is Colton most likely
being treated for?
a. anxiety disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. bipolar disorder
d. depression
ANSWER: b

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131. What is the side effect associated with traditional antipsychotic drugs that is characterized by chronic tremors and
involuntary spastic movements?
a. tardive dyskinesia
b. tachycardia
c. MAO inhibition
d. epilepsy
ANSWER: a
132. In comparison to traditional antipsychotic drugs, which of the following is true of atypical antipsychotic drugs?
a. They are less effective and have more unpleasant side effects.
b. They are less effective but have fewer unpleasant side effects.
c. They are equally as effective and have fewer unpleasant side effects.
d. They are more effective but have more unpleasant side effects.
ANSWER: c
133. Why might someone prefer to take atypical antipsychotic drugs rather than traditional ones?
a. They are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
b. They can be used to treat depression and anxiety, in addition to schizophrenia.
c. They seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.
d. They seem to produce more severe side effects, but they work much more quickly.
ANSWER: c
134. Which of the following is a risk associated with the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs?
a. tardive dyskinesia
b. diabetes and cardiovascular problems
c. depression
d. insomnia and hyperactivity
ANSWER: b
135. What are the tricyclics and the MAO inhibitors?

a. antipsychotic drugs
b. mood stabilizers
c. antianxiety drugs
d. antidepressants
ANSWER: d

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136. Which of the following drugs is NOT an antidepressant?

a. Prozac
b. Elavil
c. Valium
d. Nardil
ANSWER: c
137. Andreas has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antidepressant medication. Which of the following drugs
is Andreas most likely to be prescribed?
a. the tricyclic called Elavil
b. the benzodiazapine called Xanax
c. the SSRI called Paxil
d. the MAO inhibitor called Nardil
ANSWER: c
138. Kayla’s doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce the severity of Kayla’s symptoms. What is Kayla
being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. anxiety disorder
c. bipolar disorder
d. depression
ANSWER: d
139. Lancaster has been feeling worthless and unmotivated since he lost his job six months ago. If his doctor gives him
a prescription to treat these symptoms, which of the following drugs would most likely be prescribed?
a. Zoloft
b. Thorazine
c. Xanax
d. Valium
ANSWER: a
140. Which if the following is true of the newest antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft?
a. They also reduce the manic symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.
b. They increase levels of dopamine in the brain.
c. They slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses.
d. They act as MAO inhibitors.
ANSWER: c

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141. Ariana’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that slows the reuptake process at serotonin synapses. What is
Ariana most likely being treated for?
a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. somatoform disorder
d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: a
142. Nancy has just begun taking antidepressant medication to treat her symptoms of depression. She took her first
dose about 12 hours ago, but so far her family sees no change in her condition. What advice should they be
given?
a. She may have been misdiagnosed.
b. Patients usually don’t respond to antidepressant drugs for at least a week or two.
c. If she doesn’t show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of medication should be tried.
d. Early changes due to antidepressant medication are usually not apparent to nonprofessionals, who are
unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.
ANSWER: b
143. Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the antidepressant drugs known as selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
a. The drugs have negative effects on sexual functioning, and patients experience withdrawal symptoms if
treatment is terminated abruptly.
b. They are broad-spectrum drugs than can successfully treat depression, bipolar disorder, and
schizophrenia.
c. The drugs reduce the symptoms of depression, but they often increase levels of anxiety.
d. There are few, if any, negative side effects, and patients can safely terminate their use of the drug at any
time without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
ANSWER: a
144. According to Simon and Savarino’s research that examined medical records of thousands of patients, when are
people with depression at greatest risk for attempting suicide?
a. years after ending treatment
b. in the first few weeks after drug treatment begins
c. in the first few weeks after psychotherapy begins
d. in the month before treatment begins
ANSWER: d

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145. What disorder is lithium used to treat?

a. schizophrenia
b. major depression
c. multiple-personality disorder
d. bipolar mood disorder
ANSWER: d
146. Which of the following is a major drug that has been used to control mood swings in bipolar disorder?
a. Prozac
b. lithium
c. Thorazine
d. Xanax
ANSWER: b
147. Ulrich alternates between periods of elation and depression. Which of the following medications is he MOST
likely to receive to control his condition?
a. Xanax
b. Thorazine
c. Prozac
d. lithium
ANSWER: d
148. Price has previously had several episodes of severe depression, but for the past week he has been euphoric and
hyperactive, and he hasn’t slept for the past four nights. If his doctor prescribes medication to reduce Price’s
current symptoms, which medication is most likely to be prescribed?
a. a drug from the benzodiazepine family
b. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
c. a tricyclic drug
d. lithium
ANSWER: d
149. Which of the following is one of the newest drug treatments for bipolar disorder?
a. fluoxetine
b. Sertraline
c. Haloperidol
d. valproate
ANSWER: d

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150. In comparison to lithium, what is true of valproate?

a. It is roughly as effective in treating bipolar disorder and has fewer adverse effects.
b. It is less effective in treating bipolar disorder but has fewer adverse effects.
c. It is more effective in treating bipolar disorder but has more adverse effects.
d. It is less effective in treating bipolar disorder and has more adverse effects.
ANSWER: a
151. Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the use of drugs to treat mental disorders?
a. Drugs are simply sedating patients rather than treating them, and drug treatments are very expensive.
b. Psychoactive drugs may produce superficial treatment but do not provide a cure, as evidenced by high
relapse rates when the drug is discontinued.
c. Drugs appear to be effective only because they are prescribed to individuals who are likely to experience
spontaneous remission.
d. Psychoactive drugs are all very addictive and there is a large withdrawal effect when the drugs are
discontinued.
ANSWER: b
152. Which of the following may cause the public to underestimate the risk of drug side effects?
a. Patients tend not to report side effects because the positive effects are so powerful.
b. Side effects are inconsistent from patient to patient.
c. Drug companies control the messages about the drugs and don’t publish evidence about side effects.
d. The benefits of psychoactive drugs far outweigh any possible side effects associated with their use.
ANSWER: c
153. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the pervasive influence of pharmaceutical companies on the use
of psychiatric medications?
a. Studies of the effectiveness of various drugs, and the potential side effects, are compromised by conflict of
interest, given that a large number of researchers have financial ties to the drug companies.
b. Research designs for efficacy studies are slanted in a way that enhances the positive effects of the drugs.
c. Psychiatrists risk losing their licences if they do not prescribe medications for serious mental disorders.
d. Industry-financed drug trials are too brief to detect long-term problems associated with various drugs.
ANSWER: c

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154. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy?

a. Many drugs are overprescribed, and many patients are overmedicated.
b. The side effects may be worse than the illnesses they are supposed to cure.
c. They temporarily relieve symptoms without addressing the real problem.
d. Drug therapy is more difficult to provide than “talk therapy.”
ANSWER: d
155. Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)?

a. It is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia.
b. It is a useful method of inducing compliance.
c. It is one of the key components in aversion therapy.
d. It produces a cortical seizure.
ANSWER: d
156. You are watching a documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this
documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the late 1930s or early 1940s, which disorder is the patient most
likely being treated for?
a. epilepsy
b. schizophrenia
c. severe depression that has not responded to medication
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
ANSWER: b
157. You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT). If this documentary is depicting modern treatment (within the past decade or so), then which of the
following is most likely?
a. The patient is being treated for severe schizophrenia that has not responded to medication.
b. The documentary is inaccurate because electroconvulsive shock therapy hasn’t been used since the
1970s.
c. The documentary is an “undercover exposé,” and the doctor administrating the treatment is in violation of
current ethical guidelines.
d. The patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication.
ANSWER: d

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158. Which of the following represents a normal prognosis after treatment using electroconvulsive therapy?
a. significant improvement, but relapse within six months
b. complete recovery, with some memory deficits
c. change in diagnosis from depression to dysthymia
d. significant improvement for approximately 20 percent of patients
ANSWER: a
159. Which of the following is true of the risks of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)?
a. Risks are so severe that the use of ECT has been banned by law.
b. Risks may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment.
c. Risks have been eliminated by modern improvements in the procedure.
d. Risks are negligible, as long as appropriate precautions are taken.
ANSWER: b
160. For which of the following disorders has transcranial magnetic stimulation been successfully used as treatment?
a. bipolar disorder
b. depression
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder
ANSWER: b
161. Which of the following disorders is most likely to be treated using deep brain stimulation, where an electrode is
implanted in the brain?
a. mood disorders like depression or dysthymia
b. psychotic disorders like schizophrenia
c. anxiety disorders like obsessive compulsive disorder
d. motor disorders like Parkinson’s or tardive dyskinesia
ANSWER: d
162. Complete the following analogy: Freud is to unconscious conflicts as Rogers is to ______.
a. catharsis
b. incongruence
c. clarification
d. cognitive errors
ANSWER: b

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163. Complete the following analogy: Cognitive therapy is to negative thinking as drug therapy is to ______.
a. neurotransmitter activity
b. side effects
c. incongruence
d. ECT
ANSWER: a
164. Which of the following is NOT a closely related pair of terms?

a. client-centred therapy and clarification
b. biomedical therapy and aversion therapy
c. psychoanalysis and free association
d. behaviour therapy and systematic desensitization
ANSWER: b
165. Which of the following therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than alter personality?
a. psychoanalysis and client-centred therapy
b. client-centred therapies and behaviour therapies
c. behaviour and drug therapies
d. psychoanalysis and drug therapies
ANSWER: c
166. Which of the following shows the most appropriate matching of therapy to psychological problem?
a. Xanax for depression
b. systematic desensitization for bipolar mood disorder
c. cognitive therapy for panic disorder
d. lithium treatment for phobic disorder
ANSWER: c
167. Which of the following is NOT a closely related set of concepts?

a. aversion therapy, ECT, tardive dyskinesia
b. genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard
c. free association, dream analysis, transference
d. antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant
ANSWER: a

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168. Monica is being treated for depression. She goes to regular sessions with a therapist who uses rational emotive
therapy, and she is also taking an antidepressant medication. What does this example illustrate?
a. eclectic therapy
b. off-label prescription
c. a sham therapy procedure
d. a placebo-control condition
ANSWER: a
169. Which of the following is NOT among recent trends in the field of psychotherapy?
a. an increased emphasis on public education about mental disorders
b. an increased number of crisis intervention services and facilities
c. deinstitutionalization
d. a decrease in eclecticism
ANSWER: d
170. Which technique is most likely to be used by an eclectic therapist?

a. a biomedical treatment
b. whatever approach is quickest to implement and complete
c. one that is personalized to the client’s needs
d. a psychoanalytic approach
ANSWER: c
171. Dr. Agawa often treats individuals who have symptoms of major depression. During the initial treatment, Dr.
Agawa often prescribes antidepressants, but during the course of therapy he also encourages patients to
recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. He believes that drug treatment can be effective
in reducing the symptoms of depression, but only by understanding the causes of their depression will individuals
be able to prevent relapses. Which of the following approaches is consistent with Dr. Agawa’s approach to
therapy?
a. humanistic
b. behavioural
c. deinstitutional
d. eclectic
ANSWER: d

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172. Kelly’s therapist uses procedures including free association, mindfulness, and systematic desensitization,
depending on what works best for the client or the symptom. What approach does Kelly’s therapist use?
a. psychodynamic approach to therapy
b. biomedical approach to therapy
c. humanistic approach to therapy
d. eclectic approach to therapy
ANSWER: d
173. In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and medication—what did
the researchers determine about the relapse rate for participants who received the combination of interpersonal
therapy and medication?
a. It was lower than that for either medication alone or interpersonal therapy alone.
b. It was higher than that for either medication alone or interpersonal therapy alone.
c. It was lower than that for medication alone but higher than that for interpersonal therapy alone.
d. It was higher than that for medication alone but lower than that for interpersonal therapy alone.
ANSWER: a
174. In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and medication—for which
group of patients was the combined therapy most valuable?
a. patients over 70 years of age
b. female patients
c. male patients
d. patients under 60 years of age
ANSWER: a
175. In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and medication—what did
the researchers believe was best managed by the combined treatment?
a. the psychosocial substrate, but not the biological substrate of old-age depression
b. the biological substrate, but not the psychosocial substrate of old-age depression
c. both the biological and psychosocial substrates of old-age depression
d. the genetic substrate, but not the biological substrate of old-age depression
ANSWER: c

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176. Ethel is 75 years old, and for the past six months she has been coping with major depression. Based on the
results reported in the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and
medication—under which of the following therapeutic combinations of treatment will Ethel show the best
response?
a. interpersonal psychotherapy and a tricyclic antidepressant
b. a tricyclic antidepressant and electroconvulsive shock therapy
c. interpersonal psychotherapy and electroconvulsive shock therapy
d. group therapy and lithium
ANSWER: a
177. Which of the following is NOT among the reasons that North American minority groups typically underutilize
therapeutic services?
a. a reluctance to turn to formal, professional sources of assistance
b. language and communication barriers
c. the inability of many therapists to provide culturally responsive forms of treatment
d. lower incidence rates for most mental disorders among immigrant groups
ANSWER: d
178. Natalia is a recent immigrant to Canada who is experiencing symptoms consistent with depression. Various
members of her family, who are still living in Natalia’s country of birth, have experienced such symptoms, and in
each case they were treated by the local clergy who explained that their feelings were the result of straying from
their religion, forgave them for their sins, and counselled them about the need to maintain strong family ties so that
they may not lose sight of their reasons for living. What will Natalia likely do in response to having her
symptoms?
a. She will likely seek help from her local church, rather than from her physician.
b. She will likely return to her home country for treatment, because it is more sensitive to her cultural needs.
c. She will likely seek out a psychologist who is from the same cultural background as herself.
d. She will be forced to ask her family doctor for antidepressant medication.
ANSWER: a
179. Which of the following is an institutional barrier to mental health treatment?

a. Most therapists are white and middle-class.
b. Some clients wish to avoid the use of drug treatments.
c. Some religious beliefs are inconsistent with therapeutic techniques.
d. There are serious side effects associated with many treatments.
ANSWER: a

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180. Which of the following tends to be true of treatment approaches for mental disorders experienced by First
Nations peoples of Canada?
a. They can be effective when they are culturally sensitive.
b. They are primarily focused on biomedical treatments rather than behavioural treatments.
c. They tend to be most effective if they are made available in urban areas.
d. They tend to focus on atypical rather than typical symptoms of disorders.
ANSWER: a
181. Which of the following was established by Dorothea Dix, a mental-health reform activist?
a. the first mental hospital in Nova Scotia
b. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association
c. ethical guidelines against the use of prefrontal lobotomy
d. the Canadian Psychological Association
ANSWER: a
182. Which of the following was NOT a problem with mental hospitals during the 1950s?
a. The hospitals were underfunded.
b. The hospitals were overcrowded.
c. The patients were overmedicated.
d. The staff was undertrained.
ANSWER: c
183. What was emphasized by the community mental health movement?

a. centralized care, increasing the efficiency of mental institutions, and enhanced use of culturally sensitive
treatments within the institutions
b. centralized care, reduced reliance on hospitalization, and increased use of outpatient surgical procedures
c. local care, increased use of hospital facilities, and swift implementation of biomedical therapies
d. local care, reduced reliance on hospitalization, and prevention of mental illness
ANSWER: d
184. What does the trend of deinstitutionalization mean?

a. People with mental illness should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
b. Hospitalization for mental illness has become a thing of the past.
c. The environment inside mental hospitals is designed to be less structured and rigid.
d. Mental hospitals should take increased responsibility for the treatment of all clients, even those who are
not seriously ill.
ANSWER: a

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185. What is the term for the transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based
facilities?
a. deinstitutionalization
b. mainstreaming
c. decentralization
d. exit-transfer therapy
ANSWER: a
186. Which of the following has NOT been an outcome of deinstitutionalization?

a. more outpatient care of psychological disorders
b. an increase in the average length of stay in mental hospitals
c. a decrease in the average inpatient population in mental hospitals
d. an increase in the number of patients who are mentally ill in local general hospitals
ANSWER: b

a. Deinstitutionalization hasn’t had much of an impact on mental health care at all.
b. Deinstitutionalization has been a failure, resulting in poorer treatment for both inpatients and outpatients.
c. Although many people have benefited from deinstitutionalization by avoiding unnecessary hospital stays,
there have been some unanticipated problems.
d. Deinstitutionalization has been an outstanding success, resulting in better care for all clients.
ANSWER: c
188. What proportion of psychiatric inpatient admissions are readmission of former patients?
a. fewer than one-quarter
b. fewer than one-third
c. more than two-thirds
d. more than nine-tenths
ANSWER: b
189. What proportion of the homeless population is estimated to suffer from severe mental illness?
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
ANSWER: b

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190. What proportion of the homeless population struggles with alcohol and drug problems?
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
ANSWER: b
191. Many specific therapies have turned out to be irrelevant or counterproductive when used with various cultural
groups. Which of the following is illustrated by this finding?
a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
b. Behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
c. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
ANSWER: b
192. Some disorders are expressed differently, with distinct differences in symptoms, across different cultures. What
does this finding illustrate?
a. Behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
b. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
ANSWER: a
193. Electroconvulsive therapy was a popular treatment for schizophrenia among some clinicians, but other clinicians
preferred alternative methods including psychoanalytic therapy or treatment with antipsychotic medications. We
have learned a great deal about schizophrenia from the processes and results of each of these forms of treatment.
Which theme does this highlight?
a. the danger of theoretical diversity
b. the value of theoretical diversity
c. the importance of sociohistorical context
d. the subjectivity of experience among individuals
ANSWER: b

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194. Which of the following is true for the different approaches to psychotherapy?
a. They overlap so much that there is little basis for differentiating one from another.
b. They can be used interchangeably for the majority of psychological disorders.
c. They are all equally appropriate for all kinds of psychological problems.
d. They have developed due to tension between competing theories.
ANSWER: d
195. In terms of the relationship between therapists’ professional background and therapeutic efficacy, what have
researchers found?
a. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a therapist trained in multiple
approaches.
b. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a certified psychiatrist.
c. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a clinical psychologist.
d. There is no reliable connection between therapists’ professional background and therapeutic efficacy.
ANSWER: d
196. Which of the following types of therapists would be most expensive for a client?
a. one in a university setting
b. one in private practice
c. one in a human resources department in a large corporation
d. one in a community mental health centre
ANSWER: a
197. In looking for therapeutic services, which of the following should you keep in mind?
a. The therapist’s professional background should be your numberone concern.
b. Most therapists are in private practice.
c. Community mental health centres and human service agencies are good sources of information.
d. The therapeutic services available are essentially the same in most North American communities.
ANSWER: c
198. Which of the following is true regarding the importance of a therapist’s sex?
a. The sex of the therapist only matters if the client thinks it matters.
b. Female therapists tend to be more effective, perhaps because they are more nurturing toward their clients.
c. Clients should choose a therapist who is of the same sex as themselves.
d. Male therapists are more effective for very difficult-to-treat clients.
ANSWER: a

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199. Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more
effective than others. According to Martin Seligman, which type of therapy is best for panic disorders?
b. cognitive therapy
c. medication
d. group therapy
ANSWER: b
200. Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more
effective than others. According to Martin Seligman, which approach is most effective for obsessive-compulsive
disorder?
a. behaviour therapy or medication
b. group therapy or minimally supportive therapy
c. cognitive therapy or insight therapy
d. systematic desensitization or aversive therapy
ANSWER: a
201. What should you look for in a prospective therapist?

a. certification though the APA
b. a therapist who works in an established clinic or hospital
c. personal warmth, empathy, and self-confidence
d. a Ph.D. or M.D. degree and a private practice
ANSWER: c
202. If you feel that your therapy isn’t progressing, what should you do?
a. Question your therapist’s competence.
b. Consider the possibility of your own resistance to therapy.
c. Assume you are not a good candidate for therapy, and drop the idea.
d. Get a new therapist immediately.
ANSWER: b

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203. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the process of therapy?
a. The therapist’s role is to run clients’ lives for them.
b. Therapy typically produces immediate, major improvements in clients’ psychological functioning.
c. The best outcomes in therapy are seen when the therapist and the client are the same sex and are similar in
age.
d. Therapists are only facilitators, not producers, of change.
ANSWER: d
204. Which of the following is an example of regression toward the mean?

a. People who originally score near the average on some trait are measured a second time, and their new
score falls at the extreme high or low end of the scale.
b. People who originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their
new score falls closer to the average.
c. People recover from a mental or physical illness without any form of intervention.
d. People’s expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they receive a fake or
ineffective treatment.
ANSWER: b
205. Felicity scored 98 percent on her first statistics exam, while Baxter scored only 35 percent. Felicity studied really
hard in an attempt to score 100 percent on the next exam. Baxter decided he wasn’t going to be successful in the
course, so he didn’t study at all. On the second exam Felicity scored 89 percent, while Baxter scored 42
percent. Which of the following does this reflect?
a. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect the impact of a selffulfilling prophecy.
b. Felicity is experiencing a “sophomore slump,” while Baxter is experiencing a “junior jump.”
c. Both Felicity and Baxter experienced a placebo effect.
d. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect regression toward the mean.
ANSWER: d
206. Professor Newton gave a midterm exam where the scores ranged from 28 percent to 89 percent; the average
score for the exam was 69 percent. Based on the phenomenon known as regression toward the mean, what
should you expect on the final exam?
a. Almost all students will score higher on the final than they did on the midterm.
b. Almost all students will score lower on the final than they did on the midterm.
c. The students who scored near the mean on the midterm will score lower on the final.
d. The students who scored highest on the midterm will score lower on the final.
ANSWER: d

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207. What techniques do researchers use to help control for regression toward the mean and placebo effects?
a. control groups, random assignment, and statistical adjustment
b. double-blind testing, correlational research, and random sampling
c. longitudinal testing, random assignment, and naturalistic observation
d. cross-sectional studies, statistical adjustment, and case-study research
ANSWER: a
Lloyd
Lloyd is experiencing symptoms consistent with major depressive disorder. In particular, he has a very negative
way of looking at the world. He sees himself as a failure who will never be happy or successful because he has
no skills. This extreme pessimism has caused him to lose friends and his work has suffered. Lloyd’s family has
convinced him that he needs to seek treatment, and Lloyd has agreed. He hates how he feels but doesn’t know
what to do to change things on his own.
208. If Lloyd goes to see a psychiatrist for treatment of his depression, which of the following treatments will he
MOST likely receive?
a. drug treatment
b. cognitive behavioural therapy
c. positive psychotherapy
d. humanist insight therapy
ANSWER: a
209. If Lloyd’s symptoms of depression go away prior to any treatment, what is this recovery called?
a. refractory period
b. placebo effect
c. spontaneous remission
d. independent recovery
ANSWER: c
210. Which of the following therapies would be most likely to directly correct Lloyd’s negative thought patterns and
give homework assignments to change thinking?
a. cognitive
b. insight
c. psychoanalytic
d. aversion
ANSWER: a

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211. If Lloyd is prescribed a medication to help treat his depression, which of the following would most likely be
prescribed?
a. MAO inhibitors
b. lithium
c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d. benzodiazapines
ANSWER: c
212. If Lloyd’s depression does not respond to therapy or drug treatment, which of the following might be considered
as a treatment option?
a. electroconvulsive therapy
b. antipsychotic medication
c. cingulotomy
d. prefrontal lobotomy
ANSWER: a
213. Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic and humanistic brands of insight therapy.
ANSWER: The main similarity is that both seek to enlighten the individual about internal structures and
mechanisms that may be contributing to one’s distress. Differences centre on assumptions about the
causes of the distress. Psychoanalysis focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts, motives, and
defences that are not merely adaptive, but which cause distress or dysfunction. Client-centred
therapy, a representative humanistic therapy, centres on the notion that distress results from
incongruence between one’s selfconcept and reality, which causes one to behave in maladaptive
ways. The aim is for the individual to “get in touch” with one’s own individual nature and to value it
appropriately. Another difference is in techniques. Psychoanalysis employs free association, dream
analysis, and other techniques aimed at allowing and encouraging the emergence of material from the
unconscious, which is then interpreted by the analyst. The general approach in client-centred therapy
is for the therapist to establish a climate that feels safe enough so that the client is free to examine his
or her true nature without feeling it necessary to employ defensive manoeuvres.

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214. Persons suffering from different psychological disorders differ from each other in the extent to which they admit
they need help and the extent to which they are resistant to therapy. For which disorders are patients most likely
and least likely to cooperate with therapeutic interventions?
ANSWER: (This question may only be appropriate if both chapters 15 and 16 are being tested.) Answers should
reveal and elaborate upon an understanding of characteristics of the various types of disorders that
would influence compliance. For example, patients having disorders in which subjective distress is the
main problem should be least resistant, since their pain will motivate them to seek relief. Anxiety
disorders are good examples. Patients with problematic thinking processes might be resistant,
depending on the nature of their thought patterns. So certain psychotic delusions would lead to
resistance, and a depressed patient whose negative attributional style was well entrenched might be
resistant. Certain personality-disordered individuals would certainly be resistant.
215. A major difference between insight therapies and behaviour therapies is in their position about whether it’s
necessary or useful to seek out the origin of psychological difficulties. A compromise position might be that this
kind of information is important for patients with some disorders, but not for patients with other disorders.
Explain why this kind of information might be more helpful for some kinds of patients than for others.
ANSWER: (This question may only be appropriate if both chapters 15 and 16 are being tested.) Answers to this
question also should reveal students’ understanding of the characteristics of the various types of
disorders. Insight therapists have argued that if symptoms are removed, as through behaviour
modification, but underlying causes are not treated, then the disorder is likely to manifest again in the
same or a different guise. Behaviour therapists have argued that there are no “underlying” causes, but
that maladaptive behaviour has simply been learned and ought to be unlearned.
For some patients, it’s difficult to pinpoint a particular behaviour that needs to be unlearned or
modified because the maladaptive pattern has become so pervasive. This may be true in some cases
of anxiety, mood, and personality disorders. For these patients, it may be more beneficial to seek out
the “roots” of the pervasive maladaptive style and, perhaps, to destroy the many offshoots stemming
from these roots. When particularly troublesome behaviours can be identified, however, and when
those behaviours are such that a behaviour modification program can be designed, then this may be
the best approach. If successful in changing the problem behaviour, the patient and therapist might
then want to remain on the lookout for future signs that an underlying problem is manifesting via new
symptoms. If so, then insight therapy may be called for.

Name: Class: Date:
216. Some people believe that all psychological disorders can be traced to some sort of biological malfunction,
especially malfunctions in the nervous system. In other words, in a perfectly formed and perfectly functioning
biological organism, there could be no psychological disorder. If this were true, then the “ultimate cure” for any
psychological disorder would be a biomedical cure. Explain why this position does or does not make sense to
you.
ANSWER: If your set of philosophical assumptions includes the belief that all psychological phenomena are
products of biological activity, then this position will make sense to you. It says, in essence, that the
nervous system is the “organ” of thought, emotion, and personality. So disturbances in these domains
should be traceable to malfunctions in the nervous system. Psychological disorders may follow from
biological problems that are inborn, or environmental events may lead to biological damage, which
then leads to psychological disorder. Most modern psychologists are in this camp. This explains, at
least in part, why the search for biomedical (especially drug) cures is progressing at a rapid pace and,
apparently, quite successfully.
Other psychologists, and students, aren’t comfortable with this position. One argument is that
psychological disorders may indeed be caused by biological malfunction but, just as environmental
events or subjects’ behaviours may lead to biological damage, in some cases environmental events or
behaviour changes (including changes in cognitive patterns) may actually lead to repairs of the
biological malfunction. Those who don’t agree that the mind is a dependent product of the body may
believe that some psychological disorders can exist in a perfectly healthy (biological) organism. In
these cases, therapies that focus on changing behaviour or thought may be considered the most
appropriate.

Name: Class: Date:
217. In light of the differences between the various psychological disorders and their hypothesized etiologies, it would
seem that for each disorder, a particular type of therapy might work best. Discuss this notion, and give examples
using specific disorders and specific approaches to therapy to support your arguments.
ANSWER: (This question may only be appropriate if both chapters 15 and 16 are being tested.) This proposition
makes sense, and there is some evidence to support it. A related point is that the particular symptoms
of particular disorders probably mean particular therapies are better suited to treat them. Here are
some points that might be included in good answers.
To the extent that biological factors have been shown to be involved in the etiology of a disorder, it
would seem that biomedical treatments ought to be most effective. And, in fact, biomedical
treatments have been more effective than insight and behaviour therapies in treating especially the
more severe disorders, such as schizophrenia, and some mood disorders, for which there is
significant evidence for biological causes.
Insight therapies work best for clients who are highly motivated and who have positive attitudes
about therapy. This would seem to eliminate depressed individuals as good candidates for insight
therapies. Sufferers from the anxiety disorders seem to best fit the description of ideal candidates for
insight therapy.
Behaviour therapies have been successful with a wide variety of disorders. This is probably because
most disorders manifest in maladaptive behaviours, and if these behaviours can be targeted
specifically enough to design a behaviour modification program, then the prognosis may be good.
Behaviour therapy would likely be least successful when the undesirable behaviour is pervasive,
vague, and hard to pinpoint. This may be the case with some of the anxiety disorders and some of the
mood disorders.

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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders

1. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

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5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main categories of treatment?

8. Which component of the therapeutic triad has the greatest diversity?

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12. Which of the following is true of psychiatrists?

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19. What do psychoanalytic, client-centred, and cognitive therapies have in common?

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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders

20. What happens in free association?

23. In treating an abnormal behaviour, what is a psychoanalyst trying to discover?

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26. According to Freud, why do people use defense mechanisms?

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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders

32. What is resistance, in the context of therapy?

34. Which of the following is an example of transference?

35. Which of the following would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

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40. How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?

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44. According to Rogers, when does personal distress occur?

45. Which of the following is a primary goal of client-centred therapy?

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67. What does behaviour therapy require?

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68. From where does behaviour therapy derive its principles?

71. According to behaviour therapists, how should pathological behaviours be viewed?

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73. What type of conditioning is the basis for systematic desensitization?

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86. What is aversion therapy designed to do?