GUIA DE ESTUDIO

ECOLOGIA
1er parcial
Amiguitos/as esta es la guia de ecologia.
Espero no reprueben porque ocupo que pasen

Empezemos!
Geography.
Geography is a science that helps us to understand how the earth is structured
and how it works, it was created to explain all the phenomena and facts occurring
around us, such as natural disasters and the social phenomena:

❖ Culture
❖ Religion
❖ Etc.

Geography can also involve the resources of each country talking about food,
culture, topography, and the techno level of different countries ➡️ economically
phenomena.

Geography also studies the characteristics talking about flora, fauna that is
unique and you can’t find it other continents, we can also study the internal
structure of our Earth, or even the structure of the atmosphere ➡️➡️

Internal and external

Important people for geography.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek mathematician, astronomer and
geographer who invented the word geography.

Strabo was the first to write a work called Geographica where he

recognized the Aristotelian works as a basis and described some of the
main geographical concepts.

Ptolemy compiled most of Aristotle’s and Strabo’s work, and based on

them, he wrote some world maps and elaborated an important work
called Geographia, which included ideas of the planetary order.
Marco Polo in the 12th century, the crusades, and of course,
the Spanish and Portuguese explorations, since these travels brought
very relevant information that was added to the existing corpus of
valuable resources.

Alexander Von Humboldt appeared, who was considered the father of

modern geography, and studied the natural factors regarded as a whole,
and included historical studies.

Carl Ritter centered his geographical work on the analysis of cultural,

historical, and economical phenomena. They both already included the
multidisciplinary perspective on their respective research.
Friedrich Ratzel presented a new theory focused on demonstrating that
the physical medium determines the social behaviors. This thought is
called geographical determinism.

Emmanuel D’Martone defined Geography as “the study of the distribution

of physical, biological and human phenomena, and the causes of such
distribution and the local relationships of these phenomena with the Earth
surface.”

D’Martone was the person who established geography as both an

authentic science as well as a multidisciplinary science.

More recently, new and different challenges have added up to geography,

such as the creation of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), which
allow experts to perform simultaneous data analysis and to produce
special models that present new ways of regarding and approaching to
geography, as well as new trails to explore.

“More recently, new and different challenges

have added up to geography, such as the
creation of Geographical Information Systems
(GIS), which allow experts to perform
simultaneous data analysis and to produce
special models that present new ways of
regarding and approaching to geography, as well

as new trails to explore. ”

Geography is a perfect example of a multidisciplinary science that
integrates knowledge from many sciences around it; given that to study
and explain its object of study, the geographical facts, and phenomena, it
needs the help from other sciences.

Geography is also related to Urbanism, which has to do with the design of

spaces in the cities and, of course, with Architecture, one of the bases
for tourism.

Likewise, it is related to History, because it is impossible to understand

how a population behaves as it does, without regarding the geographical
space in which it dwells. Do they have ready access to water? Were their
fields fertile? Do their crops were easy to grow? Were there good animals
to hunt? If the answers were affirmative, the society would be likely to
spend time to develop in its own territory and probably to produce more
and better expressions in every field of their lives.

Therefore, geography is related to many other sciences that support it in its

mission to understand the human activities and processes within its
environment.

Branches of geography.
Physical Geography

Deals with the studies of natural phenomena; that is, those not involved
with human activity, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms or
tornados.

Human geography

Studies societies and how the occupation of territory affects them and the
environment. It supports on sciences such as Anthropology, that studies
the biological and social evolution of the human being, and Ethnography,
which examines the cultural characteristics of society, including its
distribution.
 Biological geography

Its field of study is the flora and fauna distribution and their relationship
with the environment in which they are present, that is, why the
xerophytes (e.g. cactus) prevail in the desert and not in the jungle. It is
related to sciences such as Botany, which studies the plants, their
distribution and relation with the environment; and Zoology, which work
field is the distribution of animals and their relation with their habitat.

Natural and cultural landscape.

NATURAL LANDSCAPE

❖ SOIL
❖ WATER
❖ CLIMATE
❖ FLORA
❖ FAUNA

Natural landscapes are the ones that are not

modified by the humans.
 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

❖ Population
❖ Production
❖ Communication

Geographical Science.
Methodological Principles

 Location
o Latitude
o Altitude
o Longitude
 Causality
o ¿How and why?
 Relation
o ¿Which?
 Generality
o ¿When and where?
 Evolution
o ¿how?

Earth Lines, Spots and

Circles
it is necessary to consider the geographical references, which are
imaginary spots, lines and circles that represent the terrestrial axis, the
hemispheres, the poles, the equator, the parallels, and the meridians.
The Greenwich Meridian is a line of longitude defined to be 0°. It is called
also a prime meridian and it is opposite from the 180° meridian forming a
great circle.

North, and South, is called the Equator. It has a circumference of

approximately 40,008.62 km and is where the solar rays hit the planet
vertically during the year.

The circumferences located at the latitude of 66°33’in both hemispheres,

mark the beginning of Earth’s cold zones. These circumferences are called
the Polar Circles. The circle located on the northern hemisphere is called
the Arctic Circle, whereas the circle located in the southern hemisphere is
the Antarctic Circle.
Earth representations
Cartography is the science used to create maps to geographically represent a
place. It is a way to visualize the geographical phenomena and events that the
Earth’s surface presents.
Types of maps

► Historical
► Human
► Physical
► Elemental
► Specialized
o Topographical maps
o Land use maps
o Geological maps
o Edaphological maps
o Climatological maps
o Urban map
Elements of the map:
 Scale
 Compass rose
 Legend
The earth: a body of the solar
system
 Where is our solar system?
The Solar System is located within the Milky Way galaxy, which has
been studied by famous scientists since many centuries ago, until
the modern theories that are now known. Keep on reading and
discovering more about our galaxy, the Solar System and some of
its components: the Sun and the Moon.

The Greeks recognized that some of those bodies moved, and they
called them planets, which means, wanderers. But the stars were
not watched only by them, the Mesopotamians recorded the
eclipses and solstices in what they called “Venus tables” and
developed a 365-day calendar.

Types of galaxies
SPIRAL:
This ones are made of white stars (the youngest type of stars)
and also bye giant red stars. This galaxies are very common and
the shape forms many “s”
ELLIPTIC:
This one are only made by red stars (older stars), the shape in
an nucleus and a halo around it

IRREGULAR:
This ones don’t have a defined shape, its made of blue and
white stars, also it has a lot of dust and gas.
Universe creation theories
a. The Nebular theory was revealed by the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant (1775) and by the French astronomer Pierre Simon,
marquis of Laplace (1796), and suggests that the Sun, the planets and
satellites (including the moon) of the Solar System were formed from a
gas cloud slowly rotating until it contracted by the gravitational force.
This theory was very famous during almost the whole 19th century,
until the end of it and beginning of the 20th century new hypothesis
came out: the catastrophic ones.

b. The Catastrophic theory proposes that the Solar System was formed
from the Sun when a nearby star approached to it attracted by
gravitational forces. Thus, large amount of matter was drawn in the
form of drops and condensed as to form planets. However, this theory
proposed by the American scientists Thomas Chamberlain and Forest
Moulton, was abandoned in 1940 because it turned out to be naive,
and the nebular theory was again generally accepted.

c. The Alastair G. W. Cameron theory supposes that the Solar System

was formed from the evolution of a nebula that contracted because of
the gravitational attraction between its own particles, and was caused
by the explosion of a nearby supernova (a very old star).
d. Weizsäcker theory assumes that an original nebula was formed by a
disk of hydrogen, dust and helium in rotational movement. The
powerful centrifugal force caused by rotation, expelled a big portion of
gases and dust, which by gravity stuck together and started to form
bigger rock masses, which later would
generate planets and satellites.

Components of the Solar System

Planets: They are dull bodies that are capable of reflecting light and revolve
around the Sun in elliptical orbits
Asteroids: This term refers to rocky bodies, of different shapes and sizes that
orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System.
Satellites: They are small rocky bodies that move around bigger objects,
especially planets
Meteoroids / meteorites / meteors: Meteoroids are little chunks of rock or debris
in space, hey become meteors -- or shooting stars -- when they fall through a
planet's atmosphere leaving a bright trail, Pieces that survive the journey and hit
the ground are called meteorites.
Comets: The word comet means “hairy body” and they are low density bodies,
basically cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock and dust roughly the size of a
small town.
Sun: t is a yellow star (i.e. middle-aged) that even located 150 million kilometers
away from Earth; it still is its source of energy.
Galaxies.
AREAS OF THE SUN
The Sun’s source of energy is the thermonuclear fusion,
transforming hydrogen into helium.

1. Core: is about 15 million degrees Celsius, the energy produced in

the core powers the sun and produces essentially all the heat and
light we receive on Earth.
2. Radiative zone: energy from the core is carried out by radiation,
which bounces around the radiative zone.
3. Convective zone: in this layer, energy is transmitted by
convection. At 2 million Celsius degrees
4. Photosphere: It is the sun surface and the visible part of it, is a
500-kilometer-thick region
5. Chromosphere: It is the atmosphere of the Sun and it is formed
by incandescent gases.
6. Corona: It is the outermost region and can be seen as a beautiful
silver white crown around the Sun with plasma streaming outside,
forming the points of the crown. It can be observed by using a
coronagraph or during a total eclipse. The temperature in it can
reach a million Celsius degrees.

To understand better:

The core is in the middle, then the radiative zone, the convective zone.
After that the photosphere, this is the one that produces light, the
chromosphere is the one that produces color, and the corona is a
little place underneath everything.
Moon phases

Movements of earth:
Rotation: is the one that makes the earth rotate around
its own axis (night and day)

Revolution: is the movement the earth makes in his orbit

around the sun (seasons/year)
Earth
structure
Parts of the earth:
• Internal nucleus
• External nucleus
• Lower mantle
• Upper mantle
• Oceanic crust
• Lithosphere
• Continental crust

Mercalli and Richter scales

This one’s measure the movement of the tectonic plates; this movement produces
earthquakes or even they can create mountains and volcanos.

Mercalli: measure intensity

Richter: measures magnitude

Some people have the theory that the movement of the tectonic plates de Pangea
separate.

Periods of
the earth:
Leyenda de
la imagen:
Lorem
ipsum
dolor sit
amet,
consectetu
r adipiscing
elit.

The atmosphere
Layers of the atmosphere:
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

The main elements in the atmosphere are:

• Nitrogen
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen,
• argon,
• water
• vapor.
Difference between weather and climate:
The weather is a temporal condition
The climate is the predeterminate state of an area.
To measure:
Humidity: Hygrometer
Temperature: thermometer
Wind speed: anemometer
Precipitation: pluviometer
Atmospheric pressure: Barometer

In this image you can see the different types of climate.

THAT’S ALL GUYS, YOU CAN ONLY READ

THE HIGHLIGHTED PARTS IF YOU WANT,
THE OTHER THINGS ARE IF YOU WANT TO
KNOW MORE :D