Agriculture Terms & Definitions

Adapted from the USDA

Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0.

Acre: A parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet.

Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products
useful and necessary to man. Both a “way of life” and a “means of life” for the people involved in
this industry.

Agriculture Extension Service: Cooperative (Federal, State, and County) agency doing research
and education for rural and urban producer and consumer groups, located in each county with
specialist personnel for each particular area.

Agronomy: The science of crop production and soil management.

Alfalfa: A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock.

Animal Unit: A unit of measurement of livestock, the equivalent of one mature cow weighing

1,000 lbs. The measure is used in making comparisons of feed consumption. Five mature ewes a
also are considered an animal unit.

Annual: A plant that completes its life cycle from seed to plant, flower, and new seed in 1 year or
less.

Apiary: Colonies of bees in hives and other beekeeping equipment for the production of honey.

Artificial Insemination: The mechanical injection of male semen into the womb of the female with
a special syringe-like apparatus. The process begins with the collection of semen from the male.
This method is used extensively in dairy husbandry.

Auger: Spiral device on a shaft used to move grain through a tube.

Avian: Pertaining to poultry and/or fowl.

Balance Ration: A ration which furnishes all the necessary nutrients in the proportions and
amounts needed by the animal for normal functioning and growth.

Bloating: Abnormal swelling of the abdomen of livestock, caused by excessive gas formation
which can result in death.

Boar: A breeding male hog, any age.

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Breed: A group of animals descended from common ancestry and possessing certain inherited
characteristics which distinguish it from any other group. When matings within the breed are made,
these characteristics are transmitted to the offspring in a uniform and predictable manner.

Breeds of Beef Cattle:

English Origin: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn

European Origin: Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Simmental

Asian Origin: Brahma.

United States Developed: Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis, Red Angus.

Broadcasting: Random scattering of seeds over the surface of the ground. If the seed is to be
covered, this is done as a separate operation, usually with a spike-tooth harrow.

Broiler: A chicken of either sex about 7 weeks of age.

Bushel: A unit of dry measure (1 cubic foot) for grain, fruit, etc., equivalent to 8 gallons of liquid.
Weight varies with the density/bulk of the commodity. Example: Oats weigh 32 lbs. Per

bu.; barley, 46 lbs. Per bu.; and corn, 56 lbs,. Per bu.

Calf: Young (up to yearling or sexual maturity) animal of the bovine species.

Cash Crop: Any crop that is sold off the farm to yield ready cash.

Certified Seed: Seed grown from pure stock which meets the standards of certifying agency
(usually a state government agency). Certification is based on germination, freedom from weeds
and disease, and trueness to variety.

Complete Fertilizer: A fertilizer containing the three macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and
Potassium) in sufficient amounts to sustain plant growth.

Compost: Organic residues, or a mixture of organic residues and soil which have been piled,
moistened, and allowed to undergo biological decomposition. Mineral fertilizers are sometimes
added.

Confinement: Livestock kept in “dry-lot” for maximum year-round production. Facilities may be
partial or complete solid floored and enclosed/covered.

Controlled Lighting: Artificial lighting of poultry housing. Increasing or decreasing the number of
hours of light during the day will control sexual maturity, fertility, and molt.

Cooperative: An organization formed for the purpose of production and marketing of goods or
products owned collectively by members who share in the benefits. Most common examples in
agriculture are canneries and creameries.

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Crop Rotation: More or less regular recurrent succession of different crops on the same land for
the purpose of maintaining good yields.

CWT: Hundredweight or 100 pounds.

Double Crop: Two different crops grown on the same area in one growing season.

Drainage: The removal of excess surface water or excess water from within the soil by means of
surface or sub-surface drains.

Drilling: The process of opening the soil to receive the seed, planting the seed and covering it in a
single operation.

Dry Cow: A cow that is not producing milk, the period before the next calving and lactation.

Dry Land Farming: The practice of crop production without irrigation.

Erosion: The wearing away of the land surface, usually by running water or wind.

Feed Lots:

1. Dry Lot Feeding: Feeding process wherein cattle are confined in a small area and fed carefully
mixed, high-concentrate feed to fatten them.

2. Farm Feed Lot: Where cattle feeding is complementary with other farming enterprises.

3. Commercial Where cattle are fed for others on a custom basis. Feed usually is

Feed Lot: purchased, labor is hired.

Fertilization: The union of pollen with an egg to form an embryo.

FFA: Future Farmers of America-an organization for high school students studying vocational
agriculture.

4-H: Club for boys and girls sponsored by the Agricultural Extension Service to foster better
agriculture and homemaking. The 4-H’s stand for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. Members are

9 to 19 years of age.

Field Capacity: The moisture content of soil in the field as measured two or three days after a
thorough wetting of a well-drained soil by rain or irrigation water.

Forage: Vegetable matter, fresh or preserved, which is gathered and fed to animals as roughage
(e.g., alfalfa hay, corn silage, or other hay crops).

Gelding: A male horse that has been castrated before having reached sexual maturity.

Goats:

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Angora Breed: Kept for meat and mohair products and grazing brushy areas of range.

Dairy Breeds: Kept for milk products primarily, also meat. American Lamoncha, French Alpine,
Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg.

Buck: Male Goat.

Chevon: Meat from young goats.

Doe: female goat.

Kid: Young, immature goat, either sex.

Kidding: Parturition of the pregnant female goat.

Grade: An animal of common or mixed breeding; and animal which is not a purebred. Such an
animal is ineligible for registration though it usually exhibits some purebred characteristics.

1. Quality Grades for Beef-based on conformation, finish, and quality:

US Prime US Commercial

US Choice US Utility

US Good US Cutter

US Standard US Canner

2. Yield Grades for Beef- based on the expected yield (curability) of trimmed, boneless major retail
cuts:

YG 1 (best) YG 4

YG 2 YG 5 (poorest)

YG 3

3. Quality Grades for lamb are US Prime, US Choice, US Good, US Utility and US Cull.

Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.

4. Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.

5. USDA Grades for slaughter hogs and pork carcasses combine Quality and Yield into one
designated grade. These are US 1, US 2, US 3, US 4 and Utility.

Grade A Dairy: A dairy that produces market milk (for human drinking purposes) under state
approved sanitation conditions according to state controlled pooling laws. Milking barn and milk-
handling equipment must meet certain State regulations.

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Grade B Dairy: A dairy that produces milk for use in making cheese, ice cream and condensed and
powdered milk. Sanitation requirements are not as strict as for Grade A production. The milk cannot
be sold for fresh market consumption.

Gravitational Water: Water that either runs off or percolates through a soil. Not available for use
by plants.

Green Manure: Any crop or plant grown and plowed under to improve the soil, by addition of
organic matter and the subsequent release of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen.

Heifer: Young (less than 3 years) female of the cattle species that has not borne a calf.

Herbivore: Animals that eat plant origin feeds only.

Horizontal Integration: The combining of two or more similar functions under one decision
making body. A farmer who acquires and manages another farm as a separate unit and a canner that
builds or acquires a cannery in another area are examples of horizontal integration.

Humus: The well decomposed, relatively stable portion of the organic matter in a soil.

Hydroponics: Growing of plants in water containing the essential growth elements. This process is
being used in “glass” houses for intensive “off-season” production of vegetables.

Incubation: A process of holding eggs under controlled conditions of heat and moisture permitting
the fertile eggs to hatch. Chicks require 21 days and turkeys 28 days to hatch.

Integration: Control by a single organization of all or some of the various stages of production.

Lactation Period: The length of time a female gives milk following birth of offspring-usually with
reference to dairy cows and milk goats.

Land Classification: The classification of units of land for the purpose of grouping soil of similar
characteristics, in some cases showing their relative suitability for some specific use.

Layer: A female chicken producing eggs regularly. A good layer should produce between 19 and
20 dozen eggs in 12 months.

Leaching: The process of removal of soluble materials by the passage of water through soil.

Legumes: A type of plant which has nodules formed by bacteria on its roots. The bacteria that
compose these nodules take nitrogen from the air and pass it on into the plant for the plant to use.

Some legumes are alfalfa, soybeans, sweet clover and peanuts.

Litter: A group of offspring born at the same time by one sow.

Livestock: Any domestic animal produced or kept primarily for farm, ranch, or market purposes,
including beef and dairy cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, and horses.

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Manure: Generally, the refuse from stables and barnyards including both animal excreta and straw
or other litter.

Mare: Mature female horse.

Marginal Land: Land almost too unproductive to be farmed profitably.

Mastitis: A disease of the cow’s udder resulting from infection by microorganisms. The infection
may be caused by improper milking procedures.

Milk (average composition): Milk contains on the average, the following: Fat-3.9%; Albumin-
.7%; Casin-2.5%; Lactose-5.1%; Mineral matter-.7%; and Water-87.1%.

Nematode: Soil worms of microscopic size. These organisms may attack the root or other
structures of plants and cause extensive damage.

Nitrogen Cycle: The sequence of transformations undergone by nitrogen in its movement from the
free atmosphere into and through soils, into the plants, and eventually back. These biochemical
reactions are largely involved in the growth and metabolism of plants and microorganisms.

Nutrient: A chemical element or compound that is essential for normal body metabolism, growth
and production. Includes: carbohydrates fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.

Offspring: The progeny of parents.

Omnivore: Animals that eat both animal and plant origin feeds.

Organic Fertilizer: Any fertilizer material containing plant nutrients in combination with carbon.

Pasteurization: A process of treatment of milk through heat that kills all harmful bacteria, without
changing its physical or chemical composition.

Permanent Wilting Point: That point at which a plant is dried so badly that even though put into a
humid atmosphere and watered, it will no longer recover.

Pest: Any organism injuring plants or plant products.

pH: A scale of measurement by which the acidity or alkalinity of soil or water is rated. A pH of

6 to 7.5 is considered “ideal” for most agricultural crops. Each plant (specie-type), however, has

its own “ideal” pH range.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Acid Range Neutral Alkali Range

Pig: A young swine weighing less than 120 pounds.

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Pollen: The male germ cells.

Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

Pomology: the science or study of growing fruit.

Poult: A young turkey.

Poultry: Domestic birds raised for eggs and meat.

Precooling: The process in which loads of fruit or vegetables are rapidly cooled prior to loading for
shipment.

Productive Soil: A soil in which the chemical, physical, and biological conditions are favorable for
the economic production of the crops suited to a particular area.

Pullet: A female chicken less than 1 year old.

Rhizobium: Bacteria living in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants that are capable of
removing nitrogen from the air and soil “fixing” it into forms that plants utilize for growth.

Rhizome: A subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and rising at the apex; a rootstock.
Roaster: A young meat bird, 12 to 16 weeks old weighing 4 to 6 pounds, used for pan roasting.

Roasting Pig: A milk-fat pig weighing from 60 to 100 pounds.

Rooster: A mature male chicken.

Roughage: Feeds high in fiber, low in total digestible nutrients as hay and silage; the complete
forage plant, including the stalk, stem, leaf, and (if mature) the seed.

Ruminants: Animals having a stomach with four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum and
abomasum). Their digestive process is more complex, therefore, than that of animals having a true
stomach. Some commonly known ruminants are cattle, sheep and goats; an example of a true
stomach animal is the pig.

Saturate: To fill all of the openings among soil particles with liquid.

Sheet Erosion: The gradual, uniform removal by water of the earth’s surface, without the formation
of hills or gullies.

Silage: Prepared by chopping green forage (grass, legumes, field corn, etc.) Into an airtight
chamber, where it is compressed to exclude air and undergoes and acid fermentation that retards
spoilage. Contains about 65 percent moisture; 3 lbs. Of silage is equal to 1 lb. Of hay nutritionally.

Slaughterhouse: A place where animals marketed for meat arc killed humanely.

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Soil Horizon: A layer of soil material approximately parallel to the land surface which differs from
adjacent genetically related layers in color, structure, texture, or consistence. It also differs in
biological and chemical characteristics.

Soil Map: A map designed to show the distribution of soil types or other soil-mapping units in
relation to the prominent physical and cultural features of the earth’s surface.

Soil-Moisture Tensiometer: An instrument which measures the tension with which water is held
by soil. The instrument can be used for estimating when to irrigate land and for detecting drainage
problems.

Soil Reaction: The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil usually expressed in terms of pH value.

Soil Series: A grouping of soils which have developed from a particular kind of parent material and
which are similar in all characteristics except texture of the surface layer. The soil series is one of
the principal units of soil classification.

Soil Structure: Refers to bonding together of soil particles and the resulting configuration of solid
and voids.

Soil Survey: The systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils in an
area.

Soil Texture: Refers to the coarseness or fineness of a soil. It is determined by the relative
proportion of various sized particles (sand, silt, and clay) in a soil.

Soil Type: A finer subdivision of a soil series. It includes all soils of a series which are similar in all
characteristics, including texture of the surface layer.

Species: One kind of plant.

Sow: Mature female hog.

Strip Cropping: Growing crops in long narrow strips across a sope approximately on a line of
contour, alternating dense-growing intertilled crops. This is sometimes done with crops grown
under government acreage allotments in order to increase yields per acre, since the intertilled area is
not included in the allotment. It is also done in some dryland areas to conserve moisture and reduce
the hazards of wind erosion.

Subsoiling: Breaking of compact subsoils without inverting them. This is done with a special
narrow cultivator shovel or chisel, which is pulled through the soil at a depth from 12 to 24 inches
and at spacings from 2 to 5 feet.

Summer Fallow: Land plowed up (usually in spring) and left unseeded through the summer.

This is done to let the land air out and rest until fall, when it is worked up and planted to a crop of
grain. May also be done to beak down organic matter or kill weeds.

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Terminal Market: A metropolitan market which handles all agricultural commodities. The San

Francisco Wholesale Produce and Fruit Market is an example.

Top Dressing: Lime, fertilizer, or manure applied after the seedbed is ready, or after the plants are
up.

Topsoil: The layer of soil used for cultivation, which usually contains more organic matter than
underlying materials.

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): The sum of all nutrients in a feed that are digested by the
animal.

Transportation: The loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of living plants to the
atmosphere.

Variety: A group of individuals within a species that differs from the rest of the species.

Vertical Integration: The combining of two or more successive steps in the production, processing
and distributing processes under a single decision making body. A canner that produces some of his
own raw product, a group of farmers which acquires a cannery or a cotton gin, or a feed company
that owns the poultry are all examples of vertical integration.

Viticulture: The science and practice of vine growing: grape growing.

Water Rights (Riparian Rights): The rights of a person owning land containing or bordering on a
water course or other body of water in or to its banks, bed, or waters.

Water Table: The upper limit of the part of the soil or underlying rock material that is wholly
saturated with water. In some places an upper or perched water table may be separated from a lower
one by a dry zone.

Windbreak: A strip of trees or shrubs serving to reduce the force of wind; any protective shelter
from the wind.

The Maryland Collaborative for Beginning Farmer Success builds on existing

University of Maryland Extension resources and partnerships with Future Harvest-
CASA, University of MD-Eastern Shore and Southern MD Agriculture Development
Commission, regional nonprofits, agricultural organizations, and experienced
farmers to provide beginning farmers with easily accessible tools and practical
experience-based training on farm production, marketing, land management,
business planning, and financial resources. This project was supported by the
Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program of the National Institute of
Food and Agriculture, USDA, Grant #2012-49400-19552.

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