Paper 08

DDCE Utkal University
qhXr (E_.E.)
M.A. (Hindi)
PAPER - VIII
bo I H$
S>m°. bú_rYa Xmg
Certified that Syllabus & Courses of

Study have been prepared
According to the UGC guidelines
1
DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY
M.A. (Hindi)
PAPER - VIII
H$Wm gm{hË`, CnÝ`mg Am¡a H$hmZr
bo I H$
S>m°. bú_rYa Xmg
2
DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY
M.A. (Hindi)
PAPER - VIII
H$Wm gm{hË`, CnÝ`mg Am¡a H$hmZr

Unit - I JmoXmZ -ào_MÝX
Unit - II amJ Xa~mar - lrbmb ewŠb
Unit - III qhXr H$hmZr g§J«h - g§. ^rî_ gmhZr
A§H$ {d^mOZ :
VrZ XrK© CÎma _ybH$ àíZ 12×3 = 36
VrZ AmbmoMZmË_H$ àíZ 8×3 = 24
Xmo bKyÎmar àíZ 5×2 = 10
___________
Hw$b = 70
gÌr` H$m`© = 30
---------------------------------------
Hw$b `moJ 100
3
UNIT - I
JmoXmZ -ào_MÝX
BH$mB© -1 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm :
1.0 CÔoí`
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 H$Wm gma
1.3 ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s pñW{V
1.4 Jm` H$m _hËd
1.5 emofU - Am{W©H$ (F$U g_ñ`m), gm_m{OH$, `m¡Z
1.6 amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ, ñdamO H$s MoVZm
1.7 M[aÌ -{MÌU
1.8 ì`m»`mE±
1.9 DeY³eeme àMve
4
CÔo í `
8.0. CÔo í `
CnÝ`mg g_«mQ> ào_MÝX Zo AnZo `WmW©naH$ CnÝ`mg "JmoXmZ' H$s aMZm gZ² 1936B©. _| H$s
Wr Ÿ& Bg_| ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s OrdZ -JmWm AË`ÝV öX`ñneu T>§J go d{U©V h¡ Ÿ& `h AmO Ho$ g§X^©
_| ^r àmg§{JH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bgo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ pñW{V H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&
Zmar -CËnr‹S>Z, Zmar Ho$ emofU, Zmar H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m nVm H$a b|Jo Ÿ&
JmoXmZ Ho$ _yb _| Jm` H$mo nmbZo H$s bmbgm, CgHo$ {bE AW© H$m OwJm‹S> H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee,
Jm` Ho$ Ym{_©H$ _hÎd Am{X go n[a{MV hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW hmoar Ho$ XX©ZmH$ A§V H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&
ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ fS>`§Ì Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n J«m_rU bmoJm| H$m OrdZ {H$VZm X`Zr` hmo OmVm h¡,
Cg na {ddoMZ H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&
H$O©, bJmZ Am¡a IoVr - ò VrZm| H$ï> PobVo hþE H¡$go Jm±d Ho$ bmoJ Yyn H$s Vah Ob-
ObH$a {Z:eof hmo OmVo h¢, Cg na Ü`mZ H|${ÐV H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&
8.1 àñVmdZm :
ào_MÝX Zo {hÝXr H$Wmgm{hË` ^§S>ma H$mo nwï> {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& n§M na_oída CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr
h¡ Ÿ& `h 1905 B©. _| àH$m{eV hþB© Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo bJ^J 300 H$hm{Z`m± {bIr h¢ Ÿ& "_mZgamoda' Zm_ go
Mma I§S>m| _| BZH$m àH$meZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& gdm goa Joh±ÿ, Xmo ~¡bm| H$s H$Wm, ~{bXmZ, H$\$Z, _w{º$_mJ©,
nyg H$s amV, CZH$s loð> H$hm{Z`m| _| h¢ Ÿ&
CZH$m àW_ CnÝ`mg "godm gXZ' gZ² 1916 B©. _| àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& CZHo$ AÝ` CnÝ`mg h§¡
§- ào_ml_, {Z_©bm, a§J^y{_, H$m`mH$ën, J~Z, H$_©^y{_, JmoXmZ,
gZ² 1903 B©. _| ào_MÝX Zo EH$ boI _| {bIm Wm - Eogm ~hþV H$_ g§`moJ hþAm h¡ {H$ EH$
em§{V ào_r {H$gmZ Ho$ amoOmZm hmbmV {dñVma Ho$ gmW {bIo hþE {_b gH$Vo hm| `m CZ_| {H$ñgm| H$s-gr
{XbMñnr Am¡a AO~ -AZmoIr ~mV| nmB© OmVr hm| Ÿ&
5
Bg BÀN>m H$mo CÝhm|Zo hmoar-Y{Z`m H$mo Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ~ZmH$a "JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg {bIH$a nyam
{H$`m Ÿ& Bg_| VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe H$m n[aM` {_b
OmVm h¡ VWm Jm±d _| gab, gXmMmar, ^m½`dmXr OZVm H¡$go Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m, _hmOZ, nwamo{hV Am¡a
O_tXma {_b-_m{bH$ {H$gmZm| H$m ha àH$ma go emofU H$aHo$ CZH$mo {OÝXJr H$m OwAm T>moZo H$mo {dde
H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& aghrZ OrdZ _| CZHo$ gnZo H$mo gmH$ma hmoZo H$m _m¡H$m Zht {_bVm Ÿ& JmoXmZ _| ào_MÝX Zo
Jm±d H$s X[aÐVm, ^wI_ar, Y_mªYVm gab {dídmg Am{X H$m ~marH$s go {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
8.2. H$Wmgma :
AdY àm§V _| nm§M {_b Ho$ \$mgbo na Xmo Jm±d h¢ : go_ar Am¡a ~obmar Ÿ& hmoar ~obmar _| ahVm
h¡ Am¡a am` gmh~ A_a nmb qgh go_ar _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& IÞm, _mbVr Am¡a S>m°. _ohVm bIZD$ _| ahVo
h¢ Ÿ&
JmoXmZ H$m Ama§^ J«m_rU n[adoe go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Ho$ _Zm H$aZo na ^r hmoar am`gmh~ go
{_bZo ~obmar go go_ar OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ am`gmh~ go {_bVo ahZo go Hw$N> gm_m{OH$ _`m©Xm
~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡, ""`h Bgr {_bVo-OwbVo ahZo H$m nagmX h¡ {H$ A~ V~ OmZ ~Mr hþB©
h¡ Ÿ&'' dh g_PVm h¡ {H$ BZHo$ nm±dm| Vbo AnZr JX©Z X~r hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE CZ nm§°dm| Ho$ ghbmZo _| hr
Hw$eb h¡ Ÿ&
amñVo _| Cgo n‹S>mog Ho$ Jm±d H$m ½dmbm ^mobm {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Jm`m| H$mo XoIH$a hmoar Ho$ _Z
_| EH$ Jm` aIZo H$s bmbgm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh {dYwa ^mobm Ho$ _Z _| {\$a go gJmB© H$am XoZo H$m
bmbM XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mobm Cgo Añgr énò H$s Jm` CYma na bo OmZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo nmg
^ygo H$s H$_r H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar A^md _| n‹S>o AmX_r go Jm` bo boZo H$mo C{MV Z _mZH$a {\$a
bo by§Jm Ÿ& H$hH$a Jm` boZo go _Zm H$a XoVm h¡, na ^ygm XoZo H$m dm`Xm H$a go_ar _| nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ AnZr Agw{dYmAm| H$mo ~Vm H$a MmhVo h¢ {H$ Q>¡Šg H$s dgybr _| hmoar CZH$s
ghm`Vm H$ao Ÿ& hmoar CZH$s ~mVm| _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` EH$ AmX_r AmH$a am` gmh~ H$mo ~VmVm
h¡ {H$ _OXya ~oJma H$aZo go _Zm H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& `h gwZH$a am` gmh~ AmJ ~~ybm hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a CÝh|
h§Q>a go R>rH$ H$aZo H$s H$h CR>H$a Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Ka na nh±þH$a hmoar am`gmh~ ^r Vmar\$ H$aVm h¡ Vmo ~oQ>m Jmo~a CÝh| "a§Jm {g`ma' H$hH$a CZgo
AnZr Z\$aV Om{ha H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar ~VmVm h¡ {H$ CgZo ^mobm H$mo ^ygm XoZo H$m dMZ {X`m h¡ Ÿ& `h
gwZH$a Jmo~a Am¡a Y{Z`m Cg na {~J‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar O~ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ ^mobm Y{Z`m H$s àe§gm H$a ahm
6
Wm, V~ Y{Z`m Hw$N> Za_ n‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mobm ^ygm boZo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m VrZ Im|Mo ^ygm âdmH$a
n{V Am¡a ~oQ>o H$mo CgHo$ Ka VH$ ^ygm nh±þMmZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
^mobm Ho$ Ka na CgH$s {dYdm ~oQ>r Pw{Z`m h¡ Ÿ& Cggo Jmo~a H$s _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm|
nañna Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ^mobm hmoar go Xygao {XZ Jm` bo boZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
Xygao {XZ Jmo~a ^mobm Ho$ Ka go Jm` bmVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m Cgo N>mo‹S>Zo ~obmar Ho$ {ZH$Q> VH$ AmVr
h¡ Ÿ& {\$a {_bZo H$m dm`Xm H$aHo$ bm¡Q> OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Jm` Ho$ AmVo hr hmoar Ho$ Ka _| AmZÝX H$s bha C_‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Jm` H$m ^ì` ñdmJV {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` Ho$ {bE Am±JZ _| Zm±X Jm‹S>r OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±ddmbo AmH$a Jm` Ho$ bjU ^r Am¡a hmoar H$s
Iwe{H$ñ_Vr H$s Vmar\$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Ho$db Ab½`moP>m hmo JE CgHo$ Xmo ^mB© hram Am¡a emo^m Zht AmVo Ÿ&
Bggo$ hmoam H$mo ~‹S>m Xw:I hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh O~ hram H$mo ~wbmZo OmVm h¡ Vmo gwZVm h¡ {H$ hram emo^m Ho$
gm_Zo hmoar H$s qZXm H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& hmoar Y{Z`m H$mo `h ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m `h gwZH$a Cggo PJ‹S>Vr
h¡ Ÿ&
go_ar _| am` gmh~ Ho$ Ka na CËgd h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| YZwf`k ZmQ>H$ _| hmoar OZH$ Ho$ _mbr H$m
A{^Z` H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CËgd Ho$ {bE hmoar H$mo nm§M énò ZOamZm XoZm h¡ Ÿ& am` gmh~ Ho$ _oh_mZm| _| Jm±d
Am¡a eha Ho$ bmoJ h¢ Ÿ& eha Ho$ _oh_mZ h¢ - {~Obr nÌ Ho$ g§nmXH$ n§. Am|H$maZmW, dH$sb VWm
Xbmb {_. V§Im, Xe©Zemó Ho$ àmo\o$ga S>m°. _ohVm, {_b _m{bH$ {_. IÞm, CZH$s Y_©nËZr H$m{_Zr
(Jmo{dÝXr), S>mŠQ>a {_g _mbVr Am¡a {_Om© IweuX Ÿ&
dhm± ~mVMrV _| am`gmh~ O_tXmar àWm Ho$ emofU H$s qZXm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. _ohVm Am¡a
am`gmh~ H$s H$WZr Am¡a H$aZr Ho$ A§Va Ho$ à{V ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ^moOZ Ho$ g_` _m§g-_{Xam H$m
ñWmZ N>mo‹S>H$a Am|H$maZmW AbJ go \$bmhma H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& na {_g _mbVr AnZr ~mVm| go
Am|H$maZmW H$mo ^wbmdo _| S>mbH$a eam~ {nbdm XoVr h¡ Am¡a dm`Xo Ho$ _wVm{~H$ EH$ hOma énò BZm_
boVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr g_` nR>mZ Ho$ doe _| S>m°. _ohVm AmH$a énò _m§JVo h¢ Am¡a Y_H$s XoVo h¢ {H$ énò Z
{_bo Vmo do Jmobr Mbm X|Jo Ÿ& A§V _| hmoar dhm± àdoe H$aHo$ nR>mZ H$mo {JamH$a CgH$s _y±N>| CIm‹S> boVm
h¡ Ÿ& nR>mZ Ho$ doe _| AmE _ohVm H$s ZmQ>H$~mOr dht IV_ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Cgr g_` g~ {eH$ma IobZo OmZo H$m H$m`©H«$_ ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& VrZ Q>mo{b`m± ~ZVr h¢ Ÿ& nhbr
Q>mobr _| _ohVm Am¡a _mbVr OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _mbVr _ohVm Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V h¡, na _ohVm H$mo Bg Amoa H$moB©
AmH$f©U Zht h¡ Ÿ& _ohVm H$mo {eH$ma H$s {M{‹S>`m nmZr go bmH$a EH$ O§Jbr b‹S>H$s XoVr h¡ Am¡a XmoZm|
H$mo AnZo Ka VH$ bo OmH$a _Ywa ì`dhma go Iwe H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo _mbVr B©î`m© H$aVr h¡ Vmo dh
7
_ohVm H$s ZOa _| {Ja OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygar Q>mobr Ho$ am`gmh~ Am¡a IÞm Ho$ ~rM {_b Ho$ eoà Ho$ ~mao _|
~mVMrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& am`gmh~ eoà IarXZo H$s ~mV Q>mb XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Vrgar Q>mobr _| V§Im Am¡a {_Om© h¢ Ÿ&
{_Om© EH$ {haZ H$m {eH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {haZ H$mo EH$ J«m_rU `wdH$ H$mo XoVo h¢ Ÿ& g~ {_bH$a Cg `wdH$
Ho$ Jm±d _| OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Im-nrH$a Iwer go gmam {XZ dhm± {~VmH$a em_ H$mo bm¡Q> AmVo h¢ &
hmoar Ho$ Ka na Jm` Am OmZo go g~ Iwe Wo Ÿ& BVZo _| am`gmh~ H$m H$m[a¨Xm H$hVm h¡ {H$
ZmoIoam_ ~mH$s bJmZ Z MwH$mZo dmbo IoV _| hb Zht OmoV gH|$Jo Ÿ& hmoar n¡go H$m B§VOm_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
gmhÿH$ma PtJwarqgh Ho$ nmg nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& PtJwar qgh H$s Am±I Jm` na Wr Ÿ& CgZo Jm` bo boZo H$m
MŠH$a Mbm`m Am¡a H$O© Z boH$a bmMma hmoH$a Jm` ~oMH$a bJmZ MwH$mZo Ho$ {bE dh amOr hmo OmVm
h¡ Am¡a Y{Z`m H$mo ^r amOr H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& amV H$mo Ka Ho$ ^rVa C_g hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh Jm` H$mo ~mha
bmH$a ~m§YVm h¡ Am¡a ~r_ma emo^m H$mo XoIH$a bm¡Q>Vo g_` Jm` Ho$ nmg hram H$mo XoIH$a {R>R>H$ OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Cgr amV H$mo {df {XE OmZo go Jm` _a OmVr h¡ Vmo hmoar Y{Z`m H$mo hram na eH$ hmoZo H$s ~mV ~Vm
XoVm h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m hram H$mo Jm{b`m± XoVr h¡ Am¡a gmao Jm±d _| H$moham_ _Mm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar ^mB© H$mo ~MmZo
Ho$ {bE gM H$mo {N>nmH$a Jmo~a H$s PyR>r H$g_ Im boVm h¡ Ÿ& Om±M n‹S>Vmb H$aZo XamoJm Jm±d _| AmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m bmoJ Bg {dn{Îm H$m \$m`Xm CR>mZo Ho$ {bE hram na Ow_m©Zm bJmVo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$H$s© go
~MZo VWm n[adma H$s B‚mV ~MmZo hmoar qPJwar qgh go H$O© boH$a [aídV Ho$ n¡go bmVm h¡, na Y{Z`m
Ho$ H$maU dh XmamoJm H$mo {_b Zht nmVm Ÿ& XmamoJm _w{I`m bmoJm| Ho$ Ka H$s Vbmer boZo H$s Y_H$s
XoH$a CZgo ^r [aídV Ho$ n¡go ~gyb H$aHo$ Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
JmohË`m H$aHo$ nmn Ho$ S>a go hram Ka go ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar hram H$s nËZr nw{Z`m H$m IoV
g§^mbVm h¡ Ÿ& ~rM _| EH$ _hrZo VH$ ~r_ma ^r n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
EH$ amV hmoar H$‹S>H$Vr gXu _| IoV H$s aIdmbr H$a ahm Wm {H$ Y{Z`m dhm± nh±þM OmVr h¡
Am¡a ~VmVr h¡ {H$ nm§M _hrZo H$m J^© boH$a Pw{Z`m Ka _| Am JB© h¡ Ÿ& hmoar nhbo Cgo {ZH$mb XoZo H$s
~mV Vmo H$aVm h¡, ~mX _| Y{Z`m Ho$ g_PmZo na Cgo AnZo Ka _| ahZo H$m AmídmgZ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ {\$a
go n§Mm`V H$mo hmoar H$m Jbm X~mZo H$m _m¡H$m {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m Ho$ EH$ b‹S>H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {~amXar
_| Eogo nmn Ho$ {bE Jm±d H$s n§Mm`V hmoar na gm¡ énE ZH$X Am¡a Vrg _Z AZmO H$m S>m±S> bJmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m n§Mm`V na ~hþV \w$\$H$maVr h¡ Ÿ& na hmoar qPJwar qgh Ho$ nmg _H$mZ aohZ na aIH$a Añgr
énò bmVm h¡ Am¡a S>m±S> MwH$mVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a -Pw{Z`m H$mo MwnHo$ go AnZo Ka _| N>mo‹S>H$a bmoH$b‚mm Ho$ ^` go bIZD$ eha ^mJ
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {_Om© IweuX Ho$ `hm± _hrZo Ho$ n§Ðh énò doVZ na Zm¡H$ar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s$ Xr H$moR>ar
_| ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
8
S>m±S> _| gmam AZmO Xo XoZo Ho$ ~mX hmoar Ho$ nmg Hw$N> Zht ~MVm Ÿ& Bgr g_` nw{Z`m CgH$s
ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dfm© Ho$ A^md go CgH$s B©I gyI OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mobm Jm` Ho$ énò boZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar énò Xo Zht nmVm Ÿ& ^mobm hmoar Ho$ ~¡b ImobH$a bo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±ddmbo BgH$m {damoY H$aVo h¢, na
Y_© Ho$ ^` go _`m©XmdmXr Am¡a B©_mZXma hmoar {dde hmoH$a BgH$s AZw_{V Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ H$m`m] _| ì`ñV ahZo dmbr _{hbm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ àË`ËZ go
_ohVm dr_oÝg brJ _| ^mfU XoZo Ho$ Xm¡amZ _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mZ A{YH$ma H$s _m§J N>mo‹S>H$a Ë`mJ,
X`m, j_m AnZmZo H$m gwPmd XoVo h¢, Omo J¥hñW OrdZ Ho$ {bE {Zhm`V Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr _ohVm go gh_V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh _ohVm H$mo AnZo Ka na ImZo ~wbmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr g_`
_ohVm Amamon bJmVo h¢ {H$ Cgr Ho$ H$maU {_. IÞm ,{_goO IÞm go AÀN>m ~Vm©d Zht H$aVo Ÿ& `h
gwZH$a _mbVr {~J‹S> OmVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo Ka Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ H$mo nVm Mb OmVm h¡ {H$ hmoar go dgyb {H$E JE S>m±S> Ho$ gmao Ho$ gmao n¡go Jm±d Ho$
_w{I`m bmoJ Im JE Ÿ& do ZmoIoam_ go énò XoZo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Vmo Mmam| _hmOZ "{~Obr' Ho$ g§nmXH$
Am|H$maZmW H$mo gyMZm Xo XoVo h¢ {H$ am`gmh~ Amgm{_`m| go Ow_m©Zm dgyb H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Am|H$maZmW
am`gmh~ H$mo ~VmVo h¢ {H$ do AnZr n{ÌH$m _| Eogr gZgZrIoO I~a N>mnZo Om aho h¢ Ÿ& am`gmh~ gm¡
J«mhH$m| H$m M§Xm [aídV Ho$ ê$n _| âH$a {H$gr Vah Bgo N>mnZo go amoH$ boVo h¢ Ÿ&
O~ Jm±d _| ~wdmB© ewê$ hmo OmVr h¡ V~ hmoar Ho$ nmg ~¡b Zht h¢ Ÿ& hmoar H$r bmMmar H$m \$m`Xm
CR>mH$a XmVmXrZ hmoar go gmPo _| ~wdmB© H$aZo H$m àñVmd XoH$a hmoar H$mo _OXya Ho$ ñVa VH$ bo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
CYa XmVmXrZ H$m ~oQ>m _mVmXrZ Pw{Z`m H$mo ào_-nme _| \$±gmZo Ho$ {bE à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
bo{H$Z ~rM _| gmoZm nh±þM OmZo go _m_bm J‹S>~‹S> hmoZo go ~M OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar B©I ~oMZo OmVm h¡ Vmo {_b _m{bH$ go {_bH$a _hmOZ gmam én`m H$O© Ho$ {bE dgyb
H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ&
{_. IÞm Am¡a CgH$s nËZr JmoqdXr Ho$ ñd^md _| AmH$me - nmVmb H$m A§Va h¡ Ÿ& JmoqdXr
gmXm OrdZ ngÝX H$aVr h¡ Vmo {_. IÞm {dbmg_` OrdZ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma n{V-nËZr _| ~oQ>o Ho$ BbmO Ho$
{bE {^Þ -{^Þ S>mŠQ>am| H$mo ~wbmZo Ho$ _Vm§Va na PJ‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H«$moY go JmoqdXr nmH©$ _| Mbr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dht CgH$s _wbmH$mV _ohVm go hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _ohVm CgH$s àe§gm H$a Ho$ Cgo g_Pm~wPm H$a Ka
bm¡Q>m bmVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar XmVmXrZ H$s _Oyar H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
9
hmoar XmVmXrZ H$s _OXyar H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& D$I H$mQ>Vo g_` H$‹S>r _ohZV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU dh
~ohmoe hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CYa Jmo~a A~ Zm¡H$ar N>mo‹S>H$a Im|Mm bJmZo Ho$ H$m_ _| bJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$
nmg Xmo n¡go hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh EH$ {XZ Jm±d _| nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& dh g^r Ho$ {bE gm_mZ bmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _|
Jmo~a _hmOZm| H$s ~‹S>r ~oB‚mVr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ Adga na Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m bmoJm| H$s ZH$b
H$aHo$ A{^Z` {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& \$bñdê$n Jmo~a g^r _hmOZm| Ho$ H«$moY H$m {eH$ma ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
O§Jr H$mo eha _| Zm¡H$ar H$amZo H$m bmo^ {XImH$a Cgo à^m{dV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dh ^mobm H$mo _Zm H$a
Cggo AnZo ~¡b bo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ H$mo Vrg énò CYma Ho$ {bE gÎma énò XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
ZmoIoam_ H$mo bJmZ dgyb H$aHo$ agrX Z XoZo na Cgo AXmbV H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m H$mo
\w$gbmH$a eha OmVo g_` _m± go PJ‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _m± Ho$ nm§d _| {ga Z PwH$mH$a {~bHw$b CÔ§S>
Am¡a ñdmWu ~ZH$a ~mb~ƒm| H$mo boH$a eha Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
am` gmh~ H$s H$B© g_ñ`mE± Wt Ÿ& CZH$mo H$Ý`m H$m {ddmh H$aZm Wm, AXmbV _| EH$ _wH$X_m
H$aZm Wm Am¡a {ga na MwZmd ^r Wo Ÿ& Hw§$da {Xp½dO` qgh Ho$ gmW emXr V` hþB© Wr Ÿ& amOm gmh~ Ho$
gmW MwZmd b‹S>Zm Wm Ÿ& n¡gm| H$s H$_r Wr Bgr{bE do V§Im Ho$ nmg CYma _m§JZo Ho$ {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do
_Zm H$aVo h¢ Vmo do IÞm Ho$ nmg OmVo h¢ Ÿ& IÞm nhbo AmZmH$mZr H$aHo$ ~mX _| H$_reZ boH$a n¡gm| H$m
B§VOm_ H$a gH$Zo H$s ~mV ~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mVMrV Ho$ Xm¡amZ _ohVm _{hbmAm| H$s ì`m`m_embm Ho$ {bE
M§Xm _m§JZo nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& IÞm Hw$N> XoZo go _Zm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& JmoqdXr H$mo ^r ì`m`m_embm H$s Ztd aIZo Ho$
{bE _Zm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& am`gmh~ nm§M hOma {bI XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a _mbVr nh±þMVr h¡ Vmo IÞm go EH$ hOma
H$m M¡H$ {bIdm boVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ H$s aI¡b {g{b`m AZmO Ho$ T>oa go H$moB© goa â AZmO Xwbmar ghþAmBZ H$mo Xo XoVr
h¡ Vmo _mVmXrZ Cgo {YŠH$maVm h¡ Ÿ& {ZH$b OmZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& {g{b`m Xw:Ir hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {g{b`m Ho$
~mn haIy Ho$ H$hZo na CgHo$ gmWr _mVmXrZ Ho$ _w±h na hS²>S>r S>mbH$a Cgo Om{V^«ï> H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m {g{b`m H$mo AnZo Ka na aI boVr h¡ Ÿ& {g{b`m _OXyar H$aHo$ JwOa~ga H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& gmoZm gÌh
gmb H$s hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ {ddmh Ho$ {bE n¡gm| H$r Oê$aV Wr Ÿ& gmoZm H$mo _mby_ hþAm {H$ {nVm
{ddmh Ho$ {bE Xwbmar go Xmo gm¡ énò bmE±Jo Ÿ& gmoZm {g{b`m H$mo ^mdr n{V _Wwam Ho$ nmg ôOVr h¡ Ÿ&
ggwambdmbo {~Zm XhoO Ho$ ~hÿ boZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo JE Ÿ& bo{H$Z Y{Z`m AnZr _`m©Xm ~MmZo Ho$ {bE
XhoO XoZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
^mobm EH$ OdmZ {dYdm Zmohar go {ddmh H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Zmohar Ho$ gmW ~hþAm| go Zht nQ>Vr Ÿ& nwÌ
H$m_Zm ^mobm H$mo Ka go ^Jm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& ZmoIoam_ Zmohar H$s bmbgm go ^mobm H$mo Zm¡H$a aI boVm h¡ Ÿ&
Zmohar Jm±d H$s amZr H$s OmVr H$m h¡ Ÿ& bmbm nQ>oídar gmhÿH$ma _§Jê$ emh H$mo ^‹S>H$mH$a hmoar H$s gmar
10
B©I Zrbm_ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo CJmhr H$s Cå_rX Z hmoZo go Xwbmar hmoar H$mo emXr Ho$ {bE Xmo gm¡ énò
Zht XoVr h¡ Ÿ& BVZo _| ghmZw^y{V {XImH$a Zmohar hmoar H$mo Xmo gm¡ énò XoH$a AnZr X`merbVm H$m
n[aM` XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
eha _| n[adma bmH$a Jmo~a XoIVm h¡ {H$ Ohm± dh Im|Mm bJmVm Wm, dht Xygam ~¡R>Zo bJm
h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo H$mamo~ma _| KmQ>m hþAm Vmo dh {_b _| Zm¡H$ar H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m H$mo Jmo~a H$s H$m_wH$Vm
ng§X Zht AmVr Ÿ& Jmo~a H$m ~oQ>m _a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m J^©dVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Zem H$aZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m
H$mo nrQ>Vm h¡, Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Mw{h`m H$s ghm`Vm go Pw{Z`m EH$ ~oQ>o H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {_b _|
PJ‹S>m hmo OmZo go Jmo~a Km`b hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {_b Jmo~a H$s godm H$aZo Ho$ Xm¡amZ n{V nËZr _| {\$a
g§~§Y ñdm^m{dH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ Zmohar Ho$ à{V {\$a go AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {g{b`m Ho$ {bE N>moQ>r H$mo Xmo énò
XoVm h¡ Ÿ& énò nmH$a {g{b`m Iwe hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h g_mMma XoZo gmoZm Ho$ ggwamb nh±þMVr h¡ Ÿ& _Wwam
Zmohar go ào_-{ZdoXZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| nmg-nmg Am OmVo h¢ Vmo gmoZm H$s AmdmO go nrN>o hQ> OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
gmoZm {g{b`m H$mo ~hþV \$Q>H$maVr h¡ Ÿ&
{_b _| AmJ bJ JB© Wr Ÿ& {_b _| ZE _OXya R>rH$ go H$m_ Zht H$a nm aho Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE nwamZo
_OXya bo {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& IÞm - JmoqdXr H$m _Z_wQ>md {_Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _ohVm go ào[aV hmoH$a _mbVr
godm-d«V _| bJr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ _ohVm Am¡a _mbVr hmoar Ho$ Jm±d _| nh±þMH$a bmoJm| go {_bVo h¢ Ÿ&
ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& am` gmh~ H$s b‹S>H$s H$s emXr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _wH$X_o Am¡a MwZmd _| ^r OrV hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& do bmoJ hmo_ _|~a ^r ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& amOm gmh~ am`gmh~ Ho$ nwÌ éÐàVmn go AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ {ddmh
H$m àñVmd ôOVo h¢ na éÐàVmn _mbVr H$s ~hZ gamoO go {ddmh H$aHo$ B§½b¢S> Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a
am`gmh~ H$s ~oQ>r Am¡a Xm_mX _| {ddmh {dÀN>oX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr XoIVr h¡ {H$ Xygam| H$s godm
H$aZo Ho$ H$maU D±$Mr doVZ Ho$ ~mdOyX CZ na H$O© h¡ Ÿ& Hw$H$s© ^r AmB© h¡ Ÿ& V~ _mbVr _ohVm H$mo AnZo
Ka na bo AmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr Jmo~a H$mo _mbr aI boVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~oQ>o H$s
{M{H$Ëgm Am¡a godm ^r H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr _ohVm go {ddmh H$aZm AñdrH$ma H$aHo$ {_Ì ~ZH$a ahZo
H$mo ng§X H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ {g{b`m Ho$ ~mbH$ H$mo ß`ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_mo{Z`m _| _a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ
{g{b`m Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmam Om{V-~§YZ Vmo‹S>H$a CgHo$ gmW ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar H$s Am{W©H$ Xem {XZmo§{XZ {JaVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& VrZ gmb VH$ bJmZ Z MwH$mZo go ZmoIoam_
~oXIbr H$m Xmdm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ hmoar H$mo gwPmd XoVm h¡ {H$ AYo‹S> am_godH$ _ohVm go ê$nm H$s
emXr H$aHo$ ~Xbo _| Hw$N> énE bo b| Am¡a IoVr H$ao Ÿ& hmoar `h gwZH$a ~‹S>m Xw:Ir hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na A§V
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_| hmoar Am¡a Y{Z`m amOr hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Jmo~a H$mo emXr _| AmZo H$s I~a Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Pw{Z`m H$mo
boH$a Jm±d _| nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& ê$nm H$s emXr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr ^r emXr _| earH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Jm±d _|
Pw{Z`m H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a bIZD$ Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
ê$nm ggwamb _| g_¥{Õ XoIH$a {nVm H$s Jm` H$s bmbgm H$s ~mV gmoMH$a Xw:Ir hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
_¡Ho$ OmVo g_` dh EH$ Jm` bo OmZo H$s ~mV gmoMVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar nmoVo _§Jb Ho$ {bE Jm` boZm MmhVm
Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE dh H§$H$‹S> ImoXZo H$s _OXyar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& amV H$mo ~¡R>H$a Y{Z`m Ho$ gmW gwVbr H$mVVm
h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ hram AmH$a nh±þMVm h¡ Am¡a hmoar go _m\$s _m§JVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar Iwe hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H§$H$‹S>
ImoXVo g_` Xmonha H$s Nw>Å>r Ho$ g_` boQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo H¡$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo by bJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m ^mJ H$a AmVr h¡ Ÿ& g~ BH$Æ>o hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& emo^m Am¡a hram hmoar H$mo Ka na bo JE Ÿ&
hmoar H$s O~mZ ~§X hmo JB© Ÿ& Y{Z`m Kaoby CnMma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& g~ ~oH$ma OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hram Jmo-XmZ H$aZo
H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygao bmoJ ^r `hr H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Y{Z`m gwVbr ~oMH$a aIo ~rg AmZo n¡go n{V Ho$ R>§S>o hmW
_| aIH$a ~«m÷U XmVmXrZ go ~mobVr h¡ - _hmamO Ka _| Z Jm` h¡ Z ~{N>`m, Z n¡gm Ÿ& `hr BZH$m
JmoXmZ h¡ Ÿ&
1.3 ^maVr` {H$gmZm| H$s pñW{V :

"JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg _| ~obmar Jm±d Ho$ {H$gmZ hmoar Ho$ OrdZ g§Kf© H$m {MÌU ^maVr` {H$gmZ
Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo COmJa H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$s g_ñ`mE± àËòH$ ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s g_ñ`mE± h¢ Ÿ& Bg_|
H¥$fH$ - OrdZ Ho$ A§YH$ma nj `mZr Ho$db H$éU -JmWm H$m {MÌU {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd _| Am{W©H$
{dnÞVm A{ejm Am¡a F$U H$m ~moP {_bH$a {H$gmZ H$s ar‹T> H$s hS²>S>r Vmo‹S> XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do XmoZm| g_ñ`mE±
amjgr gwagm H$s Vah _w±h \¡$bmE ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$mo {ZJb ahr h¢ Ÿ&
JmoXmZ 1936 B© H$s aMZm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| VËH$mbrZ g_` Ho$ J«må` OrdZ H$s Pm±H$s àñVwV H$s JB©
h¡ Ÿ& hmoar gm_§VdmX Am¡a ny±OrdmX Ho$ emofU Ho$ MH«$ _| \§$gVm hþAm ^r Cggo {ZH$bZo Ho$ {bE g§Kf©
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ Am¡a H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| g_m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m n§M Am¡a
{damXar Ho$ AÝ`m` go gmhgnyU© g§Kf© H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>m Jmo~a A{ejm, AkmZVm Am¡a Y_mªYVm H$m
{damoY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gmhÿH$ma Ho$ N>b H$mo nhMmZVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m {dÐmohr Voda {H$gmZ Ho$ OmJaU H$s
MoVZm àXmZ H$aVm h¡ ŸAm¡a Amem g§Mma H$aVm h¡ {H$ {H$gmZ H$m ^{dî` _§Jb_` Am¡a gwIH$a
hmoJm Ÿ& boIH$ ^r g_Vm_ybH$ g_mOdmX H$s à{Vð>m H$s Amem H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar Am¡a Y{Z`m Ho$ gm_Zo O_tXma, gmhÿH$ma, nQ>dmar, XmamoJm, {_b-_m{bH$, n§M, {damXar
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H$s EH$ à~b eÌw-goZm I‹S>r h¡ Am¡a do gmhgnyd©H$ Cggo bmohm boVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar _a-{_Q> OmVm h¡, na
g_Pm¡Vm Zht H$aVm Ÿ&
JmoXmZ _| ào_MÝX H$m AmXe©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU AmH$a `WmW©dmXr ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& X_Z Am¡a
CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ `wÕ _| emofU H$m MH«$ H¡$go amï´>r` {dH$mg _| ~mYm nh±þMmVm h¡ Cgo {H$gmZ H$s X`Zr`
pñW{V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g^r emofU Mmho dh O_tXma H$m hmo `m gmhÿH$ma, {_b-
_m{bH$ hmo `m Y_©-ÜdOmYmar nwamo{hV, AnZm ^mB© hmo `m {~amXar g^r Adga H$s VmH$ _| ahH$a
{H$gmZm| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do {H$gmZ Ho$ ngrZo H$s H$_mB© go {hñgm boH$a M¡Z H$s {OÝXJr {~VmVo
Am¡a g_mO _| AnZr YmH$ O_mZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&
Jm±d H$m O_tXma {H$gmZm| H$mo bJmZ Z MwH$mZo H$s pñW{V _| IoV go ~oXIb H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
O_tXma AnZm H$moB© CËgd _ZmVo g_` bmoJm| go ~oJma H$admVo h¢ Ÿ& eha Ho$ {_b-_m{bH$ gmhÿH$ma
go fS>`§Ì H$aHo$ {H$gmZm| H$m gmam JÞm bo boVo h¢ ŸAm¡a CZHo$ gnZm| H$mo MH$ZmMya H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| {H$gmZ Am{W©H$ A^md H$s MŠH$s _| {ng OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do àm`: A{e{jV h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE
A§Y{dídmg go _wº$ Zht hmo nmVo Ÿ& AnZr Jar~r H$mo nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ H$_m] H$m n[aUm_ Am¡a O_tXmam| H$s
YZmT²>`Vm H$mo nyd©OÝ_ H$m nwÊ` _mZH$a g§Vwï> ahZm {H$gmZm| H$s {Z`{V ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& nwamo{hV dJ©,
~«m÷U dJ© CZH$mo A{êmn Xo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& à{VH$ma Ho$ {bE Ym{_©H$ {dYmZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ - Eogo
{dMma aIZodmbo {H$gmZ emofUV§Ì go _wº$ Zht hmo gH$Vo Ÿ&
Jm±d _| g§`wº$ n[adma Qy>Q> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ^mB©-^mB© na g§Xoh H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZm Cëby grYm H$aZm
MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& B©î`m© H$aHo$ ^mB© gd©Zme ^r H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| b‹S>mB© - PJ‹S>m Am_ ~mV h¡ Ÿ& hmoar Y{Z`m
H$mo, hram - nw{Z`m H$mo, H$m_Vm - ^mobm H$mo, _Wwam H$m ~mn _Wwam H$mo, Jmo~a -Pw{Z`m H$mo nrQ>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
nwéf H$m Zmar H$mo _maZm -nrQ>Zm Am¡a Zmar H$m Cgo gh OmZm Am¡a nwéf -àYmZ g_mO _| AnZr
AmdmO Z CR>m nmZm Cg g_` Ho$ g_mO H$m EH$ Z½Z {MÌ h¡ Ÿ&
g_mO _| à{V{ð>V Cƒ dJ© Ho$ bmoJ AÝ`m` H$aVo h¢, XwamMma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z Eogm H$m`©
H$moB© Jar~ `m {ZåZ dJ© H$m AmX_r H$aVm h¡, Vmo Jm±d â _| ^yH§$n hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ EH$ M_m[aZ
Ho$, PtJwar qgh EH$ ~«m÷Ur Ho$, ZmoIoam_ EH$ Ahr[aZ H$mo aIo hþE h¢ Ÿ& M_ma _mVmXrZ Ho$ _w±h _|
hS²>S>r S>mb XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Vmo do VrZ gm¡ énò IM© H$aHo$ H$mer n§{S>V Ho$ Ûmam àm`píMV H$aHo$ ewÕ hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& na Jmo~a {dYdm Pw{Z`m H$mo Ka bo AmVm h¡ Vmo n§M H$s Ñ{ï> go ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| H$s B‚mV IVao _| n‹S>
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg AnamY Ho$ {bE hmoar H$mo Am{W©H$ XÊS> ^wJVZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m {H$gmZ Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ZaH$ Vwë` ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m N>Vrgd| df©
H$s C_« _| ~y‹T>r O¡gr bJVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$mo gmR> VH$ nh±þMZo H$s Cå_rX Zht h¡ Ÿ& Kr-XyY Vmo A§OZ bJmZo
13
VH$ H$mo ^r Zht {_bVm Ÿ& hmoar Xw:Ir h¡ {H$ CZHo$ ~oQ>o Jmo~a H$mo XyY Zht {_bVm Ÿ& hmoar nmoVo Ho$ {bE
XyY H$s ì`dñWm H$aZo dh EH$ Jm` IarXZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {H$gmZr N>mo‹S>H$a dh _OXyar H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ&
O_tXma Ûmam g_`-g_` na {H$gmZm| H$mo O_rZ go ~oXIbr H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& bJmZ MwH$mZo na
^r CÝh| agrX Zht {_bVr Ÿ& gmhÿH$ma nMmg énò XoH$a gm¡ {bIm boVm h¡ ŸAm¡a dgyb H$aVo g_` Xmo
gm¡ bo boVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| Hw$N> gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deofVmE± h¢, Omo Jar~m| _| ^r gwI H$m g§Mma H$a XoVr
h¢ Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ Adga na g~ IwbH$a ZmQ>H$ IobVo h¢ Am¡a AÝ`m` na ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar H$s Jm`
H$mo XoIZo g~ Jm±ddmbo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& hram O~ Jm` XoIZo Zht AmVm Vmo hmoar Cgo ~wbmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d
_| g^r {H$gmZ B©_mZXma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar g^r H$mo n¡go MwH$mVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AmXe© na A{S>J ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
AnZo ~oQ>o go H$hVm h¡ -"" Zr{V hmW go Z N>mo‹S>Zr Mm{hE ~oQ>m Ÿ& AnZr-AnZr H$aZr AnZo-AnZo gmW
h¡ Ÿ&''
^maVr` {H$gmZ Jm` H$mo XodVm _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$hVm h¡ - JD$ go hr Vmo Ûma H$s emo^m h¡ Ÿ&
gdoao -gdoao JD$ Ho$ Xe©Z hmo OmE± Vmo Š`m H$hZm ?'' Jm` H$s bmbgm _| hr hmoar H$s _m¡V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d Ho$ {H$gmZ Y_© Ho$ à{V ~‹S>r {ZîR>m aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgr Y_© Ho$ S>a go do gmhÿH$ma H$mo nmB©-nmB©
MwH$m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do nmn-nwÊ` _| {dídmg H$aHo$ gmar `mVZmE± ghVo h¢ Ÿ& A§V _| hmoar H$s _w{º$ Ho$ {bE
Y{Z`m JmoXmZ H$aZo _| Ag_W© hmoH$a ^r XmVmXrZ H$mo gwVbr ~oMZo go {_bo ~rg AmZo n¡go H$mo JmoXmZ Ho$
ê$n _| Xo XoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` {H$gmZ OrdZ â _ohZV H$aZo na ^r AnZr gm_mÝ`V_ BÀN>m H$mo nyU© Zht
H$a nmVm Ÿ&
1.4.. Jm` H$m _hÎd :

"JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm Ho$ H|$Ð _| Zm`H$ hmoar Ho$ _Z _| EH$ Jm` aIZo H$s bmbgm h¡ Ÿ&
ào_MÝX Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ - ha EH$ J¥hñW H$s ^m±{V hmoar Ho$ _Z _| ^r JD$ H$s bmbgm {MaH$mb go
g§{MV Mbr AmVr Wr Ÿ& `hr CgHo$ OrdZ H$m g~go ~‹S>m ñdßZ, g~go ~‹S>r gmY Wr Ÿ&
hmoar am`gmh~ A_a nmb qgh go {_bZo ~obmar go go_a>r OmVo g_` nJS>§S>r Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa B©I
Ho$ nm¡Ym| H$s bhamVr hþB© h[a`mbr XoIH$a _Z hr _Z H$hVm h¡ - ^JdmZ H$ht Jm¡ go ~aIm H$a X| Am¡a
S>m§S>r ^r gw^rVo go aho, Vmo EH$ Jm` Oê$a boJm Ÿ& dh nN>mB© Jm` boJm Ÿ& CgH$s Iy~ godm H$aoJm Ÿ&
Hw$N> Zht Vmo Mma-nm§M goa XyY hmoJm Ÿ& JD$ go hr Vmo Ûma H$s emo^m h¡ Ÿ& gdoao -gdoao JD$ Ho$ Xe©Z hmo
14
OmE± Vmo Š`m H$hZm Ÿ& Z OmZo H$~ `h gmY nyar hmoJr, H$~ dh ew^ {XZ AmEJm Ÿ&
amñVo _| ^mobm H$s Jm`m| H$mo XoIH$a hmoar H$m _Z bbMmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ^mobm H$s Iwem_X H$aVo
hþE Cggo H$hVm h¡ -""YÝ` h¡ Vwåhmam OrdZ Ÿ& JD$Am| H$s BVZr godm H$aVo hmo ! h_| Vmo Jm` H$m Jmo~a
^r _`ñga Zht Ÿ& {JañV Ho$ Ka _| EH$ Jm` ^r Z hmo, Vmo {H$VZr b‚mm H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ&''
hmoar ~mVMrV Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^mobm H$s àe§gm H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ^mobm H$mo CgH$s gJmB© H$am XoZo H$m
PyR>m AmídmgZ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mobm Iwe hmoH$a hmoar H$mo EH$ H$Oar Jm` Añgr énò _|, dh ^r CYma na
XoZo H$mo amOr hmo J`m Ÿ&
dh hmoar Ho$ hmW _| Jm` H$s nJ{h`m XoH$a Jm` CgHo$ Ka VH$ nh±þMm XoZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
Jmo-godm H$mo na_ Y_© _mZZo dmbo Ho$ hmW _| Jm` ~oMZo H$mo C{MV _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh hmoar go H$hVm h¡ -
"" hm{H$_m| H$mo JD$ H$s godm go Š`m _Vb~ ? dh Vmo IyZ MygZm -â OmZVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ VH$ XyY XoVr,
aIVo, {\$a {H$gr Ho$ hmW ~oM XoVo Ÿ& {H$ZHo$ nëbo n‹S>Vr, H$m¡Z OmZo Ÿ& én`m hr g~ Hw$N> Zht h¡ ^¡`m Ÿ&
Hw$N> AnZm Ya_ ^r Vmo h¡ Ÿ& Vwåhmao Ka Amam_ go ahoJr Vmo Ÿ&''
hmoar H$mo O~ _mby_ hþAm {H$ ^mobm Ho$ nmg ^ygm Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> _| h¡, V~ hmoar
g§H$Q> H$s MrO boZo H$mo nmn _mZ H$a {\$a H$^r Jm` boZo H$m dmXm H$aHo$ ^mobm go Jm` Zht boVm Ÿ& dhm±
go OmZo Ho$ g_` hmoar nrN>o _w‹S>H$a XoIVm h¡ {H$ H$~ar Jm` ny±N> go _pŠI`m± C‹S>mVr {ga {hbmVr,
_ñVmZr, _§X J{V go Pw_Vr Mbr OmVr Wr Ÿ& O¡go ~m§{X`m| Ho$ ~rM _| H$moB© amZr hmo Ÿ& hmoar H$ënZm H$aVm
h¡ - H¡$gm ew^ hmoJm dh {XZ O~ `h H$m_YoZw CgHo$ Ûma na ~§YoJr Ÿ&
Ka na MMm© hmoVr h¡ Vmo Jmo~a H$hVm h¡ -"" gm\$-gm\$ Vmo ~mV h¡ Añgr énò H$s Jm` h¡,
h_go ~rg énò H$m ^ygm bo b| Am¡a Jm` h_| Xo X| Ÿ& gmR> énò ah OmE±Jo, dh h_ Yrao-Yrao Xo X|Jo Ÿ&''
hmoar gmoMVm h¡ {H$ -_¢Zo Eogr Mmb gmoMr h¡ {H$ Jm` g|V-g|V _| hmW Am OmE Ÿ& H$ht ^mobm
H$s gJmB© R>rH$ H$aZr h¡ ~g Ÿ& Xmo-Mma _Z ^ygm Vmo Imbr AnZm a§J O_mZo H$mo XoVm h±ÿ Ÿ&
Jmo~a ^mobm H$s Jm` XoIH$a H¡$gm Iwe hmo OmVm h¡ CgH$m dU©Z boIH$ Zo {H$`m Jmo~a H$s
Am±I Cgr Jm` na bJr hþB© Wr Am¡a _Z hr _Z dh _w½Y hþAm OmVm Wm Ÿ& Jm` BVZr gwÝXa Am¡a gwS>m¡b
h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s CgZo H$ënZm ^r Z H$s Wr Ÿ&
Jmo~a hmoar go Zm§X Jm‹S>Zo H$h H$a Jm` bmZo Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Ho$ bm¡Q>Zo _| Xoa hmoVr h¡ Vmo
dh ~oM¡Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` Ho$ AmZo go nhbo hmoar Zm§X Jm‹S>Zm Zht MmhVm Ÿ& Cgo Ame§H$m h¡ {H$ AJa
^mobm ~Xb OmEJm Vmo gmam Jm±d Vm{b`m± nrQ>Zo bJoJm Ÿ& ê$nm MmhVr h¡ {H$ Jm` Am OmEJr Vmo dh
Jmo~a WmnoJr Am¡a XyY XwhoJr Ÿ& Xya go ^¡`m H$mo Jm` bmVo hþE XoIH$a gmoZm Am¡a ê$nm XmoZm| Xm¡‹S>r hþB©
15
AmH$a g^r H$mo `h gyMZm XoVr h¢ Ÿ& {H$gZo nhbo ^¡`m H$mo XoIm Ÿ& Bg na XmoZm| ~hZm| _| PJ‹S>m hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
Jm` nh±þMVr h¡ Vmo hmoar OëXr Zm§X Jm‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m AmQ>m Am¡a Jw‹S> KmobH$a Jm` H$mo
{nbmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Jm` Yyn _| MbH$a AmZo go ß`mgr hmo JB© hmoJr Ÿ& Jm` H$mo H$ht ZOa Z bJ
OmE Bg{bE Y{Z`m XwH$mZ go H$mbm S>moam _§JdmH$a CgHo$ Jbo _| ~m§YZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Ka _| H$ht
n‹S>r hþB© K§Q>r ^r Ty>§T>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Jm` boH$a Jmo~a AmVm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ nrN>o Jm±d Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ Mbo AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Xm¡‹S>H$a Jm` Ho$ Jbo go {bnQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Xoa Z H$aHo$ EH$ nwamZr gm‹S>r H$m H$mbm {H$Zmam
\$m‹S>H$a Jm` Ho$ Jbo _| ~m±Y XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygamo§ H$s ZOa Z bJo , Bg{bE Y{Z`m Am±JZ _| Zm§X Jm‹S>m OmZm
MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar Zm§X ~mha Jm‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh MmhVm h¡ {H$ Jm` H$mo Ûma na ~m±Yo XoIH$a bmoJ nyN>|
{H$ `h {H$gH$m Ka h¡ Ÿ& Am{Ia Zm§X Am±JZ _| Jm‹S>r OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar lÕm go Jm` H$mo XoI ahm h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ `h Jm` Zht _mZmo gmjmV Xodr Zo Ka _|
nXmn©U {H$`m hmo Ÿ& Jm` Ho$ MaUm| go Ka n{dÌ hmo J`m Ÿ& `h gm¡^m½` ~‹S>o nwÊ`-àVmn go {_bm h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ {bE Jm` Ho$db lÕm -^{º$ H$s dñVw Zht Ÿ& gOrd g§n{Îm ^r h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| Añgr énE H$s Jm` Vmo Xya -nMmg -gmR> énò H$s Jm` H$m AmZm ^r A^yVnyd© ~mV
Wr Ÿ& g~ Xm¡‹S>H$a Jm` XoIZo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& n§{S>V XmVmXrZ Jm` Ho$ gtJ, WZ, nwQ²>R>m XoIH$a Jm` Ho$ bjU
AÀN>m ~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& do hmoar go H$hVo h¢ -""^JdmZ Mmh|Jo Vmo Vwåhmao ^m½` Iwb OmE±Jo Ÿ&''
Jm` Ho$ XoIZo hmoar Ho$ Xmo ^mB© hram Am¡a emo^m Zht AmVo Vmo hmoar XmoZm| H$mo ~wbmH$a Jm`
{XImZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& hram Jm` H$mo XoIH$a ObVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar hram Am¡a emo^m H$s ~mVMrV gwZH$a hram Ho$
_Z H$s Xw^m©dZm H$mo OmZ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh A~ Jm` H$mo bm¡Q>m XoZo H$m {ZíM` H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar Am¡a Jmo~a
Jm` Ho$ AmYr-AmYr amo{Q>`m± {IbmZo AmVo h¢, na Jm` Zht ImVr Ÿ& ê$nm Jm` H$m _w±h ghbmVr h¡ Ÿ&
PtJwar qgh hmoar H$s Jm` na ZOa aIVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ hmoar H$Om© boZo PtJwarqgh Ho$ nmg
nh±þMVm h¡ Vmo dh Cgo gwZhbm _m¡H$m OmZH$a CgHo$ Jm` ~oM XoZo H$m àñVmd XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` ~oMZo H$s
~mV gwZH$a gmoZm H$hVr h¡ {H$ _wPo ~oM Xmo, n¡go Á`mXm {_b OmE±Jo Ÿ&
hmoar OmZVm h¡ {H$ ê$nm Jm` H$mo ~hþV MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar `h ^r g_PVm h¡ {H$ EH$ {_Ì go CYma
na Jm` boH$a Cgo ~oM XoZm AY_© h¡ Ÿ& na n[apñW{V Ho$ gm_Zo dh bmMma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r Vah
hmoar Y{Z`m Am¡a Jmo~a H$mo Jm` ~oMZo H$mo amOr H$am XoVm h¡ Am¡a V` hmoVm h¡ {H$ XmoZm| b‹S>{H$`m± amV H$mo
gmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Jm` H$mo PtJwar qgh Ho$ nmg nh±þMm {X`m OmEJm Ÿ&
dh amV H$mo OmH$a Jm` Ho$ nmg I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Vmo Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ Jm` H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy âo
16
hþE h¢ Ÿ& Jm` Cgo `mX {Xbm XoVr h¡ {H$ CgZo Jm` Z ~oMZo H$m dMZ {X`m Wm Ÿ& hmoar {\$a {ZíM` H$a
boVm h¡ {H$gr ^r hmbV _| dh Jm` Zht ~oMoJm Ÿ& `h gwZ Y{Z`m Iwe hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
^rVa ~‹S>r C_g hmo ahr Wr Ÿ& Jm` H$mo Amam_ nh±þMmZo Ho$ {bE hmoar Cgo ~mha ~m§Y XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a AnZo ^mB© emo^m go {_bZo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© ½`mah ~Oo bm¡Q>Vo g_` dh Jm` Ho$ nmg hram H$mo
XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Jm` H$mo Oha {Ibm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` _a OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm` H$m H$Om© CVa Zht nmVm Ÿ& hmoar
H$s {\$a Jm` IarXZo H$s gm_Ï`© Zht ahVr ; V_Þm AYyar ah OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
ê$nm n{V am_godH$ Ho$ Ka na Jm`m| H$mo XoIVr h¡ Vmo CgH$s ñ_¥{V {\$a gOrd hmo OmVr h¡ -
Cg Jm` H$s `mX A^r ^r CgHo$ {Xb _| har Wr, Omo _oh_mZ H$s Vah AmB© Wr Am¡a g~H$mo amoVm
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr JB© Wr Ÿ&
hmoar AnZo nmoVo Ho$ XyY Ho$ {bE EH$ Jm` boZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$gmZ H$s _`m©Xm N>mo‹S>H$a
_OXyar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ - R>oHo$Xma go énò {_bo Am¡a Jm` bm`m Ÿ&
_¥Ë`w Ho$ g_` ^r hmoar H$mo Jm` `mX AmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$ënZm go XoIVm h¡ EH$ H$m_YoZw -gr Jm`
CgHo$ gm_Zo Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m XyY XwhH$a _§Jb H$mo {nbmVo g_` Jm` EH$ Xodr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m Ho$ nwH$maZo na dh AY©MoVZ AdñWm _| H$hVm h¡ - Vw_ Am JE Jmo~a ! _¢Zo _§Jb Ho$ {bE Jm`
bo br h¡ Ÿ& dh I‹S>r h¡ XoImo Ÿ&
hmoar Y{Z`m go H$hVm h¡ - _oam H$hm-gwZm _m\$ H$a XoZm Y{Z`m Ÿ& A~ OmVm h±ÿ Ÿ& Jm` H$s
bmbgm _Z _| hr ah JB© Ÿ& A~ Vmo Jm` Ho$ énò {H«$`m-H$a_ _| OmE±Jo Ÿ&
hmoar H$s _aUmgÞ pñW{V _| hram amoVo hþE H$hVm h¡ -"" ^m^r ! {Xb H$‹S>m H$amo Ÿ& Jmo-XmZ H$am
Xmo Ÿ& XmXm Mbo Ÿ&'' ~hþV go bmoJ `hr gwPmd XoVo h¢ - hm± JmoXmZ H$am Xmo `hr g_` h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m gwVbr ~oMZo go {_bo ~rg AmZo n¡go bmB© Am¡a Cgo n{V Ho$ R>§S>o hmW _| aIH$a gm_Zo
I‹S>o XmVmXrZ go ~mobVr h¡ -""_hmamO ! Ka _| Z Jm` h¡, Z ~{N>`m, Z n¡gm Ÿ& `hr n¡go h¢ Ÿ& `hr BZH$m
Jmo-XmZ h¡ Ÿ&''
{ZY©ZVm, A§Y-{dídmg, Ym{_©H$ ^` Am¡a emofU g~ {_bH$a hmoar H$s EH$ Jm` aIZo H$s
H$m_Zm H$mo AnyU© aI XoVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar OrdZ â OwPmê$ `moÕm H$s Vah OrdZ -g§J«m_ _| b‹S>H$a A§V _|
H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| g_m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
1.5.. Jm±d H$m gm_m{OH$ OrdZ/emofU :

JmoXmZ _| ehar g_mO Am¡a J«m_rU gm_mO H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& eha Ho$ g§X^© _|
17
gË`mJ«h-g§J«m_, eŠH$a {_b, n{ÌH$m -àH$meZ, H$m¡pÝgb Ho$ MwZmd, {hO EoŠgoboÝgr JdZ©a, A§J«oO
gaH$ma go nXH$ àm{á, eoà IarX -{~H«$s, g_mO -godm, _{hbmAm| H$s ì`m`m_embm, dr_oÝg
brJ, _OXya Am§XmobZ Am{X ~mVm| H$s MMm© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& na ào_MÝX H$m _w»` CÔoí` J«m_rU dmVmdaU
_| nbo {H$gmZ H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V H$mo COmJa H$aHo$ H$O©, Y_©, Om{V, ^m½` H$s Am‹S> _| CZHo$ à{V
hmo aho emofU H$m EH$ Z½Z {MÌ àXe©Z H$aZm Wm Ÿ&
Jm±d Ho$ ^m½` H$s S>moa eha _| h¡ Ÿ& O_tXma A_anmb qgh Ho$ H$maU ehar Am¡a J«m_rU
H$WmE± Ow‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& O_tXmar àWm hr Jm±d H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V {Z`§ÌU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar J«m_rU {H$gmZ
Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg _| nhbo hmoar O_tXma H$s Iwem_X H$aZo AnZm Hw$eb _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh OmZVm h¡ {H$
O~ Xygao Ho$ nm§d Vbo AnZr JX©Z X~r hþB© h¡, Vmo CZ nm§dm| H$mo ghbmZo _| hr Hw$eb h¡ Ÿ&
g_`-g_` na O_tXma H$s S>m§S>, ~oJma, XñVyar, eJwZ Am¡a ZOamZo Ho$ ê$n _| n¡go XoZo n‹S>Vo
h¢ Ÿ& am`gmh~ Ho$ Ka na CËgd h¡ Vmo _OXya ~oJma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar H$mo nm§M ê$nò ZOamZm XoZo h¢ Ÿ& `hr
na§nam h¡ Ÿ& am_godH$ H$hVm h¡ -""`hm± Vmo Omo {H$gmZ h¡, dh g~H$m Za_ Mmam h¡ Ÿ& nQ>dmar H$m
ZOamZm Am¡a XñVyar Z Xo Vmo Jm±d _| ahZm _wpíH$b Ÿ& O_tXma Ho$ Mnamgr Am¡a H$m[aXm| Ho$ noQ> Z âo Vmo
{Z~mh Z hmo Ÿ&''
Jm±d _| WmZoXma XmamoJm D$Y_ _MmVo h¢ Ÿ& do Jm±d _| AmVo h¢ Vmo Jm±ddmbm| H$m H$Îm©ì` h¡ {H$ do
CZH$m AmXa -gËH$ma H$a| Ÿ& BgH$s AdhobZm hmoZo go Jm±d H$m Jm±d ~§Y OmEJm Ÿ&
hram na hþE JmohË`m _m_bm H$mo g_má H$aZo Ho$ {bE hmoar H$mo Vrg énE [aídV XoZo H$s Zm¡~V
AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m XmVmXrZ qPJwar qgh, ZmoIoam_ Am¡a bmbm nQ>oídar {~Mm¡{bE ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ& do
XamoJm {_bH$a `h [aídV V` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& [aídV H$m AmYm {hñgm XamoJm Am¡a AmYm {hñgm Mma
_w{I`m boZo na g_Pm¡Vm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& qPJwar qgh hmoar H$mo H$Om© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h [aeìV XoZo go nhbo Y{Z`m
n¡gm hmoar go N>rZ boVr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z XamoJm _hmOZm| H$mo Vbmer H$s Y_H$s XoH$a CZgo [aídV bo boVm
h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar AnZo Ka na ã`mhVm Z hmoVo hþE ^r J^©dVr ~hÿ Pw{Z`m H$mo aI boZo go n§Mm`V ~¡R>Vr
h¡ Ÿ& hmoar na gm¡ énò ZH$X Am¡a Vrg _Z AZmO S>m±S> bJm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hÿ H$mo nQ>oídar haOmB©
H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
S>m±S> bJmZodmbm| _| {P§Jyar qgh h¡ Ÿ& {OZH$s Xmo OdmZ npËZr`m± Ky±KQ> H$s Am‹S> _| g~ Hw$N>
JbV H$m_ H$aVr Wr Ÿ& R>mHw$agmh~ Ho$ S>a go H$moB© Hw$N> Zht H$aVm Wm Ÿ&
18
Y{Z`m n§Mm`V H$mo S>m§Q>Vr h¡ A{êmn XoVr h¡ Ÿ& na {~amXar Ho$ ^` go Y_© H$s ajm Ho$ {bE
hmoar S>m±S> âVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar én`m| Ho$ {bE Ka {Jadr aIVm h¡ Am¡a hmb _| n¡Xm hþAm AZmO S>m±S> _| Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo
{~amXar H$m ^` Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo {bIm h¡ - ""{~amXar H$m dh AmV§H$ Wm {H$ AnZo {ga na bmXH$a
AZmO T>mo ahm Wm Ÿ& _mZmo AnZo hmW AnZr H$~« ImoX ahm hmo Ÿ& O_tXma gmhÿH$ma, gaH$ma {H$gH$m
BVZm am¡~ Wm Ÿ& H$b ~mb-~ƒo Š`m ImE±Jo, BgH$s qMVm àmUm| H$mo gmoI boVr Wr Ÿ; na {~amXar H$m
^` {nemM H$s ^m±{V {ga na gdma Am§Hw$g {Xò Om ahm Wm Ÿ&
Jmo~a XmVmXrZ H$mo AXmbV H$s Y_H$s XoH$a D±$Mr Xa go ã`mO Z XoZo H$s MoVmdZr XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
XmVmXrZ AXmbV _| Z OmH$a ~«m÷UËd Am¡a Y_© Ho$ ~b na nyao énò dgyb H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& qPJwar
qgh H$mZyZ Ho$ ~mao _| H$hVm h¡ -""H$mZyZ Am¡a Ý`m` CgH$m h¡, {OgHo$ nmg n¡gm hmo Ÿ&''
~«m÷U H$s AnZr OO_mZr _| AnZm Hw$eb _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ H$hVo h¢ -""O_tXmar {_Q>
OmE, ~§H$Ka Qy>Q> OmE, bo{H$Z OO_mZr A§V VH$ ~Zr ahoJr Ÿ&''
am`gmh~ Xmohar Zr{V AnZmH$a H$^r O_tXmar H$mo ~war àWm _mZH$a CgH$s {ZÝXm H$aVo h¢ Vmo
H$^r AnZr _O~yar ~VmVo h¢ - ""h_ {~ÀNy> Zht h¢ {H$ AZm`mg hr g~H$mo S>§H$ _maVo {\$a| Ÿ& Z Jar~m|
H$m Jbm X~mZm H$moB© ~‹S>o AmZÝX H$m H$m_ h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw H$a| Š`m Ÿ& A\$gam| H$mo XmdV H$hm± go Xy±, gaH$mar
M§Xo H$hm± go Xy± ? ... AmEJm Vmo Agm{_`m| Ho$ hr Ka go Ÿ&'' do H$hVo h¢ {H$ A\$gam| H$mo S>m{b`m± Z XoZo
go Oob hmo OmEJm Ÿ& am` gmh~ ñdmWu Am¡a AdgadmXr h¢ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ H$m emofU {H$gr Ho$ Ü`mZ _| Zht OmVm Ÿ& gmam Xmof H$m[aXm| na _‹T> {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
bo{H$Z am` gmh~ Eogo g_` _| ~H$m`m bJmZ dgyb H$aZm MmhVo h¢, O~ CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$ {H$gmZ
bJmZ Xo Zht gH|$Jo Ÿ& V~ ~oXIbr H$m S>a {XImVo h¢ {\$a ^r hmoar H$hVm h¡ -""am` gmh~ H$mo Š`m
Xmof X|, ^m½` H$m Iob h¡ Ÿ&''
hmoar AnZr ~Xhmbr Ho$ {bE nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ H$_©\$b na {dídmg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a H$m H$WZ {H$
^JdmZ Zo g^r H$mo ~am~a H$aHo$ OÝ_ {X`m h¡, hmoar Ho$ Jbo go ZrMo Zht CVaVm Ÿ& hmoar na§namJV
_mÝ`Vm go _wº$ Zht hmo nmVm, Bg{bE CgH$m Mm¡Va\$m emofU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bg emofU H$m {damoY H$aZo
H$s AmdmO Cg_| Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Eogr Jar~r PobVm h¡ {H$ nËZr H$mo, ~o{Q`m| H$m VZ T>H$Zo Ho$ {bE dó
Xo Zht nmVm Ÿ& Xmo ~oa ^moOZ CZHo$ {bE OwQ>m Zht nmVm Ÿ&
g_mO _| Om{V ì`dñWm BVZr CËH¥$îQ> h¡ {H$ Cggo _w{º$ {_bZm _wpíH$b h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ
{g{b`m M_m[aZ H$mo ^moJ bmbgm go aI¡b Ho$ ê$n _| aIVm h¡ Ÿ& na CgHo$ hmW H$m ~Zm`m hþAm ImZm
Zht ImVm Ÿ& Bggo Cgo {dídmg h¡ {H$ CgH$m ~«m÷UËd gwa{jV h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _w±h _| M_ma hS²>S>r S>mb
19
XoVo h¢ Vmo dh Om{V^«ï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a H$mer OmH$a àm`píMV H$aHo$ nwZ: ~«m÷UËd dmng nm OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& na A§V _| CgH$m öX` n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og {g{b`m H$mo CgZo Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m Wm, Cgo
VWm CgHo$ ~ƒo H$mo nwZ: ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ M_ma ~Zo ahZo H$mo ng§X H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar H$mo AnZr {H$gmZr na Jd© h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZm ApñVËd ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE am`gmh~ go
AÀN>m g§~§Y ~ZmE aIVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gmZ go _OXya ~Z OmZo _| dh AnZr ~oB‚mVr g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gmZ
Ho$ ê$n _| ahZo Ho$ {bE dh H$‹S>r _ohZV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bJmZ ~o~mH$ Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& F$U - ^ma Zht
CVaVm Ÿ& Wmo‹S>m \$m`Xm nmZo H$s bmbgm go dh ^mB`m| Ho$ gmW ~oB_mZr H$aHo$ ~rM _| Hw$N> Xbmbr Ho$
énò boZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr N>moQ>r ~oQ>r ê$nm H$mo Xmo gm¡ énò _| ~oM H$a EH$ AYo‹S> am_godH$ Ho$ gmW
{ddmh H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Jm` IarXZo H$s bmbgm go H§$H$‹S> Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE _OXya ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
AnZr O_rZ H$mo ghr gbm_V ~MmZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ CgH$s EH$ XX©ZmH$ Vñdra Bg
àH$ma ItMVo h¢ - hmao hþE _hrn H$s ^m±{V CgZo AnZo H$mo BZ VrZ ~rKo Ho$ {H$bo _| ~§X H$a {b`m Wm
Am¡a Cgo àmUm| H$s Vah ~Mm ahm Wm Ÿ& \$mHo$ gho, ~XZm_ hþAm, _OXyar H$s, na {H$bo H$mo hmW go Z
OmZo {X`m, _Ja A~ dh {H$bm ^r hmW go {ZH$bm OmVm Wm Ÿ& ... H$ht go énò {_bZo H$s Amem Z
Wr Ÿ& O_rZ CgHo$ hmW go {ZH$b OmEJr Am¡a CgHo$ OrdZ Ho$ ~mH$s {XZ _Oyar H$aZo _| H$Q>|Jo Ÿ&
^JdmZ H$s BÀN>m Ÿ&
_hmOZ, nwamo{hV, O_tXma, emgZ -V§Ì Cg na Mm¡Va\$m AmH«$_U H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar Y{Z`m H$m
^JraW - à`mg {Zî\$b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ -g§J«m_ _| {Za§Va hma Cgo X~moM boVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r g§J«m_
_| dh hmaZodmbm `moÕm Zht h¡ Ÿ& hma _| ^r CgH$s {dO` hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mB`m| _| AbJmoPm hmo OmZm, AnZo
^mB© H$s Iwehmbr Am¡a g§nÞVm go B©î`m©bw hmoH$a JmohË`m VH$ AnamY H$a ~¡R>Zm, Y_© Am¡a {~amXar Ho$
^` go Jm±d go ^mJ OmZm, {\$a A§V _| ^mB© go j_m _m§JH$a AnZo _Z H$mo hëH$m H$aZm hram H$s {Z`{V
h¡ Ÿ&
Mmho eha H$s nm{Q>©`m| _| hmo, Mmho Jm±d Ho$ ^moO _| eam~ H$m IwbH$a BñVo_mb hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{_Om© IweuX doí`mAm| H$m CÕma H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§JrV _§S>br ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg na _ohVm H$hVo
h¢ -"" O~ VH$ g_mO H$s ì`dñWm D$na go ZrMo VH$ ~Xb Z S>mbr Om`, Bg Vah H$s _§S>br go H$moB©
\$m`Xm Z hmoJm Ÿ&
am` gmh~ H$s nwÌr _rZmjr H$m AnZo n{V go Zht nQ>Zm Ÿ& dh Šb~ OmVr h¡, n{V na JwOmao
H$m Xmdm H$aVr h¡, n{V Ho$ Ka na AmH$a h§Q>a go CgH$s {nQ>mB© H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
`m¡Z - emofU :
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Zmar _| AmË_{dídmg Am¡a AmË_gå_mZ H$s H$_r AnZo ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ n«{V {ZamemOZH$
Ñ{ï>H$moU, nwéfdM©ñd g_mO, D±$Mr Om{V H$m N>moQ>r Om{V H$s {ó`m| Ho$ gmW JbV `m¡Z -g§~§Y aIZo
_| AnZm A{YH$ma ^mdZm Am¡a X§^ , N>moQ>r Om{V _| AnZr B‚mV ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Ñ‹T>Vm
H$m A^md, Jar~r H$s _O~y[a`m± Am{X H$B© H$maU h¢, {OZHo$ n[aUm_ -ñdê$n `m¡Z-emofU H$s na§nam
MbVr Am ahr h¡ Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m Ho$ gmW `m¡Z -emofU hmoZo Ho$ Xmo Adga {XImE JE h¢ Ÿ& dh ~hþV gab h¡, Bg{bE
nhbr _wbmH$mV _| ào_r Jmo~a H$mo ~VmVr h¡ {H$ Ka _| Kadmbr H$s AZwnpñW{V _| {VbH$ -_wÐm bJmZo
dmbo EH$ n§{S>V Zo {H$dm‹S> ~§X H$aHo$ CgH$s ~oB‚mVr H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Vmo Pw{Z`m CZH$mo Jm{b`m±
XoH$a, nrR> _| Xmo bmV| O_mH$a ^mJ AmB© Wr Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ _mVmXrZ hmoar Ho$ Ka na AmH$a EH$m§V H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a Pw{Z`m go {MH$Zr-Mwn‹S>r
~mV| H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m Aghm`Vm H$m ~moY H$aHo$ amoZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ Yrao go CgH$m hmW nH$‹S>
boVm h¡, na PQ>Ho$ go hmW Z Nw>‹S>mH$a Xmo Mm§Q>o Z bJmH$a dh Am{hñVm go hmW Nw>‹S>mVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_`
gmoZm Ho$ nh±þM OmZo go "_mVmXrZ nJ{h`m _m§J aho Wo' H$hH$a Pw{Z`m pñW{V H$mo g§^mb XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m H$mo XyY boH$a ~mOma OmVo ahVo g_` {^Þ -{^Þ bmoJm| go _wbmH$mV hmoVr Wr Ÿ& H$moB©
CgH$s N>mVr na hmW aIH$a Z VagmZo H$s {dZVr H$aVm Wm Vmo H$moB© énò, JhZo {XImH$a \±$gmZm
MmhVm Wm Ÿ& bJVm h¡ ò gmYmaU KQ>ZmE± O¡gr Wt, daZ² Bggo Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE _Zmoa§OZ hmo OmVm
Wm Ÿ& Bgo Pw{Z`m _§JZr MrO _mZVr Wr Ÿ& Jm±dm| _| CËnr‹S>Z dJ© {ZåZ Om{V H$m `m¡Z -emofU H$aVo h¢
Am¡a Bgo AnZm A{YH$ma _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg AnamY Ho$ {bE do g_mO _| X§{S>V Zht hmoVo Ÿ& gaH$ma ~hmXwa
Ho$ Zm¡H$a nQ>oídar AnZr {dYdm H$hm[aZ H$mo aIm hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ H$m H$m[a§Xm ZmoIoam_ ^mobm H$s Aghm`Vm H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a Cgo H$m_ Xo XoVm h¡
Am¡a CgH$s ZB© nËZr Zmohar H$mo AnZo Ka aI boVm h¡ Ÿ&
qPJwar qgh, nQ>oídar Am¡a ZmoIoam_ Ho$ ~oQ>o O~ Xehao H$s Nw>Å>r na Jm±d AmVo h¢, V~ N>¡bo
~ZH$a Ky_Vo h¢ Ÿ& hmoar H$s ~oQ>r gmoZm H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE hmoar Ho$ Ûma H$mo VmH$Vo hþE {ZH$bVo h¢ Ÿ&
na§namJV _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ H$maU X{bV g_mO H$s Apñ_Vm Am¡a ApñVËd Ho$ à{V gMoVZVm
IVao _| n‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ^m½`dmX Am¡a H$_©\$b {dÐmoh H$m Jbm Km|Q> XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Zmar CËnr‹S>Z :
Jar~ Am¡a {ZåZ n[adma _| Zmar H$mo nrQ>H$a nwéf AnZm Jwñgm CVmaVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo nm¡éf H$s
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{dO` _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& Zmar BgH$m {damoY Zht H$a nmVr Ÿ& Cgo Hw$N> Jwñgm AmVm h¡ Ÿ& g^r Ho$ gm_Zo `h
KQ>Zm KQ>Zo go An_mZ ~moY hmoVm h¡, Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ ~mVMrV ~§X hmo OmVr h¡, na Hw$N> g_` `m {XZ
Ho$ níMmV gmar ~mV| ñd^m{dH$ hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ& Ho$db Eogr pñW{V _| O_tXma Ho$ n[adma _| VbmH$ VH$
n{V-nËZr CVa AmVo h¢, O¡go {H$ am`gmh~ H$s nwÌr Am¡a Xm_mX Ho$ ~rM hþAm Ÿ& Jar~ n[adma _|
nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z H$s pñW{V Zht AmVr Ÿ&
Jmo~a Zo eha OmVo g_` X§n{V H$mo Amng _| PJ‹S>Vo hþE XoIm Ÿ& n{V nËZr H$mo Ka OmZo H$mo
H$h ahm Wm Ÿ& nËZr _Zm H$a ahr Wr Ÿ& n{V Jwñgo go nËZr H$mo KgrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a n{V H$m nj boVm h¡
Vmo nËZr H$hVr h¡ - Vw_ Š`m| b‹S>mB© H$aZo na CVmê$ hmo Or, AnZr amh Š`m| Zht OmVo ? `hm± H$moB©
V_mem h¡ ? h_mam Amng H$m PJ‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& H$^r dh _wPo _maVm h¡, H$^r _¢ Cgo S>m±Q>Vr h±ÿ Ÿ& Vw_go
_Vb~ ?
~m±g ~oMo OmVo g_` X_‹S>r ~§gra go nw{Z`m PJ‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& hram -nw{Z`m Ho$ ~rM _manrQ> hmo
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$^r -H$^r Cgo BVZm _maVm h¡ {H$ dh H$B© {XZm| VH$ ImQ> go CR> Zht nmVr Ÿ& CgZo
PJ‹S>m H$aHo$ ^mB`m| _| AbJm¡Pm H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ& {nQ>o OmZo na ^r dh hram H$mo AnZo Bemao na MbmVr
Wr Ÿ& Jmo~a -Pw{Z`m _| PJ‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> {XZ XmoZm| _| A~mobm ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na {dn{Îm Ho$ g_`
g~ Ywb OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar Amdoe Ho$ H$maU Y{Z`m H$mo nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m H$mo ~‹S>m Xw:I hmoVm h¡ {H$ g^r Ho$ gm_Zo
hmoar Zo Cgo nrQ>m Ÿ& ~mVMrV ~§X hmo OmVr h¡, na Xw{X©Z _|, amoJ _| `h PJ‹S>m `mX Zht ahVm Ÿ& Zmar n{V
godm _| brZ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ -{g{b`m H$m PJ‹S>m, _manrQ H$a> Ka go {ZH$mb XoZm, Amng _| g_Pm¡Vm H$a XoZm
Jm±d _| ñdm^m{dH $à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& J«m_rU _{hbmE± AdhobZm, An_mZ Am¡a CËnr‹S>Z H$mo MwnMmn gh
OmVr h¢ Ÿ& do nwéf Ho$ AYrZ ahVr h¢ Ÿ& `h CZH$s {Z`{V h¡ Ÿ& _w{º$ Zht Ÿ& Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>
go do ~§Xr h¢ Ÿ&
F$U g_ñ`m :
JmoXmZ _| F$U -g_ñ`m EH$ à_wI g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& `h g_ñ`m hmoar Ho$ OrdZ H$s J{V H$mo
~XZgr~r H$s Amoa YHo$bH$a CgH$m A§V H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h g_ñ`m J«m_rU H¥$fH$ -g_mO H$s g_ñ`m
Zht h¡, ~pëH$ eha Ho$ O_tXmam| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s ^r g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& gmhÿH$ma Am¡a ~¢H$a F$U XoVo
h¢ Ÿ&
22
hmoar F$U-^ma go BVZm X~m hþAm h¡ {H$ OdmZr _| ^r Cgo ~w‹T>mnm Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>r _wpíH$b
go F$U Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ~rM dh J¥hñWr H$s Jm‹S>r ItMZo H$m à`mg H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ&
dh F$U na Jm` boVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` H$mo _ma {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo Cg na H$ha Qy>Q> n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ka H$s
Vbmer go ~MZo Ho$ {bE Cgo [aídV XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& [aídV Ho$ {bE F$U ^r boZm n‹S>Vm h¡, na Y{Z`m
Ho$ H$maU pñW{V gwYaVr h¡ Ÿ& na dh {H$gmZ go _OXya ~ZVm h¡, H$Ý`m-{~H«$s H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Am¡a A§V
_| àmUm| H$s Amhþ{V Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a eha OmH$a nhbo Xygao H$mo F$U Vmo XoVm h¡ na CgH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V ~mX _| {~J‹S>
OmVr h¡ Vmo dh F$U MH«$ _| \§$g OmVm h¡ Am¡a ÜdñV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
CgH$s nËZr Y{Z`m g_P JB© h¡ {H$ Mmho {H$VZr H$Vaì`mo§V H$amo, {H$VZm hr noQ>-VZ H$mQ>mo,
Mmho EH$-EH$ H$m¡‹S>r H$mo Xm±V go nH$‹S>mo, _Ja bJmZ -~o~mH$ hmoZm _wpíH$b h¡ Ÿ& F$U ^ma go CgHo$
~mb nH$ JE h¢ Ÿ& {g\©$ N>Îmrg gmb H$s C_« _| Xoh na Pw[a`m± n‹S> JB© h§¡ Ÿ&
eha _| am`gmh~ F$U boH$a AnZr à{Vð>m ~MmVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$O© boH$a MwZmd b‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ én`m| H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU EH$ ~ma {_. V§Im Am¡a EH$ ~ma {_. Am|H$maZmW H$s ^r {_ÞV H$a
MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ&
Hw§$da {Xp½dO` qgh Am¡a amOm gy`©àVmn na ^r ^mar H$O© h¡ Ÿ& V§Im, {_. IÞm, _ohVm,
_mbVr Ho$ {nVm H$moB© ^r F$U go _wº$ Zht h¢ Ÿ&
_mbVr Ho$ {nVm H$ht go Hw$N> Z {_bVm Wm Vmo EH$ _hmOZ go AnZo ~§Jbo na àmoZmoQ> {bIH$a
hOma -Xmo hOma bo boVo Wo Ÿ& _hmOZ CZH$m nwamZm {_Ì Wm, {OgZo CZH$s ~Xm¡bV boZ-XoZ _| bmIm|
H$_mE Wo Ÿ& na nMrg hOma H$m H$O© M‹T> MwH$m Wm Ÿ& Jm±ddmbo B©I ~oMZo {_b _| nh±þMVo h¢ Vmo _w{Z_$
go {_bH$a Jm±d H$m _hmOZ {P§Jwar qgh H$O© _| {X`m énò dgyb H$a {bE Š`m|{H$ {Og IÞm ~m~y H$s
{_b h¡ Cgr IÞm ~m~y H$s _hmOZr H$moR>r ^r h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| EH$ h¢ Ÿ& Jm±d _| gmhÿH$ma {H$gmZm| H$m emofU
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ {~Zm {bIm-n‹T>r Ho$ F$U XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh énE dgyb H$aVo g_` ~«m÷UËd Am¡a emn
H$s Y_H$s XoH$a H$m_ {ZH$mb boVm h¡ Ÿ&
XmVmXrZ Zo hmoar H$mo Vrg énE Amby ~moZo Ho$ {bE F$U {X`m Ÿ& AmR>-Zm¡ gmb _| dh gm¡ hmo
JE Ÿ& Jmo~a EH$ énE Ho$ {hgm~ go Á`mXm ã`mO XoZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
XmVmXrZ AXmbV _| OmZo go S>aVm h¡ Ÿ& na Y_H$mVm h¡ - _¢ ~«m÷U h±ÿ Ÿ& _oao énò hO_ H$aHo$
Vw_ M¡Z Z nmAmoJo Ÿ&
hmobr Ho$ Adga na Jm±d _| Omo ZmQ>H$ Iobm OmVm h¡, Cg_| {XIm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ R>mHw$a Xg
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énò H$m XñVmdoO {bImH$a nm§M énò XoVm h¡ Ÿ& do EH$ énE ZOamZo H$m, EH$ Vhara H$m, EH$ H$mJX
H$m, EH$ XñVyar H$m Am¡a gyX H$m H$mQ> boVo h¢ Ÿ&
{H$gmZ Cgr nm§M énE H$mo bm¡Q>mH$a H$hVm h¡ - N>moQ>r R>Hw$amBZ Ho$ ZOamZo Am¡a nmZ ImZo Ho$
{bE EH$-EH$ én`m, ~‹S>r R>Hw$amBZ Ho$ ZOamZo Am¡a nmZ ImZo Ho$ {bE EH$-EH$ én`m Am¡a AnZo
{H«$`m H$_© Ho$ {bE ~mH$s EH$ én`m aI br{OE Ÿ&
`h gmhÿH$mam| Ho$ M[aÌ na EH$ ì`§½` Xem©Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Zmohar ^r Hw$N> énò O_m H$aVr h¡ Omo Cgo {H$gr H$mo H$Om© XoZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo hmoar AÀN>m
XoZXma bJVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$mo gmoZm Ho$ {ddmh _| {Xb ImobH$a IM© H$aZo H$mo CH$gmH$a Xmo gm¡ énE H$Om©
XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Xwbmar ghþH$m[aZ ^r H$Om© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| Eogm H$moB© Ka Z Wm , {Og na AmnH$o$ Hw$N> énE
Z AmVo hm| Ÿ& qPJwar qgh na ^r CgHo$ ~rg énE AmVo Wo Ÿ& hmoar Zo Cggo Mmbrg énE {bE Wo , Omo
ã`mO g{hV bJ^J gm¡ énE hmo JE Wo Ÿ& H$m[a¨Xm ZmoIoam_ {~Zm agrX {XE bJmZ Ho$ n¡go bo boVo h¢ Ÿ&
Jmo~a O~ Cggo J§JmO{b CR>dmH$a AXmbV _| Xmo~mam n¡go XoZo H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡ Vmo dh grYo amñVo na
AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
XmVmXrZ O~ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma _hmOZm| go gyX H$m Xa KQ>mZo H$mo H$hoJr V~ qPJwar qgh
H$hVm h¡ -""n§{S>V _¢ Vmo EH$ ~mV OmZVm h±ÿ, Vwåh| JaO n‹S>oJr Vmo gm¡ ~ma h_go énò CYma boZo
AmAmoJo, Am¡a h_ Omo ã`mO Mmh|Jo, b|Jo Ÿ& dh gm¡ _| nMrg nhbo H$mQ> boZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
_hmOZ bmV Am¡a OyVo go ~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& àm¡‹T> AmX{_`m| H$mo Hw$N> \$m`Xm XoH$a AnZo nj _| boH$a
Xygam| H$s JX©Z X~mZo H$m VarH$m ~VmH$a dh gmhÿH$mam| H$s H$bB© Imob XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
hmoar O~ H$hVm h¡ {H$ h_Zo {Og ã`mO na énE {bE, dh Vmo XoZo hr n‹S>|Jo Ÿ& {\$a ~«m÷U
R>hao Ÿ& `h gwZH$a Jmo~a H$hVm h¡ - ""Am¡a H$m¡Z `h H$h ahm h¡ {H$ ~«m÷U H$m n¡gm X~m bmo ! _¢ Vmo
`hr H$hVm h±ÿ {H$ BVZm gyX Zht X|Jo Ÿ& ~¢H$dmbo ~mah AmZo gyX boVo h¢ Ÿ& Vw_ EH$ én`m bo bmo Ÿ& Am¡a
Š`m {H$gr H$mo byQ> bmoJo ?
dh {nVm go XmVmXrZ Ho$ ~mao _| H$hVm h¡ -"" {H$gr H$mo gm¡ énE CYma {XE Am¡a Cggo gyX _|
{OÝXJr â H$m_ boVo aho Ÿ& _yb Á`m| H$m Ë`m| Ÿ& `h _hmOZr Zht h¡, IyZ MygZm h¡ Ÿ&''
hmoar Zo _§Jê$ emh go nm§M gmb nhbo gmR> énE H$O© {b`m Wm Ÿ& gm¡ énE ^r dh Xo MwH$m Wm Ÿ&
na Cg na gmR> énE H$m H$O© ~Zm hþAm Wm Ÿ&
bJmZ Am¡a gyX Ho$ Abmdm emofH$ dJ© {H$gmZm| H$m Xygao T>§J go emofU H$aVo Wo Ÿ& {H$gmZm| H$mo
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~oJma, ZOamZm, S>m±S>, XñVyar, eJwZ Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| énE XoZo n‹S>Vo Wo Ÿ&
nw{bg [aídV boVr Wr Ÿ& Cg_| Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m bmoJm| Ho$ gmPo _| `h H$m_ MbVm h¡ Ÿ&
1.6.. amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ :
ào_MÝX Zo amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ à{V JmoXmZ _| {deof é{M Zht {XImB© h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db
gË`mJ«h g§J«m_ H$s MMm© H$aHo$ do ^maV _| gwamO AmZo Am¡a EH$ g_mZVm _ybH$ g_mO -ì`dñWm
bmJy hmoZo H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| CÝhm|Zo {XIm`m h¡ {H$ amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Ho$ à{V é{M Ho$db
ehar nmÌm| H$s h¡ Ÿ& J«m_rU nmÌ Bggo à^m{dV Zht h¢ Ÿ&
Ho$db Y{Z`m Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m bmoJm| Ho$ fS>`§Ì H$m nXm©nme H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¡ -"" ò hË`mao
Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m h¢ Ÿ& Jar~m| H$m IyZ MygZodmbo Ÿ& gyX-ã`mO, S>o‹T>r -gdmB©, ZOa-ZOamZm, Kyg-Kmg
O¡go ^r hmo, Jar~m§o H$mo byQ>mo Ÿ& Cg na gwamO Mm{hE Ÿ& Oob OmZo go gwamO Zht {_boJm Ÿ& gwamO {_boJm
Ya_ Ho$ Ý`m` go Ÿ&''
Bg H$WZ Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a {H$gr J«m_rU nmÌ Ho$ _w±h go gwamO H$s ~mV Zht H$hr JB© h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a eha OmH$a Hw$N> ~mV| grI OmVm h¡, dh g^mAm| _| AmVo - OmVo ahZo go Hw$N>
amOZr{VH$ kmZ hm{gb H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| AmVm h¡ Vmo _w{I`m bmoJm| Ho$ AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aZo H$s
{hå_V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ Adga na _w{I`m H$m _Im¡b C‹S>mVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ hmoar gmoMVm h¡ -""b‹S>Ho$
H$s AŠb O¡go Iwb JB© h¡ Ÿ& H¡$gr ~obmJ ~mV H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&''
am`gmh~ O_tXma hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo gaH$ma Am¡a Agm{_`m| go AÀN>m g§~§Y ~ZmE aIZm MmhVo
Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE {nN>bo gË`mJ«h g§J«m_ _| am`gmh~ Zo ~‹S>m è H$_m`m Wm Ÿ& H$m§¡{gb H$s _oå~ar N>mo‹S>H$a
Oob Mbo JE Wo Ÿ& V~ go CZHo$ BbmHo$ Ho$ Agm{_`m| H$mo CZgo ~‹S>r lÕm hmo JB© Wr Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mdOyX hþHy$_V go CZH$m H$moB© {damoY Zht Wm Ÿ& ""AnZr ZOa| Am¡a S>m{b`m± Am¡a
H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s XñVy[a`m± O¡gr A^r AmVr Wt Ÿ&'' CZH$s Xwa§Jr Zr{V _ohVm H$mo AIaVr h¡ Ÿ&
{_. IÞm ^r Oob JE h¢ Ÿ& na do IÔa Zht nhZVo Ÿ& do ào_ go eam~ nrVo h¢ Ÿ& na Oob _|
CÝhm|Zo eam~ Zht Nw>B© Ÿ& Oob _| "E' Šbmg _| ahH$a ^r "gr' Šbmg H$s amo{Q>`m± ImB© Ÿ& Xoeào_r hmoZo
H$m {dídmg CËnÞ H$aZo _| H$moB© H$ga Zht N>mo‹S>r Ÿ&
{_g _mbVr ^r EH$ ~ma Oob OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± ZJa H$m§J«og H$_oQ>r H$s g^mZoÌr MwZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Hw±$da ZmamÙ bwH${N>nH$a amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ^r A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo dh
~mV _mby_ n‹S> JB© Wr Ÿ& {\$a ^r CZH$s ~‹S>r à{Vð>m Wr Ÿ& gmb _| EH$-Xmo ~ma JdZ©a gmh~ ^r CZHo$
25
_oh_mZ hmo OmVo Wo Ÿ&
{_.V§Im AnZr {_Ì _§S>br _| H$m¢{gb H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE _mbVr go H$m¢{gb Ho$ {bE MwZmd
b‹S>Zo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -""_oar BÀN>m Ho$db `h h¡ {H$ H$m¢{gb _| Eogo bmoJ OmE± {OÝhm|Zo
OrdZ _| Hw$N> AZw^d àmá {H$`m hmo Am¡a OZVm Cn`wº$ Cå_rXdma _mZVr h¡ Vmo {_Om© IweuX AnZr
^mdZm ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ -"" _oam ~g Mbo Vmo H$m¢{gb _| AmJ bJm Xy± Ÿ& {Ogo h_ S>o_moH«o$gr H$hVo h¢, dh
ì`dhma _| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ny±Orn{V`m| Am¡a O_tXmam| H$m amÁ` h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht Ÿ&''
{_. V§Im am` gmh~ H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ -"" A~H$s Vmo AmnZo H$m¢{gb _| àíZm| H$s
Yy_ _Mm Xr Ÿ& _¢ Vmo Xmdo Ho$ gmW H$h gH$Vm h±ÿ {H$ {H$gr _|~a H$m [aH$mS>© BVZm emZXma Zht h¡ Ÿ&''
{_. V§Im Xm§d-noM Ho$ AmX_r Wo Ÿ& MwZmd Ho$ Adga na Cå_rXdmam| H$mo I‹S>m H$aHo$ CZHo$
{bE H$m_ H$aVo Wo Am¡a AnZo {bE Xg-~rg hOma H$_m boVo Wo Ÿ&
{_Om© IweuX h¡Q> nhZVo Wo Ÿ& dmoqQ>J Ho$ g_` Mm¢H$ n‹S>Vo Wo Am¡a ZoeZ{bñQ>m| H$s Va\$ go dmoQ>
XoVo Wo Ÿ&
_mbVr {~Obr Ho$ g§nmXH$ Am|H$maZmW go nyN>Vr h¡ -""Vmo AmnHo$ nÌ _| {dXoer dñVwAm| Ho$
{dkmnZ Š`m| hmoVo h¢ ? _¢Zo {H$gr ^r Xygao nÌ _| BVZo {dXoer {dkmnZ Zht XoIo Ÿ& Amn ~ZVo Vmo h¢
AmXe©dmXr Am¡a {gÕm§VdmXr, na AnZo \$m`Xo Ho$ {bE Xoe H$m YZ {dXoem| _| ôOVo hþE AmnH$mo Oam
^r IoX Zht hmoVm Ÿ&''
am` gmh~ H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ ñdV§Ì ^maV _| O_tXmar àWm H$m bmon hmo OmEJm Ÿ& na do AnZr
Xwhar Mmb _| g\$b hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Va\$ Agm{_`m| H$mo byQ>Vo h¢, na do am`gmh~ H$mo AÀN>m BÝgmZ
g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& am`gmh~ gË`mJ«h _| ^mJ boVo h¢, Cg Va\$ A\$gam| H$mo$ S>m{b`m± S>mbVo h¢ Ÿ&
1.7 M[aÌ -{MÌU:
* hmoar :
hmoar JmoXmZ CnÝ`mg H$m Zm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Am{X go A§V VH$ hmoar H$s X`Zr` Am¡a g§Kf© nyU©
JmWm H$hr JB© h¡ Ÿ& dh ^maVr` H¥$fH$ dJ© H$m à{V{Z{Y h¡, Omo gX¡d emofH$-dJ© Ho$ hmWm| `mVZm ghZo
H$mo _O~ya h¡ Ÿ&
n[adma H$m _w{I`m - ~obmar Jm±d H$m hmoar AnZo n[adma H$m _w{I`m h¡ & CgHo$ nmg nm§M
~rKm O_rZ h¡ Ÿ& n{dma _| ~oQ>m Jmo~a, Xmo ~o{Q>`m± gmoZm Am¡a ê$nm VWm nËZr Y{Z`m h§¡ Ÿ& dh H$_a Vmo‹S>
_ohZV H$aHo$ \$gb CnOmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r Cgo Xmo dº$ ânoQ> ^moOZ Zgr~ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& AnZr
AmdíH$`VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo g_` - g_` na _hmOZm| go H$O© boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$
26
dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ Bg A§Yr Jbr go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZm _wpíH$b h¡, {\$a ^r n[apñW{V go bmMma ~Z OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
dh gmoMVm h¡ {H$ AJa XmoZm| ^mB© AbJ Z hþE hmoVo Vmo, AmO CgHo$ IoV _| ^r hb Mb aho
hmoVo Ÿ& CgHo$ ~ƒm| H$mo XyY {_bVm Ÿ& Y{Z`m H$s OdmZr Ag_` Z T>b JB© hmoVr Ÿ&
Y{Z`m O~ JmohË`m H$m Xmof XoH$a hram H$s Vm¡hrZ H$aVm h¡, Vmo ^mB© H$s B‚mV ~MmZo hmoar ~oQ>o
Ho$ {ga na hmW aIH$a g\o$X PyR> ~mob XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nw{bg H$s Vbmer boZo H$mo dh Ka H$s ~oB‚mVr
g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H$Om© boH$a XamoJm H$mo [aídV XoZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
hram Jm±d N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡ Vmo hmoar CgH$s IoVr H$_mVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Bgo AnZm Y_© _mZH$a
H$m_ H$aVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
~oQ>m ^mJ OmZo na ^r ~hÿ Pw {Z`m H$mo AnZo Ka na aIH$a CgHo$ H$maU g_mO _| CR>o ~d§S>a
H$m _wH$m~bm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh H$Om© boH$a ~‹S>r ~oQ>r gmoZm H$s emXr _Wwam go H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a A^md Ho$ g_` ~‹S>o A§VÛªÛ
Ho$ ~mX da nj go Xmo gm¡ énò boH$a AYo‹S> am_godH$ H$mo XoVm h¡, bo{H$Z Bg n¡go H$mo H$O© _mZH$a ~mX
_| MwH$m XoZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm ~Zm boVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a Ho$ ~oQ>o Ho$ {bE XyY OwQ>mZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Jm` IarXZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H§$H$‹S> Vmo‹S>Zo
H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ XmoZm| ^mB`m| Ho$ AbJ hmo OmZo na ^r hmoar CZgo nhbo H$s Vah gX²^mdZm
aIVm Wm Ÿ& hram H$s nËZr nw{Z`m H$mo ~hÿ _mZVm Wm, `Ú{n dh ~hþV PJ‹S>mby ñd^md H$s Am¡aV
Wr Ÿ&
X_‹S>r ~±gm¡a Mm¡Yar nw{Z`m H$mo YŠH$m XoVm h¡ Vmo hmoar H$m IyZ Im¡b CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh Mm¡Yar
H$mo EH$ bmV O_mH$a ~mobVm h¡ - A~ AnZm ^bm MmhVo hmo Mm¡Yar Vmo `hm± go Mbo OmAmo, Zht
Vwåhmar bme CR>oJr Ÿ& Vw_Zo AnZo H$mo g_Pm Š`m h¡ Ÿ? Vwåhmar BVZr _Omb {H$ _oar ~hÿ na hmW
CR>mAmo ? AbJ hmoZo na ^r EH$ IyZ Ho$ hmoZo go dh nw{Z`m Ho$ An_mZ H$mo AnZm An_mZ g_PVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ^mB© hram H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ {bE nËZr Y{Z`m H$mo N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
gmoMVm h¡ - Y{Z`m go A~ _oam H$moB© g§~§Y Zht, Ohm± Mmho OmE Ÿ& dh O~ B‚mV {~Jm‹S>Zo na Am JB©,
Vmo Bg Ka _| H¡$go ah gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
IoVr _| nw{Z`m H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo na ^r hmoar H$s ~XZm_r hmoVr h¡ {H$ CgZo CgH$s gmar CnO
AnZo Ka bo br h¡ Ÿ& EhgmZ Ho$ ~Xbo H$b§H$ bJZo na ^r dh AnZr ZoH$Zm_r go _w±h Zht _mo‹S>Vm Ÿ&
AnZm H$Îm©ì` H$aVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
27
Ÿì`dhmaHw$eb - hmoar am`gmh~ Ho$ `hm± ~am~a AmVm-OmVm ahVm h¡ Vm{H$ CZH$s ew^
-Ñ{ï> Cg na ~Zr aho Ÿ& CZgo {_bZo _| dh Jd© H$m AZw^d H$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ - _m{bH$m|
go {_bVo -OwbVo ahZo H$m hr Vmo `h àgmX h¡ {H$ g~ CgH$m AmXa H$aVo h§¡, Zht Vmo nm§M ~rKo Ho$
{H$gmZ H$s Am¡H$mV Š`m h¡ ?
{H$gr ^r g_` Oê$aV n‹S> OmZo na H$Om© {_b gHo$, Bg{bE dh _hmOZm| go AÀN>m g§~§Y
~ZmE aIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gmhyH$mam| go h±gr - _OmH$ H$aHo$ H$O} XoZmo H$mo \w$gbmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nQ>oídar Am¡a
gmhÿH$ma H$r Iwem_X H$aVm h¡ Vmo dgybr Ho$ VH$mOo Za_ n‹S> OmVo h¢ Am¡a nwamZm H$O© ahZo na ^r Z`m
H$O© {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar am`gmh~ Ho$ ZmQ>H$ YZwf `k _| _mbr H$s ^y{_H$m _| A{^Z` H$aHo$ g~H$mo
Iwe H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nR>mZ Ho$ dof _| AmE _ohVm H$mo AnZo H$m~y _| Bg{bE bo OmVm h¡ {H$ dh
am`gmh~ H$mo gwajm Xo gHo$ Ÿ&
Jar~ - hmoar ~hþV Jar~ h¡ Ÿ& Jar~r Zo CgH$s ar‹T> Vmo‹S> Xr h¡ Ÿ& XdmXmé Z hmo gH$Zo go CgHo$
VrZ b‹S>Ho$ ~MnZ _| hr _a JE Wo Ÿ& CgHo$ gmobh gmb Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ Jmo~a Ho$ {bE XyY VH$ Zht {_b
gH$m Wm Ÿ& bJ^J Mmbrg gmb H$s C_« _| CgHo$ {JaVo ñdmñÏ` H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE Y{Z`m
H$hVr h¡ -Vwåhmar Xem XoIH$a _¢ gyIr OmVr h±ÿ {H$ ^JdmZ `h ~w‹T>mnm H¡$go H$Q>oJm ? {H$gHo$ Ûma na
^rI _m§J§oJo Ÿ& hmoar H$hVm h¡ - gmR>o VH$ nh±þMZo H$s Zm¡~V Z Am nmEJr Y{Z`m Ÿ& BgHo$ nhbo hr Mb
X|Jo Ÿ&
dh O~ nw{Z`m Ho$ _Q>a Ho$ IoV H$s _|S> na AnZr _S>¡`m _| amV H$mo gmoZo OmVm h¡, Vmo AnZo
gmW OÝ_ Ho$ nhbo Ho$ H§$~b Am¡a nm§M gmb nhbo ~ZdmB© JB© \$Q>r {_O©B© bo OmVm h¡, {\$a ^r ~w‹T>mno
H$m gmWr Wm {ddmB© Ho$ \$Q>o n¡am| H$mo noQ> _| S>mb H$a Am¡a hmWm| H$mo Om±Km| Ho$ ~rM _| X~mH$a Am¡a H§$db
go _w±h {MnmH$a AnZr J_© gm±g go AnZo H$mo J_© H$aZo H$s Moï> m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
{H$gmZ go _OXya ~Z OmZm CgHo$ OrdZ H$s g~go ~‹S>r XX©ZmH$ _O~yar Wr Ÿ& _mVmXrZ Ho$
`hm± dh _OXyar H$aVo g_` CgH$s {P‹S>{H$`m± ghVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m_ H$aVo g_` ~ohmoe ^r hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
R>oHo$Xma Ho$ `hm± nËWa H$s IwXmB© H$aVo g_` Cgo by bJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Omo CgHo$ OrdZ H$m A§V
H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ g§Kf© _| ~ma-~ma hmaZo Ho$ ~mdOyX dh {hå_V Zht hmaVm, ~pëH$ ^m½` go b‹S>Vm
ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
IoVr H$s _`m©Xm H$m ajH$ - hmoar AmXe© H¥$fH$ h¡ Ÿ& ha hmbV _| {H$gmZr H$mo
_`m©XmOZH$ H$m`© _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ IoVr H$aZo go CgHo$ EH$ {XZ H$s _OXyar EH$ AmZo go
^r H$_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r AnZr _`m©Xm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE dh IoVr _| S>Q>H$a ahZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
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CgHo$ {bE g§Kf© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nwÌ Jmo~a go H$hVm h¡ -""IoVr _| Omo _aOmX h¡, dh Zm¡H$ar _| Zht h¡ Ÿ&
^«mV¥ào_ _| _hmZ - AbJ hmo OmZo na ^r hmoar AnZo XmoZm| ^mB© hram Am¡a emo^m go ào_
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g~ O~ CgHo$ Ka na Jm` XoIZo AmVo h¢, dh MmhVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ XmoZm| ^mB© ^r Jm` XoIZo
Am OmE± Ÿ& hram Cg na PyR>m Amamon bJmVm h¡ {H$ CgZo Ka Ho$ n¡gm| H$m J~Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& hram CgH$s
Jm` H$mo _ma S>mbVm h¡, {\$a ^r ^mB© H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE dh H$hVm h¡ - _oam gw~hm {H$gr na Zht h¡,
gaH$ma Ÿ& Jm` AnZr _m¡V go _ar h¡ Ÿ& ~y‹T>r hmo JB© Wr dh ^mB© Ho$ {bE PyR> ~mobVm h¡ {H$ hram Zo Jm`
H$mo Zht _mam Ÿ& hram ^mJ OmVm h¡ Vmo dh Xw:Ir hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ n[adma H$m ^ma g§^mbVm h¡ Ÿ& gm‹T>o
nm§M gmb ~mX O~ hram bm¡Q>H$a AnZr am_ H$hmZr gwZmH$a ^mB© go _m\$s _m§JVm h¡, V~ hmoar H$mo ~ohX
Iwer hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
CXma {nVm - hmoar EH$ AmXe© {nVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ha g_` ~ƒm| H$m I`mb aIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
gmoMVm h¡ -Jmo~a H$mo `{X XyY {_b nmVm Vmo {H$VZm AÀN>m OdmZ ~Z OmVm Ÿ& Jmo~a Ka N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo _Z _| nwÌ Ho$ à{V H$moB© Xw^m©dZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Zmohar go Xmo gm¡ énò H$Om© boH$a gmoZm
H$s emXr H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _O~yar _| Xmo gm¡ énò boH$a am_godH$ go ê$nm H$s emXr H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
grYmgmXm AmX_r - hmoar ñd^md go gab h¡ Ÿ& dh N>b-N>oX H$s C‹S>Vr hþB© Yyb go
Xya ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$gr Ho$ ObVo hþE Ka _| hmW g|H$Zm Zht OmZVm Ÿ& ^mobm Ho$ nmg ^ygm Z hmoZo H$s
~mV gwZH$a ~h {~XH$ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Jm` H$s añgr ^mobm H$mo bm¡Q>mVo hþE H$hVm h¡ - én`m Vmo XmXm _oao
nmg Zht Ÿ& hm± Wmo‹S>m-gm ^ygm ~Mm h¡ Ÿ& dh Vwåh| Xy±Jm Ÿ& MbH$a CR>dm bmo Ÿ& ^ygo Ho$ {bE Vw_ Jm`
~oMmoJo Am¡a _¢ by±Jm Ÿ& _oao hmW Z H$Q> Om`|Jo Ÿ& AnZo Ka _| ^ygo H$s H$_r hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX dh ^mobm Ho$
Ka na VrZ Im¢Mm ^ygm nh±þMm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
`WmW© M[aÌ - g_ñV JwU-Xmofm| H$mo boH$a EH$ `WmW© M[aÌ Ho$ ê$n _| hmoar nmR>H$m| Ho$
gm_Zo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> \$m`Xm§o Ho$ {bE hmoar gm_mÝ` AmX_r H$s Vah Hw$N> ^yb$ H$a ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ^mobm H$mo gJmB© H$m PyR>m AmídmgZ XoH$a Jm` h{W`mZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r CgH$s
AmË_m Cgo {YŠH$maVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ -"" {H$gr ^mB© H$m Zrbm_ na M‹T>m hþAm ~¡b boZo _| Omo nmn
h¡, dh Bg g_` Vwåhmar Jm` boZo _| h¡ Ÿ& hmoar g_PVm Wm {H$ g§H$Q> H$s MrO boZm nmn h¡ Ÿ&
dh gmoMVm h¡ {H$ AJa dh g_` na ^mobm Ho$ n¡go MwH$m Zht gH$m, Vmo ^mobm VJmXm H$aZo
AmEJm, {~J‹S>oJm, Jm{b`m± XoJm Ÿ& Bggo Cgo e_© Zht AmEJr Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ {g{Õ Ho$ {bE
Wmo‹S>m-gm N>b H$aZm OmÒ h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ AnZo nmg Hw$N> n¡go hmoZo na ^r _hmOZ go PyR>
H$hZm, ~oMVo g_` gZ H$mo Jrbm H$aZm, ê$B© _| {~Zm¡bo âZm Am{X X[aÐVm H$s _O~y[a`m± h¢ Am¡a ò
~war ~mV| Zht h¢ Ÿ&
29
hmoar ~m±g ~oMVo g_` AnZo ^mB© go T>mB© énò H$s ~oB_mZr H$aZo Ho$ {bE X_‹S>r ~§gmoa go gm§R>-
Jm§R> H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& Am{Ia Mm¡Yar dh Xbmbr Ho$ n¡go Z XoH$a gm‹T>o gmV énE hmoar Ho$ hmW W_mH$a
H$hVm h¡ -""T>mB© énò na AnZm B©_mZ {~Jm‹S> aho Wo Ÿ& _wPo CnXoe XoVo h§¡ Ÿ& A^r naXm Imob Xy§ Vmo {ga
ZrMm hmo OmE Ÿ& '' Bg KQ>Zm go hmoar ~hþV nN>VmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$VZm bmo^r Am¡a ñdmWu h¡, AmO nVm
Mbm Ÿ&
I{bhmZ _| O~ gmam AZmO Vwb OmVm h¡, O_tXma Am¡a _hmOZ AnZm hH$ bo OmZo Ho$ ~mX
CgHo$ nmg Ho$db nm§M goa AZmO ~MVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh MwnHo$ go amVm|amV ^ygm {N>nm boVm h¡ Ÿ&
nw{Z`m na hmW CR>mZo go hmoar Mm¡Yar H$mo bmV _maVm h¡ na IwX g^r Ho$ gm_Zo Y{Z`m H$mo
nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& na Bggo Cgo níMmÎmmn h¡ Am¡a dh _aVo g_` Y{Z`m go _m\$s _m§J boVm h¡ Ÿ&
^mobm H$mo Jm` Ho$ énE bm¡Q>mZo _| Xoa hmoZo go dh Jmbr ghZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡, {\$a gmoMVm h¡ - Omo
AmX_r D$na BVZm {dídmg H$ao Cggo XJm H$aZm ZrMVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ g_` dh Jmo~a H$mo Ambgr _mZVm &
h¡ {\$a H$hVm h¡ {H$ Bg C_« _| `h ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ&
^m½`dmXr - hmoar ^m½` Am¡a H$_© na AI§S> {dídmg aIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s
Jar~r Am¡a Xw:I -XwX©em g^r nyd© OÝ_ Ho$ nmn H$m \$b h¡ Ÿ& g~ àH$ma H$m gwI -^moJ am`gmh~ Ho$
nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ nwÊ` H$m \$b h¡ Ÿ& nmI§S>r XmVmXrZ H$m hmoar Bg{bE gå_mZ H$aVm h¡ {H$ dh ~«m÷U h¡ Ÿ&
ã`mO H$s Xa A{YH$ OmZVo hþE ^r dh H$O} H$s nmB©-nmB© MwH$m XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m Ñ‹T> {dídmg h¡
{H$ ~«m÷U H$m n¡gm ha{JO Zht nMoJm Ÿ&
dh ~«m÷U Am¡a n§Mm| H$mo B©ída Ho$ à{V{Z{Y _mZH$a CZHo$ AZw{MV \¡$gbo H$mo {ga PwH$m H$a
_mZ boVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh I{bhmZ H$m gmam AÞ XÊS> Ho$ ê$n _| Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ ""n§M _|
na_oída ahVo h¢ Ÿ& CgH$m Omo Ý`m` h¡ dh {ga Am±Im| na Ÿ&''
^mobm O~ CgHo$ Ka go ~¡b ImobH$a bo OmZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a g^r Jm±ddmbo hmoar Ho$ nj _| VH©$
aIVo h¢, V~ hmoar H$hVm h¡ -""AJa Vwåhmam Y_© H$ho Vmo ~¡b Imob bmo Ÿ&'' gM_wM ^mobm ~¡b bo
OmVm h¡ Bgo ^m½` H$m {dYmZ _mZH$a hmoar ghZo H$mo {dde hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ~oQ>o Jmo~a H$mo g_Pm XoVm h¡ {H$ N>moQ>o-~‹S>o ^JdmZ Ho$ Ka go ~ZH$a AmVo h¢ Ÿ& g§n{Îm ~‹S>r
Vnñ`m go {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$O© Ho$ emofU go Km`b -H$Om© Vmo _w±h ~mò hmoar H$mo {ZJb OmZo H$mo gVV V¡`ma
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gmhÿH$ma h¢ - XmVmXrZ, _§Jê$, gmhþAmBZ, Zmohar, am_ñdê$n Ÿ& {~amXar _| ZmH$ Z H$Q>o
. Bg{bE AnZr Am¡H$mV Ho$ {hgm~ go dh gm_m{OH$ H$m`m] _| IM© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mB`m| go AbJ hmoVo
30
g_` CgZo Omo H$Om© {b`m Wm, dh ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgZo XmVmXrZ go Vrg énE boH$a Amby ~moE Wo Ÿ&
Amby Mmoa bo JE Ÿ& A~ H$Om© ã`mO g{hV Xmo gm¡ énE h¢ Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ Bg Vah gyX ~‹T>Vm OmEJm
Vmo CgH$m Ka Ûma g~ Zrbm_ hmo OmEJm Ÿ& dh _OXyar go EH$ AYo‹S> am_godH$ go ê$nm H$s emXr H$aHo$
Xmo gm¡ énò boVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ~mX _| MwH$mZo H$mo _Z ~Zm boVm h¡ {\$a ^r Bg H$m`© go CgH$s A§VamË_m
{dbmn H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
Y_© H$s _`m©Xm H$m ajH$ - am` gmh~ JmoMa Ho$ {bE MmamJmh N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢ Vmo hmoar
CÝh| àOmnmbH$ _mZVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ñd`§ Y_© H$s _`m©Xm H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~hÿ Pw{Z`m H$mo Ka _| aIH$a gmar H${R>ZmB`m±
PobVm h¡, na Cgo Ka go {ZH$mbZo H$mo V¡`ma Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
{~amXar H$s _`m©Xm H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh gmam Jëbm {ga na T>moH$a n§Mm| H$mo Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh _H$mZ H$mo {Jadr aIH$a X§S> âVm h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ O~ {g{b`m H$m n[aË`mJ H$a XoVm h¡, hmoar Cgo eaU XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZdVm H$m
Am±Mb H$^r Zht N>mo‹S>Vm, Mmho CgHo$ {bE Cgo {H$VZr hr {dn{Îm Š`m| Z ghZr n‹S>o Ÿ&
hmoar Y{Z`m H$s \$Q>H$ma ghVm h¡ Ÿ& nwÌ H$m ì`§½` -~mU ghVm h¡ Ÿ& _hmOZ H$s Jm{b`m±,
_m{bH$ H$s Y_{H$`m± g~ Hw$N> ghH$a dra `moÕm H$s Vah OrdZ g§J«m_ _| b‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| dh {_Q>
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s hma hma Zht h¡, H$_© Ho$ {bE àoaUm h¡ Ÿ& dh _a OmVm h¡ na _aH$a A_a hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Am¡a Am{W©H$ V§Jr Cgo {_bH$a bhÿ-bwhmZ H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r EH$ H¥$fH$ Ho$
ê$n _| AnZm ApñVËd ~ZmE aIZo _| dh AmàmU à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ H$s am` _| - OrdZ Ho$ gmao g§H$Q>, gmar {ZamemE±, _mZmo CgHo$ MaUm| na bmoQ> ahr
Wt Ÿ& H$m¡Z H$hVm, OrdZ -g§J«m_ _| dh hmam h¡ Ÿ& `h Cëbmg, `h hf©, `h nwbH$ Š`m hma Ho$ bjU
h¢ Ÿ& BÝht hmam| _| CgH$s {dO` h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ Qy>Q>o -\y$Q>o dó CgH$s {dO` nVmH$mE± h¢ Ÿ&
hmoar AHo$bo _| nbm`ZdmXr bJVm h¡, {damoYr _Zmod¥{Îm dmbm bJVm h¡, AnZo {ZU©` ~XbVo
hþE {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo -Amn _| AYyam bJVm h¡ Ÿ& na CgHo$ M[aÌ H$mo Y{Z`m nyU©Vm XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
n{V-nËZr {_bH$a dh nyU© ì`{º$Ëd H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
31
* Y{Z`m :
Y{Z`m hmoar H$s nËZr h¡ Ÿ& J¥hñW H$s ^Å>r _| g~ Hw$N> Pm|H$H$a dh N>Îmrg gmb H$s C_« _|
d¥Õm ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gmao ~mb nH$ JE h¢ Ÿ& Mohao na Pw[a`m± n‹S> JB© h¢ Ÿ& gwÝXa Johþ§Am a§J gm§dbm
hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& Am±Im| H$mo H$_ gyPVm h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ VrZ g§VmZm| H$s _m¡V hmo JB© Ÿ& A~ ~oQ>m Jmo~a gmobh gmb, ~mah gmb H$s gmoZm Am¡a
gmV gmb H$s ê$nm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m _Z H$hVm h¡ {H$ AJa XdmXmé R>rH$ go hmoVr Vmo do ~M OmVo Ÿ&
gmhgr - Y{Z`m Jar~ h¡, na {H$gr go Zht S>aVr Ÿ& Omo ghr hmo Am¡a Omo _Z _| AmE, dh
Cgo ~o amoH$ Q>moH$ ~mob XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bmoJ _w±hOmoa Am¡a b‹S>mHy$ _mZVo Wo Ÿ& dh O~ AnZr ~mV na A‹S>
OmVr h¡, V~ gm_m{OH$ ~§YZ H$s nadmh Zht H$aVr Ÿ&
nwÌ Jmo~a O~ {dYdm Pw{Z`m H$mo J^©dVr ~ZmH$a eha ^mJ OmVm h¡, Y{Z`m gmhg {XImH$a
Pw{Z`m H$mo AnZo Ka _| aI boVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mO Ho$ S>a go Cgo ~mha Zht H$aVr daZ² nwÌ H$s H$màVm H$mo
{YŠH$maVr h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ O~ AnZr aI¡b M_m[aZ {g{b`m H$mo Ka go {ZH$mb XoVm h¡ V~ dh {g{b`m
H$mo AnZo Ka _| eaU XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm` H$s B©î`m© H$aZo dmbo Xoda hram Ho$ {bE H$aVr h¡ -gdoam hmoVo hr
bmbm H$mo WmZo Zht nh±þMm Xy± Vmo Agb ~mn H$s Zht Ÿ&
nw{bg XmamoJm Am¡a n§M hmoar go [aídV boVo g_` Y{Z`m A§JmoN>o H$mo PQ>H$ XoVr h¡ Vmo énò
O_rZ na {~Ia OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh Zm{JZ H$s Vah \w$\$H$maVr h¡ - A§Owar â énò boH$a Mbm h¡, B‚mV
~MmZo Ÿ& Eogr ~‹S>r h¡ Voar B‚mV Ÿ& dh XmamoJm H$s Vbmer H$s Y_H$s go Zht S>aVr Ÿ&
XmamoJm O~ H$hVm h¡ {H$ Bg e¡VmZ H$s Imbm Zo hram H$mo \§$gmZo Ho$ {bE ñd`§ Oha {X`m h¡,
V~ Y{Z`m BgH$m _w±h Vmo‹S> Odm~ XoVr h¡ - hm± Xo {X`m, AnZr Jm` H$mo _ma S>mbm Ÿ& Vwåhmar VhH$sH$mV
_| `hr {ZH$bVm h¡ Vmo `hr {bI Xmo Ÿ& nhZm Xmo _oao hmW _| hWH${‹S>`m± Ÿ& XoI {b`m Vwåhmam Ý`m` Am¡a
Vwåhmar AŠb H$s Xm¡‹S> Ÿ& dh bbH$ma H$a H$hVr h¡ -_¢ X_‹S>r ^r Zht Xy§Jr , Mmho _wPo hm{H$_ Ho$
BObmg VH$ hr M‹T>Zm n‹S>o Ÿ&
dh dhm± Ho$ CnpñWV _w{I`m, nQ>dmar, gmhyH$ma {H$gr H$s nadmh Zht H$aVr Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡-
`h hË`mao Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m h¡§ Ÿ& Jar~m| H$m IyZ MygZodmbo gyX-ã`mO S>o‹T>r-gdmB©, ZOa-ZOamZm,
Kyg-Kmg O¡go ^r hmo, Jar~m| H$mo byQ>mo Ÿ& Cg na gwamO Mm{hE Ÿ& Oob OmZo go gwamO Z {_boJm, gwamO
{_boJm Ya_ go, Ý`m` go Ÿ& XamoJm Y{Z`m H$mo H$hVm h¡ - Am¡aV {Xboa h¡ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ Pw{Z`m H$mo Ka na
aIH$a _wgr~V _mob Z boZo H$m gwPmd XoVm h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m {ZûH$Vm go ì`§½` H$gVr h¡ - h_H$mo Hw$b
n«{Vð>m BVZr ß`mar Zht h¡ _hmamO {H$ CgHo$ nrN>o EH$ Ord H$s hË`m H$a S>mbVo Ÿ& dh CZgo H$hVr h¡
32
Omo H$m_ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o AmX_r H$aVo h¢ CZgo H$moB© Hw$N> Zht ~mobVm Ÿ& CZH$mo H$b§H$ Zht bJVm Ÿ& na N>moQ>o
AmX_r Cgo H$aVo h¢ Vmo CZH$s _`m©Xm {~J‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s ZmH$ H$Q> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& n§Mm| Ho$ AÝ`m` Am¡a
X§S> H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE Y{Z`m H$hVr h¡ - n§Mmo ! Jar~ H$mo gVmH$a gwI Z nmAmoJo Ÿ& BVZm g_P
boZm, h_ Vmo {_Q> OmE±Jo Ÿ& H$m¡Z OmZo Bg Jm±d _| ah§o, `m Z ah§o, bo{H$Z _oam gamn Vw_H$mo ^r Oê$a hr
Oê$a bJoJm Ÿ&
hmoar S>m±S> ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m Xm±V {H$Q>{H$Q>mH$a H$hVr h¡ - _¢ Z EH$ XmZm
Xy±Jr Z EH$ H$mo¡‹S>r S>m±S> Ÿ& {Og_| ~yVm h¡ MbH$a _wPgo bo bo Ÿ&
{~amXar go {ZH$mb {XE OmZo H$s Y_H$s Cg na Aga Zht H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡ -""{~amXar
_| ahH$a h_mar _wHw$V Zht hmo OmEJr Ÿ& A~ ^r AnZo ngrZo H$s H$_mB© ImVo h¢, V~ ^r AnZo ngrZo
H$s H$_mB© ImE±Jo Ÿ& ''
hmoar n§Mm| H$mo gmao énò Xo XoVm h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m CgH$mo \$Q>H$maVo hþE H$hVr h¡ - Z hþŠH$m IwbVm
Vmo h_mam Š`m {~J‹S> OmVm Ÿ& _oao gm_Zo ~‹S>o ~w{Õ_mZ ~ZVo hmo Ÿ& ~mha Vwåhmam _w±h Š`m| ~ÝX hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ? dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ hmoar H$mo n§Mm| Ho$ AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aHo$ H$hZm Wm {H$ "Vw_ H$hm± Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o
Y_m©Ë_m hmo' Omo Xygam| na S>m±S> bJmVo {\$aVo hmo Ÿ& Vwåhmam Vmo _w±h XoIZm ^r nmn h¡ Ÿ&'
dh n§Mm| H$mo amjg _mZVr h¡ Ÿ& do S>m±S> Ho$ ~hmZo Jar~m| H$s O_rZ -Om`XmX N>rZ boZm MmhVo
h¢ Ÿ& dh n{V H$mo g_PmVr h¡ - ""Vw_ BZ {nemMm| go X`m H$s Amem H$aVo hmo Ÿ& gmoMVo hmo Xg-nm§M _Z
{ZH$mbH$a Xo X|Jo Ÿ& _w±h Ymo aImo Ÿ&
gË` H$s e{º$ Cgo {ZS>a ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo {ZU©` _| A{S>J ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
AmXe© _mVm - Y{Z`m ñd^mdV: ñZoherb h¡ Ÿ& dh Jmo~a, gmoZm Am¡a ê$nm go ~‹hX ß`ma
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ D$na H$moB© ^r g§H$Q> AmZo Zht XoVr Ÿ& ~hÿ Pw{Z`m go dh ~oQ>r H$s Vah ß`ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
^mobm hmoar Ho$ Ka na AmH$a Pw{Z`m H$mo ^bm~wam H$hVm h¡ Vmo O~ Pw{Z`m Ka go {ZH$b OmZo H$mo V¡`ma
hmoVr h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m H$m _mV¥ào_ C_‹S> n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Ka Ho$ ^rVa OmZo H$m AmXoe XoH$a nyam g§ajU XoVr
h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m Bg KQ>Zm go BVZr à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr A{^bmfm ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ - ^JdmZ _wPo
{\$a OÝ_ X| Vmo Vwåhmar H$moI _| X| Ÿ&''
~mX _| O~ Jmo~a Pw{Z`m H$mo eha bo OmZo H$mo MmhVm h¡, Y{Z`m BgH$m {damoY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& nwÌ
H$mo Xmofr Z _mZH$a Pw{Z`m H$mo Zm{JZ _mZVr h¡ dh gmoMVr h¡ {H$ `h S>mBZ ~ZH$a nwÌ H$mo Cggo N>rZ
boVr h¡ Ÿ&
33
dh nmoVo H$mo ~hþV ß`ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo C~Q>Z _bVr, H$mOb bJmVr, gwbmVr Am¡a ß`ma
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& na dh Xya Mbo OmZo na CgH$s AmË_m amo CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a Cgo ^bm-~wam H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& OmVo g_` _m± Ho$ n¡a Ny>Zo go BZH$ma H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Mbm
OmVm h¡ Vmo Y{Z`m amo n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo BVZm Xw:I hmo ahm h¡ _mZmo H$moB© CgHo$ öX` H$mo Mra ahm hmo Ÿ&
hram Jm` H$mo {df Xo XoVm h¡ Vmo nhbo dh Cgo {dídmg Zht H$a nmVr, Š`m|{H$ CgZo hram H$mo
nmbm h¡ Ÿ& ñZoh {X`m h¡ Ÿ&
am_godH$ Ho$ gmW AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo {ddmh XoZm dh Zht MmhVr Wr Ÿ& na _O~yar go ~mX _| amOr
hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
AmXe© nËZr - ghZerb - Y{Z`m Xygam| Ho$ {bE H$ï> ghVr h¡ Ÿ& g§`wº$ n[adma _|
Xoda-Xodam{Z`m| Ho$ {bE H$ï> ghVr h¡ Ÿ& Amam_ H$s amoQ>r Zht {_bVr {\$a ^r H$Îm©ì` go H$^r Zht
{S>JVr Ÿ& Pw{Z`m Am¡a {g{b`m H$mo AnZo Ka eaU XoVr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {bE H$ï> ghVr h¡, na h±gVo -h±gVo
Xw:I Ho$ {df H$mo nr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar `WmW© ê$n go CgHo$ {bE H$hVm h¡ -""~oMmar O~ go Ka _| AmB©,
H$^r ^r Amam_ go ~¡R>r Ÿ& S>mobr go CVaVo hr gmam H$m_ {ga na CR>m {b`m Ÿ& V~ Xodam| Ho$ {bE _aVr
Wr Ÿ& A~ ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE _aVr h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m H$mo Ka Ho$ {bE noQ>-VZ H$mQ>Zm n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& EH$-EH$ bÎmo Ho$ {bE OrdZ â Vagr h¡ Ÿ&
CgZo EH$-EH$ n¡gm àmUm| H$s Vah g§{MV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& A^md _| g^r H$mo {IbmH$a Cgo nmZr nrH$a
gmoZm n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar Amdoe _| AmH$a Y{Z`m H$s Amoa bnH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g^r Ho$ gm_Zo ~oB‚mVr hmoZo go Y{Z`m H$mo
R>og bJVr h¡ Ÿ& na O~ hmoar H$mo Áda Am`m Vmo CgH$s __Vm OmJVr h¡ - dh gmoMVr h¡ - bmI ~wam hmo,
na Cgr Ho$ gmW OrdZ Ho$ nƒrg gmb H$Q>o h¢ Ÿ& gwI {H$`m h¡ Vmo CgrHo$ gmW, Xw:I ^moJm h¡ Vmo Cgr
Ho$ gmW Ÿ& A~ Mmho dh AÀN>m h¡ `m ~wam, AnZm h¡ Ÿ&
dh Jm` IarXZo H$s bmbgm go n{V Ho$ gmW Xoa amV VH$ gwVbr H$mVVr h¡ Ÿ& H$m_ H$aVo g_`
hmoar H$mo by bJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Xm¡‹S>H$a AmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh hmoar H$mo Ny>Vr h¡ Vmo CgH$m H$boOm gZ go hmo
J`m Ÿ& dh amoVr h¡, Am_ ^yZH$a nZm ~ZmH$a {nbmVr h¡ Ÿ& hmoar Ho$ eara na J|h±ÿ H$s ^ygr H$s _m{be
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ JmoXmZ Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& dh gwVbr ~oMH$a aIo JE ~rg AmZo n¡go n{V Ho$ R>§S>o hmW
_| aIH$a XmVmXrZ go H$hVr h¡ -""_hmamO , Ka _| Z Jm` h¡, Z ~{N>`m, Z n¡gm Ÿ& `hr n¡go h¢, `hr
BZH$m JmoXmZ h¡ Ÿ&'' {\$a dh nN>m‹S> ImH$a {Ja n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Omo H$ï> ghVr h¡, dh AnZo {bE
Zht, daZ² n[adma Ho$ {bE Am¡a Ý`m`nW na MbZo dmbo Aghm`m| Ho$ {bE Ÿ& dh Aghm`m| Ho$ {bE
{OVZm H$mo_b h¡, AË`mMm[a`m| Ho$ {bE CVZm H$R>moa h¡ Ÿ& dh ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a gmhgr hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo g^r
34
AÝ`m`m| H$m S>Q>H$a {damoY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d H$s gmar KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ H|$Ð _| dhr h¡ Ÿ& dh CnÝ`mg H$s
Zm{`H$m h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$s ghY{_©Ur Am¡a ghH${_©Ur ^r h¡ Ÿ& dh hmoar Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo nyU©Vm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ {~Zm hmoar H$m OrdZ AYyam bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
O~ hmoar na g§H$Q> _§S>amVm h¡, Y{Z`m ~oM¡Z hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ajm H$aZo V¡`ma ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ CgH$m gd©ñd Mbo OmZo na ^r n{V gHw$eb ah| Ÿ& _OmH$ _| hmoar H$hVm h¡ dh gmR>
gmb H$s C_« VH$ ah Zht nmEJm Ÿ& `h gwZH$a Y{Z`m H$m±n OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh O¡go AnZo ZmarËd Ho$ g§nyU©
Vn Am¡a d«V go AnZo n{V H$mo A^`XmZ Xo ahr Wr Ÿ&
Y{Z`m `m¡dZ H$mb _| ~hþV gwÝXa Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ Ûma na nQ>oídar qPJwar qgh MŠH$a bJmVo Wo Ÿ&
{H$gr H$mo Hw$N> H$hZo H$m gmhg Z Wm Ÿ& nQ>oídar H$mo CgZo Eogm _w±h Vmo‹S> Odm~ Xo {X`m Wm {H$ Cgo dh
^yb Z gH$m Ÿ&
dh ñd`§ n{Vd«Vm Wr Ÿ& Bg{bE n{Vd«Vm {g{b`m H$mo AnZo Ka _| OJh XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
dh n{V H$m nW-n«Xe©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& na gab hmoar Y_©, {~amXar, _`m©Xm Am¡a n§Mm| Am{X Ho$
S>a go g~ AZgwZm H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a H$ï> ghVm h¡ Ÿ&
Y{Z`m n{V H$mo S>m§Q>Vr h¡, n{V Ho$ H$maU ^m½` na amoVr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh Xygam| Ho$ gm_Zo n{V
H$s ajm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& n{V H$m nj boH$a Jmo~a go {~amXar _| ahZo H$s _O~yar na àH$me S>mbVr hþB©
H$hVr h¡ - ""~oQ>m Vw_ ^r A§Yoa H$aVo hmo Ÿ& hþŠH$m nmZr ~§X hmo OmVm, Vmo Jm±d _| {Zdm©h hmoVm ! OdmZ
b‹S>H$s ~¡R>r h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ^r H$ht {R>H$mZm bJmZm h¡ {H$ Zht ?''
AZw^d g§nÞ Zmar -Y{Z`m Jm±d Ho$ bmoJm| H$s B©î`m© Am¡a na -Xw:I {d^moaVm Am{X
JwUm| go n[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Jm` H$mo ghr gbm_V aIZo Ho$ {bE Am±JZ _| Zm±X J‹S>dmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
hram go PJ‹S>m hmoZo na hram Cgo OyVo _maZo H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡ Vmo g~ hram Ho$ {Ibm\$ hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Bg Adga H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a hram H$mo YŠH$m XoH$a {Jam XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo CgH$m \$m¡bmXr
ì`{º$Ëd Câ H$a gm_Zo Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh _mZVr h¡ {H$ O_tXma Ho$ Oob OmZo go gwamO Zht {_bVm Ÿ& Y_© Am¡a Ý`m` na AmYm[aV
g_mO _| Jar~m| H$mo Hw$N> amhV {_boJr Vmo dhr gwamO hmoJm Ÿ&
dh ^mobm H$mo gOJ H$am XoVr h¡ {H$ Vw_Zo Zmohar go emXr H$aHo$ AÀN>m Zht {H$`m Ÿ& dh
H$hVr h¡ -Am¡aV H$mo AnZo de _| aIZo H$m ~yVm Z Wm, Vmo gJmB© Š`m| H$s Wr ? dh ñnï> H$a XoVr h¡
{H$ dh nËZr godm H$a gH$Vr h¡, {OgZo Vwåhmao gmW OdmZr H$m gwI CR>m`m hmo Ÿ&
35
H$^r-H$^r Y{Z`m Ho$ M[aÌ _| {damoYm^mg {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` AmZo na dh Iwe hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& na
AZmJV {dn{Îm H$s e§H$m go S>a OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm` _a OmVr h¡ Vmo H$hVr h¡ -""Bg {ZJmo‹S>r Jm` H$m n¡a
{Og {XZ go Am`m, Ka Vhg-Zhg hmo J`m Ÿ&
hmoar Ho$ {dMma go gh_V Z hmoH$a dh n{V na {~J‹S>Vr h¡ Vmo Xygao jU _| CgH$s Aghm`Vm
XoIH$a Ð{dV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar H$mo ~hþV ß`ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ñd`§ {_Q>H$a Cgo ghr gbm_V aIZm MmhVr h¡, na H$^r-
H$^r ^bm-~wam H$h XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$^r Jmo~a H$mo ß`ma H$aVr h¡, H$^r Xmof XoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r ~hÿ H$mo ß`ma H$aVr h¡, H$^r Zm{JZ
H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
dh EH$ ~{h_w©Ir nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& _Z Ho$ Xw:I H$mo H«$moY ê$n _| àH$Q> H$a XoVr h¡, bo{H$Z EH$ AmXe©
J¥hUr Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm H$Îm©ì` ghr ê$n go {Z^mVr h¡ Ÿ&
* Jmo~a :
Jmo~a hmoar Am¡a Y{Z`m H$m ~oQ>m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ñd^md AnZo {nVm go {dnarV h¡ Ÿ& dh àËòH$
AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ Ag§Vmof H$m àVrH$ h¡ Ÿ& Y_©^réVm, gabVm Am¡a
^m½`dm{XVm Ho$ H$maU VWm gmhÿH$ma Ho$ H$O} H$s MŠH$s _| {ng OmZo Ho$ H$maU {nVm H$s Aghm`Vm
XoIH$a Jmo~a {dÐmohr _Zmo^md g§nÞ Zd`wdH$ ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ M[aÌ _| {d{^Þ KmV-à{VKmV Ho$
~rM {dH$mg {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {H$gmZr _| H$moB© _`m©Xm {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vr Ÿ& CgH$m {gÕm§V h¡ {H$
n¡gm hr g~ Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {dMma go ""{OgHo$ gmW Mma n¡go J_ ImAmo dhr AnZm Ÿ& Imbr hmW Vmo
_m±-~mn ^r Zht nyN>Vo Ÿ&''
gab `wdH$ - Jmo~a EH$ gab `wdH$ h¡ Ÿ& ^mobm Ho$ Ka na ^ygm boVo g_` Am¡a Jm`
bmVo g_` CgH$s {dYdm ~oQ>r Pw{Z`m go CgH$m ào_ -g§~§Y ñWm{nV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m go CgHo$
{_bZo H$s nyd© pñW{V Bg àH$ma Wr - CgH$s Ñ{ï> _| A^r CgHo$ `m¡dZ _| Ho$db \y$b bJo Wo, O~ VH$
\$b Z bJ OmE± Cg na T>obo \|$H$Zm ì`W© ~mV Wr Am¡a {H$gr Amoa go àmoËgmhZ Z nmH$a CgH$m H$m¡_m`©
CgHo$ Jbo go {MnH$m hþAm Wm Ÿ&
dh Pw{Z`m go emar[aH$ g§~§Y aIH$a Cgo O~ J^©dVr H$a XoVm h¡, V~ _m±-~mn, g_mO {H$gr
H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$s VmH$V Cg_| Zht ah OmVr Ÿ& dh \w$gbmH$a Pw{Z`m H$mo AnZo Ka VH$ nh±þMmH$a
Nw>nH$a eha ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh g_PVm h¡ {H$ dh YZ H$_mH$a Ka bm¡Q>oJm Vmo YZ Ho$ ~b na
36
Jm±ddmbm| H$m _w±h ~§X H$a XoJm Am¡a XmXm-Aå_m Cgo Hw$b-H$b§H$ Z g_P H$a Hw$b {VbH$ g_P|Jo Ÿ&
{_Om© IweuX H$s ajm H$aVo hþE h‹S>Vmb _| dh {nQ> J`m Ÿ& ~war Vah Km`b hþAm Ÿ& hmW H$s
hS²>hr Qy>Q> JB© Ÿ& Pw{Z`m CgH$s godm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ nËZr H$mo gVmZo H$m \$b Cgo
{_bm h¡ Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m _OXyar H$aHo$ n[adma MbmZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& Vmo Jmo~a H$m öX` n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
_mZmo àm`píMV H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ OrdZ H$m ê$n ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z _|
ny±OrdmXr g_mO -ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe h¡, na _mZ{gH$ Ñ‹T>Vm Ho$ A^md _| dh H«$m§{VH$mar Zht ~Z
nmVm Ÿ&
ì`dhma Hw$eb - Jmo~a AnZr ì`dhma Hw$ebVm go ^mobm H$m H«$moY em§V H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh O~ H$hVm h¡ -"H$mH$m, _wPgo Omo Hw$N> ^yb-MyH$ hþB©, Cgo j_m H$amo V~ ^mobm àgÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ZmoIoam_ H$mo H«$moY {XImH$a Am¡a gmar ~mV| O_tXma am`gmh~ A_agmb qgh VH$ nh±þMmZo
H$s Y_H$s XoH$a grYo amñVo na bo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw~mam bJmZ dgyb H$aZo Ho$ {dMma go ZmoIoam_ {daV hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a AnZr {_Ì _§S>br go {_bH$a ZmQ>H$ IobH$a g^r H$m {à` nmÌ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&
{ZX©` - dh Pw{Z`m H$mo J^©dVr H$aHo$ AnZo Ka VH$ nh±þMmH$a eha ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{OgH$m OrdZ â gmW XoZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm, Cgo ^yb-gm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& eha OmVo g_` AnZr _m± go
PJ‹S>Vm h¡, nm±d Zht Ny>Vm, _m± Ho$ {Xb H$mo Xw:I nh±þMmVm h¡ Ÿ& {nVm H$mo ^r Obr-H$Q>r gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ&
CZH$s gabVm H$s {Iëbr C‹S>mVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hmZm ~ZmH$a Pw{Z`m H$mo nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& J^©dVr Pw{Z`m H$s g§VmZ
Ho$ OÝ_ hmoZo H$r H$moB© gmdYmZr Zht ~aVVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo ~oQ>o H$s _m¡V Cgo CVZm Zht IbVr Ÿ&
AÝ`m` Ho$ à{V {dÐmohr Voda - Jmo~a OmZVm h¡ {H$ O_tXma , gmhÿH$ma emofU
Am¡a AÝ`m` H$m Omb \¡$bmH$a Jm±d Ho$ {Zarh {H$gmZm| H$s Xem ~XVa H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh Zht
MmhVm {H$ {nVm O_tXma H$s Mmnbygr H$ao Ÿ& dh CZgo H$hVm h¡ - ""`h Vw_ amoO -amoO _m{bH$m| H$s
Iwem_X H$aZo Š`m| OmVo hmo ? ~mH$s Z MwHo$ Vmo ß`mXm AmH$a Jm{b`m± ~H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~oJma XoZr hr n‹S>Vr
h¡ Ÿ& ZOa-ZOamZm g~ Vmo h_go âm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a {H$gr H$mo Š`m| gbm_ H$a| Ÿ&
O_tXma A_anmb qgh AnZr pñW{V go Ag§Vmof ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gmZm| Ho$ nj _| hmoZo H$s
~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do Agb _| emofH$ dJ© Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& Jmo~a CZH$s Mmb g_P gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ {H$
`{X O_tXma AnZr pñW{V go Ag§Vwï> h¡ Vmo dh AnZm BbmH$m Xo Xo Am¡a ~Xbo _| CgHo$ IoV, ~¡b hb
Am¡a Hw$Xmb bo bo Ÿ& dh O_tXma H$s YyV©Vm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ -"" {Ogo Xw:I hmoVm h¡,
dh XO©Zm| _moQ>a Zht aIVm, _hbm| _| Zht ahVm, hbdm nyam Zht ImVm Am¡a Z ZmM-a§J _| {bá ahVm
h¡ Ÿ&''
37
dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ {OgHo$ hmW _| ahVr bmR>r h¡, dh Jar~m| H$mo Hw$Mb S>mbVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$m[a¨Xm ZmoIoam_ hmoar go bJmZ dgyb H$a boVm h¡, na agrX Zht XoVm Ÿ& dh bJmZ Xw~mam
boZo H$r _§gm boH$a hmoar Ho$ `hm± ß`mXm ôOVm h¡ Vmo Jmo~a AmJ ~~ybm hmoH$a OmH$a ZmoIoam_ H$mo
S>m±Q>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh ZmoIoam_ go H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢ AXmbV _| J§JmObr CR>dmH$a énò Xy±Jm Ÿ& Vw_ agrX Z
XoZo H$m à_mU H$a Xy±Jm Ÿ& BVZm gwZH$a ZmoIoam_ Za_ n‹S> OmVm h¡, Vw_ Wmo‹S>o go énE Ho$ {bE PyR> Wmo‹S>o
hr ~mobmoJo H$h H$a CgH$s Iwem_X H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
^m½` _| A{dídmg - Jmo~a ^m½`dmXr Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ {H$gmZm| Ho$ Xw:I
H$m H$maU ^m½` Zht, ~pëH$ _hmOZm|-gmhÿH$mam| H$m Hw$MH«$ h¡ Ÿ& dh ~«m÷Um| Ho$ H$_©H$mÊS> Am¡a
^m½`{dYmZ na {dídmg Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh {nVm go H$hVm h¡ {H$ ^JdmZ Zo g^r H$mo ~am~a ~Zm`m h¡ Ÿ&
dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ h_| AnZm ^m½` ñd`§ ~ZmZm hmoJm Ÿ& AnZr ~w{Õ Am¡a gmhg go BZ Am\$Vm| na {dO`
nmZm hmoJm Ÿ&''
YZdmZ dJ© Ho$ Y_©-^md Am¡a nyOm-nmR> H$mo dh nmI§S> _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh MwZm¡Vr XoVm h¡ {H$
`{X do ^yIo-Z§Jo ahH$a nyOm-ÔZ H$a|, Vmo h_ XoI| Ÿ& EH$ {XZ IoV _| B©I Jmo‹S> Zm n‹S>o Vmo do gmar
^{º$ ^yb Om`|Jo Ÿ&
gmhgr - Jmo~a gmhgr h¡ Ÿ& dh am`gmh~ Ho$ Xmofm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ H$mo
Y_H$mVm h¡ Ÿ& ZmoIoam_ H$s Jb{V`m| H$m ^§S>m\$mo‹S> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo XoIH$a Mm¡nmb Ho$ gmhÿH$ma dJ©
^`^rV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$mZyZ H$m OmZH$ma - dh eha _| ahH$a amOZr{VH$ Am¡a H$mZyZr Ñ{ï> go gOJ hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g^mAm| _| AmZo-OmZo go amï´> Am¡a dJ© H$m AW© g_PZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ ê${‹T>`m| Am¡a
bmoH$ -qZXm H$m ^` Cg_| H$_ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& XmVmXrZ H$mo {hgm~ bJmH$a CgHo$ ã`mO H$m n[a_mU
~Vm XoVm h¡ bJmZ MwH$mVo g_` agrX boZo na Omoa XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {nVm go H$hVm h¡ {H$ `{X dh agrX
Zht XoVm Vmo S>mH$ go én`m ôOmo Vm{H$ -Ym§Ybr Z hmo nmdo Ÿ& dh gmhÿH$mam| H$s H$aVyVm| H$mo COmJa
H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| AXmbV _| ItMZo H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡ Ÿ& hmobr na _w{I`m H$m ì`§½` H$aVm h¡ Vmo hmoar
gmoMVm h¡ - b‹S>Ho$ H$s AŠb O¡go Iwb JB© h¡ Ÿ& H¡$gr ~obmJ ~mV H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
ñdmWu - Jmo~a AnZo AmMaU go gab hmoVo hþE ^r ñdmWu àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Pw{Z`m
H$mo J^©dVr H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZo Ka nh±þMm H$a Xoa go AmZo H$m dmXm H$aHo$ Mwn go eha Mbm OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh I~a Zht aIVm {H$ Pw{Z`m H$m {\$a Š`m hþAm ?
dh eha _| OmH$a nhbo {_Om© IweuX Ho$ nmg H$m_ H$aVm h¡, CZHo$ `hm± ahVm h¡ Ÿ& na ~mX _|
38
O~ {_Om© IweuX go nm§M én`m CYma _m§JVm h¡, Vmo dh n¡go Zht h¡ H$hH$a ~mV Q>mb XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
AhgmZ Zht _mZVm Ÿ& n¡go dmng Zht {_b|Jo, `h OmZH$a ~hmZm ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Cgr g_`
AëbmXrZ H$mo énE CYma XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{nVm CgH$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aHo$ Cgo ~‹S>m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dh CZHo$ _w±h na H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh
bmdm[ag H$s Vah ~‹T> m h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a ñdmWu ~Z H$a _m±-~mn Ho$ gnZo Mya-Mya H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
_m±-~mn {H$VZr _ohZV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$VZm H$ï> CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ& na dh _m± go PJ‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& eha OmVo
g_` _m± go ~mV Zht H$aVm Ÿ& nm§d Zht Ny>Vm Ÿ& H«$moY go `hm± VH$ H$h XoVm h¡ {H$ _¢ Cgo AnZr _mVm Zht
g_PVm Ÿ& dh gm\$ H$h XoVm h¡ {H$ _¢ {nVm H$m H$Om© Zht MwH$m gH$Vm Am¡a ~hZm| H$s emXr Zht H$a
gH$Vm Ÿ& Jmo~a Z`r nr‹T>r H$m à{V{Z{Y h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr -_ohVm Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a CgHo$ AmMaU _m{O©V
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZr gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ pñW{V CgH$s BÀN>m H$mo gmH$ma hmoZo Zht XoVr Ÿ& dh nbm`ZdmXr
~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
* S>m°. _ohVm :
S>m°. _ohVm `w{Zd{g©Q>r _| Xe©Z emó Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ h¢ Ÿ& do AmYw{ZH$ {e{jV Am¡a ~w{ÕOrdr
h¢ Ÿ& g_mO _| CnpñWV g^r g_ñ`mAm| na do AnZm {dMma aIVo h¢ Ÿ& do ehar nmÌm| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm
H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZHo$ M[aÌ _| {ZåZ{b{IV {deofVmE± h¢ -
b‚mmerbVm - _ohVm A{ddm{hV h¢ Ÿ& do _{hbmAm| H$s g^m gmogmBQ>r _| K~am OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo CZHo$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m h¡ {~Zm ã`mho Am¡a Zd`wJ H$s a_{U`mo| go nZmh _m§JVo Wo Ÿ& nwéfm| H$s
_§S>br _| Iy~ MhH$Vo Wo Ÿ& _Ja Á`m|hr H$moB© _{hbm AmB© , AmnH$s O~mZ ~§X hþB© ; O¡go ~w{Õ na
Vmbm bJ OmVm Wm Ÿ& {ó`m| go {d{eîQ> ì`dhma H$aZo VH$ H$s gw{Y Z ahVr Wr Ÿ&
ñnï>>dmXr - _ohVm ñnï>dmXr h¢ Ÿ& do gM ~mobZo go H$^r Zht H$VamVo Ÿ& do {H$gr H$s
{ZaW©H$ Iwem_X ^r Zht H$aVo Ÿ& do _mbVr _| AÀN>mB© XoIH$a CgH$m {bhmO H$aVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$s Amoa
AmH¥$ï> ^r hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw {eH$ma IobZo Ho$ Adga na EH$ H$byQ>r O§Jbr ór Ho$ gmW _ohVm O~
_Ywa ~mVMrV H$aVo h¢, V~ _mbVr B©î`m©pÝdV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na _ohVm {Z:g§H$moM AnZr {Q>ßnUr
XoVo h¢ - Hw$N> ~mV| Vmo Cg_| Eogr h¢ {H$ AJa Vw_ _| hmoVr Vmo Vw_ gM_wM Xodr hmo OmVr Ÿ&
boIH$ ào_MÝX _ohVm Ho$ ^mfU Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hVo h¢ -""_ohVm H$mo H$Qw> gË` H$hZo _| g§H$moM
Z hmoVm Wm Ÿ& _ohVm gmh~ {ó`m| H$s g^m _| Omo ^mfU XoVo h¢ Am¡a {ó`m| Ho$ gm_Zo Omo CZH$s H$Qw> Am¡a
39
{Zðw>a AmbmoMZm H$aVo h¢, dh ^r CZH$s ñnï>dm{XVm H$m à_mU h¡ Ÿ&''
_ohVm emXr Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZm ñnï> {dMma am`gmh~ H$mo gwZm XoVo h¢ -""j_m H$s{OEJm Amn
Eogm àíZ boH$a AmE h¢ {H$ Cg na J§^ra {dMma H$aZm _¢ hmñ`mñnX g_PVm h±ÿ Ÿ& Amn AnZr emXr Ho$
{Oå_oXma hmo gH$Vo h¢, b‹S>Ho$ H$s emXr H$m Xm{`Ëd Š`m| AnZo D$na boVo h¢, ImgH$a O~ AmnH$m
b‹S>H$m ~m{bJ h¡ Am¡a AnZm Z\$m-ZwH$gmZ g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ _¢ Vmo emXr O¡go _hËd Ho$
_wH$m~bo _| à{Vð>m H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht g_PVm Ÿ&''
_ohVm Xmohar OrdZ -Ñ{ï> go Z\$aV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m {dMma h¡ {H$ AJa _m§g ImZm ng§X h¡ Vmo
IwbH$a ImAmo Ÿ& ~wam g_PVo hmo Vmo _V ImAmo Ÿ& na ~wam g_PZm Am¡a {N>nH$a ImZm YyV©Vm h¡,
H$màVm h¡ Ÿ&
do am`gmh~ go H$hVo h¢ -"" _mZVm h±ÿ AmnH$m AnZo AmX{_`m| Ho$ gmW ~hþV AÀN>m ~Vm©d h¡,
_Ja àíZ `h h¡ {H$ Cg_| ñdmW© h¡ `m Zht Ÿ& Cg_| EH$ H$maU Š`m `h Zht hmo gH$Vm {H$ _Ü`_ Am±M
_| ^moOZ ñdm{Xï> nH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Jw‹S> go _maZo dmbm Oha go _maZo dmbo H$s Anojm H$ht A{YH$ g\$b hmo
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&''
^mdwH$ Am¡a g§doXZerb - _ohVm ^mdwH$ Am¡a g§doXZerb ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& JmoqdXr Ho$
Xw:I go Ð{dV hmoH$a do H$hVo h¢ -"" _wPo Z _mby_ Wm Amn CZgo BVZr Xw:Ir h¢, _oar ~w{Õ H$m Xmof,
Am±Im| H$m Xmof, H$ënZm H$m Xmof Am¡a Š`m H$h±ÿ, daZm AmnH$mo BVZr doXZm Š`m| ghZr n‹S>Vr Ÿ?''
YZ - _ohVm H$s Ñ{ï> go YZ Ho$db OrdZ -{Zdm©h Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| _hÎd aIVm h¡ Ÿ&
gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo Ho$db YZ Ho$ g_mZ {dVaU go {_Q>m`m Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m
ôX Ho$db YZ go Zht hmoVm Ÿ& YZHw$~oa {^jwAm| Ho$ nm§d n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& amOm ^r ê$n Ho$ gm_Zo {dZ` -^md
{XImVo h¢ Ÿ&
{ddmh - {ddmh Ho$ g§§~§Y _| _ohVm Am|H$maZmW H$mo ~VmVo h¢ -"" _¢ g_PVm h±ÿ _wº$ ^moJ
AmË_m Ho$ {dH$mg _| ~mYH$ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {ddmh Vmo AmË_m H$mo Am¡a OrdZ H$mo qnOao _| ~§X H$a XoVm
h¢ Ÿ&''
""{ddmh H$mo _¢ gm_m{OH$ g_Pm¡Vm g_PVm h±ÿ Am¡a Cgo Vmo‹S>Zo H$m A{YH$ma Z nwéf H$mo h¡ ,
Z ór H$mo Ÿ& g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo Ho$ nhbo ñdmYrZ h¢, g_Pm¡Vm hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX AmnHo$ hmW H$Q> OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
_ohVm g_mO H$s Ñ{ï> go {ddm{hV OrdZ H$mo Am¡a ì`{º$ H$s Ñ{ï> go A{ddm{hV OrdZ H$mo loð> _mZVo
h¢ Ÿ&
40
OrdZ - _ohVm H$s am` _| àd¥{Îm Am¡a {Zd¥{Îm XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM _| godm -_mJ© OrdZ H$mo gmW©H$
~Zm gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _ohVm OrdZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| JmoqdXr H$mo ~VmVo h¢ -"" OrdZ _oao {bE AmZÝX_` H«$s‹S>m h¡,
gab, ñdÀN>ÝX, Ohm± Hw$Ëgm, B©î`m© Am¡a ObZ Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht Ÿ& _¢ ^yV H$s qMVm Zht H$aVm,
^{dî` H$s nadmh Zht H$aVm Ÿ& _oao {bE dV©_mZ g~ Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ&''
ór H$s n[a^mfm - _ohVm {_Om© IweuX H$mo ór H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma ~VmVo h¢ -"" ór
n¥Ïdr H$s ^m±{V Y¡`©dmZ h¡, em§{Vg§nÞ h¡ Ÿ& g{hîUw h¡ Ÿ& g§gma _| Omo Hw$N> gwÝXa h¡, Cgr H$s à{V_m H$mo
_| ór H$hVm h±ÿ Ÿ& _¢ Cggo `hr Amem aIVm h±ÿ {H$ Cgo _ma hr S>mb±y Vmo ^r à{Vqhgm H$m ^md Cg_| Z
AmE Ÿ& AJa _¢ CgH$s Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo {H$gr ór H$mo ß`ma H$ê±$, Vmo ^r CgH$s B©î`m© Z OmJo Ÿ& Eogr
Zmar nmH$a _¢ CgHo$ MaUm| _| {Ja n‹S>z ±Jm Am¡a Cg na AnZo H$mo An©U H$a Xy±Jm Ÿ&''
ñÌr nwéf H$s `WmW© pñW{V Ho$ g§~§Y _| _ohVm H$m {dMma Bg àH$ma h¡ -"" _oao OohZ _| Am¡aV
d\$m Am¡a Ë`mJ H$s _y{V© h¡, Omo AnZr ~oO~mZr go, AnZr Hw$~m©Zr go AnZo H$mo {~bHw$b {_Q>mH$a n{V
H$s AmË_m H$m A§e ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&'' {_goO IÞm H$s Vmar\$ H$aVo hþE _ohVm H$hVo h¢ -"" _¢ Eogr ~r~r
MmhVm h±ÿ Omo _oao OrdZ H$mo n{dÌ Am¡a CÁdb ~Zm Xo, AnZo ào_ Am¡a Ë`mJ go Ÿ&''
{ó`m| Ho$ nmíMmíË` ê$n H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE _ohVm H$hVo h¢ -""_wPo IoX h¡ - h_mar ~{hZ|
npíM_ H$m AmXe© bo ahr h¢, Ohm± Zmar Zo AnZm nX Imo {X`m h¡ Am¡a ñdm{_Zr go {JaH$a {dbmg H$s
dñVw ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& npíM_ H$s ór ñdÀN>ÝX hmoZm MmhVr h¡, Bg{bE {H$ dh A{YH$ go A{YH$ {dbmg
H$a gHo$ Ÿ& h_mar _mVmAm| H$m AmXe© H$^r {dbmg Zht ahm Ÿ&''
do npíM_ H$s A§Yr ZH$b Z H$aHo$ AÀN>r MrOm| H$mo J«hU Ho$ nj _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& npíM_ H$s
{ó`m| H$m ^moJ-bmbgm _| CÀN¥>§Ib hmo OmZm Am¡a Am_moX-à_moX Ho$ _moh _| AnZr b‚mm Am¡a J[a_m
Imo ~¡R>Zm CZH$mo AIaVm h¡ Ÿ&
dr_oÝg brJ _| ^mfU XoVo hþE _ohVm ór H$m JwUJmZ H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ - ór nwéf go CVZr
loð> h¡ {OVZm àH$me A§Yoao go Ÿ& _Zwî` Ho$ {bE j_m Am¡a Ë`mJ Am¡a Aqhgm OrdZ Ho$ CƒV_ AmXe©
h¢ Ÿ& Zmar Bg AmXe© H$mo àmá H$a MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&
n[al_r - _ohVm g_` Ho$ nm~ÝXr h¢ Ÿ& do g_` Ho$ Xwén`moJ H$mo nmn g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& do AmYr
amV H$mo gmoVo Wo Am¡a K‹S>r amV aho CR> OmVo Wo Ÿ& H¡$gm ^r H$m_ hmo, CgHo$ {bE H$ht Z H$ht g_`
{ZH$mb boVo Wo Ÿ&
~hþ_wIr à{V^m - _ohVm ha H$m_ _| é{M aIVo Wo Ÿ& do H$^r H$~È>r IobVo h¢ Vmo H$^r
_OXya -AmÝXmobZ _| ^r ^mJ boVo h¢ Ÿ& do {eH$ma IobZo OmVo g_` _mbVr H$mo H§$Yo na {~R>mH$a Zmbm
41
nma H$aVo g_` amo_m§{Q>H$ àd¥{Îm H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ à^mdembr ì`{º$Ëd go _mbVr CZ na
{\$Xm hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ& do {_. IÞm Am¡a {_goO IÞm Ho$ ~rM g_Pm¡Vm H$am XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo {df` Ho$
AÀN>o OmZH$ma h¢ Ÿ& do {H$gr ^r g_ñ`m na AnZm gwbPm hþAm Ñ{ï>H$moU aI gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
dmoQ>- dr_oÝg brJ _| gamoO Am¡a AÝ` `wd{V`m± _m§J aIVr h¢ {H$ h_| nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a dmoQ>
{_bZm Mm{hE Ÿ& _ohVm dmoQ> na AnZr am` XoVo h¢ - ""dmoQ> ZE `wJ H$m _m`mOmb h¡, _ar{MH$m h¡,
H$b§H$ h¡, YmoIm h¡, CgHo$ MŠH$a _| n‹S>H$a Amn Z BYa H$s hm|Jr Z CYa H$s Ÿ& g§gma _| g~go ~‹S>m
A{YH$ma godm Am¡a Ë`mJ go {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AmnH$mo {_bo hþE h¢ ! CZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ gm_Zo dmoQ> H$moB©
MrO Zht Ÿ&''
ào_ - dr_oÝg brJ _| gamoO Ho$ ào_ -g§~§Yr àíZ Ho$ CÎma _| _ohVm H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Ogo Vw_
ào_ H$hVr hmo, dh YmoIm h¡, CÔrá bmbgm H$m {dH¥$V ê$n, Cgr Vah O¡go g§Ý`mg Ho$db ^rI _m§JZo
H$m g§ñH¥$V ê$n h¡ Ÿ& dh ào_ AJa d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ _| H$_ h¡, Vmo _wº$ {dbmg _| {~bHw$b Zht h¡ Ÿ&
gƒm AmZÝX , gƒr em§{V Ho$db godm -d«V _| h¡ Ÿ& godm gr_|Q> H$s Vah h¡ Omo X§n{V H$mo OrdZ n`m©ÝV
ñZoh Am¡a gmhM`© _| Omo‹S>o aI gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± godm H$m A^md h¡, dht {ddmh -{dÀN>oX h¡, n[aË`mJ
h¡, A{dídmg h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr Zo _ohVm go nyN>m {H$ Vw_ H¡$go ào_ go g§Vwï> hmoJo ? CÎma _| _hoVm Zo H$hm -"" ~g `hr
{H$ Omo _Z _| hmo, dhr _wI na hmo Ÿ& _oao {bE a§J ê$n, hmd-^md Am¡a ZmOmo-AÝXmO H$m _yë` ~g
CVZm hr h¡, {OVZm hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&'' ào_ g§~§Y _| _ohVm H$hVo h¢ -ào_ O~ AmË_m -g_n©U H$m ê$n
boVm h¡, V^r ã`mh h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ nhbo Eo`mer h¡ Ÿ&
XmZerb - _ohVm _m{gH$ EH$ hOma énE doVZ nmZo na ^r N>mÌm|, {dYdmAm| Am¡a
Aghm`m| H$s _XX H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bE CZH$mo H$Om© ^r boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
emofH$ g_mO go K¥Um - _ohVm emofH$ - g_mO go K¥Um H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE do {_b
_m{bH$ {_. IÞm H$mo D±$Mr ZOa go Zht XoIVo Ÿ& na IÞm Ho$ {_b _| AmJ bJZo Ho$ ~mX CÝh|
níMmVmn hmoZo go _ohVm IÞm H$s B‚mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma _ohVm EH$ AmXe© àñVwV H$aHo$ g_mO _| AnZm à^md S>mbVo h¢ Am¡a nmR>H$ dJ©
CZH$m AZwgaU H$aZo H$mo ào[aV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
42
* am`gmh~ :
am`gmh~ A_anmb qgh O_tXma h¢ Ÿ& do go_ar _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo g_` Ho$ CZ O_tXmam| H$m
à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢, Omo dmñVd _| emofH$ Am¡a àOmnr‹S>H$ hmoVo hþE ^r àOm-{hV¡fr Am¡a g_mO -
godH$ hmoZo H$m {XImdm H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
gIm H¥$fH$ hmoar H$mo AnZo nj _| aIH$a AnZm Cëby grYm H$aZm CZH$m Hw${Q>b _H$gX h¡ Ÿ&
do OmZVo h¢ {H$ hmoar O¡go ^mobo-^mbo bmoJ CZH$s {MH$Zr-Mwn‹S>r ~mVm| go à^m{dV hmoH$a CZH$s àe§gm
H$a|Jo Am¡a AnZo ^m½` H$s gamhZm H$a|Jo Ÿ& do `h Amem ^r aIVo h¢ {H$ Eogo bmoJm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go bJmZ
gJwZ Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b dmVmdaU ^r {_b OmEJm Ÿ& do {Og g_` hmoar go AmË_r`Vm âr ~mV| H$aVo
h¢, Cgr g_` AaXbr AmH$a ~VmVm h¡ {H$ ~oJmar bmoJ ^yIo ahH$a H$m_ H$aZo go BZH$ma H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&
`h gwZH$a am`gmh~ AmJ ~~ybm hmoH$a H$hVo h¢ -""Mbmo, _¢ BZ Xwï>m| H$mo R>rH$ H$aVm h±ÿ Ÿ& O~ H$^r
ImZo H$mo Zht {X`m J`m, Vmo AmO ZB© ~mV Š`m| ?''
am`gmh~ Xoeào_r hmoZo H$m {XImdm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do gË`mJ«h g§J«m_ _| {hñgm boH$a è H$_m
boVo h¢ ; H$m¡pÝgb H$s _|~ar N>mo‹S>H$a Oob OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo Amgm{_`m| H$s CZ na ~‹S>r lÕm h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n
CZHo$ BbmHo$ _| H$moB© [a`m`V Zht H$s OmVr, S>m±S> `m ~oJma H$s H$‹S>mB© H$_ Zht hmoVr, na gmar ~XZm_r
_w»Vmam| na OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H$s{V©-nVmH$m Mmam| Amoa C‹S>Vr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& do Amgm{_`m| go h±gH$a ~mob
boVo h¢ Vmo do bmoJ H¥$VH¥$Ë` hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
do AdgadmXr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& do eha Ho$ ~w{ÕOr{d`m|, ~¢H$am|, g§nmXH$ Am|H$maZmW H$mo XmdV XoVo
h¢, CÝh| {eH$ma na bo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ò g~ do Bg{bE H$aVo h¢ {H$ _m¡Ho$ na CZgo \$m`Xm CR>m`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
do gaH$mar A\$gam|, nw{bg Am¡a A§J«oOm| H$mo g_`-g_` na XñVyar ^|Q> Am¡a S>mbr XoH$a CÝh| Iwe
aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ YyV© h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo ì`dhma _| Xwhar Zr{V AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& do EH$ Va\$ Oob OmH$a
Xoeào{_`m| H$s Vm{bH$m _o| AnZm Zm_ XO© H$am XoVo h¢ Vmo Xygar Va\$ gaH$ma H$mo Iwe H$aHo$ am`~hmXwa
H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& do _w±h _| ñdXoe Zr{V H$s àe§gm H$aVo h¢ Vmo ì`dhma _| nmíMmË` T>§J go
ahVo h¢ Ÿ& do {H$gmZm| go ZOamZm boVo h¢, Vmo Xygar Amoa AmXe©dmX H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do Am|H$mZmW H$mo
Bg{bE {aídV XoVo h¢ {H$ CZH$s N>{d H$mo Yy{_b H$aZo dmbr Eogr I~a Z N>no Ÿ&
am`gmh~ AnZr pñW{V H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE Am|H$maZmW go H$hVo h¢ -""_wPo {H$gmZm| Ho$ gmW
OrZm-_aZm h¡ Ÿ& _wPgo ~‹T>H$a Xygam CZH$m {hVoÀNw> Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& bo{H$Z _oar JwOa H¡$go hmo ?'' do
ñnï> H$a XoVo h¢ {H$ XmdV Am¡a M§Xo Ho$ {bE Agm{_`m| Ho$ Ka go hr do IM© {ZH$mb|Jo Ÿ& `h gwZH$a
43
ì`§½` go _ohVm H$hVo h¢-"" Jw‹S> go _maZo dmbm Oha go _maZo dmbo H$s Anojm g\$b hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&''
am`gmh~ Jm±d Am¡a eha H$mo Omo‹S>Zo dmbr H$‹S>r Ho$ ê$n _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
am`gmh~ A§JO o« hþH$y _V Ho$ ñVmdH$ h¢ Ÿ& Xoe -godm H$aZo Ho$ _moh go CÝhm|Zo gË`mJ«h AmÝXmobZ
_| ^mJ {b`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z BgHo$ {bE do Zht nN>VmVo h¢, do H$hVo h¢ -"" _¢ AnZo H$mo amoH$ Z gH$m Oob
J`m Am¡a bmIm| én`m| H$s Ooa~mar hþB© Am¡a A^r VH$ CgH$m VmdmZ Xo ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& _wPo CgH$m nN>Vmdm
Zht h¡, {~bHw$b Zht Ÿ&''
~mX _| am`gmh~ CgHo$ {bE nN>Vmdm H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢ -"" H$m§J«og _| earH$ hþAm CgH$m VmdmZ
A^r VH$ XoVm OmVm h±ÿ Ÿ& H$mbr {H$Vm~ _| Zm_ XO© hmo J`m Ÿ&''
~mX _| O~ am`gmh~ A§J«oOm| H$s ñVw{V H$aZo bJVo h¢, n[aUm_ -ñdê$n {hO _¡OoñQ>r Ho$
OÝ_{XZ Ho$ Adga na CÝh| "amOm ' H$s nXdr {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {Og g_` {hO EoŠgoboÝgr JdZ©a Zo
CÝh| nXdr àXmZ H$s Cg g_` CZH$m _Z hf© go {d^moa hmo J`m Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -"" {dÐmo{h`m| Ho$ \o$a _|
n‹S>H$a ì`W© ~XZm_r hþB© Wr Ÿ& Oob JE, A\$gam| H$s ZOa _| {Ja JE Ÿ& {Og S>r.Eg.nr. Zo CÝh|
{nN>br ~ma {JaâVma {H$`m Wm, Cg dº$ dh CZHo$ gm_Zo hmW ~m§Yo I‹S>m Wm ŸAm¡a em`X AnZo
AnamY Ho$ {bE j_m _m§J ahm Wm Ÿ&''
am`gmh~ nVZmoÝ_wIr O_tXmam| Ho$ àVrH$ h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s nwÌr H$m VbmH$ hmo OmVm h¡ ; nwÌ go
PJ‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do OrdZ â H$O} Ho$ ~moP go X~o ahVo h¢, {\$a ^r AnZr gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m H$m
àXe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xygam| H$mo XmdV XoVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ^r CZHo$ {bE AZwHy$b g_` AmVm h¡ Ÿ& do
~a~mX hmoZo go g§^b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ VrZ _§gy~o nyao hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s H$Ý`m H$s emXr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
CÝh| hmo_ _|~ar {_b OmVr h¡ Am¡a _wH$X_o _| OrV hm{gb hmoZo go VmëbwH$Xmam| _| àW_ loUr H$m ñWmZ
àmá H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ&
* Pw{Z`m :
Pw{Z`m ^mobm H$s {dYdm ~oQ>r h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a O~ ^mobm Ho$ Ka na ^ygm H$m Im|Mm boH$a nh±þMVm
h¡ Ÿ& dht Pw{Z`m go CgH$s _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh {dYdm hmoZo na ^r gwÝXa h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ê$n-dU©Z
boIH$ Bg àH$ma H$aVo h¢ -""CgH$s Am±I| bmb Wt Am¡a ZmH$ Ho$ {gao na ^r gwIu Wr Ÿ& _mby_ hmoVm
Wm A^r gmoH$a CR>r h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _m§gb ñdmñÏ` gwJ{R>V A§Jm| _| _mZmo `m¡dZ bha| _ma ahm Wm Ÿ& _w±h
~‹S>m Am¡a Jmob Wm, H$nmob \y$bo hþE, Am±I| N>moQ>r Am¡a ^rVa Y§gr hþB©, _mWm nVbm, na dj H$m C^ma
Am¡a Jmb H$m dhr JwXJwXmnZ Am±Im| H$mo ItMVm Wm Ÿ& Cg na N>nr hþB© Jwbm~r gm‹S>r Cgo Am¡a ^r
emo^m àXmZ H$a ahr Wr Ÿ&''
44
nhbr _wbmH$mV _| Jmo~a Pw{Z`m XmoZm| h±gr-_OmH$ H$aVo h¢ Vmo ghgm Pw{Z`m H$mo AnZo ~¡Yì`
H$s `mX Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh gOJ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Pw{Z`m H$s _ZmoXem H$m {MÌU Bg àH$ma
H$aVo h¢ -"" dh {dYdm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ZmarËd Ho$ Ûma na nhbo CgH$m n{V ajH$ ~Zm ~¡R>m ahVm Wm Ÿ& dh
{ZpíM¨V Wr Ÿ& A~ Cg Ûma na H$moB© ajH$ Z Wm, Bg{bE dh Cg Ûma H$mo gX¡d ~§X aIVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-
H$^r Ka Ho$ gyZonZ go CH$Vm H$a dh Ûma ImobVr h¡ ; na {H$gr H$mo AmVo XoIH$a ^`^rV hmoH$a XmoZm|
nQ> ô‹S> boVr h¡ Ÿ&''
Pw{Z`m EH$ J¥hñW H$s ~m{bH$m Wr Ÿ& bmoJ Cggo n[ahmg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ggwamb _| XyY nh±þMmZo
J«mhH$m| Ho$ Ka OmVo g_` Am¡a {dYdm hmoZo na ^r Xhr ~oMZo Cgo ~mha OmZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr g_`
Vah-Vah Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW CgH$m H$m_ n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& do Cggo n[ahmg H$aVo Wo Ÿ& Bg_§o Cgo Xmo-Mma
énò {_b OmVo Wo ŸAm¡a K‹S>r â Ho$ {bE _Zmoa§OZ hmo OmVm Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh OmZVr Wr {H$ `h
AmZÝX _§JZr H$s MrO h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| {Q>H$md Zht h¡, g_n©U Zht h¡ Ÿ& A{YH$ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Eogm ào_
MmhVr h¡ {OgHo$ {bE dh {OE Am¡a _ao, {Og na dh AnZo AmnH$mo g_{n©V H$a Xo Ÿ&
dh Jmo~a H$mo Bg `mo½` _mZVr h¡ Bg{bE Cggo H$hVr h¡ {H$ Vw_ _wPo _mob bo gH$Vo hmo Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m ~hþV gab h¡ Ÿ& dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ _¢ {OgH$s hmo OmD±$Jr, CgH$s OÝ_â Ho$ {bE hmo
OmD±$Jr ; gwI _o§, Xw:I _|, g§nV _| {dnV _|, CgHo$ gmW ah±ÿJr Ÿ& dh Jmo~a go H$hVr h¡ -"" Z én`m|
H$s ^yIr h±ÿ, Z JhZo -H$n‹S>o H$s Ÿ& ~g ^bo AmX_r H$m g§J MmhVr h±ÿ , Omo _wPo AnZm g_Po Am¡a
{Ogo _¢ AnZm g_Py± Ÿ&''
dh Jmo~a H$mo ~VmVr h¡ {H$ H¡$go bmoJ Cgo ^moJ H$aZo H$mo VagVo h¢ ; H¡$go EH$ n§{S>V Zo nMmg
énò XoH$a CgH$m ^moJ H$aZm MmhVm Wm Ÿ& CgZo g^r H$mo g~H$ {gIm`m Ÿ& Cgo Xygao _Xm] Ho$ gmW
énE - JhZm| Ho$ {bE {H$gr Am¡aV H$m Ky_Zm {\$aZm {~bHw$b ngÝX Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m {dMma h¡ -""EH$
Ho$ gmW _moQ>m-gmoQ>m Im-nrH$a C_a H$mQ> XoZm, dh ~g AnZm hr Vmo amJ h¡ Ÿ&''
Pw{Z`m H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ _X© hr Am¡aVm| H$mo {~Jm‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& O~ _X© BYa-CYa VmH$-Pm§H$
H$aoJm Vmo Am¡aV ^r Am±I b‹S>mEJr Ÿ& Pw{Z`m gab Jmo~a H$mo AnZo ào_ _| \§$gm boVr h¡ Ÿ&
O~ Pw{Z`m nm±M _mh H$s J^©dVr hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo Jmo~a Cgo AnZo Ka na amV H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
eha Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {dYdm H$mo ~hÿ ~ZmH$a aIZo go hmoar H$m Jm±d _| hþŠH$m-nmZr ~§X hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Cgo n§Mm`V H$m Ow_m©Zm âZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Pw{Z`m hmoar Am¡a Y{Z`m Ho$ Aml` _| ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m
Cgo _m± O¡gr bJVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~oQ>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
^mobm O~ hmoar H$mo Y_H$mVm h¡ {H$ Vw_ Pw{Z`m H$mo Ka go {ZH$mb Xmo, Zht Vmo _¢ Vwåhmao ~¡b
ImobH$a bo OmD±$Jm, V~ hmoar H$s ajm H$aZo Pw{Z`m JmoX _| ~ƒo H$mo$ {bE Ka go {ZH$b AmVr h¡ Am¡a
45
~mobVr h¡-""H$mH$m, bmo, _¢ Bg Ka go {ZH$b OmVr h±ÿ Am¡a O¡go Vwåhmar _ZmoH$m_Zm h¡, Cgr Vah ^rI
_m§JH$a AnZm Am¡a ~ƒo H$m noQ> nmby±Jr, Am¡a O~ ^rI ^r Z {_boJr Vmo H$ht Sy>~ _ê±$Jr Ÿ&'' V~
Y{Z`m Cgo ~hÿ H$hH$a Ka MbZo H$mo H$hVr h¡, V~ H¥$VkVm go Pw{Z`m amoVr hþB© ~mobVr h¡-""Aå_m !
O~ AnZm ~mn hmoH$a _wPo {YŠH$ma ahm h¡, Vmo Sy>~ hr _aZo Xmo Ÿ& _wP A^m{JZ Ho$ H$maU Vmo Vwåh| Xw:I
hr {_bm Ÿ& O~ go AmB© Vwåhmam Ka {_Å>r _| {_b J`m Ÿ& Vw_Zo BVZo {XZ _wPo {Og ào_ go aIm, _m± ^r
Z aIVr Ÿ& ^JdmZ {\$a _wPo OZ_ Xo Vmo Vwåhmar H$moI go X|, `hr _oar A{^bmfm h¡ Ÿ&''
bo{H$Z Xygar n[apñW{V _| dh H¥$VkVm ^yb H$a ñdmWu ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a Jm±d Am OmVm h¡
Am¡a Pw{Z`m H$mo AnZo gmW bo OmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Y{Z`m Amamon bJmVr h¡ {H$ Pw{Z`m eha OmZm MmhVr
h¡ Am¡a ~oQ>o H$mo CgZo hr _§Ì n‹T>m {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Pw{Z`m PëbmH$a H$hVr h¡-""Aå_m, Owbmho H$m
Jwñgm Xm‹T>r na Z CVmamo Ÿ& H$moB© ~ƒm Zht h¡ {H$ CÝh| \$mo‹S> by±Jr Ÿ& AnZm-AnZm ^bm ~wam g~ g_PVo
h¢ Ÿ& AmX_r Bg{bE Zht OÝ_ boVm h¡ {H$ gmar C_« Vnñ`m H$aVm aho Am¡a EH$ {XZ Imbr hmW _a
OmE Ÿ& g~ {OÝXJr H$m Hw$N> gwI MmhVo h¢, g~H$s bmbgm hmoVr h¡ {H$ hmW _| Mma n¡go hm| Ÿ&''
bo{H$Z Ka N>mo‹S>Vo g_` Pw{Z`m gm¡OÝ` Zht ^ybVr Ÿ& dh gmg Ho$ nmg OmH$a CgHo$ MaUm|
H$mo Am§Mb go Ny>Vr h¡ Ÿ& eha OmH$a Pw{Z`m H${R>Z n[apñW{V H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Xygam ~ƒm
hmoZo dmbm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo~a H$m ì`dhma Cgo IbVm h¡ Ÿ& ñVZ _| XyY Z CVaZo go Xmo gmb H$m ~oQ>m ^r H«$mo{YV
hmo OmVm Wm Hw$N> {XZ ~mX ~oQ>o H$mo XñV AmZo bJo Am¡a EH$ gámh Ho$ ~mX dh _a J`m Ÿ& A~ Pw{Z`m
H$m _mV¥öX` {dbmn H$a CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo~a H$mo eam~ H$m MñH$m bJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$moB© ~hmZm ~ZmH$a Pw{Z`m H$mo Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡,
_maVm h¡, Am¡a Ka go {ZH$mbZo bJVm h¡ Vmo Pw{Z`m H$mo Bg An_mZ Ho$ {bE níMmÎmmn hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh
Š`m| aI¡br ~Zr ? dh ã`mhVm hmoVr Vmo {~amXar CgHo$ à{V Ý`m` H$aVr Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m Ho$ _Z _| Jmo~a H$s ^b_ZgmhV Ho$ à{V e§H$m CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$nQ>r Ho$ gmW Ka
go {ZH$b ^mJZo H$mo dh AnZr ^yb _mZVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh Jmo~a H$mo AnZm Xwí_Z g_PZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo bJVm h¡ Jmo~a `{X ~am~a Bgr Vah _maVm - nrQ>Vm ahoJm V~ CgH$m OrdZ ZaH$ hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
Jmo~a Ho$ _maVo g_` dh Jwñgm go CgH$m Jbm Nw>ao go aoV S>mbZo H$m {dMma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& n‹S>mo{gZ Mw{h`m
H$s ghm`Vm go dh EH$ ~ƒo H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Pw{Z`m H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ Jmo~a nŠH$m _Vb~r h¡ Ÿ& _wPo Ho$db ^moJ H$s dñVw g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& A~
XmoZm| _| Zht nQ>Vr Wr Ÿ& na h‹S>Vmb _| Km`b hmoH$a O~ Jmo~a H$mo CgHo$ Ka na nh±þMm {X`m OmVm h¡,
V~ Pw{Z`m H$m öX` n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh gmao AZWm] H$s O‹S> IwX H$mo _mZVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Or-
OmZ go Jmo~a H$s godm _| bJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Ka MbmZo Ho$ {bE dh Kmg N>r>bZo H$m H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
46
~mX _| dh Jmo~a Am¡a ~oQ>o _§Jb Ho$ gmW _mbVr H$s Xr hþB© H$moR>ar _| ahZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& _§Jb
H$mo MoMH$ {ZH$b AmVr h¡ Vmo _mbVr CgH$s Iy~ godm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ê$nm H$s emXr Ho$ g_` dh {\$a
ggwamb _| Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m _Z Am¡a eha OmZo H$mo Zht MmhVm Ÿ& Hw$N> {XZ gmg-ggwa Ho$ gmW
ahZm dh MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a dh éH$ ^r OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a CgHo$ OrdZ _| pñWaVm Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
* _mbVr :
_mbVr EH$ {dH$gerb M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg Ho$ Am{X go A§V VH$ dmo EH$ H$m¡Vyhb Ho$ ê$n _|
{XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr EH$ ehar nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& B§½b¢S> go S>mŠQ>ar n‹T>H$a bIZD$ _| à¡pŠQ>g H$a ahr h§¡ Ÿ&
CZHo$ ahZ-ghZ na npíM_r à^md ñnï> {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dmo ~mha go \¡$eZdmbr bJZo na ^r ^rVa go
CXmÎm M[aÌdmbr h¡ Ÿ&
CZHo$ {nVm eam~r h¢, amoJr h¢ Ÿ& CgHo$ Xmo ~hZ| h¢ Ÿ& {nVmOr na nƒrg hOma én`m| H$m H$O©
hmoZo na ^r do Cg Amoa bmnadmh h¢ Ÿ& _mbVr A{ddm{hV h¡ Ÿ& dmo IwX n[adma H$m gmam ~moP T>moVr h¡ Ÿ&
`h {Oå_oXmar CÝh| {ddmh na gmoMZo Zht XoVr Ÿ&
do nwéf _Zmo{dkmZ H$s AÀN>r OmZH$ma h¢ Ÿ& do Am_moX -à_moX H$mo OrdZ H$m gma VËd g_PVr
h¡ Ÿ& do nwéfm| H$mo bw^mZo Am¡a [aPmZo _| àdrU h¡ Ÿ& nwéfm| Ho$ ~rM {VVbr H$s ^m±{V Ky_Zo -{\$aZo _| CÝh|
H$moB© g§H$moM Zht h¡ Ÿ& {ddm{hV OrdZ H$s Anojm A{ddm{hV OrdZ _| do g\$bVm H$s {H$aU| XoI nmVr
h¢ Ÿ& JmoqdXr CZHo$ Mmb -MbZ go ZmamO hmoH$a H$hVr h¡ -""Eogr Am¡aV| g_mO _| ah|Jr Vmo nwéfm| Ho$
H$mZ Vmo J_© H$aVr ah|Jr Ÿ&''
do ~hþV h±g_wI Am¡a {_bZgma h¢ Ÿ& VmëbwH$Xmam| Ho$ _hbm| VH$ CZH$m ~hþV n«doe h¡ Ÿ& _oH$-
An H$aZo _| CÝh| H$moB© g§H$moM Zht h¡ Ÿ& {dZmoX _| do Am|H$maZmW H$mo eam~ {nbmH$a _yI© ~Zm XoVr h¢ Ÿ&
do Bg{bE {dZmoX H$aVr h¢ {H$ Bggo$ CZH$m H$Îm©ì` ^ma Hw$N> hëH$m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mha go do npíM_r
g§ñH¥${V H$s Cnm{gH$m _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| do ^rVa go ^maVr` AmXe© H$s Cnm{gH$m h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE boIH$ CZHo$ {bE H$hVo h¢ -"" _mbVr ~mha go {VVbr Am¡a ^rVa go _Yw_ŠIr h¡ Ÿ&''
_ohVm Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V - _mbVr Ho$ {_Ìm| _| IÞm , am`gmh~, {_Om©, V§Im Am{X h¢ Ÿ& IÞm
CZ na nyar Vah bQ²>Q>y h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z _mbVr _ohVm Ho$ nm¡éf Ho$ à{V Cg g_` AmH${f©V hmo OmVr h¢ O~
_ohVm nR>mZ Ho$ ôof _| CÝh| O~aXñVr CR>m boZo H$s MwZm¡Vr XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {eH$ma _| OmVo g_` _ohVm H$mo
O§Jbr _{hbm H$s ghmZw^y{V {_bVr h¡ Vmo _mbVr B©î`>m©pÝdV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cggo _ohVm _mbVr H$s Amoa
AmH${f©V Zht hmo nmVo Ÿ& _mbVr _ohVm H$s Amoa {OVZm AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡, _ohVm CVZm nrN>o hQ> OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
47
EH$ ~ma IÞm _mbVr go H$h XoVo h¢ -"" A~ VH$ _¢Zo Vwåhmao nrN>o hOmam| bwQ>m {XE Ÿ&''
_mbVr ì`§½` âm CÎma XoVr h¡-"" _¢ ê$ndVr h±ÿ Ÿ& Vw_ hr _oao AZoH$ MmhZodmbm| _| hmo Ÿ& `h _oar H¥$nm
Wr {H$ Ohm± _¢ Am¡am| Ho$ Cnhma bm¡Q>m XoVr Wr, Vwåhmar gm_mÝ` go gm_mÝ` MrO| ^r YÝ`dmX Ho$ gmW
ñdrH$ma H$a boVr Wr Ÿ&'' do YZ go CÝ_Îm Z hmoZo H$s MoVmdZr XoVr hþB© H$hVr h¡§-"" YZ Zo Z AmO VH$
{H$gr Zmar Ho$ öX` na {dO` nmB© Am¡a Z H$^r nmEJr Ÿ&''
_mbVr IÞm go ào_ Zht H$aVr Ÿ& na O~ _ohVm Amamon bJmVo h¢ {H$ {_goO IÞm _mbVr Ho$
H$maU Xw:Ir h¢ Am¡a _mbVr CZ n{V-nËZr _| PJ‹S>o H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡, Vmo _mbVr H$‹S>m Odm~ XoVr
h¡ -""AmnZo `h AZw_mZ H¡$go bJm {b`m {H$ _¢ IÞm Am¡a JmoqdXr Ho$ ~rM AmZm MmhVr h±ÿ Ÿ&'' dh
IÞm Ho$ à{V AnZm {dMma Bg àH$ma ñnï> H$a XoVr h¡ -""_¢ IÞm H$mo AnZr Oy{V`m| H$s Zm|H$ Ho$
~am~a ^r Zht g_PVr Ÿ&''
_ohVm go {IÞ hmoH$a do H$hVr h¢ -"" AmnH$mo _wP na Amjon H$aZo H$m H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht
h¡ Ÿ&''
_mbVr _Yw_ŠIr H$s Vah h¡ Ÿ& do _ohVm H$s godm, {Z:ñdmW© -^mdZm, draVm, AmXa Am¡a
AmXe© go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝh| MmhZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& na _ohVm H$moB© ham g§Ho$V Zht XoVo Ÿ& do _mbVr Ho$
g§~§Y _| AnZm {dMma ñnï> H$aVo hþE CZgo H$hVo h¢ -"" Vw_ g~ Hw$N> H$a gH$Vr hmo ; ~w{Õ_Vr hmo ;
MVwa hmo ; à{V^mdmZ hmo ; X`mbw hmo ; M§Mb hmo, ñdm{^_mZr hmo, Ë`mJ H$a gH$Vr hmo; bo{H$Z ào_ Zht
H$a gH$Vr Ÿ&'' O~ _ohVm _mbVr H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZm MmhVm h¡, V~ _mbVr {ddmh -~§YZ _| ~§Y OmZm
Zht MmhVr Ÿ& do bmoH${hV Ho$ {bE ì`mnH$ joÌ _| ~§YZ-_wº$ hmoH$a H$m_ H$aZm MmhVr h¢ Ÿ& AnZo
g§nyU© OrdZ H$mo g_mO Ho$ {bE g_{n©V H$a XoZo H$s ^mdZm {dH${gV hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX do {ddmh Ho$
gr{_V Am¡a ñdmW©nyU© Xmào H$mo Rw>H$am XoVr h¢ Ÿ&
{dH$gZerb M[aÌ - nhbo _mbVr H$s Ñ{ï> n[adma VH$, YZ-CnmO©Z VH$ gr{_V
Wr Ÿ& ~XbVr n[apñW{V CZHo$ _mZ{gH$ YamVb H$mo ì`mnH$ ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& emar[aH$ gm¡ÝX`© Am¡a
R>mQ>~mQ> go Ñ{ï> hQ>H$a na{hV Am¡a nagodm _| Ho$pÝÐV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do ZmJ[aH$ -OrdZ H$s gr_m go
{ZH$b H$a J«m_rU joÌ Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Xw:I X¡Ý` {ZH$Q>Vm go g_PZo bJVr h¢ Ÿ& do CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$
{bE à`ËZ H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& do OmZ OmVr h¢ {H$ ehar gä` _{hbmE± g~ Hw$N> AnZo ^moJ -{dbmg Ho$ {bE
MmhVr h¢, na J«m_rU _{hbmE± Ë`mJ_` OrdZ {~VmVr h¢ Ÿ& _mbVr J«m_rU _{hbmAm| Ho$ CXmÎm -
{dMmam| go ào[aV hmoH$a AmË_ -{dñVma H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& _ohVm _mbVr Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hVo h¢ -"" dh(_mbVr)
AmJ _| n‹S>H$a M_H$Zo dmbr dñVw h¡ Ÿ&''
48
_ohVm AnZo ào_ H$mo Iy±Ima eoa ~VmVo h¢ Vmo _mbVr H$hVr h¡-"" AJa ào_ Iy±Ima eoa h¡ Vmo
_¢ Cggo Xya hr ah±ÿJr Ÿ& ào_ Xoh H$s dñVw Zht, AmË_m H$s dñVw h¡ Ÿ& dh g§nyU© AmË_-g_n©U h¡ Ÿ&''
A{ddm{hV ahZo H$m g§H$ën H$aZo dmbr - _mbVr _ohVm H$mo n¡gm| H$s V§Jr Ho$
g_` AnZo Ka bo OmVr h¢ ; CZHo$ {H$amò MwH$m XoVr h¢, na CZgo {ddmh H$aZm Zht MmhVt ; do AnZm
\¡$gbm gwZmVr h¢ -"" Vw_ _oao nW-nXe©H$ hmo ; _oao XodVm hmo ; Jwé hmo Ÿ& `h daXmZ _oao OrdZ H$mo
gmW©H$ H$aZo H$mo H$m\$s h¡ Ÿ& `h _oar nyU©Vm h¡ Ÿ&'' do _mZVr h¢ {H$ {_Ì ~ZH$a ahZm ór-nwéf ~Z H$a
ahZo go H$ht gwIH$a h¡ Ÿ& do _ohVm H$mo ào[aV H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¢ - "g§gma H$mo Vw_ O¡go gmYH$m| H$s
Oê$aV h¡, Omo AnZo nW H$mo BVZm \¡$bm Xo {H$ gmam g§gma AnZm hmo OmE Ÿ&'' {ddm{hV OrdZ H$s
Anojm A{ddm{hV OrdZ _| do g\$bVm H$s {H$aU| XoI nmVr h¢ Ÿ&
ZoV¥Ëd boZo H$m JwU - _mbVr g_mO _| ZoV¥Ëd boZo H$s `mo½`Vm aIVr h¡ Ÿ& do ZJa -
H$m§J«og H$_oQ>r H$s g^mZoÌr MwZr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| H«$m§{VH$mar MoVZm ^r h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE do gË`mJ«h
AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boH$a EH$ ~ma Oob ^r OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
ór Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma H$s njYa - _mbVr ór Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma g§~§Yr
~hg _| ^mJ boVr h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVr h¢ -"" {\$a A^r `h H$m¡Z OmZVm h¡ {H$ {ó`m± {Og amñVo na MbZm
MmhVr h¢, dhr gË` h¡ Ÿ& g§^d h¡, AmJo MbH$a h_| AnZr YmaUm ~XbZr n‹S>o Ÿ&''
godm-^md - _mbVr J«m_rU bmoJm| Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a g_P OmVr h¢ {H$ CZ_| bJZ,
g_n©U-d¥{Îm lo` Ho$ à{V gå_mZ, gabVm h¡, Omo ehar bmoJm| Ho$ nmg Zht h¡ Ÿ& do CZH$s godm H$aZo H$mo
na_ H$Îm©ì` g_PVr h¢ Ÿ& do Jmo~a Ho$ ~oQ>o H$mo MoMH$ {ZH$bZo na Z Ho$db CgH$s {M{H$Ëgm H$aVr h¡,
~pëH$ _m±-O¡gr godm ^r H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& do Jm±d _| godm Ho$ {bE nh±þMVr h¢ Vmo Jm±d H$s {ó`m± CZH$s Vmar\$
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$$ g_mO _| emofU H$m AmV§H$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| A§Y{dídmg,
Y_©-emofU, Am{W©H$ emofU, ñdmWmªYVm h¡, {OZH$mo Xya H$aZm C{MV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE do gm_m{OH$
n[adV©Z bmZo H$mo H${Q>~Õ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do _ohVm go H$hVr h¡ -""AnZr {dÚm Am¡a ~w{Õ Omoa Ho$ gmW
Cgr amñVo na bo OmAmo Ÿ& _¢ ^r Vwåhmao nrN>o Mby±Jr Ÿ& AnZo gmW _oam OrdZ ^r gmW©H$ H$a Xmo Ÿ&''
_mbVr g_mO godm H$m AmXe© AnZmZo na ^r Cgo ì`mdhm[aH$ Zht ~Zm nmVr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z do
EH$ ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a nwéf -àYmZ g_mO _| EH$ àoaUmXm`H$ nmÌ Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm {d{eï> ñWmZ ~Zm
boVr h¢ Ÿ&
49
* {g{b`m :
{g{b`m M_m[aZ h¡ Am¡a ~«m÷U _mVmXrZ Ho$ gmW ahVr h¡ Ÿ& dh CgH$s ã`mhVm Zht -aI¡b
h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ {g{b`m H$m `m¡Z -emofU H$aVm h¡, {Ogo dh AnZm A{YH$ma _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr
Om{V H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ho$ {bE {g{b`m Ho$ hmW H$m ImZm Zht ImVm Ÿ&
{g{b`m _ohZV -_OXyar H$aHo$ AnZm noQ> nmbVr h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ Ho$ Ka Cgo Ho$db ImZo -
nhZZo H$s Ny>Q> h¡ Ÿ& AZmO _| hmW bJmZo H$m A{YH$ma Cgo Zht {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Xwbmar gmhþH$maZr H$mo
CgH$m ~H$m`m MwH$mZo Ho$ {bE O~ dh H$moB© goaâ AZmO T>oa _| go {ZH$mbH$a Xo XoVr h¡, V~ _mVmXrZ
PnQ> AmVm h¡ Am¡a Cggo nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ Vy H$m¡Z hmoVr h¡ _oam AZmO XoZodmbr ? {g{b`m nyN>Vr h¡ -""
Vwåhmar MrO _| _oam Hw$N> A{»V`ma Zht h¡ ?'' _mVmXrZ gm\$-gm\$ gwZm XoVm h¡ {H$ Vwåh| H$moB©
Ap»V`ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ImVr h¡ Ÿ& AJa VwPo naVm Z n‹S>Vm hmo Vmo H$ht Mbr Om Ÿ&
{g{b`m `h An_mZ gh OmZo H$mo {dde h¡ Ÿ& {g{b`m g_PVr h¡ {H$ dh ã`mhVm Z hmoH$a ^r
g§ñH$ma Am¡a ì`dhma _| VWm _Zmo^mdZm _| ã`mhVm h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ Mmho Cgo _mao `m H$mQ>o Ÿ& Cgo Xygam
Aml` Zht h¡, Xygam Adb§~ Zht h¡ Ÿ&
dh ^m½` Am¡a H$_© na nyam âmogm H$aHo$ AnZo Om{VJV emofU H$m dh {damoY Z H$aHo Cgo
MwnMmn gh OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ CgH$s _m± Cgo AnZo gmW bo OmZm MmhVr h¡, Y_H$mVr h¡, nrQ>Vr
h¡ Ÿ& na ~mn Ho$ n¡a nH$‹S>H$a {dZVr H$aVr h¡ -""CgH$m Ka boH$a Vwåh| Š`m {_bm ? A~ Vmo dh ^r
_wPo Z nyN>oJm Ÿ& bo{H$Z nyN>o, Z nyN>o, ah±ÿJr Vmo Cgr Ho$ gmW Ÿ& dh _wPo Mmho ^yIm aIo, Mmho _ma S>mbo,
na CgH$m gmW Z N>mo‹Sz>±Jr Ÿ& CgH$s gm§gV H$amHo$ N>mo‹S> Xy± Ÿ& _a OmD±$Jr, na haOmB© Z ~Zy±Jr Ÿ& EH$ ~ma
{OgZo ~m§ho nH$‹S> br, Cgr H$s ah±ÿJr Ÿ&'' Cg_| Z An_mZ~moY h¡ Z H$moB© AZwemoMZm Ÿ& {\$a _mVmXrZ
O~ H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢ Voam Z _w±h XoIy±JmŸ& _oam VwP go H$moB© dmñVm Zht h¡, V~ dh _mVmXrZ go nyN>Vr h¡
-"" dmñVm H¡$go Zht h¡ ? Omo añgr Vwåhmao Jbo _| n‹S> JB© h¡, Cgo Vw_ bmI Mmhmo Zht N>mo‹S> gH$Vo Am¡a
Z _¢ Vwåh| N>mo‹S>H$a H$ht OmD±$Jr Ÿ& _Oyar H$ê±$Jr, ^rI _m§Jy±Jr, bo{H$Z Vwåh| Z N>mo‹Sz>±Jr Ÿ&''
CgHo$ ~mX Y{Z`m Am¡a hmoar Cgo AnZo Ka _| eaU XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dht CgHo$ EH$ ~oQ>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh gmoZm H$mo ~VmVr h¡ {H$ CgZo _mVmXrZ H$s {OVZr godm H$s h¡, CgH$m \$b Cgo Oê$a {_boJm Ÿ& dh
gmoZm go H$hVr h¡-"" A^r _mZ-_a`mX Ho$ _moh _| dh Mmho _wPo N>mo‹S> Xo, bo{H$Z XoI boZm, {\$a Xm¡‹S>m
AmEJm Ÿ&'' AnZo Y_© na Cgo nyam âmogm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡-"" AnZm-AnZm Ya_ AnZo -AnZo gmW
h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZm Ya_ Vmo‹S> ahm h¡, Vmo _¢ AnZm Ya_ Š`m| Vmo‹Sz>± ?''
{g{b`m ~hþV g_PXma h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoZm Ho$ hmoZodmbo n{V Am¡a CgHo$ ~mn Jm¡ar _ohVm Ho$ gm_Zo
gmoZm H$s àe§gm H$aHo$ CÝh| {~Zm XhoO emXr nŠH$s H$aZo H$mo _Zm boVr h¡ Ÿ&
50
EH$ ~ma _mVmXrZ hmoar Ho$ hmWm| Xmo én`m {g{b`m Ho$ {bE ôOVm h¡ Ÿ& {g{b`m Bg Iwer H$mo
~m§Q>Zo amV _| ZXr Zmbo nma H$aHo$ gmoZm Ho$ Ka nh±þM OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _Wwam go EH$m§V _| CgH$s ^|Q> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
_Wwam Ho$ ào_ {ZdoXZ H$mo dh Rw>H$am Zht gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Vmo XmoZm| ào_ Ho$ Xw~©b _whÿV© _| nh±þM OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
{gëbmo H$m _w±h _Wwam Ho$ _w±h Ho$ nmg Am OmVm h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| H$s gm±g| Am¡a AmdmO Am¡a Xoh _| H§$nZ
hmoVr h¡ {H$ ghgm gmoZm H$s AmdmO gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n {g{b`m Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ go ~M
OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mVmXrZ àm`píMV H$aHo$ AnZr Om{V _| nwZ: {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na Cgo AnZo nwÌ Ho$ à{V _moh
{g{b`m Ho$ gmW ahZo H$mo {dde H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _mVmXrZ -{g{b`m H$m nwZ{_©bZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{g{b`m `hm± X{bV -Zmar H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZr {~amXar go VWm AnZo
n[adma go AbJ ahZo _| H$moB© AZwemoMZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr Apñ_Vm Am¡a ApñVËd Ho$ à{V H$VB©
OmJê$H$ Zht h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r AnZo ào_ H$s {ZíN>bVm Am¡a godm-Y_© na {dídmg Ho$ \$b-ñdê$n Cgo
ào_ _| g\$bVm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
1.8 ì`m»`mE± :
1. Amgm{_`m| go dh h±gH$a ~mob boVo Wo Ÿ& `hr Š`m H$_ h¡ ? qgh H$m H$m_ Vmo {eH$ma H$aZm
h¡, AJa dh JaOZo Am¡a Jwam©Zo Ho$ ~Xbo _rR>r ~mobr ~mob gH$Vm, Vmo Cgo Ka ~¡R>o _Z_mZm {eH$ma {_b
OmVm, {eH$ma H$s ImoO _| O§Jb _| Z ^Q>H$Zm n‹S>Vm Ÿ&
g§X^© - O_tXma am`gmh~ ~hþV bmoH${à` h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s O_tXmar ì`dñWm nyd©dV² Mbr Am
ahr Wr Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo [a`m`V Zht Xr OmVr Wr Ÿ& bJmZ dgyb {H$`m OmVm Wm, S>m±S> Am¡a ~oJmar br
OmVr Wr Ÿ& bmoJ Bgo ì`dñWm H$m A§J _mZH$a ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go gh OmVo Wo Ÿ& AJa Hw$N> ~XZm_r
hmoVr Wr, dh _w»Vmam| Ho$ {ga OmVr Wr Ÿ& am`gmh~ H$s Am_XZr Am¡a A{YH$ma _| H$_r Zht AmVr Wr,
CZH$m è ~‹T>Vm OmVm Wm Ÿ&
ì`m»`m - Agm{_`m| go Omo boZm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo O_tXma am`gmh~ Ho$ _w»Vma bo boVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z
am`gmh~ YyV© h¢ Ÿ& do Agm{_`m| go h±gH$a ~mV H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo Agm_r H¥$VH¥$Ë` hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg
h±gr H$mo ^r ~hþV ~‹S>r H¥$nm _mZ boVo h¢ Ÿ&
2. O_tXma qgh O¡go h¢ Ÿ& qgh H$m H$m_ h¡ {eH$ma H$aZm Ÿ& O_tXma H$m H$m_ h¡ O_tXmar H$mo
MbmZm, bJmZ dgyb H$aZm, S>m±S> boZm, ~oJmar boZm Am{X Ÿ& `h H$m`© H$moB© O_tXma H$R>moa dMZ
~mobH$a H$a gH$Vm h¡ `m _rR>o dMZ go H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& H$R>moa dMZ Am¡a H$R>moa ì`dhma qgh H$m
51
JaOZm, Jwam©Zm O¡gm h¡ Ÿ& AJa dh _rR>o dMZ go Ka ~¡R>o Amam_ go gmam H$m_ Amgm{_`m| go {ZH$mb
gH$Vm h¡ Vmo `h Ka ~¡R>o {eH$ma {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ka ~¡R>o {eH$ma {_b OmZo go qgh H$mo {eH$ma H$s ImoO
_| O§Jb _| OmZm Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& O¡go am`gmh~ AnZm gmam H$m_ _w»Vmam| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$am boVo h¢ Ÿ&
~XZm_r CZHo$ {ga S>mb ñd`§ g~Ho$ lÕm ^mOZ ~Zo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s H$s{V© ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do ~hþV
MmbmH$ h¢ Ÿ& bjU H$h aho h¢ {H$ ~hþV OëX h_mao dJ© H$s hñVr {_Q> OmZodmbr h¡ Ÿ& _¢ Cg {XZ H$m
ñdmJV H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma ~¡R>m h±ÿ Ÿ& B©ída dh {XZ OëX bmE± Ÿ& dh h_mao CÕma H$m {XZ hmoJm Ÿ& h_
n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ {eH$ma ~Zo hþE h¢ Ÿ& `h n[apñW{V hr h_mam gd©Zme H$a ahr h¡ Am¡a O~ VH$ g§n{Îm H$s
`h ~o‹S>r h_mao n¡am| go Z {ZH$boJr, O~ VH$ `h A{êmn h_mao {ga na _§S>amVm ahoJm h_ _mZdVm H$m
dh nX Z nm gH|$Jo, {Og na nh±þMZm hr OrdZ H$m A§{V_ bú` h¡ Ÿ&
g§X^© - O_tXma am`gmh~ OmZVo h¢ {H$ g_mO _| O_tXmam| H$s emofU àd¥{Îm ~‹T> JB© h¡ Am¡a
Yrao-Yrao g_mO _| BgHo$ à{V {damoY Am¡a Ag§Vmof ~‹T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE do n[apñW{V H$s _m§J Ho$
AZwê$n AnZo H$mo n[adV©Z H$aVo h¢ Am¡a O_tXmar àWm Ho$ CÝ_ybZ H$mo ñdmJ H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m - am`gmh~ H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ A^r g_mO _| O_tXmar àWm Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO
CR>Zo Ho$ bjU {XImB© XoZo bJo h¢ `{X Am§XmobZ hþAm Vmo h_mar `h à^wVm OëXr g_má hmo OmEJr Ÿ&
am`gmh~ IwX ^r `h n[adV©Z MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& do ^JdmZ go àmW©Zm H$aVo h¢ {H$ OëX go OëX dh n[ad{V©V
{XZ AmE± Ÿ& do _mZVo h¢ {H$ n[apñW{V H$m H$m Xmg ~ZH$a h_ O_tXma h¢ Am¡a Amgm{_`m| na Omo emofU
hmo ahm h¡, Cgo H$aZo Ho$ H$mo h_ _O~ya h¢ Ÿ& Bggo h_mam gd©Zme hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ&
3. am` gmh~ _mZVo h¢ {H$ h_mam A§{V_ bú` h¡ - _mZdVm H$m nX nmZm Ÿ& `h V~ VH$
g§^d Zht hmoJm, O~ VH$ h_ {ga na O_tXma hmoZo H$m A{êmn T>moVo ah|Jo Am¡a O_tXmar H$mo g§n{Îm H$s
~o‹S>r h_mao n¡am| na n‹S>r ahoJr Ÿ& `h g§n{Îm h_mao {bE A{êmn h¡ Ÿ& `h h_| _mZdVm H$m D±$Mm nX Zht
Xo nmVr Ÿ& h_ AnZo ApñVËd H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE àOm H$m emofU H$aZo H$mo _O~ya hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& h_ gƒo
BZgmZ ~Z Zht nmVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ `h O_tXmar àWm g_má hmo OmEJr - dh {XZ h_mao CÕma H$m {XZ
hmoJm Ÿ& h_ ^r _w{º$ H$s gm§g b|Jo Ÿ& h_ Cg {XZ gƒo AW© _| _mZdVm Ho$ CnmgH$ ~Z OmE±Jo Ÿ&
{dnÞVm go Bg AWmh gmJa _| gmohmJ hr dh V¥U Wm, {Ogo nH$‹S>o hþE dh gmJa H$mo nma H$a ahr Wr Ÿ&
BZ Ag§JV eãXm| Zo `WmW© Ho$ {ZH$Q> hmoZo na ^r _mZmo PQ>H$m XoH$a CgHo$ hmW go dh {VZHo$ H$m ghmam
N>rZ boZm Mmhm Ÿ& ~pëH$ `WmW© Ho$ {ZH$Q> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr CZ_| BVZr doXZm e{º$ Am JB© Wr Ÿ& H$mZm
H$hZo go H$mZo H$mo Omo Xw:I hmoVm h¡, dh Š`m Xmo Am±Im| dmbo AmX_r H$mo hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ?
52
g§X^© - hmoar am`gmh~ Ho$ Jm±d OmZo H$s V¡`mar H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& h±gr-_OmH$ _| dh nËZr
Y{Z`m H$mo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ _X© gmR>>o na nmR>o hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Y{Z`m `WmW© H$m AZw^d H$aHo$ H$hVr h¡ {H$ Vw_
-O¡go _X© gmR>o na nmR>o Zht hmoVo Ÿ& hmoar ^r Bg `WmW© H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVm hþAm H$hVm h¡ - gmR> VH$
nhw±MZo H$s Zm¡~V Z AmZo nmEJr Y{Z`m ! BgHo$ nhbo hr Mb X|Jo Ÿ&
`hm± boIH$ hmoar Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX `h gwZH$a Y{Z`m H$s _Z:pñW{V Š`m hmoVr h¡ CgH$m
dU©Z H$aVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m - hmoar H$m `h H$WZ -gmR> VH$ nh±þMZo H$s Zm¡~V Zht AmEJr - Y{Z`m Ho$ öX`
_| AmV§H$_` H§$nZ CËnÞ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE Am{W©H$ XwadñWm Am¡a {dnÞVm EH$ AWmh gmJa
O¡gr Wr Ÿ& ^maVr` Zmar hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo Y{Z`m H$r _§Jb-H$m_Zm d«V ZmarËd H$s Vnñ`m -gwhmJ Cgo
ghmam XoZo dmbm V¥U Wm Ÿ& {OgHo$ AmYma na dh BZ H${R>ZmB`m| H$mo nma H$aZm MmhVr Wr Ÿ&
4. hmoar Zo Omo Hw$N> h±gr -_OmH$ _| H$h {X`m, dh `WmW© Ho$ {ZH$Q> Wm Ÿ& hmoar H$s C_«
Mmbrg go A{YH$ Z hmoZo na ^r OrdZ -g§Kf© _| dh OO©a hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& Ag_` ~w‹T>mnm Zo Cgo Koa
{b`m Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h `WmW© gË` Y{Z`m H$s ^mdZm H$mo EH$ PQ>H$m XoVm h¡ Ÿ{H$ bJVm h¡ dh V¥U
H$m ghmam ^r Am¡a Zht ahZo dmbm h¡ Am¡a `h `WmW© CgHo$ hmW go V¥U Ho$ ghmao H$mo N>rZ boJm Ÿ&
AWm©V² CgHo$ H$ht gmR> gmb H$s C_« nma H$aZo go nhbo hmoar OrdZ g§Kf© go hmaH$a g§gma go {~Xm
boZm Z n‹S> OmE Ÿ& `hr gmoMH$a Y{Z`m H$m öX` doXZm go â OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh n{V H$s _§Jb H$m_Zm
Am¡a XrKm©`w H$m_Zm H$aHo$ ì`mHw$b hmo CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& `h ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ {H$ h_| gË` A{YH$ à^m{dV Am¡a
Am§Xmo{bV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mZo H$mo H$mZm H$hZo go Cgo Anma H$ï> hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ ì`mnma gË` h¡ Ÿ&
Am±Im|dmbo go H$mZm H$hZo dh h±g XoJm, Š`m|{H$ dh AgË` h¡ Ÿ& hmoar H$m H$hZm gË` Wm, Bg{bE
Y{Z`m H$mo dh Anma H$ï> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m g§nyU© OrdZ àH¥${V go ñWm`r gh`moJ h¡ - d¥jm| _| \$b
bJVo h¢, CÝh| OZVm ImVr h¡ ; IoVr _| AZmO hmoVm h¡, dh g§gma Ho$ H$m_ AmVm h¡ ; Jm` Ho$ WZ _|
XyY hmoVm h¡, dh IwX nrZo Zht OmVr, Xygao nrVo h¢; _oKm| go dfm© hmoVr h¡, Cggo n¥Ïdr V¥á hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Eogr g§J{V _| Hw$pËgV ñdmW© Ho$ {bE ñWmZ H$hm± ? hmoar {H$gmZ Wm Am¡a {H$gr H$mo ObVo hþE Ka _|
hmW g|H$Zm CgZo grIm hr Z Wm Ÿ&
g§X^© - ^mobm hmoar H$mo Jm` CYma na XoZo H$mo amOr hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ nmg ^ygm Zht h¡,
Bg{bE dh A~ hmoar go Ho$db Xg-~rg énE ^ygo Ho$ {bE ^r ZH$X MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ _Zwî` Ho$ ê$n
_| hmoar _| Hw$N> ñdmW© ^mdZmE± h¢ bo{H$Z EH$ {H$gmZ Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$m OrdZ Ë`mJ go âm h¡ Ÿ&
53
ì`m»`m - hram AnZr ñdmW© _Zmod¥{Îm H$m n[aM` XoVm Wm Ÿ& Hw$N> IarXVo g_` _mob-
Vmob H$aZm F$U MwH$mVo g_` Hw$N> ã`mO Nw>‹S>mZo Ho$ {bE _hmOZ H$s {Mam¡ar H$aZm, O~ VH$ nŠH$m
{dídmg Z hmo OmE V~ VH$ {H$gr Ho$ \w$gbmZo _| Zht AmZm CgHo$ ñdm^m{dH$ JwU h¡ Ÿ&
5. bo{H$Z CgH$m g§nyU© OrdZ àH¥${V Ho$ gmW gh`moJ nyd©H$ AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh àH¥${V H$s
Vah namonH$mar h¡ Ÿ& d¥j _| \$b bJVo h¢ Ÿ& d¥j ñd`§ \$b Zht ImVm Ÿ& Xygao ImVo h¢ ; IoV _| CnOm
AÞ àmUr _mÌ ImVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm` AnZm XyY IwX Zht nrVr Xygao nrVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mXb dfm© H$aHo$ n¥Ïdr H$mo V¥á
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ BZ VËdm| Ho$ nmg Hw$pËgV ñdmW© Ho$ {bE ñWmZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& ò namonH$ma H$m OrdZ d«V
Ho$ ê$n _| AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gmZ H$s àH¥${V Ho$ BZ VËdm| H$s Vah namonH$mar h¡ Ÿ&
hmoar {H$gmZ Wm Ÿ& namonH$ma H$aZm CgH$m Y_© Wm Ÿ& ñdmWmªYVm H$s J§Y CgHo$ nmg Zht AmVr
Wr Ÿ& Xygam| H$s {dn{Îm go \$m`Xm CR>mZm dh Zht OmZVm Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE ^mobm H$s {dn{Îm H$m \$m`Xm
CR>mH$a CYma H$a Jm` bo boZm dh ngÝX Zht H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {ddmh Ho$ à^mV _| bmbgm AnZr Jwbm~r
_mXH$Vm Ho$ gmW CX` hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a öX` Ho$ gmao AmH$me H$mo AnZo _mYw`© H$s gwZhar {H$aUm| go
a§{OV H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a _Ü`mÝh H$m àIa Vmn D$î_ h¡, jU-jU na ~Jybo CR>Vo h¢ Am¡a n¥Ïdr H$m§nZo
bJVr h¡ Ÿ& bmbgm H$m gwZham AmdaU hQ> OmVm h¡ ŸAm¡a dmñV{dH$Vm AnZo Z½Z ê$n _| gm_Zo Am
I‹S>r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX {dlm__` g§Ü`m AmVr h¡, erVb Am¡a em§V O~ h_ WHo$ hþE n{WH$m| H$s
^m±{V {XZ â H$s `mÌm H$m d¥Vm§V H$hVo Am¡a gwZVo h¢ Ÿ& VQ>ñW ^md go , _mZmo h_ {H$gr D±$Mo {eIa
na Om ~¡R>o h¢ Ohm± ZrMo H$m OZad h_ VH$ Zht nh±þMVm Ÿ&
g§X^© - X_‹S>r d§gm¡a go nw{Z`m PJ‹S>Vr h¡ Vmo hram Cgo nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& hmoar hram H$mo amoH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a AnZo XadmOo na AmH$a Y{Z`m Ho$ gmW AnZo d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ H$s _ma-nrQ> Am¡a _Z-_Zwhma H$m
àg§J N>o‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `ht boIH$ d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ na AnZo Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m - d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ H$m àma§^ {Xdg H$m CfmH$mb O¡gm h¡ Ÿ& Cfm Ho$ AmJ_Z go
gmam AmH$me gyaO H$s gwZhar {H$aUm| go a§{OV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jwbm~r _mXH$Vm {bE Cfm AmVr h¡ Am¡a
dh _Z _| ZB© bmbgm âXoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma {ddmh H$m OrdZ -AmH$me _| CfmH$mb H$s Vah hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& n{V-nËZr Ho$ OrdZ -AmH$me _| Amem H$s ZB© {H$aU| \y$Q>Vr h¢ ; ZB©-ZB© A{^bmfmE± OÝ_ boVr
h¢ ! ào_ H$s Jwbm~r _mXH$Vm â OmVr h¡ ; _YwaVm â OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
6. {Og àH$ma _Ü`mÝh _| gy`© Ho$ àhma Vmn go YaVr Vá hmo OmVr h¡, ~Jybo CR>Vo h¢ Vmo
YaVr H$m§n OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ _Ü`mÝh _| gnZm| Ho$ ñWmZ na dmñV{dH$Vm H$m
AZw^d hmoVm h¡, `WmW© H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma {ddmh Ho$ ~mX J¥hñWr g§^mbZr n‹S>Vr
h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ g§J«m_ _| g§Kf© H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I-XX© PobZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& gnZm| H$m gwZham AmdaU hQ>
54
OmVm h¡ ŸAm¡a `WmW© H$s VoO apí_`m± ghZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ ~mX em_ AmVr h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ g§Ü`m Ho$ g_` Ka bm¡Q>Vo h¢ Ÿ& {XZâ Ho$ l_ Ho$ ~mX WH$mdQ>
{_Q>mVo h¢ Ÿ& em_ erVb Am¡a em§{V XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Xmo lm§V n{WH$ em_ H$mo WH$mZ {_Q>mVo hþE AnZo-AnZo
AZw^dm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V gwZVo - gwZmVo h¢ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ gm§`H$mb _| ~w‹T>mno _| n{V-nËZr
OrdZ -AZw^d H$mo ñ_aU H$aVo h¢, h±gr -J_, g\$bVm -{d\$bVm Ho$ d¥Îmm§V H$s MMm© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
WH$mZ {_Q>mVo OrdZ Ho$ Cƒ {eIa na ~¡R>H$a VQ>ñW ^md go ~rVo hþE Cg AVrV H$mo XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& H¡$go
CZH$m H$moB© gamoH$ma Zht, H$moB© AmH$f©U Zht h¡ Ÿ& do A~ Xygam| Ho$ OrdZ g§Kf© H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zht
XoVo Ÿ& Ho$db AnZo A§{V_ {XZ {JZVo hþE Mwn hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZH$s Ñ{ï> _| A^r CgHo$ `m¡dZ Ho$ \y$b hr bJo Wo Ÿ& O~ VH$ \$b Z bJ OmE± Cg na T>obo
\|$H$Zm ì`W© H$s ~mV Wr ŸAm¡a {H$gr Amoa go àmoËgmhZ Z nmH$a CgH$m H$m¡_m`© CgHo$ Jbo _| {MnQ>m
hþAm Wm Ÿ& Pw{Z`m H$m d§{MV _Z {Ogo ^m{^`m| Ho$ ì`§½` Am¡a hmg-{dbmg Zo bmobwn ~Zm {X`m Wm,
CgHo$ H$m¡_m`© na hr bbMm CR>m Am¡a Bg Iw_mar _| nVm I‹S>H$Vo hr {H$gr gmoVo hþE {eH$mar H$s Vah
`m¡dZ OmJ CR>m Ÿ&
g§X^© - ^mobm Ho$ Ka go Jm` boH$a Jmo~a Am`m, Vmo Cgo N>mo‹S>Zo Pw{Z`m AmYo amñVo VH$
AmB© Ÿ& amñVo _| Pw{Z`m Zo CgHo$ gmW hmg-n[ahmg H$aHo$ CgHo$ gmoVo hþE `m¡dZ H$mo OJm {X`m Ÿ& `m¡dZ
g§~§Yr XmoZm| Ho$ AZw^d AbJ-AbJ Wo, Cg na àH$me S>mbVo hþE boIH$ H$hVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m - Jmo~a {H$emoa Wm Ÿ& A~ VH$ CgHo$ gmW Ho$db ^m{^`m± {R>R>mobr H$aVr Wt ŸOmo
Ho$db gab {dZmoX VH$ hr gr{_V ah OmVr Wr Ÿ& CZH$s Ñ{ï> _| Jmo~a {H$emoa Wm Am¡a Cg_| Ho$db
`m¡dZ Ho$ \y$b bJo Wo Ÿ& `m¡dZ n[anŠd hmoH$a \$b Zht ~Zo Wo Ÿ& {Og àH$ma H$moB© no‹S> go \$b nmZo Ho$
{bE Cg na T>obo \|$H$Vm h¡, na \y$b bJVo g_` T>obo Zht \|$H$Vm, Cgr àH$ma n[anŠd `m¡dZ Z AmZo
na Jmo~a go H$moB© ào_ H$s ~mV Zht H$aVr Wr Ÿ& Jmo~a H$mo {H$gr Zmar go ào_ Ho$ {bE àmoËgmhZ Z {_bZo
go CgH$m `m¡dZ CÔrá Zht hmo nmVm Wm, Z dh h±gr -_OmH$ H$m CÎma Xo nmVm Ÿ& _mZmo H$m¡_m`© CgHo$ Jbo
go {MnQ>m hþAm ah J`m Wm Ÿ& Z dh OmVm Wm, Z `m¡dZ H$s _mXH$Vm Cg_| Am nmVr Wr Ÿ&
7. bo{H$Z Pw{Z`m H$m {ddmh hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& dh {dYdm hmo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& CgH$m ^yIm _Z ào_
MmhVm Wm Ÿ& ^m{^`m| Ho$ hmg-n[ahmg go CgH$m _Z ào_ Ho$ {bE bmobwá hmo CR>m Ÿ& A~ dh Jmo~a H$mo
nmg nmH$a ào_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cggo ào_ âr ~mV| H$aZo bJr Ÿ& {Og àH$ma {eH$ma H$s H$moB© AmhQ>
nmH$a gmo`m hþAm {eH$mar OmZda OmJ OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma Pw{Z`m Ho$ ào_ -{ZdoXZ H$s à{V{H«$`m _|
Jmo~a H$m gwá `m¡dZ OmJ CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| ^r ào_ H$s bbH$ CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& YZ H$mo Amn {H$gr
Cnm` go ~am~a \¡$bm gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~w{Õ H$mo, M[aÌ H$mo Am¡a ê$n H$mo, à{V^m H$mo Am¡a ~b H$mo
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~am~a \¡$bmZm Vmo CgH$s e{º$ Ho$ ~mha h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m ôX Ho$db YZ go hr Vmo Zht hmoVm Ÿ& _¢Zo
~‹S>o-~‹S>o YZ-Hw$~oam| H$mo {^jwH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo KwQ>Zo Q>oH$Vo XoIm h¡, Am¡a AmnZo ^r XoIm hmoJm Ÿ& ê$n Ho$
Mm¡IQ>o na ~‹S>o-~‹S>o _hrn ZmH$ aJ‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& Š`m `h gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Zht h¡ ?
g§X^© - am`gmh~ Ho$ YZwf`k Ho$ Adga AnZr {_Ì _§S>br Ho$ gXñ` _ohVm, Am|H$maZmW,
V§Im, {_Om©, IweuX Am{X gpå_{bV hmoH$a gmå`dmXr {dMma na MMm© H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. _ohVm AnZm
{dMma Bg àH$ma aIVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m - YZ na g^r H$m g_mZ A{YH$ma hmoZo Ho$ {dMma go Amn {H$gr ^r Cnm` go YZ
H$mo bmoJm| _| ~am~a ~m§Q> gH|$Jo Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~w{Õ -M[aÌ, ê$n, à{V^m O¡go OÝ_OmV JwUm| Am¡a àmH¥${VH$
e{º$`m| H$mo bmoJm| _| ~am~a ~m§Q> XoZm _Zwî` H$s e{º$ Ho$ ~mha h¡, Š`m|{H$ ò g~ B©ída àXÎm JwU h¢ Ÿ&
AWm©V² BZHo$ H$maU g_mO _| A{YH$ ~w{Õ_mZ, H$_ ~w{Õ_mZ, M[aÌdmZ, M[aÌhrZ, ê$ndVr , Hw$ê$n,
à{V^mdmZ - _§X~w{Õ Am{X ah|Jo Ÿ& BZ JwUm| Ho$ H$maU bmoJ ~‹S>o `m N>moQ>o Ho$ ê$n _| {JZo OmE±Jo Ÿ& AWm©V²
YZ Ho$ Abmdm ^r AÝ` JwUm| Ho$ H$maU N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m ôX ahoJm Ÿ& Amn bmoJ g_mO _| XoIVo h¢ {H$
~‹S>o-~‹S>o YZdmZ ì`{º$ ^r gmYw -g§Vm| , {^jwAm| Ho$ gm_Zo KwQ>Zo Q>oH$Vo h¢, hma OmVo h¢, CZH$s _hmZVm
ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~‹S>o-~‹S>o amOm ^r ào_ nmZo Ho$ {bE ê$ndVr Zmar Ho$ MaUm| _| {J‹S>{J‹S>mVo h¢ Ÿ& `h ^r
EH$ àH$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm h¡ Ÿ& kmZ H$m `m gm¡ÝX`© H$m g_mO _| g_mZ ~§Q>Z g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ&
Ho$db YZ H$m g_ ~§Q>Z hmoZo go N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m ôX Zht {_Q>Vm Ÿ& B©ída àXÎm OÝ_OmV JwUm| H$s _mÌm
go g_mO _| N>moQ>o-~‹S>o ahZm A{Zdm`© h¡ Ÿ&
8. {ddmh H$mo _¢ gm_m{OH$ g_Pm¡Vm g_PVm h±ÿ ŸAm¡a Cgo Vmo‹S>Zo H$m A{YH$ma Z nwéf H$mo h¡,
Z ór H$mo Ÿ& g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo Ho$ nhbo Amn ñdmYrZ h¢, g_Pm¡Vm hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX AmnHo$ hmW H$Q> OmVo
h¢ Ÿ&
g§X^© - _ohVm, IÞm, _mbVr Am{X {ddmh , VbmH$, _wŠV ^moJ Am{X na MMm© H$aVo h¢ Vmo
_ohVm AnZo {dMma ñnï> ê$n go ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ - _ohVm H$hVo h¢ {H$ _wº$ ^moJ AmË_m Ho$ {dbmg _|
~§YH$ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {ddmh AmË_m H$mo Am¡a OrdZ H$mo qnOao _| ~§X H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {ddmh Ho$ g§~§Y _| do
ñnï> H$aVo h¢ {H$ -
ì`m»`m - {ddmh EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_Pm¡Vm h¡ Ÿ& nwéf Am¡a Zmar OrdZ â gmW ahZo H$m
{dMma Bg àH$ma {ddmh ~§YZ _| ~§Y OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| XmoZm| H$m EH$ Xygao na {dídmg ahVm h¡ Ÿ& à{Vkm
ahVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX n{V-nËZr _| go {H$gr H$mo dh {ddmh ~§YZ Vmo‹S>Zo H$m A{YH$ma Zht ahVm Ÿ&
Bggo g_mO H$s ì`dñWm AñVì`ñV hmo OmEJr Ÿ& Bg{bE {ddmh Ho$ {bE g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo H$mo ì`{º$
nhbo ñdV§Ì h¡ Ÿ& dh {ddmh H$aoJm `m Zht, `h CgHo$ {ZU©` na {Z^©a h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma {ddmh H$aZo H$m
56
{ZU©` bo boZo Ho$ ~mX ì`{º$ naV§Ì hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh bmMma h¡, Cgo Vmo‹S>Zo H$m `mZr VbmH$ XoZo H$m
A{YH$ma CgHo$ hmW _| Zht ahVm Ÿ&
9. gm_Zo Omo nd©V_mbm Xe©Z -VËd H$s ^m±{V AJå` Am¡a AË`§V \¡$br hþB© _mZmo kmZ H$m
{dñVma H$a ahr hmo, _mZmo AmË_m Cg kmZ H$mo Cg àH$me H$mo Cg AJå`Vm H$mo, CgHo$ àËòH$ {damQ>
ê$n _| XoI ahr hmo Ÿ& Xya Ho$ EH$ ~hþV D±$Mo {eIa na EH$ N>moQ>m-gm _§{Xa Wm, Omo Cg AJå`Vm _| ~w{Õ
H$s ^m±{V D±$Mm, na gmo`m hþAm-gm I‹S>m Wm, _mZmo dhm± VH$ na _maH$a njr {dlm_ boZm MmhVm h¡
Am¡a H$ht ñWmZ Zht nmVm Ÿ&
g§X^© - S>m°. _ohVm _mbVr H$mo AnZo gmW boH$a {eH$ma IobZo OmVo h¢ Vmo O§Jb _| EH$
H$mbr Am¡aV ~‹S>r göX`Vm {XImH$a _ohVm H$mo CgH$s Pm|n‹S>r VH$ bo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± ~¡R>H$a gm_Zo
H$s nd©V_mbm Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`© H$mo XoIH$a S>m°. _ohVm Xme©{ZH$ qMVZ _| Imo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m - _ohVm O§Jb Ho$ ñdÀN> OrdZ go ~hþV à^m{dV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& gm_Zo nd©V_mbm
\¡$br hþB© Wr Ÿ& _ohVm H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ Xe©Z -VËd {Og àH$ma AJå` Am¡a ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡ Cgr àH$ma
`h nd©V_mbm H$m {dñVma H$a ahr hmo Ÿ& _ohVm H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ CZH$s AmË_m {ZamH$ma na_mË_m Ho$
{damQ> ê$n H$mo nd©V_mbm Ho$ ê$n _| àË`j XoI ahr hmo Ÿ& do A~ na_mË_m g§~§Yr kmZ H$s, CZHo$ àH$me
H$s, CZH$s AJå`Vm H$mo Bg ñWmZ na ~¡R>H$a nd©V_mbm _| àË`j XoI aho hmo Ÿ& Xya Ho$ EH$ D±$Mo
{eIa na EH$ N>moQ>m-gm _§{Xa {XImB© n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& _ohVm H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ nd©V_mbm Ho$ ê$n _|
{damO_mZ na_ VËd H$s AJå`Vm _| ~w{Õ Ho$ ahñ` H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE Imo`m -Imo`m I‹S>m Wm Ÿ& _ohVm
gmoMVm h¡ {H$ CZH$s ~w{Õ ê$nr njr nam§o go C‹S>mZ âH$a _§{Xa H$s MmoQ>r na {dlm_ H$aZo nh±þMVm h¡ na
dhm± Cgo {dlm_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht {_bVm Ÿ& dh {Zame hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` H$s gr{_V ~w{Õ
Agr_ H$m kmZ àmá H$aZo Ag_W© ahH$a AZ_Zm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
10. dh Am\$V H$s _mar ,ì`§½` ~mUm| go AmhV Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ AmKmVm| go ì`{WV {H$gr
d¥j H$s N>m§h ImoOVr -{\$aVr Wr Am¡a Cgo EH$ ^dZ {_b J`m Wm, {OgHo$ Aml` _| dh AnZo H$mo
gwa{jV Am¡a gwIr g_P ahr Wr na AmO dh ^dZ AnZm gmam gwI-{dbmg {bE AëbmXrZ Ho$ amO
_hb H$s ^m±{V Jm`~ hmo J`m Wm Am¡a ^{dî` EH$ {dH$amb XmZd Ho$ g_mZ Bgo {ZJb OmZo H$mo I‹S>m
Wm Ÿ&
g§X^© - nm§M _mh H$s J^©dVr Pw{Z`m H$mo AnZo Ka na N>mo‹S>H$a Jmo~a O~ nbm`Z H$aVm
h¡ Vmo Eogr pñW{V _| Pw{Z`m H$s _Z:pñW{V Ho$ g§~§Y _| boIH$ ~Vm aho h¢ -
ì`m»`m - Pw{Z`m {dYdm hmo OmZo go hV^m{JZr hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& {nVm Ho$ Ka _| ahVo g_`
^m{^`m| Ho$ ì`§½` ~mUm| go dh AmhV hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& OrdZ _| AHo$br hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX dh _mZ{gH$
57
AmKmV ghH$a nr{‹S>V Wr Ÿ& dh {H$gr nwéf H$m gmhM`© MmhVr Wr {OgHo$ Aml` _| ahH$a Zmar OrdZ
H$mo gmW©H$ H$a gHo$Jr Am¡a OrdZ H$s nyU©Vm àmá H$a gHo$Jr Ÿ& Bgr g_` Cggo ào_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Jmo~a {_b J`m Ÿ& Cggo ào_ H$aHo$ CgH$mo n{V ê$n _| AnZmH$a AnZo H$mo dh gwa{jV Am¡a gwIr _mZZo
bJr Ÿ& dh J^©dVr hmo JB© Ÿ& n[apñW{V H$m _wH$m~bm H$aZo H$m gmhg Jmo~a OwQ>m Zht gH$m Ÿ& dh
Pw{Z`m H$mo AHo$br N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJ J`m Ÿ& {Og Jmo~a H$mo dh EH$ gwa{jV ^dZ _mZ ahr Wr, dh A~
AbmXrZ Ho$ {MamJ go CËnÞ amO _hb H$s ^m±{V {\$a AÑí` hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& A~ CgH$m ^{dî`
A{ZpíMV Am¡a A§YH$ma_` hmo J`m Ÿ& Eogm bJm {H$ ^{dî` EH$ {dH$amb XmZd ~ZH$a Cgo {ZJb
OmZo H$mo CgH$m ApñVËd {_Q>m XoZo H$mo CÚV h¡ Ÿ&
11. _X© AnZo H$mo Š`m| Zht {_Q>mVm ? Am¡aV go hr Š`m| BgH$s Amem H$aVm h¡ ? _X© _| dh
gm_Ï`© hr Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mo {_Q>mEJm, Vmo eyÝ` hmo OmEJm Ÿ& dh {H$gr Imoh _| Om ~¡R>oJm Am¡a
gdm©Ë_m _| {_b OmZo H$m ñdßZ XoIoJm Ÿ& dh VoO àYmZ Ord h¡ Am¡a Ah§H$ma _| dh g_P H$a {H$ dh
kmZ H$m nwVbm h¡, grYm B©ída _| brZ hmoZo H$s H$ënZm {H$`m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
g§X^© - H$~S²>S>r Iob H$s g_m{á Ho$ ~mX {_Om© _ohVm Ho$ gmW _mbVr Ho$ {ddmh H$m àg§J
O~ CR>mVo h¢ V~ _ohVm nwéf Am¡a Zmar H$s {deoVmAm| H$s MMm© H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ Zmar H$éUm Am¡a
Ë`mJ H$s _yV© h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mo {_Q>m H$a nwéf H$s AmË_m H$m EH$ A§e ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m - _ohVm H$hVo h¢ {H$ A~ àíZ CR>Vm h¡ {H$ nwéf H$éUm Am¡a Ë`mJ H$s _yV©
~ZH$a AnZo H$mo Š`m| Zht {_Q>mVm, O~{H$ Zmar go `hr H$aZo H$s Amem aIVm h¡ ? BgHo$ CÎma _| _ohVm
H$hVo h¢ {H$ nwéf H$mo H$éUm Am¡a Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm H$s gm_Ï`© Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X dh AnZo H$mo {_Q>mZo H$m
à`mg H$aoJm, Vmo dh eyÝ` hmo OmEJm Ÿ& CgH$m ApñVËd g_má hmo OmEJm Ÿ& dh H$_© go {daV hmo
OmEJm Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU ~VmVo hþE boIH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ nwéf VoO àYmZ Ord h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mo kmZ H$m
^§S>ma g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Cg_| Ah§H$ma h¡ Ÿ& `{X dh AnZo H$mo {_Q>mZo H$m à`mg H$aoJm, V~ dh
g_mO _| ahH$a {H$gr Ho$ {bE AnZo H$mo Zht {_Q>mEJm Ÿ& dh g§gma Am¡a g_mO go {daº$ hmoH$a AmË_-
H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE, _w{º$ Ho$ {bE {H$gr Jw\$m _| OmH$a B©ída H$m Ü`mZ H$aoJm Ÿ& B©ída _| brZ hmoH$a,
g§gma Ho$ OÝ_ -_¥Ë`w ~§YZ go _wº$ hmo OmZo H$s H$ënZm H$aoJm Ÿ&
12. ór n¥Ïdr H$s ^m±{V Y¡`©dmZ h¡, em§{V g§nÞ h¡, g{hîUw h¡ Ÿ& nwéf _| Zmar Ho$ JwU Am OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& Vmo dh _hmË_m ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Zmar _| nwéf Ho$ JwU Am OmVo h¢ Vmo dh Hw$bQ>m hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& nwéf
AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ ór H$s Amoa, Omo gdmªJ _| ór hmo Ÿ&
g§X^© - {_Om© O~ _ohVm go H$hVo h¢ {H$ CZH$s emXr _mbVr go hmoJr Vmo Bg àñVmd H$mo
AñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE _ohVm Zmar Ho$ Amdí`H$ JwUm| H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ -
58
ì`m»`m - Zmar n¥Ïdr H$s ^m±{V Y¡`©dmZ h¡ Ÿ& {H$VZr ^r {dn{Îm`m±, `mVZmE± Š`m| Z AmE±
g^r H$mo Y¡`© Ho$ gmW gh OmZo H$s gm_Ï`© Zmar _| h¡ Ÿ& dh em§{V go ahVr h¡ Ÿ& em§{V -àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
Xw:I XX© H$mo AnZr _Ywa dmUr go haU H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& ò JwU `{X nwéf _| Am OmE± Vmo nwéf _hmË_m ~Z
OmEJm Ÿ& nwéf _| ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go Ah§H$ma h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mo kmZ H$m ^§S>ma _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| VoO
h¡ Ÿ& ò JwU `{X {H$gr Zmar _| Am OmE±Jo V~ dh CÛV hmo OmEJr Ÿ& ñdoÀN>mMm[aUr hmo OmEJr Am¡a
Hw$b H$b§{H$Zr hmo OmEJr Ÿ& dh O~ gdmªJ _| Y¡`©erb , em§{V àXm{`Zr, g{hîUw , Ë`mJr, g_n©U
^md gnÞ hmoJr Vmo H$moB© ^r nwéf CgHo$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoJm Ÿ&
ò VH©$ àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o _ohVm `h H$hZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ _mbVr _| Zmar Ho$ Amdí`H$
gX²JwUm| H$m A^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh CZgo {ddmh H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma Zht h¢ Ÿ&
13. Š`m ~mO H$mo {M{‹S>`m H$m {eH$ma H$aVo hþE XoIH$a h§g H$mo emo^m XoJm {H$ dh
_mZgamoda H$s AmZÝX_`r em§{V H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {M{‹S>`m| H$m {eH$ma H$aZo bJo Am¡a AJa dh {eH$mar
~Z OmE, Vmo Amn Cgo ~YmB© X|Jr Ÿ? h§g Ho$ nmg CVZr VoO Mm|M Zht h¡, CVZo VoO n§I Zht h¢ Am¡a
CVZr VoO Am±I Zht h¡ Am¡a CVZr VoO aº$ H$s ß`mg Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZ AñÌm| H$m g§M` H$aZo _| Cgo g{X`m±
bJ OmE±Jr, {\$a ^r dh ~mO ~Z gHo$Jm `m Zht Bg_| g§Xoh h¡ ; _Ja ~mO ~Zo `m Z ~Zo, dh h§g Z
ahoJm - dh h§g Omo _moVr MwJVm h¡ Ÿ&
g§X^© - dr_Ýg brJ _| ^mfU XoZo Ho$ Adga na S>m°. _ohVm nwéf Am¡a Zmar Ho$ g_mZ
A{XH$ma na MMm© H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m - S>m°. _ohVm nwéf H$mo ~mO Am¡a Zmar H$mo h§g Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$aHo$ AnZo {dMma
aIVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~mO qhgH$ njr h¡ Ÿ& dh {eH$mar njr h¡ Ÿ& {eH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg
dh OÝ_OmV JwU h¢ Ÿ& CgHo$ nmg VoO Mm|M h¡, {Oggo dh _m§g H$mo AmgmZr go H$mQ> gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh
AnZo M§Jwb go _O~yVr go {eH$ma H$mo nH$‹S> gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& VoO Am±I go Xya go {eH$ma H$mo XoI gH$Vm h¡,
VoO n§I go OëXr go {eH$ma Ho$ nmg nh±þM gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| IyZ H$s ß`mg h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh {eH$ma
H$aZo _| Hw$eb h¡ Ÿ&
h§g _mZgamoda _| ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± Cgo AmZÝX_`r em§{V {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± dh _moVr MwJVm h¡ Ÿ&
`{X dh ~mO H$mo {eH$ma H$aVo hþE XoIH$a ñd`§ {eH$ma H$aZo H$mo bmbm{`V hmoJm Am¡a {eH$ma
H$aZo bJoJm Vmo `h H$m`© Cgo emo^m Zht XoJm Ÿ& Xygao ^r Bg H$m`© H$s gamhZm Zht H$a|Jo Ÿ&
~mO Ho$ nmg {eH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OVZo JwU h¢ CZH$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE h§g H$mo g{X`m± bJ
59
OmE±Jr, {\$a ^r Cgo g\$bVm Zht {_boJr Ÿ& CgH$m ~mO O¡gm ~ZZm g§Xoh OZH$ h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mO
~ZZo Ho$ à`mg _| dh AnZm OÝ_OmV JwU ^yb OmEJm Ÿ& dh {\$a _moVr MwJZo dmbm dh _mZgamoda H$m
h§g Zht ah OmEJm Ÿ& BYa go Am¡a CYa go XmoZm| Va\$ go CgH$mo hm{Z hmoJr Ÿ&
14. {Ogo g§gma Xw:I H$hVm h¡ dhr H${d Ho$ {bE gwI h¡ Ÿ& YZ Am¡a Eoíd`© ê$n Am¡a ~b,
{dÚm Am¡a ~w{Õ, ò {d^y{V`m± g§gma H$mo Mmho {H$VZm hr _mo{hV H$a b| H${d Ho$ {bE `hm± Oa ^r
AmH$f©U Zht h¡, CgHo$ _moX Am¡a AmH$f©U H$s dñVw Vmo ~wPr hþB© AmemE± Am¡a H$Q>r hþB© ñ_¥{V`m± Am¡a
Qy>Q>o hþE öX` Ho$ Am±gy h¢ Ÿ& {Og {XZ BZ {d^y{V`m| _| CgH$m ào_ Z ahoJm, Cg {XZ dh H${d Z ahoJm Ÿ&
Xe©Z OrdZ Ho$ Bg ahñ`m| go Ho$db {dZmoX H$aVm h¡, H${d CZ_| b` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
g§X^© - JmoqdXr _ohVm go AnZr àe§gm gwZH$a CZgo H$hVr h¡ {H$ AmnH$mo Xme©{ZH$ Z
~ZH$a H${d hmoZm Mm{hE Wm Ÿ& _ohVm H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$moB© Xme©{ZH$ hþE {~Zm H${d Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ&
JmoqdXr H$hVr h¡ {H$ H${d H$mo g§gma _| Ho$db Xw:I hr {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m CÎma XoVo hþE _ohVm H$hVo h¢
-
ì`m»`m - _ohVm H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Ogo g§gma Xw:I _mZVm h¡, H${d Cg_| gwI H$m AZw^d
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& doXZm Cgo {à` h¡, doXZm H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ ~mX dh H${dVm aMZm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a H${d ~Z
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§gma Am¡a H${d H$s Ñ{ï> AbJ-AbJ h¡ Ÿ& g§gma YZ, Eoíd`©, gm¡ÝX`© , ~b, {dÚm Am¡a
~w{Õ H$mo _hmZ {d^y{V`m± _mZ H$a CZ na _mo{hV hmo OmVm h¡ na H${d BZHo$ à{V AmH${f©V Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
BZH$mo àmá H$aZo dh H${dVm H$s aMZm Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE ò ^m¡{VH$ gwI H$m_ _| Zht
AmE±Jo Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE doXZm Am¡a H$éUm Mm{hE Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE {Zamem, Xw:I _| {dJV gwIX ñ_¥{V`m±,
Qy>Q>o hþE öX` Ho$ Am±gy Mm{hE Ÿ& ò H${dVm Ho$ AmYma h¢ Ÿ& ò H${d H$s {d^y{V`m± h¢ Ÿ& H${d BZgo ào_
H$aVm h¡, H${dVm {bIVm h¡ Ÿ& BZgo `{X CgH$m ào_ Zht ahoJm, dh H${dVm {bI Zht gHo$Jm, {\$a
Am¡a H${d Z ahoJm Ÿ&
Xme©{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ BZ Xw:InyU© ahñ`m| H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na dh CZgo {Zñn¥h ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
daZ² CZH$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aHo$ dh gwIr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d CZgo à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo öX` _|
CZH$mo AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh CZ_| VëbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg AZw^y{V H$mo H${dVm H$m ê$n XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
***
60
1.9 DeæY³eeme àíZ:
1. JmoXmZ _| Xmo H$WmE'± - Jm±d H$s H$Wm Am¡a eha H$s H$Wm - gmW-gmW MbVr h¢, {\$a XmoZm|
H$WmAm| _| g§~§ÕVm Am¡a g§VwbZ nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& - g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
2. CÝ`mg -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go "JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg H$s g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
3. {gÕ H$s{OE {H$ JmoXmZ EH$ amï´>r` à{V{Z{Y CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ&
4. "JmoXmZ' h_mao J«m_rU OrdZ Ho$ A§YH$ma -nj H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVm h¡ -g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
5. "JmoXmZ' ^maVr` H¥$fH$ H$s OrdZ JmWm h¡ - {ddoMZ H$s{OE Ÿ&
6. "JmoXmZ' H$m hmoar EH$ ì`{ï>$naH$ nmÌ Z hmoH$a EH$ dJ© à{V{Z{Y h¡ Bg H$WZ H$s g_rjm
H$s{OE Ÿ&
7. "JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg Ho$ AmbmoH$ _| ^maV H$s VËH$mbrZ Ym{_©H$ XemAm| H$m {MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
8. "JmoXmZ' Ho$ CÔoí` Am¡a g§Xoe H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
9. EH$ AOo` {H$gmZ Ho$ ê$n _| JmoXmZ Ho$ hmoar H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
10. Y{Z`m H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
11. "JmoXmZ' _| Jmo~a emofU Am¡a AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ wâVr hþB© ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ {dÐmoh Am¡a
Ag§Vmof H$m àVrH$ h¡ - Bg H$WZ H$s nwpî` H$s{OE Ÿ&
12. "_ohVm ~w{ÕOrdr, AmXe©dmXr Am¡a H$_©R> ì`{º$ h¢ - Bg H$WZ H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE
_ohVm H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
13. "_mbVr' ~mha go {VVbr Am¡a ^rVa go _Yw_ŠIr h¡- Bg H$WZ H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE
_mbVr H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
14. am` gmh~ A_anmb qgh a§J hþE {g`ma h¢ - Bg H$WZ H$s gË`Vm {gÕ H$s{OE Ÿ&
15. "JmoXmZ' Jm` H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a {bIm J`m CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& Amn Bg H$WZ go H$hm± VH$
gh_V h¢, MMm© H$s{OE Ÿ&
16. {g{b`m Ho$ M[aÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go boIH$ nmR>H$m| na Š`m à^md S>mZm MmhVo h¢ ?
61
17. Pw{Z`m H$m M[aÌ-{MÌa H$s{OE Ÿ&
18. XmVmXrZ Am¡a _mVmXrZ Ho$ M[aÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go boIH$ g_mO H$s {H$g Xem H$mo COmJa
H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&
19. {H$gmZ H$s Am{W©H$ Xem H$mo {~Jm‹S>Zo _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z CÎmaXm`r h¢, "JmoXmZ' Ho$ AmYma na
g_PmBE Ÿ&
20. "JmoXmZ' _| `WmW© Am¡a AmXe© H$m {H$g àH$ma g_Ý` {XIm`m J`m h¡, {ddoMZ H$s{OE Ÿ&
----
62
UNIT - II
amJXa~mar : lrbmb ewŠb
BH$mB© -2 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm :
2.1 ewŠbOr H$m OrdZ n[aM`
2.2 nwañH$ma Am¡a aMZmE±
2.3 amJXa~mar
2.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| amOZ¡{VH$ n[aÑí`
2.5 amJ Xa~mar Ho$ ì`§½`
2.6 erf©H$
2.7 {ejm ì`dñWm
2.8 J~Z Am¡a KygImoar
2.9 Ý`m` ì`dñWm
2.10 J«m_rU {dH$mg H$s pñW{V`m±
2.11 gm_m{OH$ pñW{V
2.12 JwÊS>mJXu
2.13 {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go M[aÌm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z
2.14 CÀN¥>§Ib Am¡a `m¡Z -bmbgm
2.15 M[aÌ -{MÌU

2.16 ì`m»`mE±
2.17 DeY³eeme àMve
63
UNIT - II
lrbmb ewŠb
lrbmb ewŠb - 31 {Xgå~a 1925-28. AŠQy>~a 2011

2.1 ewŠbOr H$m OrdZ n[aM`:
OÝ_ : bIZD$ {Obo Ho$ AVam¡br Jm±d _|

1947 - ~r. E. Bbmhm~mX {d.{d. go
1949 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ bmoH$ godm Am`moJ _| M`Z hþAm Ÿ& ~mX _| AmB©.E.Eg. _| àmoÞV hþE Ÿ&
1983 _| godm {Zd¥Îm, 2005 _| 80 dt df©Jm§R> Ho$ Adga na EH$ J«§W CÝ_mo{MV - lrbmb
ewŠb : OrdZ hr OrdZ Ÿ& {d»`mV ì`§½`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{g{Õ {_br Ÿ&
"amJ Xa~mar' ì`§½`mË_H$ CnÝ`mg H$m loð> CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ& nƒrg go A{YH$ aMZmE± :
_H$mZ( 1976 ), gy Z r KmQ> r H$m gy a O, àW_ CnÝ`mg( 1957 ), nhbm
n‹S>md,AkmVdmg(1962), amJ Xa~mar(1968), {dlm_nwa H$m g§V(1998), gr_mE± Qy>Q>Vr h¢(1973),
AmX_r H$m Oha(1972), ~~a qgh Am¡a CgHo$ gmW(1999) Ÿ&
ì`§½`àYmZ aMZmE± - ì`§½` g§Jh« : àW_ ì`§½` g§Jh« - A§JX H$m nm§d(1958), `hm± go dhm± VH$(1970),
Hw$N> O_rZ _| Hw$N> hdm _|(1990), AmAmo ~¡R> b| Hw$N> Xoa(1995) Ÿ& AmX_r H$m Oha EH$ Omgygr
CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& I~am| H$s OwJmbr (2005) Ÿ&
EH$ àemg{ZH$ A{YH$mar Ho$ ê$n _| CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$‹S>do ñdmV§Í`moVa AZw^d ^maV _| nVZmoÝ_wIr
_mZdr` _yë`m| H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo COmJa {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ì`§½` Ûmam J«m_rU VWm ehar OrdZ _|
ì`má _mZd Ho$ JUVm§{ÌH$ Xoe _| amOZoVmJU _wIm¡Q>o H$s Am‹S> _| {H$VZr {KZm¡Zr H$aVyV _| {bá h§¡ Ÿ&
Y§Ym-OmbgmOr, Ym±Ybr ZJa go boH$a Jm±d VH$ ì`má h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ Adm§N>Zr` VËd JUV§Ì H$mo
ImoIbm H$a aho h¢ & H$moB© qMVm Zht, ^` Zht, daZ gå_mZ H$s ^mdZm h¡ Ÿ&
64
2.2 nwañH$ma Am¡a aMZmE± :
nwañH$ma :
1970 Ho$ÝÐ gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma "amJ Xa~mar Ho$ {bE (1969)
1978 _Ü`àXoe {hÝXr gm{hË` n[afX nwañH$ma "_H$mZ Ho$ {bE'
1979-80 {ZXoeH$ - ^maVoÝXw ZmQ²>` AH$mX_r, CÎmaàXoe
1988 CÎma àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ g§. gm{hË` ^yfU nwañH$ma
1991 Hw$éjoÌ {d.{d. go Jmo`b gm{hË` nwañH$ma
1994 bmo{h`m gå_mZ, CÎma àXoe qhgr g§ñWmZ
1997 _¡{Wbr eaU Jwá gå_mZ, _Ü`àXoe gaH$ma
1999 ì`mg gå_mZ, {~‹S>bm \$mC§S>oeZ
2008 nÙ^yfU
2011 kmZnrR> nwañH$ma 2009 Ho$ {bE
aMZmE± :
H$hmZr - g§H$bZ : `h Ka _oam Zht 1971, gwajm Ed§ AÝ` H$hm{Z`m± 1991
Bg C_« _| Xg à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m± - 2003
g§ñ_aU - _oao gmjmV²H$ma 2002, Hw$N> gm{hË` MMm©(2008)
AmbmoMZm - ^JdVr MaU d_m©(1989), A_¥Vbmb ZmJa(1994), Ako` : Hw$N> a§J Hw$N>
amJ (1999)
g§nmXZ - {hÝXr hmñ` ì`§½` g§H$bZ(2000)$
CnÝ`mg :
gyZrKmQ>r H$m gyaO - 1957 _| àH$m{eV
_oYmdr J«m_rU am_Xmg H$m {ejmjoÌ _| g§Kf© O_tXmam|, R>oHo$Xmam| H$m emofU Ÿ& nw{bg H$s
Á`mXVr, {díd{dÚmb`m| _| ^r Jar~, J«m_rU, à{V^membr {dÚmWu H$m emofU, AÝ`m`nyU© ì`dhma,
EH$ H$s H¥${V H$mo Xygao H$m eR>Vmnyd©H$ AnZo Zm_ go N>ndmZo Am{X ~m¡{ÕH$ ñVa na hmoZo dmbr
KQ>ZmAm| H$m {MÌU h¡ Ÿ& am_Xmg A§V _| {díd{dÚmb` H$m {ejH$ Z ~ZH$a ñHy$b -{ejH$ ~Z
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
65
AkmVdmg - àH$meZ 1962
aOZrH$m§V -amZr Ho$ OrdZ go g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& _Ü`dJu` aOZrH$m§V Jm±d H$m h¡ na J«m_rU n[adoe
_| AnZo H$mo g_m`mo{OV H$aZodmbr nËZr amZr go {d_wI Ÿ& S>m°. grVm XÎm H$mo CnnËZr ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ&
grVmXÎm H$mo Ag{b`V nVm bJZo na dh aOZrH$m§V go ZmVm Vmo‹S> XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a aOZrH$m§V amZr go
emar[aH$ g§~§Y aIZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmo H«$mo{YV hmoH$a amZr Jm§d Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Xmo gmb ~mX Xohm§V Ÿ&
~mX _| _m±-~mn Ho$ {JaVo g§~§Y go {IÞ hmoH$a ~oQ>r à^m {nVmOr H$s qZXm na XmofmamonU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo
aOZrH$m§V Ho$ öX` _| n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡, na V~ VH$ ~hþV Xoa hmo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& Bg CnÝ`mg _| _Ü`dJu`
n[adma _| {JaVo hþE g§~§Y Am¡a VX²O{ZV g_ñ`mAm| H$s MMm© h¡ Ÿ&
gr_mE± Qy>Q>Vr h¢ - 1973

ì`mnmar XwJm©Xmg Ho$ AnZo ì`mnma _| gh`moJr Jmo{dÝX H$s hË`m Ho$ AnamY _| H$mamX§S> {_bVm
h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {déÕ Anrb H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& XwJm©Xmg Ho$ {_Ì {d_b go XwJm©Xmg H$s nwÌr Mm±X H$m àU`
g§~§Y Am¡a {\$a Owhr go ào_ g§~§Y Am{X K`ZmEª n[admam| H$s _ZmoXem ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
AmX_r H$m Oha - 1972

Zm`H$ h[aíMÝÐ ê$~r go ào_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na ãbmH$_oqbJ _| _m{ha nÌH$ma AOrV qgh na Cgo
g§Xoh h¡ {H$ ê$~r go CgH$m ^r g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hmoQ>b _| h[aíMÝÐ AOrV qgh na Jmobr Mbm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmobr {ZH$mb boZo go dh IVao go ~mha Kmo{fV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na AMmZH$ CgH$s _¥Ë`w hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
nmoñQ>_mQ>©_ [anmoQ>© Ho$ _wVm{~H$ CgH$s _¥Ë`w Oha ImZo go hþB© Wr Ÿ& h[aíMÝÐ Am¡a ê$~r {hamgV _| bo
{bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mX _| hË`m H$m gwamJ {_b OmVm h¡ {H$ ZoVm em§{VàH$me Zo Cgo Oha {X`m Wm Ÿ& `h
Omgygr CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ&
_H$mZ : 1976
S>màr e¡br _| a{MV ZJa{ZJ_ _| A{gñQ>|Q> nX na {Z`wº$ EH$ {gVmadmXH$ ZmamÙ ~¡ZOu
H$s _H$mZ g§~§Yr g_ñ`m _yb H$WmdñVw h¡ Ÿ& Cgo _H$mZ EbmQ> H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ ewôÀN>m ì`º$
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _H$mZ H$m A{YH$ma {_bZo go nhbo hË`m Ÿ& Cgr {XZ CZHo$ {bE emoH$ OVmZo ao{S>`mo na
{gVmadmXZ H$m`©H«$_, g§JrV H$bm H$m`m©b` ~§X, Jw§S>m {damoYr A{^`mZ Mbm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar
66
KmofUm - CZH$s nËZr H$mo [a`m`Vr Xa na _H$mZ Ebm°Q> Am¡a AÜ`m{nH$m H$s Zm¡H$ar, nwÌ H$mo hmCqgJ
BÝgnoŠQ>a nX, Bg_| _yb h¡ Ÿ& _H$mZ g_ñ`m Ÿ& Cggo g§~§{YV h¡ - ^mB© ^VrOmdmX, Zm¡H$aemhr H$m
^«ï>mMma, Jw§S>mJXu, [aídV Imoar, ZoVmAm| H$m AZ¡{VH$ AmMaU, ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| BZH$m O‹S> ~VmB©
JB© Ÿ& ^«ï>mMma EH$ ~aJX h¡ Ÿ& g_mO Yrao-Yrao ImoIbm hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ&
nhbm n‹S>md :
BªQ> Ho$ ^Å>m| na H$m_ H$aZo dmbo _OXya Xya go amoOJma H$s Vbme _| AmH$a gn[adma ~§YwAm
_OXya ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gãO~mJ {XImH$a Xbmb CZH$mo bmVm h¡, nyar _OXyar Zht XoVm Ÿ& newAm| H$s
Vah Pm|n{‹S>`m| _| aIVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s ~oB‚mVr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ~r_mar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s XwX©em _| em{_b h¡ -
R>oHo$Xma, B§Or{Zà, _m{bH$, BZHo$ H«y$a H$m`©H$bmnm| H$m `WmW© {MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
nhbo AW©emó _| E_.E. H$aZo dmbo _w§er emofH$ dJ© Ho$ à{V{Z{Y ~Z H$a AmZo na ^r ~mX _|
dñVwpñW{V AZw^d H$aHo$ emo{fV _OXyam| Ho$ ghmZw^{y Verb ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s Xem gwYaZo H$[Q>~Õ Ÿ&
ñdmW© H$mo {Vbm§O{b Xr Ÿ& CZH$m gmW XoZo H$mo H${Q>~Õ hmoZm - nhbm n‹S>md `mZr nhbr ì`§½`mË_H$
e¡br _| ^«ï>mMma Am¡a emofU H$m nXm©nme Ÿ&
{dlm_nwa H$m g§V - 1998

gdm©oËH¥$ï> CnÝ`mg 1999 _| {~‹S>bm \$mD§$S>oeZ Ho$ ì`mg gå_mZ go gå_m{ZV Ÿ& Bg_| Am{W©H$
Am¡a amOZr{VH$ ^«ï>mMma Ho$ XbXb _| \±$go g_mO H$mo OmZZo H$m Adga {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
amJ Xa~mar go {dlm_nwa H$m g§V CnÝ`mg _| gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& amJ Xa~mar _| Cnhmg -
_wÐm H$m Am{YŠ` h¡ Ÿ& Cgo n‹T>H$a nmR>H$ _| {dZmoX ^mdZm {dH¥${V`m| go ag boVo h¢, CâVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ_|
H$moB© àJ{Verb gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> Zht h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© g§Xoe Zht h¡ Ÿ& nmÌm| Ho$ à{V H$moB© ghmZw^y{V CËnÞ Zht
hmoJr Ÿ&
{dlm_nwa H$m g§V _| EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> h¡ Ÿ& H$Wm Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| h¡ - ^yVnyd© VmëbwH$Xma Am¡a
g§n«{V amÁ`nmb Hw§$da O`§Vr àgmX qgh Ÿ& CZ_| _hÎdmH$m§jm, AmË_N>b, Hw§$R>m h¡ Ÿ& na CZHo$ _mÜ`_
go ^maV H$s Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ pñW{V Am¡a g§~§Y COmJa hþAm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$ma _|
gm_§Vr _mZ{gH$Vm h¡ ; {ZË` ZE-ZE ê$nm| _| ^«ï>mMma gm_Zo Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo H¥$VH$_m] go Xw:Ir
hmoH$a O`§Vr àgmX AmË_hË`m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogm {~ÝXw h¡ Ohm± nwamZm IV_ hmoVm h¡ ZE H$s
ewê$AmV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
67
Bg_| ^maV H$s Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ AdñWm H$m {MÌ {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^yXmZ H$s
hmñ`mñnXVm ^r A{^ì`§{OV h¡ Ÿ&
2.3 amJXa~mar :
amJ Xa~mar Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZr EH$ AbJ nhMmZ ~ZmB© Ÿ& ñdV§Ì ^maV _| JUV§Ì Ho$ CÔoí`m|
H$m hZZ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm, g_mZVm, {dH$mg Am{X H$ënZm _| ah JE Ÿ& PyR>-\$ao~ H$m amO
Mbm Ÿ& gab {ZanamY, gm_mÝ` OZVm AamOH$ pñW{V _| D$~ JB© Ÿ& CËnr‹S>Z, AÝ`m` Ho$ MH«$ì`yh _|
\§$gH$a {g\©$ Ag§Vmof, {dÐmoh, H«$m§{V gÎmm{YH$mar H$s AmnmYmnr Am¡a YmoIm~mOr go WH$m hþAm hmam
hþAm ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, Adgadm{XVm MwZmdr Mmb, byQ>, Mmoar ñdmV§Í`moÎma gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$
Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$ {dS>§~ZmAm| Am¡a {dg§J{V`m| H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& gaH$ma gm_mÝ` OZVm Ho$
{bE ~hþ_wIr {dH$mg H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& na OZVm H$s pñW{V {XZm|{XZ ~X go ~XVa hmo OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& Agwajm Ho$ ~rM {OÝXJr T>moZo H$mo {dde Ÿ&
amOZr{V Ho$ Xm±d-noM _| _m{ha bmoJ {XZm|{XZ \$b-\y$b aho h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ Xmohao ì`{º$Ëd H$mo
nhMmZZo _| Ag_W© OZVm àemg{ZH$ Ý`m{`H$ {dÐÿn H$m {eH$ma h¡ Ÿ& ha Amoa CÞrg gm¡ Mm¡amgr,
Yw±YbHo$ _| g_mO-godm OrVr-OmJVr gaH$ma H$m EH$ hgrZ gnZm, g§ñH¥$V nmR>embm _| àgmX, ~`m
Am¡a ~§Xa H$s H$hmZr ; EH$ [agM© ñH$mba H$s O~mZr, XwamMma ~Zm_ ^«ï>mMma, OZdmUr ~Zm_
_hmOZdmUr, amOZr{Vkm| H$s n§Mm`V, Vbme Omar h¡ AmX_r H$s ŸAm{X Hw$N> M{M©V ì`§½`mË_H$
aMZmEª h¢ Ÿ&
2.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| amOZ¡{VH$ n[aÑí` :

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Amem H$s OmVr Wr {H$ Am_ AmX_r H$s hmbV gwYa OmEJr Ÿ& na gÎmm Ho$
gm_§Vr à^md Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ahZo go Am{W©H$ {dH$mg AdéÕ hmo J`m Ÿ& ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm H$s njYa
gÎmm Ho$db gr{_V YZdmZ dJ© H$s ñdmW©ajm H$aVr hþB© EH$ ~‹S>o g_wXm` go H$Q> JB© Ÿ& Am_ OZVm
Cno{jV ah JB© Ÿ& Hw$N> ñdmW© na e{º$`m± g_mO H$mo Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ ~Om` Vmo‹S>Zo _| bJ JE Ÿ& n[aUm_ -
ñdê$n gm§àXm{`H$Vm - Om{VdmX, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_bm Ÿ& emofH$m|
H$s AmnmYmnr ~‹T>Vr JB© Ÿ& emo{fV J«m_rU OZVm Ý`m` go d§{MV ahr Ÿ& BgH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V {XZm|{XZ
{~J‹S>Vr JB© Ÿ& AnZr Apñ_Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Cgo AWH$ g§Kf© H$aZm n‹S>m Ÿ& gaH$ma Zo `Ú{n
J«m_rU OZVm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE n§Mm`Vm|, ghH$mar g{_{V`m|, {dÚmb`m|, _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s ñWmnZm
H$s, bo{H$Z CgH$m \$m`Xm Ho$db _wÆ>râ YZdmZ, à^mdembr Hy$Q>Zr{V-{ZnwU Am¡a Zm¡H$aemhr go
g§~§{YV bmoJm| H$mo {_bm Ÿ&
68
amJ Xa~mar D$nÝ`mg _| {d{^Þ nmÌm| Ho$ AmMaUm| Am¡a {d{^Þ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ {MÌ ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo amOZr{VH$ Xm±d-n|M Ho$ à{V ì`§½` H$aVo hþE
d¡ÚOr Ho$ ~mao _| H$hVo h¢ - ""{ednmbJ§O H$s n§Mm`V, H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V Am¡a H$monao{Q>d
gmogm`Q>r Ho$ gyÌYma d¡ÚOr gmjmV dh amOZr{VH$ g§ñH¥${V h¢, Omo àOmV§Ì Am¡a bmoH${hV Ho$ Zm_ na
h_mao Mmam| Amoa \$b-\y$b ahr h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX gÎmm h{W`mZo H$s hmo‹S> Mb n‹S>r Ÿ& ZoVm
ñdmWmªY Am¡a AdgadmXr hmo JE Ÿ& AmO g^r _| nX-{bßgm h¡ Ÿ& AmO H$m `wJ Y_© h¡ -""Omo Ohm± h¡,
AnZr OJh Jmoh H$s Vah {MnH$m ~¡R>m h¡ Ÿ& Qg-go-_g Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Cgo Mmho {OVZm H$m|Mmo, Mmho
{OVZm {hbmAmo, dh AnZr OJh {MnH$m ahoJm Am¡a {OVZo ZmVo-[aíVoXma h¢ g~ CZH$s Xw_ Ho$ ghmao
g‹S>mg‹S> M‹T>Vo hþE D$na VH$ Mbo OmE±Jo Ÿ&
Xoe Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo ^mfU XoZo H$m MñH$m bJ J`m h¡ Ÿ& "amJ Xa~mar' _| EH$ ZoVm H$m {dMma
Bg àH$ma h¡ -"" CÝh| `mX Am`m {H$ _¢ CÝht ß`mao Zm¡OdmZm| go A‹S>Vmbrg K§Q>o ~mobm hr Zht Ÿ&''
CÝhm|Zo gmoMm, -""_¢ BVZr Xoa {~Zm boŠMa {XE hr ah {b`m Ÿ& _oao _Z _| BVZo -BVZo D±$Mo {dMma CR>o
na _¢ ñdmWu H$s Vah AnZo Amn _| CÝh| g_oQ>o ahm Ÿ& hm` _¢ {H$VZm H§$Oyg h±ÿ Ÿ& {YŠH$ma h¡ _wPo, Omo
Bg Xoe _| n¡Xm hmoH$a ^r BVZr Xoa VH$ _w±h ~§X {H$E ahm Ÿ&''
Bg Xoe _| H$moB© nX nmZo Ho$ {bE Vah-Vah Ho$ hWH§$S>o {XImZo n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr V_§Mo Ho$ Omoa
go H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V Ho$ _¡ZoOa ~Z JE Vmo a§JZmW AnZr ZmamOJr ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg na éßnZ
~m~y Zo AnZr S>§S>_ma e¡br _| Odm~ {X`m Wm-"" XoImo XmXm, `h Vmo nm°{b{Q>Šg h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ~‹S>m-~‹S>m
H$_rZmnZ MbVm h¡ Ÿ& `h Vmo Hw$N> ^r Zht hþAm Ÿ& {nVmOr {Og amñVo _| h¢, Cg_| Bggo ^r AmJo Hw$N>
H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Xwí_Z H$mo, O¡go ^r hmo, {MV H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&''
ZoVmAm| Ho$ AZw`m{``m| `m M_Mm| H$mo "amJ Xa~mar' _| "nmbH$ ~mbH$' H$s g§km Xr JB© h¡ Ÿ&
~Ðr nhbdmZ EH$ Jw§S>o H$s O_mZV boZm MmhVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh nhbo CgH$m "nmbH$ ~mbH$' Wm Ÿ& Bg
na a§JZmW gmoMVm h¡ -"" àËòH$ _hmnwéf Ho$ BX©{JX© "nmbH$ ~mbH$' H$m _obm bJm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& nwéf
O~ _hmnwéf ~Z OmVm h¡, Vmo dh AnZr B‚mV AnZo "nmbH$ ~mbH$' H$mo gm¡§n XoVm h¡ Ÿ&""
ZoVmAm| Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Xm±dn|M _| gm_mÝ` OZVm Ho$ {bE "dmoQ>' H$m H$moB© _yë` Zht h¡ Ÿ&
gZrMa àYmZ H$m nMm© Xm{Ib H$aHo$ dmoQ> _m§JVo hþE O~ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ dh Zm_ â H$m àYmZ
hmoJm Am¡a àYmZ d¡ÚOr hm|Jo, V~ VH$ BŠHo$dmbm H$hVm h¡-"" h_| H$m¡Z dmoQ> H$m AMma S>mbZm h¡ Ÿ& bo
OmE± Ÿ& d¡ÚOr hr bo OmE± Ÿ&'' Xygam H$hVm h¡ -"" dmoQ> gmbm H$m¡Z N>ßnZ Q>Ho$ H$s MrO h¡ ! H$moB© ^r bo
OmE Ÿ&'' {\$a am_YrZ H$m ^mB© H$hVm h¡ {H$ dmoQ> _wP H$mo XoZm h¡ Ÿ& CÎma _| BŠHo$dmbm H$hVm h¡ -""Xo
X|Jo Ÿ& H$hmo Vmo bo OmAmo Ÿ&''
69
d¡ÚOr Ho$ AÝ`m` Am¡a Hw$H$_m], ~Ðr nhbdmZ Ho$ H$m`© go {d_wI éßnZ H$s _ZmoXem Bg
àH$ma h¡ - ""`mZr Cg b‹S>Ho$(éßnZ) Ho$ _Z _| dh ~oM¡Zr n¡Xm hmo JB© Wr, {OgH$s dOh go AmX_r
{d^rfU, Q´>mQ>ñH$mo `m gw^mfMÝÐ ~mog ~ZH$a Hw$N> H$a {XImZm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a A§V _| \$m±gr Ho$ V»Vo
na, Oob _| `m O`àH$me ZmamÙ Am¡a AÀ`wV nÅ>dY©Z Ho$ g§Ý`mg _| OmH$a X_ boVm h¡ Ÿ&
àYmZ gZrMa H$m Jm±d-g^m Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_ O~ CR>m V~ `h Hw$N> _OmH$ O¡gm bJm Wm, na
gM_wM CgH$s {dO` hmoZo na a§JZmW gmoM _| n‹S> J`m Ÿ& gZrMa H$s$ {dO` Ho$ {XZ CgZo ~hþV gmoM
S>mbm Am¡a Cg Xm¡amZ Cgo àXoe H$s amOYm{Z`m| _| Z OmZo {H$VZo d¡ÚOr Am¡a _§{Ì`m| Am¡a _w»`_§{Ì`m|
H$so H$Vma _| Z OmZo {H$VZo gZrMa Kwgo hþE XrI n‹S>o Ÿ&
Jm±d-g^m Ho$ MwZmd _| VrZ VaH$s~| h¢ - 1. am_ZJaH$br, 2. ZodmXmH$br, 3. _hrnmbnwadmbr
am_ZJa dmbo MwZmd _| :

nhbo Vmo _VXmVmAm| _| H$moB© {XbMñnr Zht h¡ Ÿ& dmoQ> _m§JZo dmbm| go Á`mXmVabmoJ H$hVo h¢ -
"" h_| dmoQ> H$m H$m¡Z AMma S>mbZm h¡ ! {OVZo H$hmo, CVZo dmoQ> Xo X| Ÿ&'' bmoJm| H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ JbV
bmoJ H$mo dmoQ> XoZo na ^r H$moB© ZwH$gmZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& dmoQ> XoZm H$m\$s h¡ Ÿ& JbV -ghr bJm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N>
bmoJ g_PVo h¢ {H$ XmoZm| Cå_rXdma R>mHw$a h¢ Bg{bE dmoQ> go VQ>ñW ahm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O~ nVm Mbm
{H$ Jm±d-g^m H$m àYmZ \$Ou O_rZ {Xbm gH$Vm h¡, V~ CZ_| EH$ nj H$m g_W©Z H$aZo H$m {dMma
CËnÞ hþAm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg na {Q>ßnUr H$aVo hþE {bIm -{\$a CZHo$(_VXmVmAm| Ho$) gm_Zo dhr
_mZ{gH$ g_ñ`m n¡Xm hmo JB© Omo MrZr h_bo Ho$ _m¡Ho$ na AmMm`© H¥$nbmZr Zo nyao Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo n¡Xm H$a
Xr Wr Ÿ& do gmoMZo bJo {H$ VQ>ñW ahZm {~bHw$b ~oH$ma h¡ Am¡a Cg_| H$_Omoar ^r h¡ Am¡a ZwH$gmZ ^r
.... ~hþV Á`mXm VQ>ñW ~ZZo H$s H$mo{ee _V H$amo, Zht Vmo XmoZm| Amoa go _mao OmAmoJo Ÿ&
amO^dZm| _| JmonZr`Vm H$s Omo enW br OmVr h¡, dh Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$ h¡, Cg_| H$VB© {Zð>m
Zht hmoVr Ÿ& Bg na ì`§½` H$aVo hþE boIH$ N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Ûmam ~Ðr Ho$ gm_Zo br JB© enW na àH$me
S>mbVo h¢ - N>moQ>o Zo {Zð>mnyd©H$ enW br Ÿ& na dh enW JmonZr`Vm H$s CZ g^r enWm| O¡gr Wr Omo
amO^dZm| _| br OmVr h¡ Ÿ&'' N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Zo ~mX _| dhr ~mV g^r Ho$ gm_Zo Iwbmgm H$a Xr Wr Ÿ&
~XZm_r go ~MZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© ~hmZm ~ZmH$a H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z Ho$ _¡ZoqOJ S>mBaoŠQ>a nX go
Ë`mJnÌ XoZo Ho$ {bE d¡ÚOr H$mo eha Ho$ ZoVm g_PmZo bJo V~ d¡ÚOr Zo eV© aIr {H$ àXoer`
Cå_rXdma ~ZmE OmE Vmo CÝh| BË_rZmZ {Xbm`m J`m {H$ nhbo dh Ë`mJnÌ Xo X| Ÿ&
Cg g_` Hw$N> bmoJ dH$mbmV N>mo‹S>H$a \$m`Xo_§X Y§Yo Ho$ ê$n _| amOZr{V H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo,
70
Omo hË`m, ~mhþ~b Am¡a ^`-àXe©Z H$mo _mÜ`_ ~Zm MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& Eogo h¢ gd©X_Z qgh, {OZHo$ nmg ~§XwH|$
Wt Omo {H$amE na MbVr Wt Ÿ& nw{bg CÝh| em§{V{à` AmX_r g_PVr Wr Ÿ& MwZmd Ho$ g_` {H$gr nmQ>u
Ho$ g_W©H$ AnZr OmZ H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE hdmbmV _| ahZm ngÝX H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& nw{bg na à^md S>mbH$a
{dnj Ho$ H${_©`m| H$mo O_mZV Z {_bZo H$s ì`dñWm H$aHo$ MwZmd _| OrV hm{gb H$aZm ñdmV§Í`moÎma
^maV H$s EH$ EH$ gm_mÝ` KQ>Zm h¡ {Oggo gd©X_Z MwZmd OrV gHo$ Wo Ÿ&
MwZmd b‹S>Zo H$m ZodmXmdmbm VarH$m Bggo AbJ Wm Ÿ& nwéf ~«÷ Ho$ _w±h ~«m÷U Cå_rXdma
Zo loð> Om{V Ho$ AmYma na M_ma Cå_rXdma go A{YH$ dmoQ> ~Q>moaZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Ÿ& `h VarH$m
Ag\$b hmo {H$ ghm`H$m| Zo R>mHw$a {H$gZqgh H$mo M_ma H$mo dmoQ> Z XoZo H$mo CH$gm`m Wm Ÿ& M_ma H$mo
Jm{b`m± Xr Ÿ& na CZ na _ma n‹S>r Vmo Vrgam VarH$m `h hþAm {H$ EH$ T>m|Jr ~m~mOr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
Om{VdmX H$m CÝ_ybZ H$aHo$ bmoJm| H$mo Jm±Om, ^m§J, eam~ H$mo àgmX Ho$ ê$n _| {dVaU H$aHo$ gå_mo{hV
H$a {X`m J`m Ÿ& dñVwpñW{V go kmV hmoZo go nhbo ~«m÷U Cå_rXdma Zo ^{dî`dmUr H$a Xr {H$ ^JdmZ
Zo ~«m÷U Cå_rXdma H$mo àYmZ MwZ {b`m h¡ Ÿ& bmoJm| H$mo Zem CVaZo go nhbo _hrnnwadmbm MwZmd
VarH$m Bggo ~‹S>m {dbjU Wm Ÿ& MwZmd A{YH$mar gdm K§Q>m nhbo AWm©V² O~ Xygao ^r K‹S>r _| nm¡Zo
½`mah ~Oo Wo AnZr K‹S>r _| ~mah ~OZo H$m g_` {XImH$a Cg g_` VH$ AmZo dmbo dmoQ>am| go MwZmd
nyam H$aHo$ ZVrOo H$m EobmZ H$a {X`m Ÿ& Bg VarHo$ go Xygar OJhm| na g_` H$mo AnZr ng§X go AmJo-
nrN>o H$aHo$ MwZmd à{H«$`m nyar H$s JB© Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr gZrMa Ho$ {bE _hrnwadmbr nÕ{V AnZmH$a MwZmd OrV JE Ÿ&
^maV _| MwZmd BZ nÕ{V`m| Ho$ ghmao MbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
Hw$N> A\$ga gÎmmé‹T> ZoVmAm| H$s Iwem_X H$aVo h¢ Am¡a {damoYr ZoVmAm| H$s ~mV H$mo Z Ho$db
AZgwZm H$a XoVo h¢, ~pëH$ {ZamXanyd©H$ ì`dhma ^r H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _mñQ>a IÞm Ho$ {dMma Eogo h¢ -""CÝht
ZoVmAm| go do g»Vr {XImVo h¢ Omo {damoYr JwQ> Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& ò ~‹S>o KwQ>o hþE A\$ga h¢, AmYo ZoVm h¢, AmYo
A\$ga Ÿ& AnZo _Vb~ Ho$ Xmo-Mma ZoVmAm| H$mo nQ>m {b`m h¡ Ÿ& amV H$mo OmH$a CZHo$ gm_Zo Xw_ {hbmVo
h¢ Ÿ& {XZ H$mo CÝht Ho$ ~yVo na Xygam| go g»Vr {XImVo h¢ Ÿ&
h_mao g_mO _| H$B© bmoJ {H$gr g§ñWm Ho$ _w{I`m Vmo ~ZVo h¢, na {OgHo$ ~b `m Bemao go do
Cg nX na AmgrZ hmoVo h¢, CgH$s BOmOV Ho$ {~Zm EH$ ^r H$X_ CR>m Zht nmVo Ÿ& gZrMa Jm±d H$m
àYmZ h¡ Ÿ& na N>moQ>m nhbdmZ O~ Cgo S>m±Q> XoVm h¡ V~ gZrMa H$s Xem Bg àH$ma h¡ -""O¡go H$moB©
àmB{_{ZñQ>a nmQ>u ào{gS>|Q> H$s S>m±Q> ImH$a EH$X_ go àog H$m§\«|$g _| nh±þM ahm hmo, Hw$N> Cgr nmoO go
CgZo (gZrMa) Zo AnZo Mohao H$mo {Z{d©H$ma H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Ÿ&''
MwZmd Ho$ nhbo _VXmAm| H$mo AnZr Amoa ItMZo Ho$ {bE Cå_rXdma AnZo-AnZo MwZmd joÌ
71
H$m gwYma H$amVo h¢ Ÿ& am_YrZ Ho$ ^¡`m Zo Jm±d Ho$ àYmZ Ho$ MwZmd go nhbo Jm±Yr M~yVao H$m gwYma H$am`m
Wm Ÿ& dhm± EH$ Hw$E± H$m {OUm]Õma H$aHo$ amOZr{VH$ H$ma©dmB© Ho$ ê$n _| gaH$mar H$mJO na Hy$n {Z_m©U
H$m CëboI H$aHo$ gaH$mar AZwXmZ àmá H$a {b`m Wm Ÿ& Cg na {ebmboI ^r bJm`m J`m Wm Ÿ&
Bg Xem _| ^maV H$s O_rZ na ñdñW bmoH$V§Ì H$m ~rO nZnZm Zm_w_H$sZ bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
ì`§½` :
ì`§½` H$m AW© h¡ ì`§{OV hmoZo dmbm Ÿ& ì`§OZm eãXe{º$ go ì`§½`mW© {ZH$bVm h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$
{dbjU AW© ^r h¡ Ÿ& ì`§½` eãX A§J«oOr eãX "gQ>mà' Ho$ {bE ^r à`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& hmñ`-Cnhmg ,
n[ahmg, dH«$mo{º$, dm½d¡X½Ü`, dm½X§e, H$Qy>{º$, n¡amoS>r, Amjon, A{Va§OZm, AnH$f© Am{X Ho$ _mÜ`_
go ì`§½` e¡br H$m T>m±Mm V¡`ma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
ì`§½` Ho$ _yb _| pñW{V H$s O‹S>Vm Ho$ à{V K¥Um H$m ^md ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh AmH«$_U_ybH$
Am¡a AmH«$moe_ybH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO H$s pñW{V _| amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ joÌm| _| Z¡{VH$ _yë`m|
H$m {dKQ>Z hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| ì`§½` hr Cg {dKQ>ZmoÝ_wIr g_mO H$s ajm H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ì`§½`
`WmW© Ho$ EH$ geº$ _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| g_mO H$s J§XJr H$mo C^maVm h¡ Ÿ&
OmoZmWZ pñdâQ> Ho$ AZwgma ""ì`§½` EH$ Eogm erem h¡, {Og_| XoIZo dmbo H$mo AnZo {gdm ha
{H$gr H$m Moham ZOa AmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ g§gma _| ì`§½` H$m ñdmJV {H$`m OmVm h¡ VWm ~hþV
H$_ bmoJ Bggo AmhV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&''
_¡Ï`y hmJS>© {bIVo h¢ -""ì`§½` MoVmdZr àXmZ H$aVm h¡ {H$ _Zwî` IVaZmH$ OmZda h¡ {Og_|
_yI©VmnyU© H$m`m] Ho$ H$aZo H$s AZ§V j_Vm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a ì`§½` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Bgr gË` H$s ñnï>
A{^ì`{º$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&'' hå~Q>© dmë\$ H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ - ""ì`§½`H$ma boIH$ CnXoeH$ Ed§ àË`wËnÞ Ho$
_Ü` H$s loUr H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CÔoí` XmoZm| H$m g_mZ hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw dh dMZ {dX½YVm H$s ghm`Vm go
K¥Um d ß`ma XmoZm| hr H$aVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cgo A{ed Ho$ à{V OwJwßgm d {dV¥îUm ì`wËnÞ H$aZr h¡ VWm
{ed Ho$ à{V AZwamJ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma dh EH$ Xodnwéf Ho$ H$_© _| gh`moJ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`§½`H$ma Ho$db gË`
H$s à{Vð>m na hr ~b Zht XoVm ~pëH$ dMZ {dX½YVm H$s ghm`Vm go nmnm| H$mo CKm‹S> XoVm h¡ d T>m|J H$m
nXm©\$me H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
{hÝXr g_rjH$m| Zo ^r ì`§½` H$mo n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& eoaO§J JJ© H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ ì`§½` EH$
Eogr gm{hpË`H$ A{^ì`{º$ `m aMZm h¡ {Og_| ì`{º$ VWm g_mO H$s H$_Omo[a`m|, Xw~©bVmAm|, H$aZr
Amoa Ed§ H$WZr Ho$ A§Vam| H$s g_rjm AWdm qZXm ^mfm H$mo$ Q>o‹T>r ^§{J_m XoH$a AWdm H$^r-H$^r
72
nyU©V: gnmQ> eãXm| _| àhma H$aVo hþE H$s OmVr h¡ .....ì`§½` _| AmH«$_U H$s pñW{V A{Zdm`© h¡ Ÿ&'
h[ae§H$a nagmB© Zo ì`§½` H$mo AmH«$m_H$Vm Zht, daZ ghmZw^y{V H$m CËH¥$ï> ê$n _mZVo hþE {bIm h¡-
""ì`§½` OrdZ go gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {dg§J{V-{_Ï`mMmam| Am¡a nmI§S>m| H$m nXm©\$me H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ...
AÀN>m ì`§½` ghmZw^y{V H$m g~go CËH¥$ï> ê$n hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmMm`© hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo {bIm h¡-
""ì`§½` dh h¡ Ohm± H$hZo dmbm AYamoð> _| h±g ahm hmo Am¡a gwZZo dmbm {Vb{_bm CR>m hmo, {\$a ^r
H$hZo dmbo H$mo Odm~ XoZm AnZo H$mo Am¡a ^r CnhmgmñnX ~Zm boZm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
ì`§½`H$ma Ho$ OrdZ -Xe©Z Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> Ho$ AmYma na ì`§½` Ho$ bjU Am¡a CgH$s
{deofVmE± {^Þ hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE AmH«$m_H$Vm -{dZmoXmË_H$Vm Am¡a gwYma ì`§½` Ho$ gd©gå_V
bjU _mZo Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
2.5 amJ Xa~mar Ho$ ì`§½` :

{hÝXr ì`§½` CnÝ`mg Ho$ ê$n _| "amJ Xa~mar' H$m àH$meZ 1968 _| hþAm Ÿ& S>m°. ~mboÝXw eoIa
{Vdmar Ho$ eãXm| _| -"" {hÝXr Ho$ ì`§½` CnÝ`mgm| H$s Bg gwXrK© `mÌm _| "amJ Xa~mar' H$mo _rb H$m
nËWa ~ZZo H$m Adga Bg H$maU {_bm h¡ {H$ ì`§½` MoVZm go g§nwï> g§àofU ^§{J_m H$m Eogm ñnï>
{dYmZ {hÝXr CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ B{Vhmg _| AÝ`Ì Xwb©^ h¡ Ÿ&''
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV Ho$ eham| _| nZno amOZr{VH$ N>bN>ÝX, _mZdr` _yë`hrZVm Am¡a V‚m{ZV
OrdZ àUmbr Zo eham| go AmH$a J«m_rU n[adoe H$mo ^«ï> Am¡a {dg§J{V`m| go â {X`m h¡ Ÿ& boIH$
lrbmb ewŠb `h gmam H$Mam bmH$a {ednmbJ§O _| C±S>ob {X`m h¡ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg H$s ^y{_H$m _| do
{bIVo h¢ - "amJ Xa~mar' H$m g§~§Y EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa Ho$ Hw$N> Xya ~go hþE Jm±d H$s {OÝXJr go h¡ Omo {nN>bo
~rg dfm] Ho$ àJ{V Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ Zmam| Ho$ ~mdOyX {Z{hV ñdmWm] Am¡a AZoH$ Adm§N>Zr` VËdm| Ho$
AmKmVm| Ho$ gm_Zo {KgQ> ahr h¡ Ÿ& `h Cgr {OÝXJr H$m XñVmdoO h¡ Ÿ&''
{ednmbJ§O _| AÀN>mB`m| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a g~ Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE boIH$ {bIVo h¢ -"" gmao
_wëH$ _| {ednmbJ§O hr \¡$bm h¡ Ÿ&'' boIH$ AnZo ì`§½`móm| Ûmam {ednmbJ§O _| \¡$br {dg§J{V`m| Ho$
nhm‹S> H$mo MH$ZmMya H$aZo H$mo H${Q>~Õ h¢ Ÿ&
`hm± Iob-I{bhmZ, Jm`-~¡b, {H$gmZ-Ë`m¡hma Zht h¢ Ÿ& Omo h¢, do h¢ - gÎmmo bmobwá,
^mfU~mOr, _VXmZ _| Ym±Ybr, qhgm, XmXmdmX, H$m¡{S>ëbm N>mn BÝgmZ, N>b-JbV n[ag§»`mZ,
[aídVImoar, Ma_am JB© nw{bg ì`dñWm, `m¡Z {dH¥${V, Nw>AmNy>V, H$mbm~mOmar, ^«ï> {ejm ì`dñWm,
JwQ>~§Xr, ^«ï>mMma, g§~§Ym| _| _yë`hrZVm, amOZr{VH$ N>bN>ÝX H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo dmbo nmÌ h¢ d¡ÚOr Ÿ&
73
do ñdmWu, N>br Am¡a AdgadmXr ZoVm h¢ Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ nhbo do A§J«oOm| Ho$ ^º$ Wo Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX
^r A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ {à` aho Ÿ& do H$WZr _| Jm§Yr H$s Vah H$moB© nX boZm Zht MmhVo, na H$aZr _|
gÎmmbmobwn h¢ Ÿ& do N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa Am¡a H$mAmonao{Q>d `y{Z`Z Ho$ _¡ZoqOJ S>mBaoŠQ>a h¢ Ÿ&
AnZo AZw`m`r gZrMa H$mo J«m_n§Mm`V H$m àYmZ ~Zdm XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
ZoVm bmoJ ^mfU~mOr Ho$ ~b na AnZo H$mo gwa{jV aIVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo g§Vmof {_bVm h¡ {H$
CZHo$ ì`m»`mZm| Ho$ H$maU {H$gmZ àJ{Verb hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo ì`§½` {H$`m {H$ EH$ ZoVm
A‹S>Vmbrg K§Q>o {~Zm ^mfU {Xò ah OmZo H$s ~mV `mX AmB© Vmo CÝhm|Zo gmoMm -""hm` ! _¢ {H$VZm
H§$Oyg h±ÿ Ÿ& {YŠH$ma h¡ _wPo, Omo Bg Xoe _| n¡Xm hmoH$a ^r BVZr Xoa VH$ _w±h ~§X {H$E ahm Ÿ&'' éßnZ
a§JZmW H$mo ^r g_PmVm h¡ -"" XoImo XmXm, `h Vmo nm{b{Q>Šg h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ~‹S>m-~‹S>m H$_rZmnZ MbVm
h¡ Ÿ& .... Xwí_Z, O¡go ^r hmo, {MV H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&''
boIH$ Zo Jm±d _| dmoQ>XmVmAm| na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$ dmoQ>XmVm gZrMa go H$hVm h¡ -"" dmoQ>
gmbm H$m¡Z N>ßnZ Q>Ho$ H$s MrO h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© ^r bo OmE Ÿ&'' gZrMa ^r dmoQ> _m§JVo hþE H$hVm h¡ - XoImo
^mB`mo ! _¢ ^r {H$gr go {VJ‹S>_r H$_ Zht h±ÿ Am¡a ^bm AmX_r g_P H$a _wPo dmoQ> XoZo go H$ht BZH$ma
Z H$a ~¡R>Zm Ÿ& dmoQ> boZo Ho$ VrZ VarHo$ h¢ - nmbH$ ~mbH$ Am¡a Jw§S>o Ho$ V_§Mo Am¡a S>§S>m| Ho$ ~b na,
amOZr{VH$m| H$mo Y_© go Omo‹S> H$a Am¡a MwZmd A{YH$mar H$mo à^m{dV H$aHo$ BgH$s JbVr H$s Am‹S> _| Ÿ&
gZrMa Ho$db EH$ gñVr K‹S>r MwZmd A{YH$mar H$mo XoH$a ~mOr _ma boVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d H$s Ý`m` n§Mm`V H$s XwJ©{V na boIH$ Zo ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& n§Mm`V _§Ìr J~Z Ho$ _m_bo _|
\±$go hþE h¢ Am¡a AÝ` n§M {Zaja h¢ Ÿ& bmoJ BZHo$ BÝgm\$ H$mo H$m¡{S>ëbm N>mn B§gm\$ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
OmoJZmW-J`mXrZ H$m _wH$X_m, N>mQo >o nhbdmZ H$s Jdmhr, dH$sbm| H$s ~hg, Ý`m`mYre H$m \¡$gbm -
ò g~ h_mar Ý`m` ì`dñWm na ì`§½` h¢ Ÿ&
"^yXmZ è' Ho$ Zm_ na ZoVmAm| H$s AmnmYmnr na boIH$ Zo ì`§½` {H$`m {H$ Jm±d H$s EH$
D$ga _¡XmZ H$mo ^yXmZ Am§XmobZ _| Xo {X`m J`m Omo XmZ Ho$ ê$n _| J«m_ g^m H$mo dmng {_bm Ÿ& dh J«m_
àYmZ Ho$ hmW _| Am`m Omo ^mB©-^VrOm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m Ÿ& H«$`-{dH«$` Ho$ {gÕm§V go Omo {hñgm Jar~m|
Am¡a ^y{_hrZm| H$mo {_bm, dh Xygam| H$s O_rZ Wj, Cg na _wH$X_m Mbm Ÿ&
`hm± PyR>m Am±H$‹S>m {XImH$a àJ{V H$m {hgm~ {XIm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dZ g§ajU Ho$ Zm_ na Hw$N>
Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Ho$db ImoXr JB© Zm{b`m± em¡Mmb` Ho$ H$m_ _| AmVr h¢ Ÿ&
gÎmmYmar ZoVmAm| H$s Iwem_X H$aHo$ A{YH$mar {damoYr JwQ> Ho$ bmoJm| na g»Vr {XImVo h¢ Ÿ& [aídV
boZm ~m~wAm| Ho$ A{YH$ma joÌ _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ& b§J‹S> go nm§M énò [aídV Z {_bZo na Vhgrb H$m
ZH$bZdrg H$g_ ImVm h¡ - ""_¢ [aídV Z by±Jm Am¡a H$m`Xo go ZH$b Xy±Jm Ÿ&'' ZH$b Zht {_b
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nmVr Ÿ& _obo _| g¡{ZQ>ar B§ñnoŠQ>a Imo_Modmbm| go [aídV boVm h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ Zo AñVì`ñV nw{bg ì`dñWm na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr H$m {damoY H$aZo dmbo XmamoJm
H$m eha _| V~mXbm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Z`m XmamoJm Mmoa OmoJZmW H$mo X§{S>V Zht H$a nmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh
d¡ÚOr H$m AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& V_§Mm aIZo dmbm H$m°boO {dÚmWu d§er ~OmVm hþAm Amam_ go WmZo go _wº$
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AnamYr AXmbV _| MmbmZ hmoZo _| AnZm H$ë`mU _mZH$a XmamoJm go `h H$m_ OëXr H$aZo
H$m AZwamoY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AXmbV _| ^r _wbm{O_ h[aam_ H$mo H$Ëb Ho$ Ow_© _| ~mB‚mV ~ar {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d â _| `m¡Z {dH¥${V H$s XwJªY \¡$br hþB© h¡, {Og na boIH$ Zo ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ~obm
A{ddm{hV hmoH$a ^r {gZo_m -e¡br _| ào_nÌ {bIVr h¡, `m¡Z jwYm {_Q>mZo amV H$mo N>Vm| H$mo nma H$aVr
hþB© éßnZ go {_bZo AmVr h¡ Ÿ& éßnZ ^r ào_ nÌ {bIVm h¡ - Mm[a{ÌH$ Xmof d¡ÚOr, Hw$gXa àgmX,
gZrMa H$m ^r h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ Zo Jm±d H$s Nw>AmNy>V Ho$ à{V ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ -"" Š`m|{H$ Nw>AmNy>V Bg Xoe H$m Y_© h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE {ednmbJ§O _| ^r Xygao Jm±dm| H$s Vah ANy>Vm| Ho$ {bE AbJ -AbJ _whëbo Wo Ÿ& boIH$
Jm±d _| hmoZo dmbr H$mbm~mOmar na ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& gZrMa AnZr XwH$mZ _| Iwbo Am_ Hw$N> MrO§o
~oMVm h¡, na {N>nH$a ñWmZr` AñnVmb Ho$ ñQ>moa H$s XdmB`m± àmB_ar ñHy$b Ho$ XyY Ho$ nmCS>a Ho$ {S>ã~o
Am¡a Zerbo nXmW© - Jm§Om, ^m§J, Mag, ~oMVm h¡ Ÿ&
n[adoe H$s Hw$ê$nVm na ì`§½` H$aHo$ boIH$ Zo Iwbo _¡XmZ _| em¡M OmZo H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ -
""g‹S>H$ H$s nQ>ar na XmoZm| Amoa Hw$N> JR>[a`m±-gr aIr hþB© ZOa Am`t Ÿ& ò Am¡aV| Wt Omo H$Vma ~m±Y
H$a ~¡R>r Wt Ÿ& ò BË_rZmZ go ~mVMrV H$aVr hþB© dm`w-godZ H$a ahr Wt ŸAm¡a bJo hmW _b-_yÌ
{dgO©Z ^r Ÿ&'' noQ´>mob ñQ>oeZ Ho$ nmg H$s XwH$mZm| H$s {_R>mB`m| H$s pñW{V Bg àH$ma Wr -"" CZ_|
{_R>mB`m± ^r Wt Omo {XZ amV Am±Yr-nmZr Am¡a _ŠIr-_ÀN>am| Ho$ h_bm| H$m ~hmXwar go _wH$m~bm H$aVr
Wt Ÿ& boIH$ Zo {bIm {H$ {ednmbJ§O Ho$ ~g AS²>S>o H$s J§XJr ~‹S>o {Z`mo{OV T>§J H$s Wr Ÿ&''
N§>Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {ejm na H$amam ì`§½` {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& qà{gnb H$mo amoO
d¡ÚOr Ho$ Xadma _| hm{Oar XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& qà{gnb Am¡a _¡ZoOa AnZo [aíVoXmam| H$mo $H$m°boO _|
{Z`w{º$ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m°boO H$m n¡gm J~Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& IÞm _mñQ>a JwQ>~§Xr _| bJm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& _moVram_
AÜ`mnH$ H$s Anojm AmQ>m-MŠH$s na A{YH $Ü`mZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& qà{gnb ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s {deofVmAm|
H$m CëboI Bg àH$ma H$aVo h¢ - Vmo hmbV `h h¡ {H$ h¡ Vmo ~w{ÕOrdr na {dbm`V H$m EH$ MŠH$a
bJmZo Ho$ {bE `h gm{~V H$aZm n‹S> OmE {H$ h_ AnZo ~mn H$s Am¡bmX Zht h¢ ŸOmo gm{~V H$a X|Jo Ÿ&
Mm¡amho na Xg OyVo _ma bmo na EH$ ~ma A_o[aH$m ôO Xmo Ÿ& ò h¢ ~w{ÕOrdr ? [agM© H$aZo H$mo a§JZmW
75
Kmg ImoXZo H$m H$m_ H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr a§JZmW H$mo gyAa H$m b¢S> H$hVm h¡ & boIH$ ì`§½` H$aVo hþE
H$hVo h¢ -"" dV©_mZ {ejm nÕ{V amñVo _| n‹S>r hþB© Hw${V`m h¡, {Ogo H$moB© ^r bmV _ma gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&''
J«m§Q> Imoa H$m{bH$m àgmX gaH$mar AZwXmZ Am¡a F$U boZo _| H$moB© H$ga Zht N>mo‹S>Vo Ÿ& boIH$,
gaH$mar `moOZmE± H¡$go Ag\$b hmo OmVr h§¡, Cg na ì`§½` H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ dgybr Ho$ dº$ Eogo ì`{º$
A{YH$m[a`m| go {_bH$a H$madmB© éH$dm XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
n[adma _| g~ _`m©Xm H$m Cëb§KZ H$aZo bJo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$ghQ> Am¡a N>moQ>o nhbdmZ, d¡ÚOr Am¡a
~Ðr nhbdmZ _| g§~§Y {nVm-nwÌ H$m hmoZo na ^r dh _`m©Xm H$s gr_m A{VH«$m§V H$a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$
Zo AnZr gnmQ> ~`mZr Ho$ Ûmam {d{^Þ Ag§~§{YV H$WmAm| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a g_mO _| ì`má ^«ï>mMma H$mo
ì`§½` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go C^maZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo g_mO _| _mZd _yë`m| H$s nwZ: à{Vð>m H$aZo Ho$
{bE nmR>H$m| H$mo gOJ H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ&
2.6 erf©H$ :
CnÝ`mg Ho$ erf©H$ H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h nhbo nmR>H$m| _| CnÝ`mg Ho$ à{V Hw$Vyhb
CËnÞ H$aHo$ Cgo n‹T>Zo H$mo àd¥Îm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& erf©H$ aIZo H$s Mma nÕ{V`m± AnZmB© OmVr h¢ - O¡go 1.
_w»` nmÌ - Zm`H$, Zm{`H$m Ho$ Zm_ na Ÿ& 2. àYmZ KQ>Zm Ho$ Zm_ na Ÿ& 3. KQ>Zm ñWb Ho$ Zm_ na Ÿ&
4. àVrH$mË_H$ Zm_H$aU Ÿ&
"amJ Xa~mar' H$m erf©H$ àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ÿ& Bg Zm_ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ n¥ð>_y{_ h¡ Ÿ& Xa~ma
amOV§Ì _| emgZ H$s Yw>ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& amOm H$moB© ^r {ZU©` Xadma _| boVo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± _hm_§Ìr {d{^Þ
{d^mJr` _§Ìr, goZmn{V, amOnwamo{hV, amOH${d, {dXyfH$, MmaU Am{X CnpñWV ahVo h¢ Ÿ& amOm H$mo
^maVr` na§nam _| B©ída H$m à{V{Z{Y _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh àOmnmbH$, àOmajH$ Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm
CdXm{`Ëd {Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& àOm H$s `{X H$moB© XwX©em hmoVr h¡, àOm Cgo AnZm H$_©\$b, Xw^m©½` _mZH$a
g§Vwï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr pñW{V _| amOÐmoh H$mo Y_©Ðmoh _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xa~ma ^r `h amJ AbmnVm
h¡ Am¡a Cgo ~ZmE aIZo H$m âgH$ à`ËZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
A~ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ^maV _| JUV§Ì Zo amOV§Ì H$m ñWmZ bo {b`m h¡ Ÿ& amO Xa~ma H$m
n[adV©Z ê$n h¡ g§gX - OZVm H$m Xa~ma Omo H$mZyZ H$m {dYmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm Omo
H$mZyZ H$m H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWm Omo Bgo gwajm XoVr h¡ Am¡a AnamYr H$mo X§S> -
{dYmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ZyVZ ì`dñWm _| {d{^Þ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ _w»`, nw{bg ì`dñWm, {ejm ì`dñWm,
ñdmñÏ` ì`dñWm, J«m_ n§Mm`V Am{X OZ-H$ë`mU Ho$ H$m`m] _| OwQ>r ahVr h¢ Ÿ& OZVm Ho$ hmW _|
76
emgZ -V§Ì Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& OZVm AnZo dmoQ> Ho$ ~b na MwZmd Ûmam gÎmm H$mo ~Xb gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& dh Xoe
_| {H$gr ^r Aì`dñWm H$mo ^m½` Ho$ âmogo N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo A~ V¡`ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| AnZo A{YH$ma Ho$
à{V gOJVm CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AmídmgZ {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ gÎmm _| ahZo dmbo Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$
{bE {d{^Þ `moOZmAm| H$m H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$a|Jo Ÿ&
dmñVd _| Eogm ^maV _| XoIm Zht OmVm Ÿ& MwZmd -ì`dñWm A~ H$bw{fV hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& OZ-
à{V{Z{Y YZ-~b, ~mhþ-~b, Am¡a N>b-~b go gÎmm h{W`mZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma gÎmm _| Am OmZo
na Cg na {Q>Ho$ ahZo Ho$ {bE Vah-Vah Ho$ hWH§$S>o AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZr gwajm Ho$ {bE EH$ g_W©H$
-g_yh ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& do ^r BgHo$ gXñ`m| H$s gwajm H$m Ü`mZ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& do {_bH$a Xoe H$mo byQ>Vo h¢,
OZVm H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ñdmW© {g{Õ _| OwQ>o ahVo h¢ Eoe H$s {OÝXJr {~VmVo h¢, na MmbmH$s go
OZVm Ho$ godH$ H$hbmVo h¢, do gÎmm H$mo AnZr ~nm¡Vr _mZVo h¢, OZVm ^«_ _| ahVr h¡ {H$ h_ gÎmm H$mo
nbQ> gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& na dmñVd _| do H$R>nwVbr ~ZH$a ah OmVo h¢ ... Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O ^maV H$m EH$ N>moQ>m ê$n h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr H$s ~¡R>H$ CZH$m Xa~ma h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr nhbdmZ,
N>moQy> nhbdmZ , qà{gnb, gZrMa Am{X Xa~ma Ho$ gXñ` h¢ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O Ho$ nmÌ, KQ>ZmE± gmao Xoe
_| ì`má h¢ Ÿ& `hm± H$m amJ g_yMo ^maV H$m amJ h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ amJ h¢ - ^«ï>mMma, J~Z, N>bnyU© MwZmd,
na{ZÝXm, JwQ> ~§Xr, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Om{VdmX, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX. AXmbVr PJ‹S>o, WmZoXma H$s ^«ï>
H$m`© - àUmbr, CÀN¥>I § b, `m¡ZmMma, Mmoa-S>H$¡ Vr, _yë`hrZ n§Mm`Vr Ý`m`, nm[adm[aH$ _`m©XmhrZVm,
[aídVImoar, qhgmË_H$ H$m`©-H$bmn, J§Ohm| H$s H$aVyV, {VH$‹S>_ , _yI©Vm, Jw§S>mJXu, Mmnbygr,
^m§J-eam~ Am{X Ÿ&
Jm±d _| A{YH$ma joÌ Ho$ VrZ {~ÝXw h¢ - N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO, ghH$mar H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z,
J«m_ n§Mm`V gmar K`ZmE± BZHo$ Ho$ÝÐ ~ZmH$a KQ>Vr h¢ Ÿ&
amJ Xa~mar ^r EH$ amJ h¡, Omo amO Xa~ma _| {deof Adgam| na Abmnm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg g_`
gmao Xa~mar amOm H$m èmoJmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& XrKm©`w H$s H$m_Zm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& amOm Ho$ à{V à^w^{º$ H$m à_mU
XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O _| d¡ÚOr H$s ~¡R>H$ _| g^r Xa~mar d¡ÚOr Ho$ à{V AnZr à^w^{º$ {XImVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZHo$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| g^r `moOZmAm| H$mo H$m`© _| ê$nm§V[aV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `h CnÝ`mg J«m_rU g_mO Ho$
`WmW© H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ H$hVo h¢ - amJ Xa~mar H$m g§~§Y EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa go Hw$N> Xya ~Zo
hþE Jm±d H$s {OÝXJr go h¡ Omo {nN>bo ~rg dfm] H$s àJ{V Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ Zmam| Ho$ ~mdOyX {Z{hV ñdmWm]
Am¡a AZoH$ Adm§N>Zr` VËdm| Ho$ gm_Zo {KgQ> ahr h¡ Ÿ& `h Cgr {OÝXJr H$m XñVmdoO h¡ Ÿ&
`h amJ Xa~mar erf©H$ CnÝ`mg Ho$ {bE àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Am¡a `WmW© ^r Ÿ&
77
2.7 {ejm J³eJemLee :
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _|$ J«m_rU {ejm g§ñWmE± ^«ï>mMma Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ& {ejm g§ñWmE±
ì`mdgm{`H$ CÔoí` go gaH$mar AZwXmZ h‹S>nZo Am¡a AÜ`mnH$m| H$m Am{W©H$ ê$n go emofU H$aZo Ho$
CÔoí` go Imobo JE Ÿ& {ejm g§ñWmAm| _| kmZ n«XmZ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ MoVZm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s OJh amOZr{VH$
Xmdn|M Am¡a Knbo Á`mXm hmoZo bJo Wo Ÿ& ñWmZr` ZoVmAm| Ho$ {bE amOZr{V H$m àdoe Ûma _mZr JBª Ÿ&
lrbmb ewŠb Zo "amJ Xa~mar' _| Bg na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ - ""ò H$m°boO àm`: {H$gr ñWmZr` OZZm`H$
H$s àoaUm go {ejm àMma Ho$ {bE Am¡a dmñVd _| CgHo$ {bE {dYmZg^m `m bmoH$g^m Ho$ MwZmdm| H$s
O_rZ V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go Imobo OmVo Wo ŸAm¡a CZH$m _w»` H$m`© Hw$N> _mñQ>am| Am¡a gaH$mar
AZwXmZm| H$m emofU H$aZm Wm Ÿ&''
amï´>r` {dH$mg H$s AmË_m EH$ g_¥Õ {ejm -ì`dñWm _| {Zdmg H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _|
N>§Jm_Vr {dÚmb` , B§Q>a H$m°boO Imobm J`m Wm, Vm{H$ Xoe H$s ^mdr nr‹T>r `wdmdJ© _| ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg
hmo, {ddoH$ H$m OmJaU hmo, Am¡a ñdñW ZmJ[aH$Vm H$m {dH$mg hmo Ÿ& bo{H$Z dmñVd _| Eogm Hw$N> Zht hmo
gH$m Ÿ&
H$m°boO Ho$ nmg Amdí`H$ AmYma^yV T>m±Mm Zht Wm Ÿ& {S>pñQ´>ŠQ> ~moS>© go àmá Xmo ~‹S>o Am¡a N>moQ>o
H$_am| Ho$ S>mH$~§Jbo H$mo Am¡a CgHo$ VrZ Amoa D±$Mr Xrdmam| na N>ßna S>mbH$a ~ZmB© JB© AñnVmb O¡gr
g_maV H$mo H$m°boO-^dZ Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb {H$`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo ñnï> {H$`m -""{g\©$ B_maV
Ho$ AmYma na H$h gH$Vo Wo {H$ h_ em§{V {ZHo$VZ go ^r AmJo h¢, h_ Agbr ^maVr` h¢, h_ Zht
OmZVo {H$ {~Obr Š`m h¡, Zb H$m nmZr Š`m h¡, nŠH$m \$e© {H$gH$mo H$hVo h¢ .... Ÿ& h_Zo {dbm`Vr
Vmbr_ VH$ Xoer na§nam _| nmB© h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE h_| XoImo, h_ AmO ^r CVZo hr àmH¥$V h¢ Ÿ&''
Xoe _| Hw$N> bmoJ Zm_ H$_mZo Ho$ MŠH$a _| {H$gr g§ñWm Zm_ Ho$ AmJo AnZm Zm_ MmbmH$s _|
Omo‹S> boVo h¢ Ÿ& Vm{H$ bmoJ CÝh| amï´>ào_r _hmZw^md g_P| Ÿ& {Obm~moS>© Ho$ M¡à_¡Z N>§Jm_b Zo \$Ou
H$mJOmV ~ZmH$a S>mH$~§Jbo H$mo H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V H$mo {XbdmH$a AnZo Zm_ H$m°boO H$m Zm_
Omo‹S> {X`m Ÿ&
_mñQ>a _moVram_ N>mÌm| H$mo Amno{jH$ KZËd AmQ>m MŠH$s Ho$ CXmhaU Ûmam g_PmVo h¢ Ÿ& do Z
Vmo R>rH$ go n‹T>m nmVo h¢, Z N>mÌm| _| AÜ``Z _| é{M h¡ Ÿ& O~ H$jm MbVo g_` CZH$s AmQ>m MŠH$s
MbZo bJr Vmo CZH$mo bJm {H$ _erZ R>rH$ hmo JB© Ÿ& do N>mÌm| H$mo {H$Vm~ _| n‹T>Zo H$m gwPmd XoH$a H$jm
N>mo‹S> H$a AnZr AmQ>m MŠH$s H$s Amoa ^mJ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZo H$Îm©ì` Ho$ à{V Am±I _y±XH$a ì`mnmar -
Ñ{ï> AnZmZodmbo Eogo AÜ`mnH$ ^maV H$s {ejm g§ñWmAm| _| âo n‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ à{V ì`§½` h¡, Eogo
78
AÜ`mnH$m| H$s _Zmod¥{Îm N>mÌm| _| kmZmO©Z H$s é{M g_má H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Amno{jH$ KZËd H$m AÜ`m`
Oê$ar H$hH$a do Ho$db narjm Cn`moJr H$m_ MbmVo h¢ Ÿ& N>mÌ ^r A{YH$ OmZZm Zht MmhVo Ÿ& Vm‚mw~
h¡ {H$ AnZr AmQ>m MŠH$s H$m {dkmnZ H$aZo dmbo Eogo AÜ`mnH$ qà{gnb Am¡a H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa
d¡ÚOr Ho$ g~go A{YH$ {à` Am¡a {dídñV h¢ Ÿ&
J{UV Ho$ _mñQ>a _mbdr` N>mÌm| go emar[aH$ g§~§Y aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo ^«ï> AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$s
XwJ©{V H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& do bmoJm| H$mo ^‹S>H$mVo h¢ {H$ qà{gnb hOmam| énò _Z_mZm IM© H$aVm h¡ Omo {H$
JbV h¡ Ÿ&
éßnZ N>mÌ ZoVm h¡, Omo _¡ZoOa d¡ÚOr H$m nwÌ h¡ Ÿ& dh VrZ gmb go Xgdt _| n‹T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& n‹T>mB©
_| CgH$s é{M Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh WmZoXma, H$m°boO Ho$ qà{gnb Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ J§Ohm| H$m gbmhmH$ma h¡ Ÿ& IÞm
_mñQ>aOr Ho$ ~mao _| ŠbH©$ d¡ÚOr H$mo ~VmVo h¢ -""IÞm _mñQ>a H$mo _¢ OmZVm h±ÿ Ÿ& B{Vhmg _| E_.E. h¢,
na CÝh| AnZo ~mn VH$ H$m Zm_ Zht _mby_ Ÿ&'' IÞm _mñQ>a JwQ>~§Xr _| CñVmX h¢ Ÿ& do qà{gnb Ho$
{déÕ fS>`§Ì aMVo h¢, do Jmbr-Jbm¡O VH$ ^r CVa AmVo h¢, do dmBg qà{gnb ~ZZo H$m amñVm V¡`ma
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
qà{gnb Xygao AÜ`mnH$m| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do _¡ZoOa H$s Iwem_X H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do PyR>o
_wH$X_m| _| AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo \±$gmVo h¢ Ÿ& AÜ`mnH$m| na X\$m 107 bJmH$a _wH$X_m Mbm`m OmVm h¡ ŸAm¡a
CÝh| Mmoa-S>mHw$Am| Ho$ ê$n _| I‹S>m H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmYo doVZ na AÜ`mnH$m| go XwJwZr aH$_ na
XñVIV H$am {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mV Z _mZZo dmbm| H$mo Y_H$s Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogo CËnr‹S>H$ qà{gnb
H$m°boO _¡ZoOa d¡ÚOr H$s H¥$nm-Ñ{ï> _| OrVo h¢ Ÿ&
CÎma Xm{`Ëd go {d_wI AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ H$maU N>mÌ g_mO _| AZwemgZhrZVm ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
N>mÌ ZH$b H$aZo H$mo AnZm A{YH$ma _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& ZH$b amoH$Zodmbo AÜ`mnH$ H$mo CÎma {_bVm h¡ - _¢
Vwåhmar ~oB‚mVr Zht H$aZm MmhVm h±ÿ Ÿ& Bg{bE MwnMmn Xygao H$_ao _| Mbo OmAmo Ÿ& Eogm Z H$amoJo Vmo
_¢ Vwåh| {I‹S>H$s go ~mha \|$H$ Xy±Jm ŸAm¡a hmW-n¡a Qy>Q> OmE± Vmo _oar {Oå_oXmar Zht hmoJr Ÿ&''
{ejm ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| éßnZ a§JZmW H$mo ~VmVm h¡ -"" Bg Xoe H$s {ejm -nÕ{V {~bHw$b
~oH$ma h¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ZoVm `hr H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& _¢ CZgo gh_V h±ÿ.... Ÿ&''
N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO go nmg Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU ~VmVo hþE éßnZ a§JZmW go H$hVm h¡ -
""{\$a Vw_ Bg H$m°boO H$m hmb Zht OmZVo Ÿ& bwƒm| Am¡a emohXm| H$m AS²>S>m h¡ Ÿ& _mñQ>a n‹T>mZm -
{bIZm N>mo‹S>H$a {g\©$ nm{b{Q>Šg !''
Xoe â _| ^mB©-^VrOmdmX ~‹S>o Omoa go MbVm h¡ Ÿ& H$m°boO _¡ZoOa d¡ÚOr Ho$ g§~§Yr H$m°boO
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Ho$ ŠbH©$ Am¡a Mnamgr h¢ Ÿ&
H$m°boO Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ Mmho ào_nÌ ôOo `m nmg _| V_§Mm aIo Cg_| H$moB© \$H©$ Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& ào_nÌ
ôOZo dmbm b‹S>H$m nhbo H$m°boO go {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡, na CgHo$ {nVm Ho$ H$m°boO H$s ZB© B_maV Ho$
{bE nMrg hOma BªQ>| XoZo H$m AmídmgZ XoZo na dh {\$a go H$m°boO _| Xm{Ib hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo nmg
V_§Mm aIZodmbm {dÚmWu Ûmam nH$‹S> {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a WmZo na OmVm h¡ Am¡a em_ ŠbH©$ Iwer go
WmZo go bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW dh b‹S>H$m ~m±gwar ~OmVm hþAm em_ H$mo {ZH$b AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO go nmg Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU ~VmVo hþE éßnZ a§JZmW H$mo H$hVm h¡ -
""{\$a Vw_ Bg H$m°boO H$m hmb Zht OmZVo Ÿ& bwƒm| Am¡a emohXm| H$m AS²>S>m h¡ Ÿ& _mñQ>a n‹T>mZm -
{bImZm N>mo‹S>H$a {g\©$ nm{b{Q>Šg {^‹S>mVo h¢ Ÿ& {XZ-amV {nVmOr H$s Zm_ _| X_ {H$E ahVo h¢ {H$ `h
H$amo, dh H$amo, VZ»dmh ~‹T>mAmo, h_mar JaXZ na _m{be H$amo Ÿ& `hm± ^bm H$moB© BåVmhmZ _| nmg hmo
gH$Vm h¡ ... Ÿ?''
H$m°boO H$m Mnamgr ^r qà{gnb go T>§J go ~mV Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh grZm VmZH$a qà{gnb go
H$hVm h¡ -""_wPo IÞm-dÞm Z g_P br{OEJm Ÿ& ... `h A~o-V~o, Vy -V‹S>mH$ _wPo ~aXmñV Zht Ÿ&
H$m°boO _| _¡ZoOa Ho$ ê$n _| d¡ÚOr H$s ^y{_H$m H¡$gr h¡, Bg na éßnZ Ho$ H$WZ go àH$me
n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& éßnZ a§JZmW go H$hVm h¡ -"" {nVmOr H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa h¢ Ÿ& _mñQ>am| H$m AmZm-OmZm BÝht
Ho$ hmW _| h¡ Ÿ&'' Eogm _¡ZoOa gmao _wëH$ _| Z {_boJm Ÿ& grYo Ho$ {bE {~bH$wb grYo h¢ Am¡a ham_r Ho$
{bE ImZXmZr ham_r Ÿ&''
d¡ÚOr AnZr YyV©Vm H$mo {dZ_« dmUr go {bnQ>mH$a ""IÞm Am¡a _mbdr` go Ë`mJnÌ {bIm
boVo h¢ Ÿ& do qà{gnb H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE Xmo nhbdmZm| N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Am¡a ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo ôOVo
h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -"" Amn _oar àmW©Zm Z Rw>H$amE Ÿ& _¢Zo H$^r Hw$N> Zht _m§Jm Ÿ& AmO Bg {dÚmb` Ho$
Zm_ na {g\©$ AmnH$m BñVr\$m _m§J ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& N>mÌm| _| AÜ``ZerbVm IV_ hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ&
qà{gnb H$mo CgH$m MMoam ^mB© _mñQ>a Q>oŠñQ> ~wH$ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ~VmVm h¡ - ò gmbr Q>oŠñQ> ~wH|$,
g_P br{OE, g‹S>o Jbo \$b hr h¢ Ÿ& bm¢S>m| Ho$ noQ> _| BÝht H$mo âVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© hO_ H$aVm h¡, H$moB©
H¡$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&''
H$m°boO Š`m| Imobo OmZo Wo, Bg na boIH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ ò H$m°boO {g\©$ O_mZo Ho$ \¡$eZ Ho$
{hgm~ go {~Zm AmJm-nrN>m gmoMo MbmE Om aho Wo Am¡a `h {ZíM` Wm {H$ dhm± n‹T>Zo dmbo b‹S>Ho$
AnZr "[aAm`m' dmbr h¡{g`V N>mo‹S>H$a H$^r D$na OmZo H$s H$mo{ee Z H$a|Jo Am¡a D±$Mr Zm¡H$[a`m| Am¡a
ì`dgm` {OZHo$ hmW _| h¢, CZHo$ EH$m{YH$ma _| BZ H$m°boOm| H$s Amoa go H$moB© IVam Zht n¡Xm hmoJr Ÿ&''
80
A~ ha OJh JwQ>~§Xr ~‹T> JB© Ÿ& N>§Jm_b {dÚmb` B§Q>a H$m°boO Bggo ANy>Vm Zht ahm Ÿ&
H$m°boO _| Xmo JwQ> h¢ Ÿ& EH$ d¡ÚOr H$m, {Og na qà{gnb Am{lV h¢ Ÿ& Xygam JwQ> am_mYrZ ^rI_
Io‹S>dr H$m, {Og na IÞm _mñQ>a Am{lV Wm Ÿ& EH$ KQ>Zm eha Ho$ EH$ gr{Zà JwQ> ~§X H$mo H$m°boO
VH$ ItM bmB© Ÿ& CgHo$ EH$ ~ma H$m°boO _| Am MwH$Zo Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| H$mo bJm {H$ `hm± H$m°boO ^bo hr
IV_ hmo OmE, JwQ>~§Xr IV_ Zht hmoJr Ÿ& éßnZ ^r H$hVm h¡ -"" na Bg gmb H$m°boO Ho$ ~mao _| gwYma
H$s Oê$aV h¡ Ÿ& {à§{gnb ham_r h¡ Ÿ& {XZ amV JwQ>~§Xr H$s qIM-qIM bJmE ahVm h¡ Ÿ& .... {g\©$ Yrao
go IÞm _mñQ>a H$mo CN>mb X| Ÿ& Cggo qà{gnb {MV hmo OmEJm Ÿ& dh gmbm ~hþV \y$b J`m h¡, CgH$m
\y$Q>Zm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&''
Eogo H$m°boO H$^r d¡go N>mÌm| H$mo Xoe H$mo Xo Zht gH|$Jo, Omo ~w{ÕOrdr hm|, AÀN>o ZmJ[aH$ hm|,
{ddoH$dmZ hm| Ÿ& boIH$ H$m H$hZm h¡ -""ò H$m°boO {g\©$ O_mZo Ho$ \¡$gZ {hgm~ go {~Zm AmJm-nrN>m
gmoMo hþE MbmE Om aho Wo Am¡a `h {ZíM` Wm {H$ dhm± n‹T>Zo dmbo b‹S>Ho$ AnZr "[aAm`m' dmbr
h¡{g`V N>mo‹S>H$a H$^r D$na OmZo H$s H$mo{ee Z H$a|Jo Am¡a D±$Mr Zm¡H$[a`m± Am¡a ì`dgm` {OZHo$ hmW
_| h¡ CZHo$ EH$m{YH$ma H$mo BZ H$m°boO H$s Amoa Zo H$moB© IVam n¡Xm Zht hmoJm Ÿ&''
`y{Zd{g©Q>r H$s {dKQ>ZmoÝ_wIr pñW{V H$s Amoa Bemam H$aHo$ qà{gnb H$hVo h¢ -""àmo\o$ga
~ZOu Zo CZH$s {S>drOZ {~Jm‹S> Xr, Zht Vmo do dhm± boŠMama hmoVo Ÿ& {\$a dhm± boŠMama Z hmoZo H$m ^r
CÝh| H$moB© J_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& dhm± Vmo Am¡a ^r ZaH$ h¡ Ÿ& nyam Hw§$^rnmH$ Ÿ& {XZ-amV Mmnbygr Ÿ& ~w{ÕOr{d`m|
H$m ì`§½` H$gVo hþE qà{gnb H$hVo h¢ -"" ~w{ÕOrdr na {dbm`V H$m EH$ MŠH$a bJmZo Ho$ {bE `h
gm{~V H$aZm n‹S> OmE {H$ h_ AnZo ~mn H$s Am¡bmX Zht h¢ Vmo gm{~V H$a X|Jo Ÿ& Mm¡amho na Xg OyVo
_ma bmo na EH$ ~ma A_oarH$m ôO Xmo Ÿ& ò h¢ ~w{ÕOrdr Ÿ&''
dmBg Mm§gba H$s pñW{V ^r ~‹S>r X`Zr` h¡ Ÿ& qà{gnb H$hVo h¢ -"" dmBg Mm§gba Ho$ {bE
^r {OÝXJr ZaH$ h¡ Ÿ& gdoao go hr AnZr _moQ>a boH$a ha Eo½OyŠ`y{Q>d dmbo H$mo gbm_ bJmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r
Mm§gba H$s hm{Oar, H$^r {_{ZñQ>a H$s, H$^r goH«o$Q>ar H$s Ÿ&'' a§JZmW E_.E. nmg H$aHo$ [agM© H$aZo
_| bJo h¢ Ÿ& CƒVa {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ ~mX H$moB© Zm¡H$ar Zht {_br Vmo g_` H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AWm©V² AnZr Hw§$R>m {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE [agM© H$m H$m_ ewê$ H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW AnZo ~mao _| H$hVm
h¡ -"" H$hm Vmo Kmg ImoX ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& BgrH$mo A§J«oOr _| [agM© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& nagmb E_.E. {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Bg
gmb go [agM© ewê$ H$s Ÿ&''
emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE H$moB© {deof à`mg H$aZm Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& nwñVH$mb` go nwñVH|$ bmH$a Hw$N>
n‹T>H$a, Hw$N> BYa-CYa go CVma H$a Ka na ~¡R>o-~¡R>o emoYH$m`© nyam {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW Ho$ eãXm|
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_| -"" Xmo {XZ nhbo eha OmH$a `y{Zd{g©Q>r Ho$ nwñVH$mb` go ~hþV-gr {H$Vm~| CR>m bm`m Wm Am¡a Bg
g_` Zr_ na \¡$br Yyn H$s _m\©$V CZH$m AÜ``Z H$a ahm Wm Ÿ&'' AÜ`mnH$m| H$s _Zmod¥{Îm n‹T>mZo _|
Zht h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© Xg OyVo _ma bo, na n‹T>Zo H$mo Z H$ho, Or {KZm J`m h¡ {H$Vm~m| go Ÿ&
AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo ^mfm VWm {df` g§~§Yr kmZ n`m©á Zht hmoVm Ÿ& qà{gnb IÞm _mñQ>a Ho$ Nw>Å>r
XaImñV na ñnoqbJ H$s Jb{V`m| na Jmob Xmàm ~ZmH$a Im[aO H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
IwX qà{gnb n[apñW{V Ho$ _wVm{~H$ AnZo H$mo T>mb boVo h¡ & AnZo H$mo ~MmVo hþE do H$hVo
h¢ - `h hmb h¡ a§JZmW ~m~y {H$ Vw_ H$hmo Vmo, N>¡ ^¡`m ~hþV R>rH$ Am¡a d¡ÚOr Hw$N> H$h| Vmo hm± _hmamO
~hþV R>rH$ ! Am¡a éßnZ ~m~y Hw$N> H$h| Vmo hm± _hmamO, ~hþV R>rH$ Ÿ& nhbdmZ ! Omo H$hmo, g~ R>rH$ hr
h¡ Ÿ&'' d¡ÚOr H$mo do ~mn _mZH$a Mb aho h¢, Š`m|{H$ AJa d¡ÚOr H$mZ nH$‹S> H$a H$m°boO go {ZH$mb
X| Vmo _m±Jo ^rI VH$ Z {_boJr Ÿ&
H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa d¡ÚOr nyar gm{Oe ~ZmH$a IÞm Am¡a _mbdr` go O~aXñV Ë`mJ nÌ
{bIm boVo h¢ Ÿ& do CZgo H$hVo h¢ -""AmnH$mo BpñV\$m XoZm hmoJm ... Ÿ& `h _¢ Amn Ho$ {hV _| H$h ahm
h±ÿ ; {dÚmb` Ho$ {hV _| H$h ahm h±ÿ ; nyao g_mO Ho$ {hV _| H$h ahm h±ÿ Ÿ&'' `h {ejm joÌ _| AË`mMma
Am¡a H$b§H$ h¡ Ÿ&
a§JZmW Bg KQ>Zm go {IÞ hmoH$a dh ñWmZ N>mo‹S> XoZo H$m {dMma aIVm h¡ Ÿ& "ahZm Zht Xoe
{damZm h¡ Ÿ&' boIH$ CZH$mo gbmh XoVo h¢ -"" H$sM‹S> go ~Mmo, `h OJh N>mo‹S>mo Ÿ& `hm± go nbm`Z
H$amo Ÿ&'' qà{gnb a§JZmW H$mo IÞm H$s OJh B{Vhmg H$m AÜ`mnH$ ~ZmZo H$m bmo^ {XImVo h¢ Vmo
a§JZmW Bg àñVmd H$mo Im[aO H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& qà{gnb H$hVo h¢ - ~m~y a§JZmW, Vwåhmao {dMma ~hþV D±$Mo
h¢ Ÿ& na Hw$b {_bmH$a CZgo `hr gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$ Vw_ JYo hmo Ÿ&h_mao {ejm {d^mJ _| Bg qà{gnb
H$s Vah AmX_r âo n‹S>o h¢ Vmo H$ë`mU H¡$go hmoJm Ÿ?
2.8 J~Z Am¡a KygImomoar :

"amJ Xa~mar' CnÝ`mg _| boIH$ lrbmb ewŠb g_H$mbrZ OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO àñVwV H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& Bg àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$WmZH$, nmÌ, n[adoe, J«m_rU g§ñWmE± g^r XñVmdoO Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n
_| AmE h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO H$m H$Qw> AZw^d KygKmoar CâH$a gm_Zo AmB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$
H$maU g_mO _| AÝ`m` \¡$bVm h¡ Ÿ& gV² _mJ© na H$X_ aIZodmbm {ZaW©H$ {ngVo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& emofU ~‹T>
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr Ho$ÝÐr` nmÌ h¢ {OZHo$ Bemao na {ednmbJ§O _| bmoJ Hw$N> H$aVo h¢, Hw$N> g§ñWmE± MbVr
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h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> KQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¢ Ÿ&
J~Z H$aZo _| {gÕhñV d¡ÚOr qà{gnb H$s ghm`Vm go N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO Ho$ n¡go h‹S>nVo
h¢ Ÿ& H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z Ho$ gwnadmBOa am_ñdê$n d¡ÚOr H$s {_br^JV _| Xmo Q´>H$ Joh±ÿ ~oMH$a J~Z
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr gZrMa H$mo Jm±d -g^m H$m àYmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _hrnmbnwa dmbr nÕ{V `mZr MwZmd
A{YH$mar H$mo [aídV XoZo H$s nÕ{V AnZmH$a Cgo {OVm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& gZrMa AnZr XwH$mZ _| J¡aH$mZyZr
MrO| ~oMVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr H$mo Bggo ^r _wZm\$m {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
[aídV boH$a AnamYr H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZm Am¡a CgHo$ H$hZo na {ZanamY H$mo nH$‹S> H$a X§{S>V H$aZm
nw{bg Ho$ {bE _m_ybr KQ>Zm h¡ Ÿ& WmZoXma ~»Vmda qgh H$mo nrQ>Zodmbo Xmo ~X_me Xygao {XZ j_m
`mMZm H$aHo$ CÝh| [aídV Ho$ ê$n _| BVZr aH$_ XoVo h¢ {H$ CZH$m ~»Vmda qgh H$m ~w‹T>mnm Amam_ go
H$Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ H$hZo na ~»Vmda qgh CZHo$ {damo{Y`m| H$mo nH$‹S> H$a _wH$X_m MbmVo h¢ Am¡a CÝh|
X§{S>V H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_obo _| g¡{ZQ>ar B§ñnoŠQ>a qgh gmh~ H$mo Im|Modmbo Xmo-Xmo énò Ho$ {hgm~ go [aídV XoZm MmhVo
h¢, O~ {H$ qgh gmh~ Xg-Xg énE MmhVo h¢, daZm MmbmZ H$a XoZo H$s Y_H$s XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
éßnZ ~m~y T>mB© énE Ho$ {hgm~ go _m_bm {nQ>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr g_` IwX d¡ÚOr Zo ^r bmoJm|
H$s `h JbV\$h_r Xya H$a Xr Wr {H$ qgh gmh~ Kyg Zht boVo Ÿ& qgh gmh~ H$mo dH$sbm| H$mo gwZmH$a
H$hZm n‹S>m Wm -""Š`m bmoJ Bg YmoIo _| n‹S> JE {H$ _¢ n¡go Zht Ny>Vm ? AJa Eogm h¡ Vmo dmo Amn bmoJ
Vhgrb Ho$ Am{Iar Mmoa VH$ EobmZ H$am X| {H$ _¢ Kyg boVm h±ÿ Ÿ& H$moB© YmoIo _| Z aho Ÿ&'' qgh gmh~
Kyg boZo H$mo gå_mZ H$m H$m_ _mZVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$m{bH$m àgmX H$m gaH$mar J«m§Q> Am¡a H$O} ImZo H$m noem h¡ Ÿ& do {d{^Þ gaH$mar J«m§Q> boZo _|
_m{ha h¢ Ÿ& M_‹S>o H$_mZo H$s J«m§Q> hmo `m _wJunmbZ H$s Ÿ& do g~ Hw$N> hm{gb H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZr {g\©$
nm§M ~rKo O_rZ H$s O_mZV Ûmam nMmgm| Vah Ho$ H$O© bo boVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| ha ~ma VH$m~r {_b OmVr h¡
Am¡a dgybr éH$ OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr, éßnZ Am¡a qà{gnb eha _| OmH$a {Obm {dÚmb` {ZarjH$ H$mo EH$ H$ZñVa Xoer
Kr [aídV XoH$a AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
~Ðr nhbdmZ AnZo AIm‹S>o Ho$ EH$ nmbH$ -~mbH$ Jw§S>o H$s O_mZV boZo {nVmOr go S>o‹T>
hOma énE boH$a eha OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do a§JZmW H$mo ~VmVo h¢ {H$ Jw§S>o BObmg Ho$ ZrMo Zht, D$na ^r hmoVo
h¢ ... Ÿ& ZH$Xr _| ~‹S>m Amam_ h¡ O¡go hr hm{H$_ H$hoJm {H$ hOma énE H$s O_mZV Xmo, d¡go hr Xg hao
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-hao ZmoQ> _oO na \|$H$ Xy±Jm Am¡a H$h±ÿJm {H$ bmo ^mB© ! aI bmo Ohm± _Z Mmhmo Ÿ&''
H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z Ho$ J~Z na d¡ÚOr qà{gnb go H$hVo h¢ -""h_mar `y{Z`Z _| J~Z Zht
hþAm Wm, AV: bmoJ h_| g§Xoh H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIVo Wo Ÿ& A~ h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ h_ gƒo h¢ Ÿ& J~Z
hþAm h¡ Am¡a h_Zo {N>nm`m Zht h¡ Ÿ&''
d¡ÚOr H$moAm°nao{Q>d \$m_©$ Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z g_mamoh _| àñVmd aIVo h¢ {H$ gaH$ma AnZr H$moAm°nao{Q>d
`y{Z`Z Ho$ J~Z Ho$ n¡go AZwXmZ Ho$ ê$n _| H$moAnao{Q>d `y{Z`Z H$mo Xo X| Ÿ&
gan§M ^r H$hVo h¢ -"" `h n§Mm`V _§Ìr nmagmb O~ J~Z Ho$ _gbo _| \±$gm Wm Ÿ&''
g¡{ZQ>ar B§ñnoŠQ>a Oo~ _| b¡ŠQ>mo_rQ>a aIH$a Ky_Vo h¢ Am¡a Jmbm| _| _moVr MwJ boVo h¢ Ÿ&
amJ Xa~mar H$m b§J‹S> Eogm AmX_r h¡, Omo ~hþV hR>r h¡ Ÿ& dh [aídV Z XoZo H$m _Z ~Zm boVm
h¡ Am¡a {~Zm [aídV go H$m_ {ZH$mbZo H$mo Y_©`wÕ _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AXmbV Ho$ ~m~y go EH$ XñVmdoO H$s
ZH$b àmá H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& ~m~y Zo nm§M énE _m§Jo Am¡a b§J‹S> Xmo énE go AmJo Zht ~‹T>m Ÿ& n[aUm_
`h hþAm {H$ ~ma-~ma CZHo$ XaImñV H$s Ìw{Q>`m± {ZH$mbr JB©, dh ZH$b nmZo _| Ag\$b ahm Ÿ& CgZo
àU {H$`m Wm -""_¢ [aídV Zhr§ Xy±Jm Am¡a H$m`Xo go hr ZH$b by±Jm, CYa ZH$b ~m~y Zo H$g_ ImB© h¡
{H$ _¢ [aídV Z by±Jm Am¡a H$m`Xo go hr ZH$b Xy±Jm Ÿ& Bgr H$s b‹S>mB© Mb ahr h¡ Ÿ&''
2.9 Ý`m` ì`dñWm :

Bg Xoe _| nw{bg -ì`dñWm Am_ AmX_r H$mo Ý`m` XoZo Ho$ CÔoí` go à{V{ð>V h¡ Ÿ& na Agb _|
nw{bg H$moB© ^r H$m`© {Zînj ê$n go H$a Zht nmVr Ÿ& ha _m_bo _| [aídV `m amOZr{VH$ hñVjon hmoZo go
Bg na bmoJm| H$m {dídmg hQ> J`m h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O Ho$ OwAmar g§K H$m _¡ZoqOJ S>mBaoŠQ>a WmZoXma H$mo
Iwem_X H$aVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m OëXr go OëXr MmbmZ H$a {X`m OmE Ÿ& WmZoXma MmbmZ hmoZo H$m
AmídmgZ XoH$a H$hVm h¡ {H$ H$m_ BVZm A{YH$ h¡ {H$ gmam H$m_ R>n n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& WmZoXma éßnZ H$mo EH$
{H$ñgm gwZmVo h¢ {H$ Jwé~»Vmda qgh Zo Xmo ~X_mgm| go ~‹S>r aH$_ E§R>H$a ~w‹T>mno _| Amam_ go aho Ÿ& CbQ>o
~X_mgm| Ho$ Xwí_Zm| H$mo _wH$X_o _| \±$gm H$a gOm {Xbm Xr Ÿ&
XamoJm OmoJZmW H$mo X§{S>V H$aZo _| Ag_W© ahVo h¢ Ÿ& dh d¡ÚOr H$m AnZm AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ
Ý`m`mb` go H$moB© \¡$gbm Vwa§V {ZH$b AmZo H$s Amem ^r aI Zht nmVo Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg na ì`§½` {H$`m
h¡ - nwZO©Ý_ Ho$ {gÕm§V H$s B©OmX XrdmZr H$s AXmbV _| hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Vm{H$ dmXr Am¡a à{VdmXr Bg
A\$gmog H$mo boH$a Z _a| {H$ CZH$m _wH$X_m AYyam hr n‹S>m ahm Ÿ& BgHo$ ghmao do `h gmoMVo hþE M¡Z go
_a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _wH$X_o H$m \¡$gbm gwZZo Ho$ {bE A^r AbJ OÝ_ Vmo n‹S>m hr h¡ Ÿ&''
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Jm±d _| AXmbV _| PyR>r Jdmhr XoZo H$s H$bm _| {ZîUmV AmX_r {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O
Ho$ n§{S>V amYobmb, ^rI_Io‹S>o Ho$ ~¡OZmW O¡go bmoJ {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dH$sb ^r ~¡OZmW AXmbV go
H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢ Vmo gƒmB© H$s Jdmhr Xo ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& N>moQ>o nhbdmZ ^r PyR>r Jdmhr XoH$a ~mobm {H$ ~XbZ
H$hVm h¡ XamoJm O~ J`mXrZ Ho$ à{V h_XXu {XImVo h¢ V~ WH$s hþB© R>§S>r AmdmO _| J`mXrZ H$hVo h¢
-"" `h Vmo hmoZm hr Wm XamoJmOr ! {Og {XZ AmnZo OmoJZmW H$mo nH$‹S>m Wm _¢ g_P J`m Wm {H$ _oao
Ka _| A~ {H$gr H$s ^r -B‚mV ~M Zht gH$Vr.... O~ H$Mhar H$m _w±h XoIm h¡ Vmo g^r Hw$N> PobZm
n‹S>oJm Ÿ& {Ogo `hm± AmZm n‹S>o g_P bmo CgH$m H$a_ hr \y$Q> J`m Ÿ&''
n§Mm`V Ý`m` ì`dñWm Ho$ g§MmbH$ {Zaja hmoVo h¢ , n§Mm`V - _§Ìr _m¡Ho$ na ~hmZm ~ZmH$a
AZwnpñWV ahVo h¢ Ÿ& n§Mm`V AXmbV _| H$m¡{‹S>ëbm -N>mn B§gm\$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d H$m AmX_r hmBH$moQ>©
- gwàr_ -H$moQ>© _| \±$g OmEJm Vmo ~¡R>H$a CR> Z nmEJm Ÿ& dh XmZo -XmZo H$mo _mohVmO hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
_wH$X_o ~hþV {XZm| VH$ MbZo dmbr à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d -g^m Ho$ àYmZ Zo Ym±Ybr H$aHo$ ^yXmZ
`k _| {_br O_rZ ~VmH$a Xygao {H$gmZ H$s O_rZ ^y{_hrZ Am¡a Jar~m| H$mo ~oM XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _wH$X_o
MbVo h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ ò _wH$X_o ^r AmJo MbVo ah|Jo Ÿ& AXmbV ^r H$^r-H$^r Am¡a
{g\$m[agm| na AnZm \¡$gbm gË` Ho$ {dnarV gwZm XoVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg na ì`§½` H$aHo$ boIH$ H$hVo h¢ -
""{H$gr Jm±d _| {H$gr Zo {H$gr H$m IyZ H$a {X`m Ÿ& {H$gr Xygao go Xwí_Zr {Z~mhZo Ho$ {bE CgH$m Zm_
WmZo na ~h¡{g`V H$m{Vb XO© H$am {X`m J`m Ÿ& {\$a {H$gr Zo AnZr Xwí_Zr {Z~mhZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$
{Ibm\$ Jdmhr XoZm ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m Ÿ& {\$a {H$gr Zo CgH$s Amoa go {H$gr H$mo [aídV Xr Ÿ& {H$gr Zo
{H$gr Jdmh H$mo Y_H$m`m, {H$gr H$mo ~odHy$\$ ~Zm`m Am¡a {H$gr go ß`ma OVm`m Ÿ& Bg Vah _m_bo Ho$
BObmg VH$ nh±þMVo -nh±þMVo CgH$s eŠb ~Xb JB© Am¡a dh IyZ H$m _wH$X_m Z ahH$a "IyZ H$m
~Xbm' Zm_H$ S´>m_m ~Z J`m Ÿ&'' n[aUm_ _| _mZ {b`m J`m {H$ H$Ëb Zht hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ~ar H$a
{X`m J`m Ÿ& h[aam_ Zo ^r AnZo g_^mdmnÞ bmoJm| H$mo XmdV Xr Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O _| Ý`m` ^r {d{MÌ àH$ma H$m h¡ Ÿ& H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z H$m gwnadmBOa am_ñdê$n
Joh±ÿ bXdmH$a ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr IwX Knbo _| Wo Ÿ& A~ gmam Xmof gwnadmBOa na n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& do
AnZo Mobo Mnm‹S>m§o Ho$ gmW -gmW Am JE Ÿ& àñVmd nm[aV hmo J`m {H$ -gwnadmBOa Zo Omo h_mar AmR>
hOma énE H$s hm{Z H$r h¡, CgH$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE gaH$ma AZwXmZ Xo Ÿ&'' {\$a do H$hVo h¢ - ""`{X gaH$ma
MmhVr h¡ {H$ h_mar `y{Z`Z Or{dV aho Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam OZVm H$m H$ë`mU hmoVm aho Vmo Cgo hr `h
haOmZm âZm n‹S>oJm Ÿ& AÝ`Wm `h `y{Z`Z ~¡R> OmEJm Ÿ& h_Zo AnZm H$m_ H$a {X`m, AmJo H$m H$m_
gaH$ma H$m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AH$_©Ê`Vm ^r h_ OmZVo h¢ Ÿ&''
85
2.10 J«m_rU {dH$mg H$s pñW{V`m± :
Bg Xoe _| gmar `moOZmE± ^mfU~mOr na MbVr h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| J«m_rU {dH$mg Zht hmoVm na
Am±H$‹Sm§>o _| g~ Hw$N> {XIm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
eha go AmE ì`{º$ g‹S>H$ Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa IoVm| H$mo XoIH$a g§Vmof ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$
{nN>bo gmb Ho$ ì`m»`mZ Ho$ H$maU Bg gmb a~r H$s \$gb AÀN>r hmoZo dmbr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$mo bJm {H$
{H$gmZ àJ{Verb hmo aho h¢, Š`m|{H$ do g_P JE h¢ {H$ IoV H$mo OmoVH$a Cg_| ImX Am¡a ~rM S>mbZm
h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ Zo ^yXmZ `k _| {_bo EH$ b§~o Mm¡‹S>o D$ga _¡XmZ Ho$ ~mao _| {bIm h¡ -"" _¡XmZ _| IoV
~Z JE Wo, {OgH$m g~yV `h Wm {H$ H$X_ -H$X_ na _o‹S>| ~m±Y Xr JB© Wt Am¡a CZ na ~~yb H$s S>mb|
aI Xr JB© Wt Ÿ& nmZr -ImX - ~rO Am{X MrOm| Ho$ {~Zm hr, {g\©$ BÀN>m e{º$ Ho$ ghmao Bg O_rZ na
{nN>bo gmb go OmoaXma IoVr hmo ahr Wr Ÿ&''
Bg àH$ma Jm±d _| d¥jmamonU _hmoËgd _Zm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _| Cg _¡XmZ Ho$ EH$ H$moZo
_| Zm{b`m± IwXmB© JBª Ÿ& ~~yb Ho$ ~rO ~moE JE Ÿ& na {_Q²>Q>r Ho$ Iam~r Ho$ H$maU do CJo Zht Ÿ& boIH$
Zo {bIm h¡ -"" nyar `moOZm go {ednmbJ§O H$mo BVZm hr \$m`Xm hþAm {H$ do Zm{b`m± bmoJm| Ho$ {bE
gmd©O{ZH$ em¡Mmb`m| Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb hmoZo bJr Am¡a Bg Vah Omo ñH$s_ O§Jb Ho$ {bE ~Zr Wr,
dh A~ Ka H$s hmo JB© Ÿ&''
{H$gr g§ñWm H$mo O~ Am{W©H$ bm^ hmoVm h¡, V~ CgHo$ àYmZ Ho$ nX na ~¡R>Zo H$s bmbgm
CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O H$s Jm±d-g^m Ho$ àYmZ nX ^r d¡gm ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| Vmbm~m|
H$s _N>br H$s Zrbm_ H$aZo , ~§Oa O_rZ Ho$ nÅ>o XoZo, eŠH$a Am¡a _¡Xm Ho$ H$moQ>o H$m {dVaU H$aZo
Am{X H$m_m| go Jm±d-g^m H$s Am_XZr ~‹T> JB© Wr Ÿ& Jm±d -g^m H$m Am¡a CgHo$ àYmZ H$m A_ra hmoZm
EH$ hr ~mV _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na "amJ Xa~mar' _| lrbmb ewŠb ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ -"" dh nX
gå_mZnyU© ^r Wm Ÿ& gmb _| Xmo-Mma ~ma WmZoXma Am¡a VhgrbXma àYmZ H$mo ~wbmH$a Cgo Xmo-Mma
Jmbr ^bo hr Xo ~¡R>|, Am¡a A§Yoao COmbo _| Jm±d Ho$ EH$mY JwÊS>o Cg na Xg-nm§M T>obo ^bo hr \|$H$ X|,
Cg nX Ho$ gå_mZ _| H$_r Zht hmoVr Wr, Š`m|{H$ gmao Xoe H$s Vah {ednmbJ§O _| ^r, {H$gr ^r
VaH$s~ go hmo, Ho$db A_ra ~Z OmZo go hr AmX_r gå_mZnyU© ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a dhm± ^r, gmao Xoe H$s
Vah, {H$gr g§ñWm H$m \$moH$Q> _| n¡gm Im boZo â go AmX_r H$m gå_mZ Zï> Zht hmoVm Wm Ÿ&''
86
2.11 gm_m{OH$ pñW{V :
{ednmbJ§O Ho$ Zm¡OdmZ OwAm IobVo h¢ Ÿ& ^m§J nrVo h¢ Ÿ& Jm±d _| _mZdr` _yë`m| H$m hZZ hmo
ahm h¡ Ÿ& ~mn -~oQ>o _| AZ~Z hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _ma-nrQ> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| JwQ>~§Xr MbZo go A{dídmg
H$m dmVmdaU CËnÞ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Xygao H$mo Jm{b`m± XoZm, Y_H$s XoZm Vmo Am_ ~mV hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ&
Mm[a{ÌH$ n{dÌVm Ho$ à{V H$moB© OmJéH$ Zht h¡ Ÿ& [aídV boZo _| H$moB© b‚mm Zht aIVm, daZ² Cgo
AnZm A{YH$ma -joÌ _mZ {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr h¡{g`V go H$_ [aídV boZm An_mZOZH$ ~moY
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
g_mO _| Z¡{VH$Vm IV_ hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ g§~§Y _| J`mXrZ H$hVo h¢ -"" Z¡{VH$Vm g_P bmo
{H$ `hr Mm¡H$s h¡ Ÿ& EH$ H$moZo _| n‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& g^m gmogmBQ>r Ho$ dº$ Bg na MmXa {~N>m Xr OmVr h¡, V~
~‹S> r ~{‹T>`m {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na M‹T>H$a boŠMa \$Q>H$ma {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h Cgr Ho$ {bE h¡ Ÿ&'' Xoe _|
Nw>AmNy>V IV_ H$a Xr JB© h¡ Ÿ& na J«m_rU joÌm| _| A~ ^r CgH$s ^`mZH$Vm g_má Zht hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O _| "M_ahr' EH$ _whëbo H$m Zm_ h¡, Ohm± M_ma ahVo h¢ Am¡a CÝh| ANy>V _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
M_ma bmR>r AÀN>r MbVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s ghm`Vm nmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr O_mZo _| O_tXmam| Zo dh _whëbm
~gm`m Wm Ÿ&
EH$ O_mZm Wm {H$ {H$gr ~m±^Z - R>mHw$a Ho$ {ZH$bZo na bmoJ hmW Omo‹S>H$a nm±`bmJr _hmamO
H$hVo Wo Ÿ& _hmamO Amerdm©X bwQ>mVo hþE Mbo OmVo Wo Ÿ& boIH$ {\$a ~Xbr {ñW{V Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo h¢
-"" na BVZm Vmo hmo J`m {H$ {H$gr ~m±^Z Ho$ {ZH$bZo na nhbo O¡gm Jm°S>© Am\$ Am°Za' Z {X`m
OmE Ÿ&'' Bg XrZVm Ho$ ^md go ~MZo Ho$ {bE d¡ÚOr Zo CYa go OmZm ~§X H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ&
Cgr amñVo go hmoH$a éßnZ ~m~y {ZH$bVo h¢ Vmo Hw$N> bmoJ CÝh| "nm±` bmJr _hmamO' H$hH$a
ñdmJV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& éßnZ ~m~y H$hVo h¢ -"" A~ nm§d-dm§d Zht bJm OmVm Ÿ& grYr pñQ>H$ S>mbZo H$m
dº$ Am J`m h¡ Ÿ&'' {\$a MwaB© Zo H$hm -"" nm±d bmJr éßnZ ~m~y Ÿ&'' MwaB© AnZo ~oQ>o go H$hVm h¡ - Om,
ao, éßnZ ^¡`m Ho$ nm±d Ny> bo Ÿ&'' {\$a dh H$hVm h¡ - AmO BYa H¡$go ^yb n‹S>o éßnZ ~m~y ? n§Mm`V
H$m MwZmd Vmo hmo J`m Ÿ& A~ H$m¡Z-gm MwZmd hmoZm h¡ ^¡`m Ÿ? BgHo$ nrN>o ì`§½` h¡ {H$ Ho$db MwZmd Ho$
g_` AnZo nj _| boZo Ho$ {bE Cƒ Om{V Ho$ bmoJ ANy>V H$ho OmZo dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ _whëbo _| OmZo H$m
H$ï> CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ J«m_rU joÌm| _| ~wOwJm] Ho$ à{V H$moB© gå_mZ Zht ah J`m h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _|
CÝ_wº$ `m¡Z {dH¥${V nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r Mbr Am ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE AnZo {nVm Ho$ à{V _`m©Xm -^md IV_
hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>m ~oQ>m ~Ðr nhbdmZ {nVm d¡ÚOr H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& _w±h na IarImoQ>r gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ&
N>moQ>m ~oQ>m éßnZ a§JZmW go H$hVm h¡ -{nVmOr Š`m ImH$a ZmamO hm|Jo Ÿ& CZgo H$hmo, _wPgo grYo ~mV
87
Vmo H$a b| Ÿ& dh MmhVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s emXr OëXr hmo OmE Ÿ& Hw$gha àgmX AnZo {nVm J§JmàgmX H$s
{nQ>mB© H$aVm Wm Ÿ& bR>¡V A~ CgH$m ~oQ>m N>moQ>o nhbdmZ CgH$s {nQ>mB© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bR>¡V XyadrZ qgh
AnZo Zeo~mO ^VrOo Ho$ V_mMo go Hw$E± H$s OJV na {Ja n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O Jm±d _| S>mHw$Am| H$m
AS²>S>m ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h N>moQ>o nhbdmZ, OmoJZmW, am_mYrZ, eÌw¿Z qgh, [anwX_Z qgh, ~bam_ qgh
Am{X S>mHw$Am| H$s brbm^y{_ ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| J`mXrZ Ho$ `hm± Mmoar hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o nhbdmZ ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo `h gyMZm XoH$a
[anmoQ>© {bImZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
gZrMa {ZH$å_m h¡ Ÿ& ^m§J KmoQ>Zo Ho$ H$m_ _| CñVmX h¡ Ÿ& dh d¡ÚOr H$m nmbVy Hw$Îmm h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr
Cgo Jm±d-àYmZ ~ZmH$a AnZo hmW H$s H$R>nwVbr ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& gZrMa naMyZ H$s XwH$mZ ImobH$a
Cg_| àmW{_H$ ñdmñÏ` Ho$ÝÐ XdmB`m± Am¡a àmB_ar ñHy$b Ho$ {bE AmE XyY nmCS>a ~oamoH$Q>moH$ ~oMVm
h¡ Ÿ&
WmZm bmoJm| H$mo gwajm Zht XoVm Ÿ& WmZo Ho$ Bemao na Am¡a OwAm AÈ>o MbVo h¢ Ÿ& ZoVmAm| Ho$
Bemao na H$m`© H$aZm WmZoXma Ho$ {bE _O~yar ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O _| Mmam| Amoa J§XJr \¡$br h¡ Ÿ& ~g AS²>S>o Ho$ nmg Ho$ nmoIa H$m bmoJ em¡M-{H«$`m
Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
`wdmdJ© {XemhrZ h¡ Ÿ& {\$ë_r JmZm, {\$ë_r Zm{`H$mAm| H$s MMm© H$aZm, {\$ë_r e¡br _| ào_-
nÌ {bIZm CZH$m X¡Z§{XZ H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {Xb-{X_mJ _| Zm{`H$mAm| H$m gm¡§X`© ZmMVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& do
CZH$m ñ_aU H$aHo$ _§Ì_w½Y hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo Zm¡OdmZ Jw§S>onZ _| g\$b hmoZo H$mo AnZr {g{Õ _mZ boVo
h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m ^{dî` A§YH$ma_` h¡ Ÿ& `h Xem Ho$db {ednmbJ§O H$s Zht, ^maV Ho$ àËòH$ Jm±d H$s
h¡ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ -gm_m{OH$ -e¡{jH$ {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a {dS>§~ZmAm| H$m dU©Z
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW H$hVm h¡ - YaVr na EH$ {ednmbJ§O hr Zht h¡ Ÿ& h_mao -Vwåhmao {bE gmam _wëH$
n‹S>m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& éßnZ a§JZmW go H$hVm h¡ - ""_wPo Vmo bJVm h¡ XmXm, gmao _wëH$ _| {ednmbJ§O hr
\¡$bm hþAm h¡ Ÿ&''
2.12 JwÊS>mJXu :
JwÊS>mJXu Ho$ {bE {ednmbJ§O Ho$ bmoJ J§Ohm Zm_ go n[a{MV h¢ Ÿ& JwÊS>mJXu H$s gZrMa H$s
~mV go nhbo {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ dh H$hVm h¡ -""na H$moB© {H$gr J§Ohm go Xmo énE Vmo Š`m, Xmo H$m¡‹S>r
88
^r E|R> bo Vmo OmZo Ÿ&'' am_YrZ ^rI_ Io‹S>dr , ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$m [aŠem amñVo na amoH$ XoVm h¡ Am¡a
Cgo éßnZ H$s haH$V Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr Cgo g_Pm XoZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ Vmo AmdmO D±$Mr
H$aHo$ am_YrZ H$hVm h¡ -""`h g_PmZo H$s Zht, Ow{VAmZo H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ&''
^rI_Io‹S>m Ý`m` n§Mm`V Ho$ gan§M ^r Hw$gha àgmX Am¡a CgHo$ nwÌ N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Ho$
_wH$X_o H$s gwZdmB© H$aVo g_` N>moQ>o H$mo Y_H$mVo h¢ -"" OmZm H$moB© h±gr R>Q²>R>m h¡ ! hWH$‹S>r bJdmH$a
~wbmD±$Jm Ÿ& Zht Vmo grYo go ~¡R> OmAmo Am¡a _wH$X_m hmoZo Xmo Ÿ&''
gZrMa H$s EH$ H$hmZr Ho$ _wVm{~H$ Xya~rZ qgh S>mHy$ Wm Ÿ& EH$ ~ma gZrMa H$mo S>mHy$ Koa JE
Am¡a Cgo byQ> {b`m Ÿ& OmVo g_` OmZ JE {H$ gZrMa Z {g\©$ Xya~rZ qgh Ho$ {Jamoh H$m h¡, ~pëH$
CgH$m [aíVoXma ^r h¡ Ÿ& do S>mHy$ {J‹S>{J‹S>mE, g~ Hw$N> bm¡Q>m {X`m, Jm±d VH$ N>mo‹S>Zo AmE Ÿ& Xy~rZ qgh
`h ~mV Z ~VmZo H$s {dZVr H$s Ÿ& dh Xya~rZ AnZo ^m§Om Ho$ EH$ V_mMo go Hw$E± _| {Ja n‹S>m, ar‹T> H$s
hS²>S>r Qy>Q> JB© Am¡a Hw$N> {XZ ~mX _a J`m Ÿ&
Hw$gha àgmX H$s {nQ>mB© ~oQ>o N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Zo H$a Xr Ÿ& ~¡R>H$ _| gan§M Zo O~ Hw$gha H$s
M[aÌ -hZZ dmbr ~mV H$hr Vmo N>moQ>o gan§M H$mo S>m±Q>Vm h¡ Ÿ& g^r go bbH$ma H$a H$hVm h¡ -"" _¢
A^r _a Zht J`m h±ÿ Ÿ& A~ H$moB© Agb ~mn H$m hmo Vmo h_mao ~mn H$mo Jmbr Xo Ÿ&''
N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO H$s gmbmZm ~¡R>H$ _| _¡ZoOa Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ g_` qà{gnb H$s Amoa go
nMmg b‹S>Ho$ hmW _| hm°H$s pñQ>H|$ boH$a am_mYrZ -JwQ> Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ {damoY H$aZo V¡ZmV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
R>mHw$a ~bam_ qgh H$mo XoIH$a V¡ZmV b‹S>H$m H$hVm h¡ -"" A~ H$moB© d¡ÚOr H$m ~mb ^r Zht
CIm‹S> gH$Vm ! ~bam_ qgh qà{gnb H$mo AnZr Oo~ _| {nñVm¡b Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo h¢ - ""Agbr
{dbm`Vr MrO h¡ Ÿ& N>h Jmobrdmbr, ...R>m±`- R>m±` ewê$ H$a XoJm Vmo am_mYrZ JwQ> Ho$ N>h _|~a Jmoa¡`m
H$s Vah boQ> OmE±Jo Ÿ&'' _rqQ>J _| AmZo dmbo n§{S>V H$mo ~bam_ qgh "nm±` bmJr n§{S>V' H$hH$a
ñdmJV Vmo H$aVo h¢, na CZgo gQ>H$a CÝh| bm¡Q> OmZo H$s gbmh XoVo h¢ Am¡a Oo~ _| {nñVm¡b hmoZo H$m
Ahgmg H$am XoVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ ñH$mCQ> ~bam_ qgh H$mo g_Pm XoVm h¡ {H$ nm§M AmX_r Am¡a AmE Wo ;
{H$gr Zo Zmg_Pr Zht H$s ; MwnMmn bm¡Q> JE Ÿ& IÞm _mñQ>a qà{gnb Ho$ JwQ> Ho$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$mo ZH$b
narjm -^dZ _| nH$‹S>Vo h¢ Vmo qà{gnb IÞm go Y_H$mVo h¡, narjm -^dZ H$s Amoa OmZo go OyVm| go
CZH$s I~a br OmEJr Ÿ& _mñQ>a IÞm Ho$ JwQ> H$m EH$ b‹S>H$m CZgo H$hVm h¡ -"" Amn hþŠ_ X| Vmo
{H$gr {XZ `ht A§Yoao-COmbo _| qà{gnb gmh~ H$m âV {_bmn H$am {X`m Oò Ÿ& ''
_mñQ>a IÞm Am¡a _mñQ>a _mbdr` go Ë`mJnÌ {bIm boZo Ho$ {bE qà{gnb nhbo go Ë`mJnÌ
Q>mBn H$aHo$ aI boVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Bg H$m_ _| qà{gnb H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Am¡a
~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo ôOVo h¢ Ÿ& CZgo Ë`mJnÌ Y_H$s XoH$a bo {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr nhbdmZ {nVm H$s
89
qMVm Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVm h¡ - H$moAm°nao{Q>d B§ñnoŠQ>a Ho$ Xg OyVo _ma {XE Om`|Jo, dh R>rH$ hmo
OmEJm Ÿ& {S>ßQ>r S>mBaoŠQ>a O~ Om±M H$aZo AmE Vmo CZH$mo âV -{_bmn H$am X|Jo Ÿ&
ñdV§Ì ^maV _| J«m_rU joÌ _| JwÊS>mJXu ~‹T> OmZo H$m à_mU Jm±d Ho$ _obo _| XoIZo H$mo {_bVm
h¡ Ÿ& Xodr Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ _y{V© H$mo a§JZmW Zo O~ ~Vm`m {H$ dh EH$ nwéf {gnmhr H$s _y{V© h¡, V~
nwOmar go CgH$s Zm|H$Pm|H$ hmo JB© Ÿ& Bg PJ‹S>o H$mo IV_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE éßnZ nwOmar go H$hVm h¡ -""
~g, ~g, ~hþV Á`mXm n¢Vam Z {XImAmo Ÿ& h_ bmoJ {ednmbJ§O Ho$ ahZo dmbo h¢ Ÿ& O~mZ H$mo AnZr
~m±~r _| ~§X aImo Ÿ&''
dhm± EH$ {gnmhr na ^r AnZm amo~ O_mZo Ho$ {bE éßnZ ~m~y H$hVo h¢ -"" Oam ^r Xo‹T>o-_o‹T>o
Mbmo Vmo H$m°boO H$m gmV gm¡ BñQy>S>|Q> H$b hr _¡XmZ _| CVa AmEJm Ÿ&''
_obo _| gZrMa XwH$mZ go ~\$s© Am{X ImH$a H$s_V Z MwH$mH$a Y‹S>ëbo go H$h XoVm h¡ {H$ h_Zo
n¡go Xo {XE h¢ Ÿ& dh XwH$mZXma H$mo Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o nhbdmZ ^r {~Zm Hw$N> {XE EH$ én`m XoZo H$s
~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg na bmoJm| H$s à{V{H«$`m Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ -"" Eogm PJ‹S>m Bg _obo
_| ha gmb hmoVm h¡, PJ‹S>m H$aZo dmbo ~g dhr J§Oho h¢, ~‹S>o bwƒo h¢ Ÿ& na BZHo$ _w±h H$m¡Z bJo / Am¡a
gM nyN>m| Vmo ha EH$ Jm±d H$m `hr hmb h¡ Ÿ& {OVZo ZE bm¢S>o h¢ g~ .... Ÿ&'' XwH$mZXma n¡go Z boH$a
Cggo H$hVm h¡ -"" Vw_ ~mhar AmX_r hmo ~m~yOr, h_H$mo Vmo `ht ahZm h¡ Ÿ&''
H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z go d¡ÚOr BñVr\$m XoVo h¢ Vmo eha go AmE hm{H$_$ MwZmd H$m àñVmd
aIVo h¢ Ÿ& N>moQ>o nhbdmZ \$Q>m\$Q> I‹S>o hmoH$a MwZmd Ho$ àñVmd H$mo {ZañV H$aHo$ ~Ðr nhbdmZ go
H$hVm h¡ -"" CR>mo ~«Xr CñVmX , Z hmo Vmo Vwåht ~¡R> OmAmo, CR>mo CñVmX ! bmo bnH$ Ho$ Ÿ&''
2.13 {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go M[aÌm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z :

"amJ Xa~mar' EH$ `WmW©naH$ ì`§½` CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| nmÌm| H$s ^r‹S> h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ H$m CÔoí`
nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ -{MÌU H$aZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& do nmÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gm_m{OH$ {dH¥${V`m| H$mo ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br
go COmJa H$aHo$ nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| BZ ZH$mamË_H$ H$m`©-H$bmnm| Ho$ à{V K¥Um CËnÞ H$aHo$ _mZdr`
JwUm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± `hr boIH$s` Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡, Omo nmR>H$m| H$mo ñWmZ§V[aV hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& M[aÌ ì`{º$JV ê$n go Zht dJ©JV nmÌm| Ho$ ê$n _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& do `WmW© n[apñW{V`m| _| à{V{Z{Y
nmÌ ~ZH$a AmVo h¢ Ÿ& ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| {dH$mg Ho$ ñWmZ na {dZme hr {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _mZdr`
_yë`m| H$m {dZme hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE g_mO _| ^«îQ>mMma, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, ~mhþ~b, AW©~b H$m
amO MbVm h¡ Ÿ& {ddoH$ Am¡a Ý`m` hm{eE na Mbo JE h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE boIH$ nmÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maV
90
H$s `WmW© n[apñW{V H$mo Iwbmgm H$aHo$ nmR>H$m| H$mo C{MV AZw{MV, Ý`m`-AÝ`m` na {dMma H$aZo H$mo
_O~ya H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AÝV_©Z H$mo PH$Pmoa XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
`hm± CnÝ`mg H$m H$Ï` dU©Z H«$_ go Z MbH$a OrdZ -H«$_ go MbVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² nmÌ {Og
àH$ma H$m OrdZ OrVo h¢ CgrH$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g^r H$m Mm[a{ÌH$ Am¡a Z¡{VH$ nVZ hmo J`m
h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Hw$N> H$WmE± h¢, Hw$N> AnH$WmE± h¢, Hw$N> boIH$s` {Q>ßn{U`m± h¢ Ÿ& g^r H$mo boH$a H$Wm H$m
{dH$mg hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
amJ Xa~mar H$s H$WmdñVw na§namJV CnÝ`mgm| H$s H$WmdñVw go gd©Wm {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& `WmW© H$s
AZw^y{V _| Wmo‹S>r-gr H$ënZm {_bmH$a H$WmdñVw H$s gO©Zm H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& "amJ Xa~mar' CnÝ`mg H$m
CÔoí` Z ahñ` Am¡a ào_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _Zmoa§OZ H$aZm h¡, Z gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo C^maH$a nmR>H$
H$mo gOJ H$aZm h¡, Z _Zmod¡km{ZH$ T>§J go AÝV_©Z H$s ì`m»`m àñVwV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& lrbmb ewŠb AnZo
Bg CnÝ`mg _| dmVmdaU H$mo {df`dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| CnñWm{nV H$aHo$ ì`§½` Ûmam gm_m{OH$ ~wamB`m| H$m
CÝ_moMZ H$aHo$ nmR>H$m| H$mo Z¡{VH$ Am¡a Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ JV© _| {JaZo go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE H$Îm©ì` Am¡a
{ddoH$ H$mo OJmZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&
eha go Wmo‹S>r Xya na {ednmbJ§O J«m_n§Mm`V h¡ Ÿ& eha go `ht go hmoH$a C~‹S>Im~‹S> g‹S>H$
JB© h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$m°boO, Vhgrb, WmZm, ghH$mar g{_{V, XwH$mZ| h¢ Ÿ& Jm±d _| {\$ë_r JrVm| H$m ~‹S>m
à^md h¡ Ÿ& Xy{fV Am¡a K¥{UV amOZr{V H$s g§‹S>m§Y Jm±d _| ì`má h¡ Ÿ& _mZdr` _yë` Yyb-Yyg[aV h¡ Ÿ&
Jm±d _| Mmoar -S>H¡$Vr, R>Jr, J~Z, {aídV, gÎmmbmobwnVm, JwÊS>mJXu, AXmbVr PJ‹S>o, PyR>r Jdmhr,
H$m_ bmbgm, MwZmdr Knbo, _manrQ>, OmbgmOr, XhoO g~ Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O H$s {deofVm h¡ {H$ `hm± AÀN>mB`m| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a g~ Hw$N> h¡ Am¡a `h pñW{V gmao
^maV _| nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H$hm J`m h¡ - gmao _wëH$ _| {ednmbJ§O \¡$bm h¡ Ÿ&
"amJ Xa~mar' H$s H$Wm _| H$moB© CVma M‹T>md Zht h¡, Z {H$Ýht _Zmod¡km{ZH$ JwpËW`m| H$mo
gwbPmZo H$m à`mg h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db gnmQ> ~`mZr H$m M_ËH$ma h¡ Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg H$m Ama§^ {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ emoY N>mÌ a§JZmW Ho$ {ednmbJ§O _| nh±þMZo na hmoVm h¡
Am¡a A§V N>h _hrZo ~mX EH$ nbm`ZdmXr Zd`wdH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$m Jm±d go Mbo OmZo na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg {d{^Þ KQ>ZmAm| H$m g_Ýd` h¡ Ÿ& BZ KQ>ZmAm| _| N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO H$s KQ>Zm H$mo
Am{YH$m[aH$ KQ>Zm _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a AZoH$ àmg§{JH$ H$WmE± nañna Ag§~§{YV bJZo na ^r
^rVa go Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡ Ÿ& H$m°boO H$s J§Xr amOZr{V _| {ejm-ì`dñWm H$s {Jar hþB© Xem à{V{~på~V hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& Jm¡U H$WmAm| _| ào_-H$Wm, H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z _| J~Z H$s H$Wm, am_mYrZ ^rI_Io‹S>dr Am¡a
CgHo$ ^mB© H$s H$Wm, gZrMa - Jm±d g^m MwZmd H$s H$Wm, J`mXrZ Am¡a CgH$s ~oQ>r H$s H$Wm,
91
H$m{V©H$ _obo _| g¡{ZQ>ar B§ñnoŠQ>a H$s H$Wm, em§{V ~ZmE aIZo _| aho XamoJm H$s H$Wm, Hw$ghma àgmX
Am¡a N>moQ>o nhbdmZ H$s H$Wm, b§J‹S> H$s H$Wm, H$Mhar H$s H$Wm, JwÊS>mJXu H$s H$Wm, Am{X H$WmE±
Ow‹S>H$a H$WmdñVw H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mVr h¡§ Ÿ&
Bg_| amOZr{VH$ \$m`Xm CR>mZodmbo Hy$Q>Zr{V {demaX d¡ÚOr h¢ Ÿ& ñWmZr` Jw§S>m| Ho$ gaXma ~Ðr
nhbdmZ d¡ÚOr Ho$ Áòð> nwÌ h¢ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Ho$ H${Zð> nwÌ éßnZ ~m~y XmXm{Jar _Zmod¥{Îm Ho$ {X½^«m§V
H$m°boO N>mÌ ZoVm h¡§ Ÿ& Cƒ {e{jV a§JZmW H$m {ednmbJ§O Ho$ n[adoe _| X_ KwQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& emofH$
Am¡a YyV© qà{gnb d¡ÚOr Ho$ Bemao na MbZo H$mo ~w{Õ_mZr Am¡a H$ë`mUàX _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& gZrMa O¡go
H$R>nwVbr, [aídV Z XoZo na A‹S> OmZo dmbm b§J‹S>, J«m§Q> H$R>moa H$m{bH$m àgmX, PyR>r Jdmhr _|
CñVmX n§. amYobmb, gyXImoa J`mXrZ , N>moQ>o nhbdmZ, am_mYrZ ^rI_ Iod‹S>r, OmoJZmW, emo{fV -
nr{‹S>V IÞm _mñQ>a AZ¡{VH$ H$_© H$aZo dmbo, _mbdr` AÜ`mnZ H$mo Jm¡U _mZZo dmbo _moVrbmb,
ghH$mar ^§S>ma H$m gwnadmBOa am_ñdê$n, KygImoa g¡{ZQ>ar B§ñnoŠQ>a, WmZoXma Am{X AnZo H$m`©H$bmnm|
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo-AnZo M[aÌm| Ho$ Cnm»`mZ H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg "amJ Xa~mar' H$mo EH$ d¥hÎm,
M[aÌmonm»`mZ Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ò M[aÌ _mZdr` _yë`m| go H$mogm| Xya h¢ Ÿ& ò A_mZdr`,
AZ¡{VH$, ñdÀN>§X `m¡ZmMma, qhò, AË`mMmar, CÀN§¥>Ib, {dH¥$V, K¥{UV Am¡a CËnr‹S>H$ Am{X H$m`m]
_| {bá ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
2.14 CÀN¥>§Ib Am¡a `m¡Z -bmbgm :

N>mÌ H$m°boO H$s H$jm _| n‹T>mB© _| é{M Zht boVo h¢ Ÿ& do {gZo_m H$s n{ÌH$mE± n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
Vñdradmbr {H$Vm~ XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m°boO _| ào_-nÌ {bIZo dmbm EH$ b‹S>H$m nH$‹S>m J`m Am¡a H$m°boO
go {ZH$mbm J`m Vmo CgH$m ~mn H$m°boO Ho$ {bE nMrg hOma BªQ> XoVm h¡ Am¡a ~oQ>o H$s nwZ: H$m°boO _|
Xm{Ibm H$a {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
n§. amYobmb nydu {Obo H$s EH$ eŠH$a _rb _| Mm¡H$sXmar _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo g_` Xygao Mm¡H$sXma
H$s ~r~r H$mo ^JmH$a {ednmbJ§O bo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ Zm¡OdmZ Cggo _OmH$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dh Am¡aV
g^r Ho$ {bE Hw${V`m ~Z OmVr h¡ Am¡a {H$gr H$mo {Zame Zht H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ PyR>r Jdmhr _| Xj do
amYobmb H$mo Bg nya~dmbr ào`gr Ho$ ào_ Zo Hw$N> KaKwñgb ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
M¡_ahr Ho$ ^rVa OmVo g_` EH$ AmX_r H$mo _wJm© IarXVo hþE XoIH$a éßnZ ~m~y ì`§½` H$gVo
h¢ {H$ Š`m H$moB© hm{H$_ AmZo dmbm h¡ ? dh `h ^r nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ M_ahm H$s b‹S>H$s H$m ggwamb Mbr
OmZo Ho$ ~mX {\$a CgH$m ~ÝXmo~ñV H¡$go hmoJm ? `mZr hm{H$_m| Ho$ {bE `ht go b‹S>{H$`m| H$s ì`dñWm
H$s OmVr Wr Ÿ& A{ddm{hV ~obm {gZo_m -e¡br _| ào_-nÌ {bIVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Z¡{VH$Vm H$s gmar gr_mE±
92
Vmo‹S>H$a éßnZ Ho$ nmg N>Vm| H$mo nma H$aVr hþB© amV Ho$ A§Yoao _| Am nh±þMVr h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW H$mo ~Ðr
nhbdmZ g_PH$a Cggo {bnQ> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW H$s ZtX Iwb OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh O~ "H$m¡Z h¡'
H$hH$a {MëbmVm h¡, V~ ~obm "hm` _oar _¡`m' H$hH$a ^mJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ a§JZmW H$m _Z H$hVm h¡ -
""lr_mZ, Amn MwJX Zht h¢, JYo h¢ Ÿ& MyHo$ hþE Adgam| H$s {bñQ> _| EH$ Am¡a bmBZ Omo‹S> br Z !''
~Ðr nhbdmZ H$m EH$ nmbH$ ~mbH$ Ho$ Xygar Am¡aV Ho$ gmW ào_mbmn H$aVo g_` O~ CgH$m
n{V `h g~ XoIH$a ^r Am±I ~MmH$a OmZo H$mo hmoVm h¡ V~ dh Zm¡OdmZ H$hVm h¡-"" _X© ~ƒm hmoH$a
Vwåh| e_© Zht bJVr ? EH$ ~ma Vmo bbH$mam hmoVm, MwnMmn ^mJm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&'' {\$a dh Am¡aV O~
[anmoQ>© {bIm XoVr h¡ {H$ `h _oar B‚mV bo ahm Wm, V~ dh Zm¡OdmZ nH$‹S>m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cg na
_wH$X_m MbVm h¡ Ÿ& Ý`m` n§Mm`V _| gan§M Hw$gha àgmX go nyN>Vo h¢ -"" Bg C_a _| Vwåh| BeH$~mOr
gyPVr h¡ ?''
~Ðr O~ N>moQ>o nhbdmZ go H$hVm h¡ {H$ ~mn Ho$ {Ibm\$ Hw$N> Z H$hH$a Mwn ahmo V~ dh {nVm
H$s H$m_{bßgm H$m {Z~m©Y dU©Z H$aVm h¡ -"" Vw_ ^r _wPr H$mo X~mVo hmo Jwé ! Vw_ OmZVo Zht `h ~w‹T>m
~‹S>m Hw$bÀN>Zr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ _mao H$hm[aZ Zo Ka _| nmZr âZm ~§X H$a {X`m h¡ Am¡a ^r ~VmD±$ ? H$hVo
Or^ J§YmVr h¡ Ÿ&''
gZrMa H$mo ~ohþXm ~Vm©d Am¡a \y$h‹S> ~mV| H$aZo _| e_© Zht AmVr Ÿ& dh _obo _| ^r‹S> H$m \$m`Xm
CR>mH$a H$B© Am¡aVm| Ho$ H§$Ym| na ào_ go hmW aIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Eogo {KZm¡Zo H$m_ Eogr {Zñg§JVm go H$aVm h¡
{H$ ^r‹S> go {ZH$bZo Ho$ {bE Eogm H$aZm Y_© _| {bIm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW O~ gZrMa H$mo Eogo H$m`m] go {Zd¥Îm
H$aZm MmhVm h¡, V~ gZrMa H$hVm h¡ -"" Jwé, XohmVr _obo H$m _m_bm, `hm± Vmo ~g `hr hoam\o$ar H$m
M_ËH$ma h¡ !''
_obo _| doí`mE± ZmMZo Ho$ ~hmZo J«mhH$m| H$mo bw^mVr h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW Xbmb ^r ahVo h¢ Ÿ& O~
EH$ Xbmb a§JZmW H$mo CgH$s ZmMZodmbr H$s ~¡R>H$ _| AmZo H$m Ý`moVm XoVm h¡, V~ éßnZ ~m~y
H$‹S>H$H$a ~mobVo h¢ -"" AnZo ~mn H$mo Vmo nhMmZH$a Mbmo' V~ dh AmX_r hmW Omo‹S>H$a Odm~ XoVm
h¡ -"" AnZm ~mn Vmo én`m h¡ _m{bH$ Ÿ&'' Cg Am¡aV Ho$ ~mao _| éßnZ ~m~y a§JZmW H$mo ~VmVo h¢ -
""BbmHo$ H$s g~go g{‹S>`b nVw[a`m h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© Cgo H$m¡‹S>r H$mo ^r Zht nyN>Vm Ÿ&'' a§JZmW éßnZ H$mo ~obm
H$mo {bIo JE ào_-nÌ Ho$ H$maU d¡ÚOr H$s ZmamOJr Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo h¢ Vmo {M‹T>H$a éßnZ {nVm H$s
H$aVyV H$m ~o{hMH$ dU©Z H$aVm h¡ -"" AnZr emXr Mm¡Xh gmb H$s C_a _| hþB© Wr Ÿ& nhbr Aå_m _a
JB© Vmo gÌh gmb H$s C_a _| Xygar emXr H$s Ÿ& gmb â ^r AHo$bo Zht ahVo ~Zm Ÿ& `h Vmo {H$`m
93
H$m`Xo go, ~oH$m`Xo go {H$VZm {H$`m, gwZmoJo dh ^r ...''
AXmbV _| N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Zo ~obm H$m M[aÌ -ehadmbr PyR> ~mV ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgZo ~obm H$mo
OmoJZmW Ho$ gmW ~XMbZr H$aVo hþE XoIm h¡ Ÿ& XmamoJm Bggo Xw:Ir hþE Vmo J`mXrZ Xw:Ir hmoH$a H$hVo
h¢ -"" `h Vmo AnZo Xoe H$m MbZ h¡ Ÿ&''
a§JZmW H$mo T>obo _| ~§Ym hþAm EH$ ào_nÌ {_bVm h¡ {Ogo dh Bgo ~obm H$m éßnZ Ho$ {bE {bIm
hþAm _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr _mZVm h¡ {H$ {\$ë_r e¡br _| Omo {MQ²>R>r {bIr JB© Cgo J«m_go{dH$m Zo ~obm Ho$
{bE {bIr hmoJr Ÿ& Hw$N> Bg àH$ma {bIm h¡-"" `hr h¡ V_Þm, Voao Xa Ho$ gm_Zo _oar OmZ Omò, hm` !
h_ Amg bJmE ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ& XoImo Or, _oam {Xb Z Vmo‹S>Zm Ÿ&''
M[aÌ -{MÌU :
2.15
* éßnZ ~m~y :
éßnZ AR>mah dfu` `wdH$ h¡ Ÿ& do d¡ÚOr Ho$ N>moQ>o ~oQom h¡§ Ÿ& do Xgdt H$jm _| VrZ gmb go
n‹T>mB H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& do Amdmao AZwemgZhrZ {dÚmWu dJ© Ho$ à{V{Z{Y ZoVm h¢ Ÿ& do n‹T>mB© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
ZoVm{Jar Am¡a Jw§S>mJXu _| A{YH$ é{M aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
ZoVm ~ZZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ {bE g~go ~‹S>m AmYma h¡ - g~H$mo EH$ {ZJmh go XoIZm Ÿ& do Bg{bE
XmamoJm Am¡a hdmbmV _| ~¡R>o Mmoa H$mo, ZH$b H$aZo dmbo {dÚmWu Am¡a H$m°boO Ho$ qà{gnb H$mo EH$
{ZJmh go XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a g~go H$m_ boVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo H$mo n¡XmBer ZoVm g_PVo h¢,
Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ {nVm d¡ÚOr ^r ZoVm h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE XwH$mZXma CÝh| gm_mZ A{n©V H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _wâV godm
àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo H$mo ZoVm gm{~V H$aZo Ho$ {bE g\o$X YmoVr Am¡a a§JrZ ~weeQ>© nhZVo Wo Am¡a
Jbo _| aoe_ H$m é_mb bnoQ>Vo Wo Ÿ& YmoVr H$m H$m|N> CZHo$ H§$Yo na n‹S>m ahVm Wm Ÿ& do Xw~bo-nVbo Wo,
bo{H$Z g^r na ~mob~mbm Wm Ÿ& do Omgygr {H$Vm~ n‹T>Zo Ho$ em¡H$sZ h¢ Ÿ& Oo~ _|$ Xmo H$b_| ^r hmoVr h¢,
{~Zm ñ`mhr H$s Ÿ& H$bmB© _| K‹S>r nhZVo h¢ Ÿ&
do qà{gnb H$mo AnZm AYrZñW H$_©Mmar g_PVo Wo Ÿ& do H$m°boO Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ AmMaU
go Ag§Vwï> Wo Ÿ& H$m°boO Ho$ _mñQ>a CZgo S>aVo Wo Am¡a XoIVo hr Z_ñVo H$hVo Wo Ÿ& do H$m°boO qà{gnb
H$mo Y_H$m gH$Vo h¢, AmXoe ^r Xo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
H$m°boO Ho$ {dÚmWu CZHo$ Bemao na MbVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m°boO H$s gmbmZm ~¡R>H$ _| MwZmd Ho$ g_`
{nVm Ho$ {dnj H$mo ^JmZo Ho$ {bE éßnZ ~m~y Ho$ Mobo hm°H$s pñQ>H$ boH$a V¡ZmV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& _obo _|
XmamoJmOr O~ éßnZ go Mmoar nH$‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE gh`moJ _m§JVo h¢, V~ éßnZ ~m~y H$hVo h¢ -"" h_mam nyam
gh`moJ h¡ Ÿ& `H$sZ Z hmo Vmo H$m°boO Ho$ {H$gr ^r ñQw>S>|Q> H$mo {JaâVma H$aHo$ XoI b| Ÿ&''
94
éßnZ ~m~y H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ Xoe H$s {ejm -nÕ{V ~oH$ma hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& H$m°boO Ho$ _mñQ>am| Ho$
~mao _| dh a§JZmW go H$hVm h¡ -""_mñQ>a n‹T>mZm-{bImZm N>mo‹S>H$a {g\©$ nm{b{Q>Šg {^‹S>mVo h¢ Ÿ&''
do ZoVm ~ZZo Ho$ {bE Jm±d-godm H$aZm MmhVo h¢, g~go g§~§Y ~ZmE aIZm MmhVo h¢ -""ha
g_ñ`m Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE JwQ>~§Xr _| {dídmg aIVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Hy$Q>Zr{Vk H$s ^m±{V do {H$gr ^r hmbV
_| à{Vnj H$mo {MV H$aZo _| {dídmg aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE g_` Ho$ AZwgma MbZm ngÝX H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ gË` Am¡a Aqhgm H$m _mJ© AnZmZm A~ IVao go Imbr Zht h¡ Ÿ& C{MV -AZw{MV
H$m {hgm~ bJmVo ahZo go à{Vnj OrV OmEJm Ÿ& Bg{bE AnZo H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r VarHo$ go
eÌw H$m {dZme H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
AZw^d AZoH$ {dMmam| H$mo ~Xb XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo do qà{gnb H$mo Iwem_Xr Q>Q²>Qy> Am¡a {nVm H$m
Jwbm_ g_PVo Wo Ÿ& ~mX _| CZH$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ {nVmOr H$s ^r‹S> _| AnZm Cëby grYm H$aZo _| do bJo
hþE h¢ Ÿ& AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE do Xygam| H$mo ~{b ^r M‹T>m gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& _mñQ>a IÞm Am{X CZH$mo AZwemgZ
hrZ Am¡a ha ~mV _| AS>§Jm S>mbZo dmbo g_PVo Wo Ÿ& A~ CZH$mo bJm {H$ IÞm H$s _m§J C{MV h¡ Ÿ&
do ha AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE qà{gnb Ho$ OmZr Xwí_Z ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ& do dmBg qà{gnb H$s
{Z`w{º$ na qà{gnb go Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ H$hVo h¢ -"" qà{gnb gmh~, _¢ g_PVm h±ÿ {H$ h_mao `hm± EH$
dmBg qà{gnb hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& IÞm g~go Á`mXm gr{Zà h¢ Ÿ& CÝht H$mo ~Z OmZo Xr{OE Ÿ& {g\©$ Zm_
H$s ~mV h¡, VZ»dmh Vmo ~‹T>Zr Zht h¡ Ÿ&''
Bg{bE IÞm go O~ Ë`mJnÌ nhbdmZm| Ho$ X~md na {bIm {b`m OmVm h¡, do {damoY H$aHo$
H$hVo h¢ -""Eogm Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& Amn O~aXñVr BZgo BpñV\$m Zht {bIm gH$Vo Ÿ& ò BpñV\$m Zht
X|Jo Ÿ&''
{H$emoa éßnZ ~m~y AnZm N>¡bmnZ Zht {N>nmVo Ÿ& do ~obm go ào_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Cgo ào_-nÌ {bIVo
h¢ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r Aíbrb {gZo_m, g§JrV ~mobVo h¢ Ÿ& do ào`gr ~obm H$mo EH$m{YH$ ào_nÌ {bIZo Ho$
~mX ^r ~obm go H$moB© CÎma Zht {_bVm Ÿ&
CÝh| ^§J nrZo H$m em¡H$ h¡ Ÿ& {nVmOr H$s Jm{b`m± ImH$a dh {Vb{_bm CR>Vm h¡ Am¡a eam~ ^r
nrVm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW Ho$ nyN>Zo na dh ~VmVm h¡ -"" H$^r Z H$^r Vmo ewê$ H$aZm hr n‹S>Vm Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O
_| ahZm h¡ Vmo Bgr Vah ah OmEJm Ÿ& .. `hm± _hmË_mJm§Yr ~ZZo go H$m_ Zht MboJm Ÿ&''
* a§JZmW :
a§JZmW B{Vhmg _| E_.E. nmg Zd`wdH$ h¡ Ÿ& Omo emoYH$m`© _| bJm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& dh d¡ÚOr H$m
^m§Om h¡ Ÿ& ñdmñÏ` gwYmaZo Am¡a emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE gmoMZo Ho$ {bE Jm±d Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU _| ahZm
95
R>rH$ ahoJm, `hr g_PH$a do _m_m Ho$ Ka {ednmbJ§O Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O AmVo g_` a§JZmW H$mo S´>mBda H$hZo na Mnamgr Ho$ hmW _| [aídV Ho$ ê$n _| Xmo
énE aIZo n‹S>o Ÿ& Bg KQ>Zm H$s MMm© hmoVr h¡ Vmo a§JZmW H$mo _mby_ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {ednmbJ§O Ho$
J§Ohm| go g~ S>aVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± Jw§XmJXu H$mo gå_mZ Ho$ gmW ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao a§JZmW
ì`{º$`m|, CZHo$ H$m`©H$bmnm| go n[a{MV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo J«m_rU n[adoe _| \¡$br {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a
{dH¥${V`m| H$m nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo H$mo Bg Zr{VhrZ n[adoe go g_m`moOZm H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
`hm± H$s KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a CZHo$ à{V bmoJm| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm go CgH$m _Zmoa§OZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na O~ O~
Jm±d H$s AZr{V, Ym§Ybr, YyV©Vm, Jw§S>mJXu Am{X ñnï> XoIVm h¡, Vmo Cgo hm{X©H$ nr‹S>m hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H«$moY
^r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na dh Hw$N> H$a Zht nmVm Ÿ& Bg {dH¥$V n[apñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE Cg_| AmË_
{dídmg H$s H$_r h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE {Og gmhg, Am¡a H$_©-àoaUm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$Vm
hmoVr h¡, a§JZmW _| dh Zht h¡, dh AÝ`m` H$m Vmo {damoY Zht H$a gH$Vm, ~pëH$ CgH$m H«$m§{V H$m
e§IZmX H$a Zht nmVm CgH$m {hñgoXma ^r hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| {dde hmoH$a dh dhm± go nbm`Z H$aZo
H$s V¡`mar H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {e{jV h¡ {H$ÝVw AH$_©Ê` Am¡a {XemhrZ `wdmdJ© H$m à{V{Z{Y h¡ Ÿ&
nhbo dh AnZm ñdmñÏ` gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE _m_mOr Ho$ Ûmam {ZYm©aV H$m`©H«$_m| H$m AZwnmbZ
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m`©H«$_ _| EH$ g§emoYZ H$aVm h¡, {Og_| _m_mOr H$mo H$moB© EVamO Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh
n‹T>mB© _| é{M Z boH$a ~¡R>H$ _| J±Ohm| H$s g§J{V _| ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _m_mOr H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ ñdmñÏàjm
Ho$ {bE dr`©ajm _| Bg_| H$moB© IVam Zht h¡ Ÿ& g§Vmof hþAm {H$ EH$ n‹T>m{bIm ì`{º$ CZHo$ nmg ha
g_` ~¡R>m ahVm h¡ Am¡a ha ~mhar AmX_r Ho$ gmW n[a{MV H$amZo Ho$ {bE dh ha g_` V¡`ma {_bVm
h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _| ahVo hþE a§JZmW H$mo Ahgmg hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ _hm^maV H$s Vah Omo H$ht Zht h¡,
dh `hm± h¡ Ÿ& Omo `hm± Zht h¡, dh H$ht Zht h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ {H$ a§JZmW Xm§dn|M
Am¡a n¢Vao~mOr H$s A{Ib^maVr` à{V^m `hm± H$ƒo _mb Ho$ ê$n _| \¡$br n‹S>r hþB© XoIH$a gmoMVm h¡
{H$ ^maV _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm ha OJh nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
a§JZmW Eogo {dH¥$V g_mO H$mo Z AnZm gH$Vm h¡ Z Cgo ~XbZo H$s j_Vm Am¡a AmË_{dídmg
aIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s à{Vð>m H$aZo _o| Ag_W© h¡ Ÿ& dh H«$m§{V H$m e§IZmX Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ&
Bg na éßnZ Cggo H$hVo h¢ -"" Bg_| Vwåhmam Xmof Zht h¡ Ÿ& Xmof Vwåhmar n‹T>mB© H$m h¡ Ÿ&''
a§JZmW Ho$ Mmam| Amoa JbV bmoJ JbV H$m_ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& dh {H$gr ^r MwZm¡Vr H$m gm_Zm Zht
H$aVm Ÿ& Cg_| OrZo H$mo _O~ya hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jw§S>o N>mÌm| Ho$ ZoVm éßnZ, KygImoa \y$S> B§ñnoŠQ>a, J~Z
H$aZo dmbo H$moAm°nao{Q>d gwnadmBOa, H$mZyZ H$mo {H$Zmao na aIH$a H$m_ H$aZo dmbo XmamoJm, _obo H$s
^r‹S> _| {ó`m| go {Ibdm‹S> H$aZo dmbo gZrMa gm{Oe H$aZo dmbo emofH$ qà{gnb, N>mÌm| Ho$ gmW
96
Hw$H$_©$ H$aZo dmbo _mñQ>a _mbdr`, emo{fV _mñQ>a IÞm, AÜ`mnZ H$mo Jm¡U _mZZo dmbo A`mo½`
_mñQ>a _moVram_, EH$ N>mÌ gÎmm{YH$mar YyV© ZoVm d¡ÚOr, ~mn H$mo nrQ>Zo dmbo N>moQ>o nhbdmZ - g^r H$mo
XoIH$a ^r CZHo$ gmV OrZm, {\$a hmaH$a ^mJ OmZm - a§JZmW H$s Xw~©bVmAm| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$a aho
h¢ Ÿ& Cggo Amem H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ dh Bg n[apñW{V`m| _| {Vb{_bm CR>o, gm_Zm H$aZo H$mo H${Q>~Õ hmo
OmE g_mO H$mo ~Xb S>mbo Am¡a _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s à{Vð>m H$a|, na dh H$moB© H$maJa H$X_ Zht
CR>mVm, {Xì`Ðï>m ~ZH$a ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo nhbo {ednmbJ§O AmVo g_` P§PQ>m| go {ZOmV nmZo Ho$
{bE ñQ>oeZ d¡JZ Ho$ Mnamgr H$mo Xmo énE [aídV XoZo n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
My§{H$ a§JZmW ^maVr` nwamVËd na emoY H$a ahm Wm, Bg{bE dh _§{Xa H$s nwamZr _y{V© XoIZo
J`m Ÿ& CgZo XoIm {H$ _y{V© {H$gr Xodr H$s Z hmoH$a EH$ {gnmhr H$s _y{V© Wr Ÿ& dh nwOmar H$mo `h ahñ`
~VmVm h¡, Vmo nwOmar {d\$a n‹S>Vm h¡, YŠH$m XoH$a a§JZmW H$mo Xya \|$H$ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& éßnZ pñW{V H$s ~ZVr
Om ahr J§^raVm H$mo ^m§nH$a a§JZmW H$mo AbJ bo boVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mV `ht IV_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW ^r AmJo
Bg na Zht gmoMVm Ÿ&
H«$mB{gg Am°\$ H$m§eg :
a§JZmW ~w{ÕOrdr hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo "H«$mB{gg Am°\$ H$m§eg' H$m {eH$ma ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& Eogo bmoJ
_mZ{gH$ VZmdJ«ñV ahVo h¢ Am¡a {ZamemdmXr hmoVo h¢, bo{H$Z bå~o bå~o ^mfU XoVo h¢, Omoa Omoa go
VH©$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _| H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa Ho$ MwZmd _| d¡ÚOr H$s YyV©VmnyU© {dO` H$mo XoIH$a
Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ dh ^r S>H¡$Vm| Ho$ {H$gr {Jamoh H$m gXñ` hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ `h `{X eha
hmoVm Vmo H$m\$s hmD$g _| OmH$a Bg KQ>Zm na dh b§~m Mm¡‹S>m ^mfU XoVm, {Xb H$m Jwã~ma {ZH$bVm Ÿ&
dh gmoMVm h¡ {H$ AnZo {Xb H$m XX© AJa éßnZ go H$ho Vmo Cgo "H«$mB{gg Am°\$ H$m§eg' go Nw>Q>H$mam
{_b gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
a§JZmW AmË_g§H$Q> éßnZ Ho$ gm_Zo aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmo `h g~ nmb{Q>Šg _| MbVm h¡ H$hZo Ho$
~mdOyX dh IÞm H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Am¡a qà{gnb H$mo \$mo‹S>Zo H$mo amOr hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW H$mo
AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE éßnZ H$s ghm`Vm {_bZo H$s Cå_rX hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mZ{gH$ ì`{^Mma :
a§JZmW _| àË`j ê$n go H$moB© Mm[a{ÌH$ Iob {XImB© Zht XoVm Ÿ& na amV H$mo AHo$bo gmoVo g_`
dh éßnZ Am¡a ~obm H$mo {bIo JE ào_-nÌ H$s `mX H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a nÌ go hQ>H$a ~obm Ho$ ê$n-a§J
`m¡dZ - C^ma Am{X na gmoMVm h¡ Ÿ& AJbr amV H$mo ~obm N>Vm| H$mo nma H$aVr hþB© éßnZ go emar[aH$
97
{_bZ Ho$ {bE nh±þMVr h¡ Ÿ& éßnZ g_PH$a a§JZmW go {bnQ> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& a§JZmW H$s ZtX Iwb OmVr h¡
Am¡a "dh H$m¡Z h¡' {MëbmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~obm AnZr JbVr g_PH$a ^mJ OmVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ AnZr _yI©Vm na
a§JZmW nN>VmH$a gmoMVm h¡ -""lr_mZ, Amn MwJX h¢, AmnH$mo ~mobZo H$s Š`m Oê$aV Wr ? Amn
K~am Š`m| JE ? AmnZo Cgo Hw$N> Am¡a H$aZo H$m _m¡H$m Š`m| Zht {X`m ?''
AmË_g§Vmof :
_obo _| Xodr H$s _y{V© H$mo g¡{ZH$ H$s _y{V© nhMmZH$a a§JZmW H$mo nwamVËddoÎmm hmoZo H$m g§Vmof
{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& VrZ J§Ohm| Ho$ _obo _| XwH$mZXma go {_b {_R>mB©-MmQ> ImH$a CëQ>o n¡go XoZo H$s ~mV H$aZo,
Am¡a {gnmhr H$m N>moQ>o H$m nj boH$a PJ‹S>m {_Q>mZo Am¡a Bggo XmoZm| njm| Ho$ Ag§Vmof H$mo XoIH$a a§JZmW
nm§M énE H$m ZmoQ> {ZH$mbH$a XwH$mZXma H$mo XoVm h¡ Am¡a H$s_V H$mQ>H$a ~mH$s n¡go dmng H$aZo H$mo
H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n XwH$mZXma S>a go n¡go Zht boVm, na Eogm H$aHo$ a§JZmW H$mo g§Vmof {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
amñVo _| H$m±g H$mo \¡$bZo go amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE a§JZmW CZH$mo BH$Q²>R>m H$aHo$ Jm§R> bJmVm h¡ Ÿ& na
Xygao ì`{º$ go H$hVm h¡ {H$ Eogm H$aZo go hZw_mZ Or àgÞ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Xygam AmX_r Am¡a EH$ Am¡aV
CZH$s XoImXoIr Jm§R> bJmVo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h XoIH$a a§JZmW H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ dh EH$ ZE g§àXm` H$m
àdV©H$ h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Cgo AmË_ g§Vmof {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
a§JZmW Ho$ ~mao _| ~Ðr H$m {dMma Bg àH$ma h¡ -"" a§JZmW Mmho {OVZr {J{Ma-{nMa H$ao
CgH$mo {\$H«$ Š`m ? eha H$m AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& gyAa H$m b¢S> - Z brnZo Ho$ H$m_ AmE, Z ObmZo Ho$ Ÿ&
K~amH$a dmng ^mJ OmEJm Ÿ&'' éßnZ Ho$ {dMma go - a§JZmW Á`mXm n‹T>m-{bIm AmX_r hmoZo go H$^r-
H$^r CëQ>r-grYr ~mV| H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
A§V _| a§JZmW Ho$ ~hmZo ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s {ZpîH«$`Vm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aHo$ boIH$ nbm`Z
g§JrV gwZm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ {ednmbJ§O H$sM‹S> h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$moB© AmX_r H$sM‹S> _| \§$g Vmo
OmEJm, bo{H$Z H$sM‹S> go H$_b {Ibm Zht gHo$Jm Ÿ&
boIH$ Eogo ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$mo ì`§½`mË_H$ gbmh XoVo h¢ {H$ do {dXoer _XX go ~Zo hþE ZE-ZE
emoY g§ñWmZm| _| Mbo OmE±, Ohm± ^maVr` à{V^m H$m {Z_m©U hmo ahm h¡ `m ^maV Ho$ AVrV _| {N>n
OmE± Ÿ&
A§V _| qà{gnb AmH$a a§JZmW H$mo IÞm H$s OJh na Zm¡H$ar H$aZo H$s gbmh XoVo h¢ Vmo
a§JZmW {Vb{_bm CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| qà{gnb H$s AdgadmXr ñdmWu ñd^md go K¥Um hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr
g_` EH$ _Xmar AnZo ~§Xam| H$mo ZMmH$a V_mem {XIm ahm h¡ Ÿ& `h àVrH$mË_H$ ê$n go boIH$
98
à{V{ð>>V H$aZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ `hm± d¡ÚOr O¡go _Xmar h¢ Vmo ~mH$s g^r H$mo ~§Xa H$s Vah CZHo$ Bemao na
Hy$XZm-ZmMZm n‹S>oJm Ÿ& ~§Xa ê$nr _Ü`dJ© H$m AmX_r {H$gr AmXe© H$s à{Vð>m H$a Zht gHo$Jm Ÿ& `hm±
n[adV©Z H$m gnZm Yy{_b hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
a§JZmW `hm± nbm`ZdmXr ~w{ÕOrdr Ho$ ê$n _| EH$ dJ© H$m à{V{Z{YËd AÀN>r Vah H$a gH$m
h¡ Ÿ&
* d¡ÚOr :
"amJ Xa~mar' CnÝ`mg Ho$ à_wI nmÌ d¡ÚOr h¢, do Ywar h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s BÀN>m go AÝ` nmÌm| Ho$
{H«$`m-H$bmn {Z`§{ÌV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a gmar KQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¢ Ÿ& Omo CZHo$ Xmào go ~mha Pm§H$Vo h¢, CZ na
d¡ÚOr H$s amof -Ñ{ï> n‹S>Vr h¡ Am¡a do V~mh hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
boIH$ lrbmb ewŠb Bg nmÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| àËòH$ joÌ _| hmoZo dmbo
^«îQ>mMma, amOZr{VH$ Xm§d-n|M, A_mZdr` AmMaU, _yë`hrZVm, Jw§S>mJXu, NrZm- PnQ>r, CÀN¥>§Ib
H$m_wH$Vm, H$mZyZ -ì`dñWm, ñdmWu àd¥{Îm, gÎmm bmobwnVm, R>Jr, Iwem_Xr, KygKmoar, AZ¡{VH$Vm,
Adgadm{XVm, Mm¡nQ> hmo ahr nw{bg -ì`dñWm, AnamY -àdUVm, Am{X H$B© _wX²Xm| na àH$me S>mbm
h¡ Ÿ&
g_mO _| {OVZr {dg§J{V`m±, {dH¥${V`m± \¡$bVr h¢, amOZr{VH$ bmoJ CVZm CgH$m \$m`Xm
CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ& àm`: Eogo bmoJ Xmohar Mmb MbVo h¢ Ÿ& do Am§V[aH$$ ê$n go ñdmWu hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Aà{VÛÝÛr
~ZmE aIZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mø ê$n go Omo _wIm¡Q>m nhZH$a ^mobr-^mbr OZVm Ho$ gm_Zo AmVo h¢,
bJVm h¡ {H$ do amï´> CÞm`H$ OZVm-OZmX©Z Ho$ godH$ h¢ Ÿ& bmoH$-H$ë`mU CZHo$ OrdZ H$m _yb _§Ì
h¡ Ÿ& do ào_, Aqhgm, Y_©, _mZdVm Ho$ CnmgH$ Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo H$mo àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& JrVm Ho$ íbmoH$
CZHo$ _w±h na ZmMVo h¢ Ÿ&
{ednmbJ§O _| d¡ÚOr Eogo gd©e{º$_mZ ~hþ_wIr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& éßnZ ~m~y a§JZmW H$mo {nVm
d¡ÚOr Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo h¢ - H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z _| _¡{Z{O§J S>mBaoŠQ>a d¡ÚOr Wo, h¢ Am¡a ah|Jo Ÿ& `h
dmŠ` eV-à{VeV ghr gm{~V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr ~mgR> gmb H$s C_« _| ^r {ednmbJ§O Ho$ à_wI gÎmm{YH$mar ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& do ~«m÷U h¢,
emH$mhmar h¢ Ÿ& IÔa YmoVr, Hw$Îm} MmXa Am¡a Q>monr _| CZH$s ^ì` _y{V© XoIVo hr ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& N>Ù$ AmXe©
CZH$m nwamZm noem d¡ÚH$s h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷M`© H$mo OrdZ H$m _yb_§Ì H$hH$a AnZo XdmImZo Ho$ {bE Jwá amoJm|
H$m AMyH$ Xdm H$m {dkmnZ XoVo h¢ - ""OrdZ go {Zame Zd`wdH$m| Ho$ {bE Amem H$m g§Xoem' Ÿ& Bg d¥{Îm
99
go CZH$mo Am{W©H$ bm^ {_bVm Vmo Wm bo{H$Z godm-^md H$m {dkmnZ Cg_| A{YH$ Wm, CZH$m
àMmaY_u {gÕm§V -Jar~m| H$s {Z:eyëH$ {M{H$Ëgm Am¡a bm^ hmoZo na Xm_ bm¡Q>mZm, Omo dmñVd _|
K{Q>V Zht hþAm Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr Xoe Ho$ nwamZo godH$ h¢ , A§J«oO hþHy$_V _| OZVm H$s godm, OO H$s BObmg _| Oyar Am¡a
Agoga ~ZH$a, XrdmZr Ho$ _wH$X_m| _| Om`XmXm| Ho$ {gnwX©Xma hmoH$a Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ O_tXmam| _| b§~aXma
Ho$ ê$n _| godm H$aVo Wo Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm A§J«oOm| H$s Va\$ go b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE ~hþV go {gnmhr \$m¡O _|
^Vu H$amVo Wo Ÿ& ñdV§Ì ^maV _| {ejm -àgma Ho$ {bE H$m°boO H$m g§MmbZ H$aVo h¢, na Cgr Ho$ n¡go
go ~Ðr AmQ>m MŠH$s H$s _erZ bJmVm h¡ Ÿ&
EH$N>Ì A{Yn{V : ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX d¡ÚOr {ednmbJ§O Ho$ VrZ e{º$ Ho$ÝÐm|
na H$ãOm H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& N>§Jm_b {dÚmb` B§Q>a H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa -H$moAmonao{Q>d `y{Z`Z Ho$ _¡ZoqOJ
S>mBaoŠQ>a h¢ Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ àYmZ Ho$ nX na ^r ZOa aIo hþE h¢ {Ogo gZrMa O¡go nwÀN> {dfmUhrZ new
O¡go AmX_r H$mo ~mX _| Jm±d H$m àYmZ ~ZmH$a namoj ê$n go CgH$s gd}godm H$a H$maZm_| MbmVo ahVo
h¢ Ÿ& do amVm|amV AnZo amOZr{VH$ JwQ> _| g¡H$‹S>m| gXñ` ~ZmZo _| g_W© hþE Ÿ& Bg àH$ma do {ednmbJ§O
Ho$ emgH$ ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Hy$Q>Zr{V {demaX : Hw${Q>bVm H$s à{V_y{V© d¡ÚOr {ednmbJ§O Ho$ emgZ Ho$ÝÐ _| {Za§Hw$e
j_Vm H$m Cn^moJ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& O~ CZH$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ OZVm H$mo Ag§Vmof H$mo àe{_V H$aZo Ho$ {bE
H$m°boO _| gmbmZm ~¡R>H$ ~wbmB© OmE Am¡a _¡ZoOa Ho$ nX na nwZ: CZH$s {Z`w{º$ H$s OmE , V~ do BgH$s
ì`dñWm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CÔ§S> N>mÌe{º$ Am¡a V_§Mo Ho$ ~b na {damoYr JwQ> Ho$ g^r gXñ`m| H$mo S>am Y_H$m
H$a ^Jm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo g_W©H$m| H$s ghm`Vm go OrV OmVo h¢ Ÿ& qà{gnb CZH$m OÒ`H$ma H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ&
H$m°boO Ho$ _mñQ>a IÞm Am¡a _mbdr` O~ {damoY H$s AmdmO CR>mVo h¢ Am¡a H$m°boO H$s ha
A{Z`{_VVm H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ nXm©\$me H$aVo h¢ Vmo d¡ÚOr ~Ðr, N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Am¡a qà{gnb H$s
ghm`Vm go CZgo Ë`mJnÌ {bIm boVo h¢ Ÿ&
J~Z Ho$ Amamon _| O~ eha Ho$ ZoVm CZgo H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$moB© ^r H$maU ~VmH$a do H$moAm°nao{Q>d
`y{Z`Z go Ë`mJnÌ Xo X| Ÿ& d¡ÚOr àXoer` \o$S>aoeZ Ho$ {bE Cå_rXdma MmhVo h¢, hm{H$_ BXrag gmh~
eha go AmE MwZmd H$s à{H«$`m _| MH$_m XoH$a O~aXñV AnZo ~oQ>o ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo _m¡{IH$ _V go
_¡ZoqOJ S>mBaoŠQ>a Ho$ nX na AmgrZ H$am XoVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Jm±d g^m Ho$ àYmZ Ho$ nX na gZrMa O¡go
100
J§Oho H$mo àË`j ê$n go {OVmH$a namoj ê$n go gmao AZ¡{VH$ \$m`Xm byQ>Zo _| g_W© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE
do _hrnmbnwa dmbm {gÕm§V `mZr MwZmd A{YH$mar H$mo [aídV XoH$a CZHo$ _mÜ`_ go {Z`V g_` H$s
g_m{á H$s KmfUm H$aHo$ {damoYr nj Ho$ _VXmVmAm| H$mo _VXmZ go {daV aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZH$s g\$b aUZr{V Ho$ n[aUm_ -ñdê$n {S>ßQ>r S>mBaoŠQ>a Am°\$ EOwHo$eZ Xm¡ao na Zht
AmVo Ÿ& AnZr ñdmW© {g{Õ Ho$ {bE d¡ÚOr VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hWH§$S>o AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& do [aídV XoVo h¢,
Iwem_X H$aVo h¢ `m Y_H$s XoVo h¢ Ÿ& WmZo H$m XmamoJm éßnZ go H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢ AmOmXr {_bZo Ho$ nhbo
~»Vmda qgh H$m Mobm Wm Ÿ& A~ Bg O_mZo _| AmnHo$ {nVmOr H$m Mobm h±ÿ Ÿ& O~ VH$ CgH$m Eogo
AmË_ -g_n©U H$m ^md ahm, dh {ednmbJ§O _| gwa{jV ahm, O~ d¡ÚOr H$s BÀN>m Ho$ {déÕ
`moJZmW H$m MmbmZ H$a XoVm h¡ V~ CgH$m V~mXbm eha _| hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& OmoJZmW _mZhm{Z Ho$ {bE
Cg na AmR> hOma énE H$m hOm©Zm H$m Xmdm H$aHo$ _wH$X_m Mbm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& XmamoJm H$mo An_m{ZV hmoH$a
gwbh H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& ò g~ d¡ÚOr H$s _m`m Am¡a M_ËH$ma h¡ Ÿ&
Xygar Am¡a Iwem_Xr Q>Q²>Qy>, AnZm Cëby grYm H$aZo dmbo, A`mo½` qà{gnb Ho$db d¡ÚOr Ho$
g§Ho$V na MbVo ahZo Ho$ H$maU ~M OmVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moAm°nao{Q>d B§ñnoŠQ>a O~ J~Z Ho$ _m_bo _| d¡ÚOr H$m
hmW ^r hmoZo H$s [anmoQ>© Xr, V~ CgHo$ V~mXbo Ho$ {bE d¡ÚOr Mmb MbmVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ D$na H$s amOZr{V
J‹S>~‹S>m OmZo go V~mXbm Zht hmo nmVm Vmo ~Ðr H$hVo h¢ - B§ñnoŠQ>a H$mo Xg OyVo bJ OmE±Jo Ÿ& Z EH$
H$_ .... dh Nw>Q²>Q>r boH$a ~mha {ZH$b OmE Vmo OyVm bJmZo H$s H$moB© H$g_ ^r Zht Ÿ&'' d¡ÚOr namoj
Jw§S>mJXu Ho$ ghmao g^r {damoYr e{º$`m| H$mo Vhg-Zhg H$aZo _| Vwbo hþE h¢ Ÿ&
Xmohar Mmb : d¡ÚOr ~Ðr ~obm H$m {ddmh hmoZm Zht MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& na O~ CÝh| ~Ðr H$s
{OX _mby_ hþB©, V~ do Bg {ddmh H$mo _O~yar _| Zht, AmXe© Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hVo
h¢ -"" _¢ nwamVZdmXr Zht h±ÿ Ÿ& Jm§YrOr A§VOm©Vr` {ddmhm| Ho$ nj _| Wo Ÿ& _¢ ^r h±ÿ Ÿ& ~Ðr Am¡a ~obm H$m
{ddmh g~ àH$ma go AmXe© _mZm OmEJm Ÿ& na nVm Zht {H$ J`mXrZ H$s Š`m à{V{H«$`m h¡, XoI|Jo Ÿ&''
{\$a d¡ÚOr J`mXrZ Ho$ Ka na {ddmh àñVmd boH$a OmVo h¢ Vmo J`mXrZ Bgo Rw>H$am XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr ~mhar Vm¡a na Xw:Ir hmoVo h¢, na öX` go CZH$mo Anma hf© H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
qà{gnb O~ H$hVo h¢ {H$ CÝhm|Zo IÞm H$s H$jm _| ~oB‚mVr H$s V~ ~Jwbm^JV dmbr _wÐm _|
d¡ÚOr CnXoe XoVo h¢ -"" {damoYr go ^r gå_mZnyd©H$ ì`dhma H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&'' na A§V _| AnZm {ZU©`
XoVo h¢ {H$ IÞm H$mo OyVm| go R>rH$ H$aZm n‹S>oJm Ÿ&
do AnZo H$m°boO H$r OmJra éßnZ H$mo XoZm MmhVo Wo Ÿ& na dh IÞm H$m njYa ~Z J`m Vmo
101
H«$mo{YV hmoH$a H$hVo h¢ -""Vy ZoVm ~ZVm h¡ ? _oam {damoY H$aHo$ Vy ZoVm ~ZZm MmhVm h¡ ? Vy
{dídmgKmVH$ {ZH$bm Ÿ& Om, A~ VwPo Hw$N> Zht {_boJm ... Ÿ& _¢ VwPo AnZo CÎm>am{YH$ma go d§{MV
H$aVm h±ÿ Ÿ&''
H$m_wH$ ì`{º$Ëd : d¡ÚOr H$m Am§V[aH$ M[aÌ Xmof`wº$ h¡ Ÿ& do {dbmgr Am¡a H$m_wH$
h¢ Ÿ& CnÝ`mgH$ma Zo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ Om‹S>o H$s amV _| {bhm\$ H$mo AÀN>r Vah bnoQ>Zo Ho$ ~mX ^r O~
Om‹S>m CZH$s h{S²>S>`m| H$mo ~tYZo bJm Vmo CÝhm|Zo `mX {H$`m {H$ AHo$bo boQ>Zo Ho$ {dñVa Á`mXm R>§S>m
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg `mX Ho$ ~mX `mXm| H$m EH$ Vm§Vm-gm bJ J`m Ÿ&''
éßnZ go a§JZmW ~VmVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ ào_-nÌ H$mo boH$a d¡ÚOr ~hþV ZmaO h¢ Vmo éßnZ ^r
CZHo$ à{V AdkmgyMH$ Am¡a An_mZOZH$ ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ -"" do Š`m ZmamO hm|Jo ? Oam
_wPgo ~mV H$aHo$ XoI| Ÿ&'' dh ~VmVm h¡ {H$ {nVm H$s nhbr emXr Mm¡Xh gmb H$s C_« _| Am¡a _m± Ho$
Xohm§V Ho$ ~mX Xygar emXr gÌh gmb H$s C_« _| H$s Ÿ& gmb â ^r AHo$bo Zht ahVo ~Zm Ÿ& dh H$hVm
h¡ {H$ `h g~ Vmo {H$`m H$m`Xo go, Am¡a ~oH$m`Xo Š`m {H$`m dh ^r gwZmoJo ?
d¡ÚOr O~ H«$mo{YV hmoH$a éßnZ go H$hVo h¢ {H$ _wPo Vwåhmao AmMaU H$s I~a h¡, V~ éßnZ
^r EH$ H$X_ ~‹T>H$a CZgo H$hVm h¡ -"" _wPo ^r AmnHo$ AmMaU H$s I~a h¡ Ÿ&''
~Ðr O~ ~obm go emXr H$aZo na A‹S>m hþAm {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡, V~ d¡ÚOr H$hVo h¢ {H$ CgH$s
Bg AmMaU go CZH$s ZmH$ H$Q> JB© h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr Vwa§V nwamZr ~mV CJb XoVm h¡ -"" ZmH$ dmbr ~mV Z
H$amo Ÿ& ZmH$ h¡ H$hm± ? dh Vmo n§{S>V AOwÜ`m àgmX Ho$ {XZm| _| hr H$Q> JB© Wr .... Vw_ H$hVo hmo {H$ _¢
~obm _| \§$g J`m h±ÿ Ÿ& Vw_ h_mao ~mn hmo Ÿ& Vw_ H$mo H¡$go g_Pm`m OmE Ÿ& \§$gZm -\$gmZm {M{‹S>_ma H$m
H$m_ h¡ Vwåhmao ImZXmZ _| Vwåhmao ~m~m AOwÜ`m àgmX O¡go aKwd§e H$s _h±Vmar go \§$go Wo Ÿ& Bgo H$hVo
h¢ \§$gZm Ÿ&''
VH©${ZnwU : d¡ÚOr ~mV-~mV na g§ñH¥$V{ZîR> eãXmdbr, JrVm , nwamU, B{Vhmg, ào_,

Y_©`wÕ, OZ-godm, àOmV§Ì, ~«÷M`© Am{X H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ AnZr ~hþkVm H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢ Ÿ& ha
~mV _| AnZm AH$mQ²>` VH©$ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& do XyaXeu h¢ Ÿ& hdm H$m éI nhMmZVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZo Hw$VH©$ H$mo VH©$
H$m ê$n Xo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -"" h_Zo J~Z {N>nm`m Zht, Bggo ~‹T>H$a B©_mZXmar Am¡a Š`m hmo
gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&'' do gwPmd XoVo h¢ {H$ gaH$ma `{X J~Z H$aZodmbo H$mo nH$‹S> Zht gH$Vr Vmo `y{Z`Z H$mo
hOm©Zm Xo Ÿ&
d¡ÚOr AmOH$b Ho$ amOZr{V H$aZo dmbo ì`{º$`m| Ho$ àVrH$ h¢ Ÿ& OZVm H$s Am±Im| _| Yyb
102
Pm|H$H$a, {damo{Y`m| H$m ApñVËd {_Q>m H$a AnZm _Z_mZm amO MbmZo _| YwaY§ a ZoVm Xoe H$mo nVZ Ho$
H$Jma na I‹S>m H$a MwH$o h¢ Ÿ& Bg Z½Z gË` H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| àñVwV H$aHo$ boIH$
EH$ ZmJ[aH$ gOJVm, H$_©Ê`Vm, MwZm¡{V`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$m gV²gmhg CËnÞ H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&
* ~Ðr nhbdmZ :
"amJ Xa~mar' CnÝ`mg _| AmE nmÌ ~Ðr nhbdmZ AmOH$b Ho$ ZoVmbmoJm| Ho$ ghm`H$ h¢ Ÿ& Eogo
bmoJ AnZo ~mhþ~b (H$ëbo Ho$ Omoa) na Á`mXm {Z^©a ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Omo g_ñ`m ZoVmAm| Ûmam Zht gwbP
nmVr, Eogo ~mhþ~br MwQ>H$s â _| IoV OrV OmVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo {dnj H$mo Yyb MQ>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& àËòH$
ZoVm Ho$ nmg Eogm H$[aí_m {XImZodmbr EH$ _§S>br hmoVr h¡, {OZHo$ âmogo amOZr{V H$m Xm§d-n|M
Amam_ go MbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& ~«Xr nhbdmZ d¡ÚOr Ho$ OooR> nwÌ h¢ Ÿ& do {nVmOr Ho$ gbmhH$ma Am¡a
AmXoem| Ho$ nmbZH$Vm© h¢ Ÿ& ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$m AIm‹S>m h¡, Ohm± do Jw§S>mo§, ~X_mem| H$m {Jamoh V¡`ma H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& do BZ {eî`m| Ho$ Jwé H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& N>moQ>o nhbdmZ BZHo$ AIm‹S>o go à{e{jV J§Ohm§ h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {eî`
g_mO _| AmV§H$ \¡$bmE {Za§Hw$e Ky_Vo h¢ Ÿ& do Mmoar, _manrQ>, S>H$¡Vr, ì`{^Mma Am{X J¡aH$mZyZr
h{W`ma aIZo Am{X _| {bá ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Jwé ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo BZ {eî`m| H$mo gwajm VWm ga§jU XoZo Am¡a
O_mZV _| bmZo Ho$ {bE H$m\$s à`ËZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝh| Jm±d Ho$ ~mha {H$gr Jm±d _| `m
AXmbV Ho$ {gb{gbo _| eha OmZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo {eî`m| H$mo ~Ðr nhbdmZ "nmbH$ ~mbH$' _mZVo
h¢ Ÿ& "nmbH$ ~mbH$' CZH$s e{º$ h¡ Ÿ& {nVmOr Ho$ Bemao go ò à{Vnj H$mo S>§S>o Ho$ ~b go {MV H$a XoVo
h¢ Ÿ& gmar g_ñ`mE± Bg Vah go gwbP OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
~Ðr nhbdmZ g^r "nmbH$ ~mbH$' go ào_ aIVm h¡ Ÿ& O_mZV, {g\$m[ae, Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm
Am{X O¡gr Amdí`H$Vm hmo, nh±þMH$a BZH$mo H¥$VH¥$Ë` H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do ^r AnZr OmZ H$s ~mOr bJmH$a
Jwé Ho$ H$hZo na Hy$X n‹S>Zo H$mo V¡`ma ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
~Ðr nhbdmZ Am¡a A\$gam| H$s H$m`©àUmbr go AÀN>r Vah n[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& do OmZVo h¢ {H$
~mhþ~b go Jm±d _| Am¡a AW©~b go eha _| H$m_ H$aZm AmgmZ h¡ Ÿ& AnZo gh`mo{J`m| H$s ghm`Vm
H$aZo Ho$ {bE do h_oem ZmoQ>m| H$s JS²>S>r AnZo nmg aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Zo na {nVmOr go ^r n¡go
boH$a {H$gr H$s O_mZV H$aZo AXmbV _| OmVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma ~Ðr {nVmOr go S>o‹T> hOma énE boH$a EH$
"nmbH$ ~mbH$' H$s O_mZV boZo eha OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do n¡go boZo H$m H$maU a§JZmW H$mo ~VmVo hþE H$hVo h¢
"Jw§S>o BOgmb Ho$ ZrMo Zht, D$na ^r hmoVo h¢.... ZH$Xr _| ~‹S>m Amam_ h¡ Ÿ& O¡go hr hm{H$_ H$hoJm {H$
hOma énE O_mZV Xmo, d¡go hr Xg hao-hao ZmoQ> _oO na \|$H$ Xy±Jm Am¡a H$h±ÿJm {H$ bmo ^mB© aI bmo Ohm±
103
_Z Mmho Ÿ&''
EH$ ~ma ~ÐrZmW Amgnmg Ho$ {Obm| H$m MŠH$a bJmZo Ho$ {bE Mbo OmVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZHo$
Xmo-VrZ Mobo AnZo ^mobonZ Ho$ H$maU amhOZr Am¡a S>H¡$Vr Ho$ _m_bm| _| {JaâVma hmo JE Wo Ÿ& ~Ðr na
O¡go {nVmOr Ho$ ajm {d^mJ H$s {Oå_oXmar h¡ Ÿ& EH$ g_` ~hþV-gr A‹S>MZ§o Am nh±þMr Ÿ& IÞm d¡ÚOr
Ho$ de _| Zht Am aho Wo Ÿ& éßnZ CZHo$ gmW Wm Ÿ& {S>ßQ>r S>mBaoŠQ>a H$m°boO H$s Om§M H$aZo AmZo dmbo
Wo Ÿ& H$moAmonao{Q>d B§ñnoŠQ>a H$m V~mXbm Zht hmo nm ahm Wm Ÿ& Eogr hmbV _| g^r g_ñ`mAm| H$m
g_mYmZ -gyÌ àñVwV H$aHo$ ~Ðr nhbdmZ {nVm go H$hVo h¢ -"" ò PJ‹S>o Vmo Xg {_ZQ> _| IË_ hmo
OmE±Jo Ÿ& H$moAm°noao{Q>d BÝgnoŠQ>a H$mo Xg OyVo _ma {XE OmE, R>rH$ hmo OmEJm Ÿ& {S>ßQ>r S>mBaoŠQ>a Z _mZ|
Amo¡a Om±M H$aZo AmE± Vmo CZH$m ^r {H$gr go âV-{_bmn H$am X|Jo Ÿ& IÞm _mñQ>a Ho$ {bE hþHw$_ H$a
X|Jo {H$ do Am¡a CZH$s nmQ>u Ho$ bmoJ H$b go H$m°boO Ho$ A§Xa Z OmE±, g~H$mo ~am~a J¡ahm{Oa ~ZmH$a
n§Ðh {XZ ~mX {ZH$mb ~mha H$a X|Jo Ÿ&'' Vw_ `h g~ Eogo hr N>mo‹S> Xmo, qà{gnb R>rH$ H$a boJm Ÿ& N>moQ>o
Zo BYa Xmo-VrZ nQ²>R>o V¡`ma {H$E h¢ Ÿ& H$m°boO Ho$ ~mha CÝht H$s S²>`yQ>r bJm X|Jo Ÿ& IÞm H$mo H$m°boO Ho$
^rVa OmVo hþE OyVo _ma|Jo Ÿ&
a§JZmW Mmho {OVZm {J{Ma-{nMa H$ao, CgH$s {\$H«$ Š`m ? eha H$m AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& gwAa H$m -
gm b|S> Z brnZo Ho$ H$m_ AmE Z ObmZo Ho$ Ÿ& Vw_ CYa XoImo hr Zht Ÿ& K~amH$a dmng ^mJ OmEJm Ÿ&
aho éßnZ, CÝht H$mo Xmo-Mma Wßn‹S> _maZo hm|Jo Ÿ& gmo O~ H$hmoJo, _ma Xy±Jm Ÿ&
""dh {\$a d¡ÚOr H$mo AmídmgZ XoVo h¢ {H$ (B§ñnŠQ>a) Nw>Q²>Q>r boH$a ~mha {ZH$b OmE Vmo OyVm
bJmZo H$s H$moB© H$g_ ^r Zht , N>mo‹S> XoJ| Ÿ&''
d¡ÚOr Am¡a ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$m H$m_ h¡ PJ‹S>m n¡Xm H$aZm, g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE [aídV boZm,
gw{dYm {_br Vmo J~Z H$aZm, {\$a CgH$s ânmB© H$aZm, [aídV Ho$ n¡gm| go AnZm {hñgm boZm Am{X Ÿ&
OmoJZmW Zo XmamoJm na Om hOm©Zo H$m _wH$X_m Mbm`m Wm, Cgo dmng boZo Ho$ {bE XmamoJm ^r n¡go XoVo
h¢ Ÿ& Cggo OmoJZmW Hw$N> boVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr H$ht go Voah gm¡ énE bmVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a H$moAm°nao{Q>d `y{Z`Z _|
Xmo hOma O_m H$aZo H$s V¡`mar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mn-~oQ>o _| Eogm {hgm~ MbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr Zo ^r H$m°boO
Ho$ n¡go go AmQ>m MŠH$s AnZo Jm±d go Xg _rb Xya Xygao Jm±d _| bJmB© Wr Ÿ&
am_mYrZ éßnZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ ~Ðr nhbdmZ go {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ -"" d¡ÚOr Ho$
Ka _| Vwåht EH$ AmX_r hmo, ~mH$s Vmo g~ nÝgmIm h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE Vw_ go H$h ahm h±ÿ Ÿ&'' ~Ðr nhbdmZ
am_mYrZ H$mo A^`XmZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Vmo {\$a Vwåhmao `hm± S>mH$m-dmH$m Z n‹S>oJm Ÿ& OmAmo, M¡Z go gmoAmo Ÿ&
éßnZ S>mH$m Zht S>mbVo Ÿ& bm¡§S>o h¢, _gIar H$s hmoJr Ÿ&''
104
~Ðr nhbdmZ AnZo noeo Ho$ AZwê$n nmofmH$ nhZVo h¢ Ÿ& _b_b H$m Hw$aVm, {~Zm ~{Z`mZ Ho$,
H$_a _| b§JmoQ>, H$^r-H$^r b§JmoQ> na bw§Jr Ÿ& gm\$-gwWao KwQo> hþE {ga na H$‹S>do Vob H$s M_H$ do ^m§J
nrZo Ho$ em¡H$sZ h¢ Ÿ&
~Ðr O~ OåhmB© boVo h¢ Vmo eoa H$s Vah _w±h Imob XoVo h¢ CÝh| ~«m÷U hmoZo H$m Jd© h¡ Ÿ& O~
[aŠemdmbm ~ma-~ma CÝh| R>mHw$a gmh~ H$hH$a g§~moYZ H$aVm h¡ Vmo ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo AnZ_mZ H$s
AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& do CgH$s ~{Z`mZ nH$‹S>H$a H$hVo h¢ -"" Aã~o, K§Q>o â go `h R>mHw$a gmh~, R>mHw$a
gmh~' Š`m bJm aIm h¡ Ÿ& OmZVm Zht, _¢ ~m§_Z h±ÿ Ÿ&''
N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Zo AXmbV _| OmoJZmW -~obm ào_ -àH$aU H$s ~mV H$hH$a ~obm H$m M[aÌ
hZZ H$m H$m_ {H$`m Wm Vmo ~Ðr {~J‹S>Vo h¢ Š`m|{H$ CgZo EH$ ^bo Ka H$s b‹S>H$s H$s B‚mV \$s¨MH$a
gmar Xw{Z`m Ho$ AmJo aI Xr Wr Ÿ& N>moQ>o `H$sZ {XbmVm h¡ {H$ "AXmbV _| H$hr JB© ~mV H$m H$moB© EV~ma
Zht Ÿ& Bggo {H$gr H$m Hw$N> Zht {~J‹S>Vm Ÿ&'' ~Ðr Cgo gmdYmZ H$a XoVo h¢ {H$ Vwåh| nmbH$ ~mbH$
g_PH$a _m\$ H$a {X`m Ÿ&'' ~Vm XoVo h¢ {H$ ~obm go _¢ emXr H$a ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& Cggo dmXm H$a MwH$m h±ÿ Ÿ&''
do {nVmOr go Z {eï> ~Vm©d H$aVo h¢, Z {eï>> ^mfm H$m à`moJ Ÿ& ~MnZ _| CÝh| ~mny H$hH$a ñZoh
Am¡a gå_mZ àH$Q> H$aVo Wo Ÿ& na nhbdmZ ~Z OmZo na H$moB© g§~moYZ H$aZm CZH$mo Aé{MH$a bJm
Š`m|{H$ `h ~MH$mZr ~mV h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr O~ ~obm go {ddmh àg§J _| ~Ðr H$mo _yI© H$hVo h¢ Vmo ~Ðr
bmnadmhr go OåhmB©-gr boVo hþE H$hVo h¢ Ka _| Jmbr-Jbm¡O H$aZo go Š`m \$m`Xm ? `h AÀN>r ~mV
Zht h¡ Ÿ&'' O~ d¡ÚOr S>m±Q>Vo h§ ¡ {H$ g_PXma hmoH$a ^r Vw_ J`mXrZ H$s H$Ý`m go H¡$go \§$g JE ? BgHo$
CÎma _| ~Ðr H$hVo h¢, Amngo ~mV H$aZm ~oH$ma h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Bgo ZmH$ H$mQ>Zo dmbr ~mV H$hVo h¢ Vmo
_`m©Xm H$s gmar gr_mE± Vmo‹S> H$a ~Ðr H$hVo h¢ -"" ZmH$ -dmH$ dmbr ~mV Z H$amo, ZmH$ H$hm± h¡ ? dmo
Vmo n§{S>V AOwÜ`m àgmX Ho$ {XZm| _| hr H$Q> JB© Wr Ÿ&'' do {\$a ~ag n‹S>o Ÿ& Vw_ H$hVo hmo {H$ _¢ ~obm go
\§$g J`m h±ÿ Ÿ& Vw_ h_mao ~mn hmo, Vw_H$mo H¡$go g_Pm`m OmE Ÿ& \§$gZm-\$gmZm {M{‹S>_ma H$m H$m_ h¡ Ÿ&
Vwåhmao ImZXmZ _| Vwåhmao ~m~y AOwÚm àgmX O¡go aKwd§e H$s _hVmar go \§$go Wo Ÿ& Bgo H$hVo h§¡
\§$gZm Ÿ&'' do {nVmOr H$mo gm\$-gm\$ gwZm XoVo h¢ -""Omo Hw$N> H$é±Jm, H$m`Xo go H$é±Jm Ÿ& BYa-CYa H$s
{H${Ma-{n{Ma _wPo ng§X Zht h¡ Ÿ&'' éßnZ O~ {nVmOr Ho$ gm_Zo `hr \§$gZo dmbr ~mV H$aVo h¢ Vmo ~Ðr
nhbdmZ éßnZ H$s JX©Z nH$‹S>H$a YHo$b XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {Oggo éßnZ {JaVo-{JaVo ~M J`m h¡ Ÿ& ~Ðr H$hVo
h¢ -"" Vw_ Ka hr _| ZoVm{Jar H$amoJo ? _oao {bE H$hVo hmo {H$ _¢ Cggo \§$g J`m h±ÿ ? Am¡a dh ^r _oao _w±h
na H$hVo hmo ! {M{_aIr H$ht Ho$ Ÿ&''
Bg _`m©{XV ào_-àg§J Ho$ Abmdm ~Ðr nhbdmZ Ho$ OrdZ _| nhbdmZ H$m AmMaU hr ahm Ÿ&
~mhþ~b H$mo gdm}n[a _mZZo Ho$ {gÕm§V na A{S>J aho Ÿ& do AnZo nmbH$ ~mbH$m| H$s _XX go gmao g§H$Q>
105
Xya H$aZo _| g_W© aho Am¡a {nVm d¡ÚOr H$mo amOZr{VH$ _¡XmZ _| {Za§Hw$e Ky_Zo H$m _mhm¡b ~ZmE aIZo
_| g_W© hþE Ÿ&
* qà{gnb :
d¡ÚOr Ho$ Xadma _| Xa~mar qà{gnb H$m amJ EH$ Mmnbygr Zm¡H$a H$m O¡gm h¡ Ÿ& do d¡ÚOr Ho$
Xadma _| amoO hm{Oar XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do {XZ à{V{>XZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m {ddaU àXmZ H$aVo h¢, gwPmd XoVo h¢
Am¡a O¡gm AmXoe {_bVm h¡, d¡gm Ajae: nmbZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do {H$gr ^r pñW{V _| AnZo {ddoH$ go
H$m_ Zht boVo Ÿ& d¡ÚOr H$s Or hþOyar H$aHo$ do D±$Mo XO} Ho$ {M{‹S>_ma {ZH$bVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr H$m daX
hñV CZ na ahZo go do AnZo AYrZñW H$_©Mm[a`m|, AÜ`mnH$m| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ à{V
Xwì`©dhma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| M¡Z go gm±g boZo Zht XoVo Ÿ& qà{gnb Xw~bo-nVbo AmX_r h¢, ImH$s hm\$ n¢Q>
Am¡a H$_rO nhZVo h¢ Ÿ& hmW _| ~|V, n¡am| _| g¢S>b do {OVZm MwñV Am¡a MmbmH$ Wo AnZo H$mo Cggo
A{YH$ MwñV Am¡a MmbmH$ g_PVo Wo Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O Ho$ nmg Ho$ ahZo dmbo Wo Ÿ&
Xmohar Zr{V : do AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ à{V Xmohar Zr{V AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& Omo CZH$s ~mV _mZ boVm
Wm, CgHo$ à{V do j_mgmJa Wo Ÿ& Omo CZH$s JbV ~mV Zht _mZVm Wm CgHo$ à{V H$Qw>eãX à`moJ H$aVo
Wo Ÿ& H$m°boO Ho$ ŠbH©$ Ho$ gmW {_bH$a H$m°boO Ho$ n¡gm| H$m J~Z H$aVo h¢, Bg{bE Cggo Jhar XmoñVr
h¡ Ÿ& _mñQ>a _moVram_ CZHo$ hwŠ_ H$m Jwbm_ h¢, Bg{bE H$jm N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmZo na ^r `h CZH$m Xmof
Zht h¡ Ÿ& _mbdr` O~ _Zm H$aVo h¢ {H$ gmVdt H$jm _| Zdt H$jm Ho$ b‹S>H$m| H$mo boH$a n‹T>mZo H$s
Agw{dYm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo h¢ Vmo qà{gnb H«$moY àH$Q> H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ -"" Á`mXm H$mZyZ Z
N>m±Q>mo Ÿ& O~ go Vw_ IÞm Ho$ gmW CR>Zo-~¡R>Zo bJo hmo, Vwåh| ha H$m_ _| {XŠH$V _mby_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&'' {\$a
A{YH$ H«$mo{YV hmoZo na AdYr _| ~mob n‹S>Vo h¢ -"" Vm¡Zw Mwßn¡ H¡$[aAmCQ> H$am¡ Ÿ& g_Â`mo {H$ Zmht ?''
IÞm Ho$ XO} _| N>mÌ {gZo_m n{ÌH$m n‹T>Vo hþE nmE OmVo h¢ Vmo do CÝh| {S{g>pßbZ ~ZmE aIZo H$m AmXoe
XoH$a -ì`§½` H$aVo h¢- Bgr V_rO go dmBg qà{gnb ah| H$s{OEJm Ÿ&''
Xmo JwUm| Ho$ A{YH$mar : qà{gnb gmh~ Xmo JwUm| Ho$ {bE {d»`mV Wo Ÿ& boIH$ Bg
g§§~§Y _| CëboI H$aVo h¢ -""EH$ Vmo IM© H$m \$Ou ZŠem ~ZmH$a H$m°boO Ho$ {bE Á`mXm go Á`mXm
gaH$mar n¡gm ItMZo Ho$ {bE Ÿ& Xygao Jwñgo H$s Ma_ Xem _| ñWmZr` AdYr ~mobr H$m BñVo_mb H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Ÿ& O~ do \$Ou ZŠem ~ZmVo Wo Vmo ~‹S>o go ~‹S>m Am°S>rQ>a ^r Cg_| H$b_ Z bJm gH$Vm Wm ;
O~ do AdYr ~mobZo bJVo Wo Vmo ~‹S>m go ~‹S>m VH©$emór ^r CZH$s ~mV H$m Odm~ Z Xo gH$Vm Wm Ÿ&''
qà{gnb {ednmbJ§O Ho$ ha H$m_ _| XIb XoVo h¢ Ÿ& ha H$_©Mmar go g§~§Y aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
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qà{gnb gmh~ _bo[a`m B§ñnoŠQ>a H$mo gmBH$b na AmVo hþE XoIH$a {g\©$ gbm_ H$aHo$ OmZo XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ dh ~r.S>r.Amo. H$m ^m§Om bJVm Wm Am¡a H$^r H$m_ _| AmZodmbm Wm Ÿ& O~ do npãbH$ hoëW
Ho$ E.S>r.Amo. H$mo gmBH$b na AmVo hþE XoIVo h¢, Cgo S>m±Q>Vo h¢ - Z§Xmnwa _| MoMH$ \¡$b ahr h¡ Ÿ& OmH$a
Q>rHo$ bJmAmo Ÿ& Zht Vmo {eH$m`V hmo OmEJr Ÿ& H$mZ nH$‹S>H$a {ZH$mb {XE OmAmoJo Ÿ& ŠbH©$ go H$hVo h¢
-"" ~oQ>m H$mo (E.S>r.Amo.) H$s Pm‹S> {X`m Omò Ÿ&''
Iwem_Xr Q>Q²>Qy> : qà{gnb _| AÜ`mnZ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ XjVm H$m A^md h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE
do H$m°boO Ho$ _¡ZoOa d¡ÚOr Ho$ Xa~ma _| amoO hm{Oar XoVo h¢ ŸAm¡a CZH$s Iwem_X H$aHo$ AnZo nX H$mo
gwa{jV aIVo h¢ Ÿ& `h CZH$s _O~yar Wr Ÿ& CZH$mo AnZr Mmam| ~hZm| H$m {ddmh H$aZm Wm Ÿ& do O¡go -
V¡go AnZr Hw$gu na {Q>Ho$ ahZo H$mo AnZm Hw$eb-_§Jb g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE N>mÌ éßnZ ~m~y O~ CZ
na ì`§½` ~mU N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ -""H$m°boO H$mo Vmo Amn h_oem hr N>mo‹S>o ahVo h¢ Ÿ& dh Vmo H$m°boO hr Omo
AmnH$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vm Ÿ&'' `h gwZH$a qà{gnb {Zb©‚mVm nyd©H$ h±gH$a CÎma XoVo h¢ -""éßnZ ~m~y ~mV
nŠH$s H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&'' O~ ŠbH©$ d¡ÚOr H$mo "MmMm' g§~moYZ H$aVm h¡ V~ qà{gnb H$mo A\$gmog hmoVm h¡
{H$ do CÝh| AnZm ~mn H$h nmVo Ÿ& Bg{bE CZH$m Moham CXmg hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qà{gnb d¡ÚOr H$m
AZwJm_r hmoZo na ^r nŠHo$ {M{‹S>_ma h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo AYrZñW {damoYr AÜ`mnH$m| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
IÞm H$s OJh na a§JZmW H$mo B{Vhmg H$m _mñQ>a ~ZmZo H$s gbmh XoVo h¢, Vm{H$ do d¡ÚOr Ho$ Am¡a
A{YH$ H$ar~ Am gH|$ Ÿ&
AnZo CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ho$ à{V bmnadmh : qà{gnb AnZo CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$m {Zdm©h Z H$aHo$
H$m°boO H$mo n¡go E|R>Zo H$m gmYZ _mZ boVo h¢ Ÿ& e¡{jH$ dmVmdaU Zï> H$aHo$ dhm± JwQ>~§Xr, Jw§S>mJXu,
Jmbr-Jbm¡O ~aImñVJr, ^`àXe©Z Am{X H$s ì`dñWm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {ejm {d^mJ Ho$ {S>ßQ>r S>mBaoŠQ>a
H$s Om±M H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a ~¡R>H$ _| fS>`§Ì H$aHo$ IÞm Am¡a _mbdr` go nhbo V¡`ma Ë`mJnÌ _|
hñVmja H$am boVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$m_ Ho$ {bE ~Ðr Am¡a N>moQo> nhbdmZ Ho$ H$Ëbo Ho$ Omoa H$s ghm`Vm ^r boVo
h¢ Ÿ& AÜ`mnH$m| na 107 H$m _wH$X_m MbmH$a CZH$s ~oB‚mVr H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo VWm d¡ÚOr Ho$
[aíVoXmam| H$mo Zm¡H$ar {XbmZo H$m H$nQ>nyU© H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& XyZo doVZ na AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ hñVmja H$am
boVo h¢ Ÿ& {damoYr AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo g§ñWm go {ZH$mb XoVo h¢ Ÿ& AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo AZmdí`H$ S>m±Q>H$a CZH$s
H$m`©Hw$ebVm _| ~mYm S>mbVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m°boO _| _OXyam| Ho$ H$m_ _| {XbMñnr boZo go do qà{gnb H$_ Am¡a
R>oHo$Xma A{YH$ bJVo h¢ Ÿ& gZrMa d¡ÚOr Ho$ gmW ^m§J nrH$a AnZo nX H$s J[a_m H$mo Zï> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
do {Obm {dÚmb` {ZarjH$ Ho$ Ka na OmH$a Kr H$s [aídV XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do BVZo {VH$‹S>_r h¢ {H$ Ë`mJnÌ
boZo Ho$ ~mX IÞm go H$hVo h¢ -"" AmAmo _mñQ>a gmh~, h_ bmoJ CYa Mb| Ÿ& h_mam PJ‹S>m IV_
107
hþAm Ÿ& AmO go h_ bmoJ {\$a XmoñV hmo JE Ÿ&''
dmñVd _| Eogo ì`{º$ {ejm g§ñWmZm| _| à_wI ~ZH$a {ejm-ì`dñWm H$mo Vhg-Zhg H$a XoVo
h¢ Ÿ& amï´> _| AamOH$Vm \¡$bmZo H$m nyam -nyam ~§Xmo~ñV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& ò H$b§H$ h¡ Ÿ&
* J`mXrZ :
J`mXrZ {ednmbJ§O Ho$ EH$ à{V{ð>V ZmJ[aH$ h¢ Ÿ& n¡go Am¡a B‚mV Ho$ H$maU WmZoXma,
ñWmZr` E_.Eb.E. Am¡a {Obm~moS>© Ho$ Q>¡Šg H$boŠQ>a H$s H¥$nm BZ na ahVr Wr Ÿ& do Om{V Ho$ ~{Z`m
Wo Ÿ& do H$n‹S>o H$s XwH$mZ MbmVo Wo, bo{H$Z dht boZ-XoZ H$m _hmOZr ì`mnma Amam_ go MbmVo Wo Ÿ&
do Xwhar OrdZ-e¡br AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Va\$ H«$moY Am OmZo Ho$ S>a go do D$‹S>X H$s Xmb Zht
ImVo Ÿ& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ H«$moY H$aZo go ñdmñÏ` H$s hm{Z hmoVr h¡ Am¡a XwH$mZXmar Zht Mb nmVr Ÿ&
do H$_Omoa Ho$ Jwñgo H$mo ~m§P _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo do AnZr {dewÕ gmpËdH$ àd¥{Îm H$m àMma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Xygar Va\$ gyXImoa Ho$ ê$n _| _hmOZr ì`mnma Y‹S>ëbo go MbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
J`mXrZ g_Pm¡VmdmXr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& emofH$ d¡ÚOr H$m {damoY H$aZo go nX go hmW YmoZm n‹S>oJm
Am¡a naoemZr ~‹T> OmEJr, `hr gmoMH$a CZHo$ AÝ`m` H$mo OmZVo hþE ^r CZH$m {damoY Zht H$aVo Ÿ& do
N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j ahVo hþE ^r AnZo CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ho$ à{V gOJ Zht
ahVo Ÿ& bo{H$Z g_Pm¡VmdmXr àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU AnZm nX gwa{jV aI nmVo h¢ Ÿ&
IÞm Am¡a CZHo$ JwQ> Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ O~ CZgo H$m°boO _| hmoZodmbo AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aZo H$mo
CH$gmVo h¢ Vmo J`mXrZ CZgo g_PmVo h¢-"" àmBdoQ> ñHy$b H$s _mñQ>ar - dh Vmo {ngmB© H$m H$m_ h¡ Ÿ&
^mJmoJo H$hm± VH$ ?'' H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V H$s ~¡R>H$ ~wbmZo H$mo Q>mbVo hþE H$hVo h¢ - g¡H$‹S>m|
g§ñWmE± h¢, {OZH$s gmbmZm ~¡R>H$ Zht hmoVr Ÿ& AnZo `hm± H$m {Obm~moS>© .... Xoe â _| `hr hmb h¡ Ÿ&
{H$g-{H$g H$mo R>rH$ H$amoJo ? Bg P§PQ> go ~Mmo, AnZr amh Mbmo Ÿ&''
J`mXrZ H$m {gÕm§V h¡ {H$ AnZo H$mo ghr gbm_V aIZo Ho$ {bE nmZr H$s Yma Ho$ gmW MbZm
Mm{hE, Yma Ho$ {dnarV V¡aZm IVaZmH$ h¡ Ÿ& do H$m°boO H$s à~§Y g{_{V H$s ~¡R>H$ ~wbmZo Ho$ {bE
am_mYrZ H$mo bJm Xmo ... do Eogo H$m_m| Ho$ {bE AÀN>o ah|Jo ... ~g bJmE ahmo, {IgH$Zo Z Xmo Ÿ&'' O~
d¡ÚOr H$s Amoa go a§JZmW Am¡a éßnZ J`mXrZ Ho$ nmg nh±þMo Vmo J`mXrZ CÝh| AmídñV H$a XoVo h¢ {H$
_¡ZoOa Vmo d¡Ú _hmamO H$mo ahZm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo CÎmaXm{`Ëd go nëbm Pm‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE do a§JZmW H$mo
CH$gmVo h¢ Ÿ-"" IÞm _mñQ>a H$s JÔr _¢ Zht nmD±$Jm, na Vw_ H$a gH$Vo hmo Ÿ& Vw_ ~mha Ho$ ahZodmbo
hmo Ÿ& `hm± dmbo Vwåhmar Ag{b`V OmZVo Zht h¢, A~ Vwåht brS>ar H$aHo$ {XImAmo Ÿ&''
108
do OmZVo h¢ {H$ qà{gnb d¡ÚOr Ho$ g_W©H$ h§¡ ŸAm¡a XmoZm| {_bH$a H$m°boO H$m n¡gm J~Z H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m {damoY H$aZm IVao go Imbr Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE O~ _mbdr` H$hVo h¢ {H$ qà{gnb H$m°boO
H$m n¡gm én`m ~a~mX H$a ahm h¡, V~ J`mXrZ AnZm {d{MÌ VH©$ aIVo h¢ - Amn {H$g Vah MmhVo h¢
{H$ OZVm H$m én`m ~a~mX {H$`m OmE ? ~‹S>r B_maV| ~ZmH$a ? g^mE± ~wbmH$a? XmdV| bwQ>mH$a ?
CZH$m {dMma h¡ {H$ OZVm Ho$ énE ~a~mX hr hm§oJo Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -"" OZVm Ho$ ê$nE na BVZm XX©
{XImZm R>rH$ Zht, dh Vmo ~a~mX hmoJm hr Ÿ& .... OZVm Ho$ énE Ho$ nrN>o BVZm gmoM-{dMma Z H$amo Ÿ&
Zht Vmo ~‹S>r VH$br\$ CR>mZr n‹S>oJr Ÿ&''
Bg àH$ma IÞm _mñQ>a Hw$Z~mnañVr H$s {eH$m`V H$aZo na J`mXrZ g_PVm h¡ -"" ~wam Š`m|
bJoJm ^mB© ? Vwåht Vmo H$hVo hmo {H$ Hw$Z~m nañVr H$m ~mob~mbm h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Ho$ [aíVoXmaZ {_bo hm|Jo,
~oMmao Zo AnZo hr [aíVoXma bJm {XE Ÿ& H$hm± bo OmE ~oMmam AnZo [aíVoXmam| H$mo ?''
a§JZmW O~ AÜ`mnH$m| H$m nj boH$a qà{gnb Ho$ AZmMma -AË`mMma H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$
{bE J`mXrZ go AZwamoY H$aVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo nX Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢, V~
J`mXrZ H$hVo h¢ -""bm¢S>o H$s XmoñVr Or H$m O§Omb .... _¢ brS>ar Zht H$é§Jm Ÿ& A{YH$ AmJ«h H$aZo
na do a§JZmW go H$hVo h¢ - A~ Vw_ brS>ar H$aHo$ {XImAmo Ÿ&
Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ àg§J na do IÞm _mñQ>a go H$hVo h¢ -"" Z¡{VH$Vm H$m Zm_ Z bmo _mñQ>a gmh~ ,
{H$gr Zo gwZ {b`m Vmo MmbmZ H$a XoJm Ÿ&'' Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a Hw$gu H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþE do H$hVo h¢ -
""Z¡{VH$Vm g_P bmo {H$ `hr Mm¡H$s h¡, EH$ H$moZo _| n‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& g^m-gmogmBQ>r Ho$ dº$ Bg na MmXa
{~N>m Xr OmVr h¡, V~ ~‹S>r ~{‹T>`m {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na M‹T>H$a boŠMa \$Q>H$ma {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h Cgr
Ho$ {bE h¡ Ÿ&
J`mXrZ ^m½`dmXr h¢ Ÿ& AnZr ^¢g Ho$ Jm{^Z Z hmoZo na do ^m½` H$mo Xmof XoVo h¢ -"" Zht, H$gya
Bg _mb H$m Zht, _oar {H$ñ_V H$m h¡ Ÿ& VrZ ^¢gm| H$mo {nMH$mar Xr OmVr h¡ Vmo {H$gr Z {H$g EH$ ^¢g
na dh ~oH$ma hmo OmVr h¡, Hw$N> Eogm h¡ {H$ ha ~ma dh EH$ ^¢g na _oar hr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&''
J`mXrZ {ZamemdmXr h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ Ka go Mm±Xr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jdmhr XoVo g^` N>moQ>o nhbdmZ Zo
CZH$s ~oQ>r na AXmbV _| ~XMbZ b‹S>H$s H$m Amamon bJmVm h¡ Ÿ& XmamoJmOr O~ J`mXrZ Ho$ à{V
ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$aVo h¡§ J`mXrZ Xw:Ir _Z go H$hVo h¢ -"" `h Vmo hmoZm hr Wm XmamoJmOr Ÿ& _¢ nhbo
hr g_P J`m Wm {H$ _oao Ka Ho$ A~ {H$gr H$s ^r B‚mV ~M Zht gH$Vr Ÿ&'' `h Vmo AnZo Xoe H$m
MbZ h¡ Ÿ& O~ H$Mhar H$m _w±h XoIm h¡ Vmo g^r Hw$N> PobZm n‹S>oJm Ÿ& {Ogo `hm± AmZm n‹S>o, g_P bmo
CgH$m H$a_ hr \y$Q> J`m Ÿ&''
109
AnZr ~oQ>r ~obm H$mo boH$a CZH$s EH$ ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& ~obm ñdñW, gwÝXa Am¡a J¥hH$m`©
_| {ZnwU hmoVo hþE ^r XhoO Ho$ H$maU CgH$m {ddmh Zht hmo gH$m h¡ Ÿ& Cg na éßnZ Am¡a ~Ðr XmoZm|
^mB`m| H$s ZOa h¡ Ÿ&
~Ðr Ho$ {bE {ddmh àñVmd boH$a d¡ÚOr J`mXrZ Ho$ Ka AmVo h¢ Vmo J`mXrZ Bg ~mao _|
AZOmZ H$m ì`dhma {XImVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a d¡ÚOr O~ ~mV ñnï> H$a XoVo h¢ J`mXrZ Bgo Rw>H$amH$a H$hVo h¢
{H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZr b‹S>H$s H$m {ddmh Zm¡H$ar bJo eha Ho$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ go V` H$a {X`m h¡ Am¡a {ddmh
n§Ðh {XZ _| hmoZo dmbm h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>r H$s ~XZm_r hmoZo go éï> hmoH$a do d¡ÚOr go H$hVo h¢ -"" _oar {~{Q>`m
na H$b§H$ bJmAmoJo Vmo Vw_ Mmho {OVZo ~‹S>o ZoVm hmo, ZaH$ _| H$s‹S>-o _H$moS‹ >o H$s Vah OmH$a {KgQ>mJo o Ÿ&''
do N>moQ>o, éßnZ Am¡a gZrMa H$mo Mwn H$amZo Ho$ {bE d¡ÚOr go H$hVo h¢ -"" A~ _hmamO , `hr {~ZVr
h¡ {H$ Vw_ IwX AnZm _w±h ~§X H$a bmo Am¡a AnZo BZ gm±S>m| H$mo hQ>H$ Xmo Ÿ&'' J`mXrZ Zo AnZr ì`dhma
Hw$ebVm {XImH$a ~Ðr H$m {ddmh Q>mb {X`m Ÿ&
do gm¡Xo~mOr _| ^r {ZnwU h¢ Ÿ& n[adma {Z`moOZ {d^mJ _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo dmbo Zd`wdH$ H$mo
AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ da g_PH$a CgHo$ gmW do AmË_r`Vm go ~mVMrV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CgHo$ {nVm
H$mo XhoO _| n§Ðh hOma H$s OJh gmV-AmR> hOma na amOr H$aZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `Ú{n Cg
_m_bo _| nyar g\$bVm Zht {_b nmVr Ÿ&
J`mXrZ EH$ Eogo ì`{º$ h¢, Omo AnZo H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ho$ {bE g_mO Ho$ AË`mMmar JwQ> go
Xya ahVo h¢, CZHo$ AÝ`m` -AZmMma H$m {damoY H$aZo go S>aVo h¢, bo{H$Z do AnZo H$mo gwa{jV aI Zht
nmVo Ÿ& CZHo$ Ka go do hr bmoJ Mm§Xr H$aVo h¢, CZH$s b‹S>H$s H$s ~XZm_r H$aVo h¢, CZH$m _m¡Z-g_W©Z
H$aZo H$m H$moB© \$m`Xm Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
boIH$ J`mXrZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ñnï> H$a XoZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ AdgadmXr ~ZH$a AÝ`m` H$m
{damoY Zht H$amoJo Vmo do hr AË`mMmar bmoJ A{YH$ go A{YH$ AÝ`m` H$a|Jo Am¡a A§V _| AnZo
g_W©H$m| H$mo ^r V~mh H$a X|Jo Ÿ& AV: nbm`ZdmXr Z ~Z H$a N>mVr VmZH$a _wgr~Vm| go, AÝ`m` go
g§Kf© H$amo Ÿ&
* b§J‹S> :
b§J‹S> àgmX H$mo bmoJ b§J‹S> H$hVo Wo Ÿ& KwQ>Zo Ho$ ZrMo go CgH$s Q>m±J H$Q> JB© Wr Ÿ& {OgH$s
H$_r dh EH$ bmR>r go nyar H$aVm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ _mWo na H$~ra n§Wr {VbH$ Jbo _| Vwbgr H$s H§$R>r,
Am§Yr-nmZr Pobm hþAm X{‹T>`b Moham, Xw~br-nVbr Xoh, {_O©B© nhZo-ñdnr‹S>H$ B©gmB© g§Vm| H$m ^md
110
{bE dh g~go AbJ bJVm Wm Ÿ&
bJ^J gmV gmb nhbo CgZo XrdmZr H$m EH$ _wH$X_m Xmà {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Cgo A~ Cg nwamZo
_wH$X_o Ho$ {bE EH$ XñVmdoO H$s EH$ ZH$b boZr Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE CgZo Vhgrb _| Xa»dmñV H$s
Wr Ÿ& ZH$bZ~rg Zo BgHo$ {bE nm§M énò [aídV _m§Jr Ÿ& b§J‹S> Zo H$hm {H$ BgHo$ {bE Xmo énE hr
MbVo h¢ Ÿ& ZH$bZdrg A‹S> J`m Ÿ& CgZo H$hm dh énE Zht boJm Ÿ& ZH$b H$m`Xo go XoJm Ÿ& CgZo ^r
H$g_ ImB© {H$ dh {~Zm [aídV {XE H$m`Xo go ZH$b boJm Ÿ& XmoZm| _| Y_©`wÕ R>Z J`m Ÿ& b§J‹S> Ya_
Am¡a gV² H$s b‹S>mB© b‹S>Vm ahm Ÿ&
b§J‹S> Y_© H$s b‹S>mB© go ZH$b Ho$ {bE OrdZ â b‹S>Vm ahm Ÿ& bo{H$Z A§V VH$ Cgo ZH$b
Zht {_b gH$s Ÿ& dh AnZr _yI©Vm, grYonZ Am¡a {OÔr ñd^md Ho$ H$maU AnZo {gÕm§V H$mo boH$a ^r
g\$b Zht hþAm Ÿ&
b§J‹S> Xoe H$s Ý`m`, ì`dñWm H$mo Y_© Am¡a gË` H$m g§ñWmnH$ _mZVm ahm Ÿ& ~m~wAm| H$s
^b_ZgmhV na âmogm H$aVm ahm Ÿ& ~m~y bmoJ AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE Am¡a CZH$s {ZarhVm Ho$ {bE Cgo
gVmVo h¢, Eogm CgZo AZw^d {H$`m Ÿ& dh _mZVm ahm {H$ g_ñ`m H$Mhar H$s H$m`©-àUmbr , `m
ZH$bZdrg H$s JbVr, `m bmb\$sVmemhr, `m Xa»dmñV R>rH$ go Z âZo `m CgHo$ g_` na Vhgrb
_| Z nh±þM gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU hþB© hmoJr Ÿ& dh BgHo$ {bE AnZo ^m½` H$mo H$mogVm h¡ na Xygao na Xmof Zht
_‹T>Vm Ÿ& bmoJm| Ho$ g_PmZo na ^r dh AnZr {OX na AQ>b ahVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ EH$ _mñQ>a Zo ZH$b Z XoZo
dmbo ~m~y H$mo MmoÅ>m H$hm - V~ b§J‹S> H$hVm h¡-"" Jmbr Z Xmo ~m~y, `h Ya_ H$s b‹S>mB© h¡ Ÿ& Jmbr-
Jbm¡O H$m H$moB© H$m_ Zht Ÿ& ZH$b Zdrg ~oMmam Š`m H$ao Ÿ&'' Cgo AnZr Y_©-b‹S>mB© na AQy>Q>
{dídmg h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ ZH$b nmE {~Zm dh _a Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& Cgo nyU© {dídmg h¡ {H$ ^JdmZ
Ho$ Xa~ma _| Eogm A§Yoa Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ&
dh ZH$b Ho$ nrN>o _mZmo nmJb hmo J`m hmo Ÿ& dh ZH$b Ho$ MŠH$a _| Jm±d N>mo‹S>H$a [aíVoXma Ho$
Ka AmH$a Vhgrb Xm¡‹S>Vm ahm Ÿ& CYa IoV, \$gb , ~¡b g~ ^JdmZ Ho$ âmogo CgZo N>mo‹S> {X`m Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ ~g AÈ>o na a§JZmW Zo b§J‹S> go ZH$b Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m Vmo CgZo H$hm {H$ Cgo ~wIma hmo J`m
Wm Ÿ& Cgr g_b ZH$b V¡`ma hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& Zmo{Q>g ~moS>© na BgH$s gyMZm bJ JB© Wr Ÿ& n§Ðh {XZ VH$
Cgo H$moB© boZo Zht Am`m Ÿ& V~ CÝhm|Zo Cgo \$m‹S> H$a \|$H$ {X`m Ÿ& a§JZmW Zo Cgo Jm±d OmH$a IoVr H$aZo
H$s gbmh Xr Ÿ& V~ dh {Zame hmoH$a H$hVm h¡ -"" IoVr H¡$go H$ê±$Jm ~mny, IoVm| H$m hr Vmo _wH$X_m
Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ&'' dh {dZ`r h¡ Ÿ& O~ d¡ÚOr H$s Mm¡IQ> na AmVm h¡, V~ _wJu ~ZH$a CÝh| àUm_
H$aVm h¡ Am¡a OmVo g_` O_rZ VH$ PwH$H$a gmï>m§J XÊS>dV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
111
boIH$ b§J‹S> M[aÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_mar àM{bV Ý`m` ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V ì`§½` H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢
{H$ `h Ý`m` -ì`dñWm hmWr H$s Mmb MbVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Mmb ~‹S>r CbPZnyU© h¡ Ÿ& h_mao Xoe H$m
AmX_r `{X EH$ _wH$X_| _| \±$g OmVm h¡, Vmo OrdZ â AXmbV H$s byQ>-IgmoQ> go Ìm{h-Ìm{h H$aVm
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO _| ^«ï>mMma BVZr _O~yVr go O_ J`m h¡ {H$ CgH$m CÝ_ybZ H$aZo H$mo MmhZo dmbm
AnZm ApñVËd ^r Imo ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ag\$bVm Ho$ Xw:I _| do ^m½`, ^JdmZ, H$_©\$b Am¡a Y_© H$m Zm_
boVo h¢ Am¡a {dbrZ hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
2.16 ì`m»`mE± :
1. XmamoJmOr Am¡a CZHo$ {gnm{h`m| H$mo dhm± na _Zwî` Zht ~pëH$ AbmXrZ Ho$ {MamJ go
{ZH$bZo dmbm X¡Ë` g_PH$a aIm J`m Wm Ÿ& CÝh| Bg Vah aIH$a 1942 _| A§J«oO AnZo Xoe Mbo JE
Wo Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX hr Yrao-Yrao bmoJm| na `h amO IwbZo bJm Wm {H$ ò bmoJ X¡Ë` Zht h¡, ~pëH$ _Zwî`
h¢ Am¡a Eogo _Zwî` h¢ Ÿ& Omo IwX X¡Ë` {ZH$mbZo H$s Cå_rX _| {XZ amV AnZm-AnZm {MamJ {KgVo ahVo
h¢ Ÿ& (AZwÀN>oX -
àg§J :
boIH$ lrbmb ewŠb AnZr ì`§½` e¡br _| {ednmbJ§O WmZo Ho$ nwamZo _H$mZ Ag~m~ Aó-eóm|
VWm gr{_V nw{bg H${_©`m| Ûmam BbmHo$ _| H$mZyZ Am¡a gwajm ì`dñWm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo H$s Ag_W©Vm
H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `hm± nw{bg H$s H$m`© XjVm na àíZ {MÝh bJm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m -1947 go nhbo O~ Xoe namYrZ Wm, Cg g_` {ednmbJ§O WmZo H$s AdñWm
O¡gr Wr, AmO d¡gr ^r h¡ Ÿ& naV§Ì ^maV _| bmoJ WmZo go S>aVo Wo Ÿ& dhm± Cg g_` EH$ XmamoJm Am¡a
Wmo‹S>o {gnmhr nyar BbmHo$ H$s gwajm ì`dñWm _| aho Wo Ÿ&
EH$ bmoH$H$Wm àM{bV h¡ {H$ AbmXrZ Ho$ nmg EH$ {MamJ Wm, {Ogo dh {KgZo go Cg_| go
EH$ X¡Ë` {ZH$b AmVm Wm Am¡a _m{bH$ Ho$ {ZX}emZwgma H$m_ H$a XoVm Wm Ÿ& A§J«oO hþHy$_V Ho$ g_`
CÝh| gd© e{º$ g§nÞ _mZH$a aIm J`m Wm Ÿ& Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| H$m WmZo go ^` hQ>Zo bJm Ÿ&
Mmoar-S>H¡$Vr ~‹T>Zo bJr Ÿ& Anam{Y`m| H$mo nH$‹S>H$a g_w{MV XÊS> {X`m Zht Om gH$m Ÿ& bmoJ CÝh|
gd©e{º$_mZ X¡Ë` Z g_PH$a _m_ybr _Zwî` g_PZo bJo Ÿ& CZ_| H$moB© ^` Zht ahm Ÿ& nw{bg ^r Yrao-
Yrao AH$_©Ê` hmoVr JB© Ÿ& AnamYm| H$s amoH$Wm_ Zht hmo gH$s Ÿ& bo{H$Z nw{bg A~ g_PZo bJr {H$
dh AbmXrZ {MamJ go CËnÞ X¡Ë` Zht h¡, ñd`§ AbmXrZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg Amem _| {XZ amV ImoE hþE h¢ {H$
112
do AnZm-AnZm {MamJ {Kg H$a X¡Ë` H$s g¥{ï> H$a|Jo Omo CZH$s ~mV _mZH$a gwajm ì`dñWm H$mo MwñV
H$a XoJm Ÿ& AWm©V² dmñVd _| nw{bg A~ A`mo½` h¡ Ÿ& AnZo H$Îm©ì` Ho$ à{V B©_mZXma Zht h¡ Am¡a
BbmHo$ _| em§{V Am¡a gwajm ~ZmE aIZo _| Ag\$b h¢ Ÿ&
2. Hw$N> {XZ nhbo Bg Xoe _| `h emoa _Mm Wm {H$ AZn‹T> AmX_r {~Zm gtJ -ny±N> H$m OmZda
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo hëbo _| An‹T> AmX{_`m| Ho$ ~hþV go b‹S>H$m| Zo XohmV _| hb Am¡a Hw$Xmb| N>mo‹S> Xr Am¡a
ñHy$b na h_bm ~mob {X`m Ÿ& (AZwÀN>o -3)
àg§J :
^maV _| {ejm H$m àgma H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go N>§Jm_b B§Q>a H$m°boO Iwbm J`m Wm Ÿ& H$m°boO Ho$
_¡ZoOa Am¡a qà{gnb \$Ou H$mJOmV V¡`ma H$a Ho$ gaH$mar n¡go h‹S>nZo _| bJ Jò Wo Ÿ& AnZo [aíVoXmam|
H$mo AÜ`mnH$ ~Zm {X`m Wm Ÿ& {ejm H$m _mhm¡b Zht Wm Ÿ&
ì`m»`m -Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo _hËd {X`m J`m Ÿ& àMma {H$`m
J`m {H$ OZVm {e{jV hmoZo go Xoe H$m {dH$mg hmoJm Ÿ& A{ejm H$m Xmof Bg àH$ma ~Vm`m J`m {H$
AZn‹T> AmX_r {~Zm gtJ-ny±N> H$m OmZda O¡gm h¡ Ÿ& {~Zm gtJ Am¡a ny±N> Ho$ OmZda ^Ôm bJVm h¡,
e{º$hrZ bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AZn‹T> AmX_r H$mo g_mO _| AmXa Zht {_bVm Am¡a dh AnZo
A{YH$ma H$mo ~bnyd©H$ bo Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& Bg àMma H$m Aga XohmV Ho$ bmoJm| na n‹S>m Ÿ& do AnZo ~ƒm|
H$mo {e{jV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m go ñHy$bm| _| Xm{Ibm XoZo bJo Ÿ& ~ƒm| Zo hbHw$Xmb N>mo‹S> Xr Ÿ& IoVr-~m‹S>r
N>mo‹S>H$a ñHy$b _| Am JE Ÿ& ñHy$b _| ^r‹S> hmoZo bJr Ÿ&
dmñVd _| ñHy$b dmbo Bgo AÀN>m ì`mnma g_PH$a gaH$mar énE h‹S>nZo bJo Ÿ& C{MV {ejm Z
{_bZo go N>mÌ AZwemgZhrZ hmo JE Ÿ& AÀN>o BÝgmZm| Ho$ ñWmZ na Jw§S>m|, ~X_mem| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm Ÿ&
3. {damoYr go ^r gå_mZnyd©H$ ì`dhma H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& XoImo Z, àËòH$ ~‹S>o ZoVm H$m EH$-EH$
{damoYr h¡ Ÿ& g^r Zo ñdoÀN>m go AnZm -AnZm {damoYr nH$‹S> aIm h¡ Ÿ& `h OZV§Ì H$m {gÕm§V h¡ Ÿ& h_mao
ZoVmJU {H$VZr embrZVm go {damo{Y`m| H$mo Pob aho h¢ Ÿ& {damoYr JU AnZr ~mV ~H$Vo ahVo h¢ ŸAm¡a
ZoVmJU MwnMmn AnZr Mmb MbVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© {H$gr go à^m{dV Zht hmoVm Ÿ& `h AmXe© {damoY h¡
(AZwÀN>oX -5)
113
àg§J :
qà{gnb d¡ÚOr H$s Mmnbygr H$aZo CZH$s ~¡R>H$ _| nh±þM OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AmO do IÞm _mñQ>a Ho$
{Ibm\$ d¡ÚOr H$mo CbQm>-grYm g_PmH$a ~hH$mZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& do `h {XImZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ pñW{V H$mo
Y¡`© Ho$ gmW CÝhm|Zo {ZnQ>m`m BgHo$ CÎma _| {damo{Y`m| Ho$ à{V H¡$gm ì`dhma H$aZm Mm{hE Cg na d¡ÚOr
AnZm ì`m»`mZ aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : d¡ÚOr g_PVo h¢ {H$ Bg JUV§Ì amï´> _| emgH$ ZoVm hm|Jo Ÿ& CZH$m {damoY H$aZo
Ho$ {bE {damoYr ^r ah|Jo Ÿ& do {damoY H$a|Jo, {H$ÝVw ZoVm H$mo CZHo$ gmW {_ÌVmnyU© ì`dhma H$aZm
Mm{hE Ÿ& CZH$m gå_mZ H$aHo$ CZH$mo Iwe aIZm Mm{hE Ÿ& AZmXa H$aHo$ CZHo$ {Xbm| H$mo Xw:I nh±þMmZm
ZoVm H$m Y_© Zht h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© ZoVm EH$ nX na h¢ Vmo Xygam Cg nX H$mo N>rZ boZo Ho$ {bE ñnÕm© H$aoJm Ÿ&
amOZr{V _| `h gm_mÝ` KQ>Zm h¡ Ÿ& ha OJh Eogr ñnÕm© Mb ahr h¡ Ÿ& ZoVmJU AnZr BÀN>m go
{damo{Y`m| H$mo nZnZo XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW embrZVm go ~Vm©d H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {damoYr bmoJ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ^mfU
XoH$a AnZm {damoY àXe©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ZoVmJU Amam_ go AnZr Mmb MbVo h¢ Ÿ& CZ na H$moB© Aga Zht
n‹S>Vm Ÿ& do AnZr à{V{H«$`m ì`º$ Zht H$aVo Ÿ& `hm± Z ZoVm {damo{Y`m| go à^m{dV hmoVo h¢, Z {damoYr
ZoVm go à^m{dV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& ZoVm à^m{dV hm|Jo Vmo do AÀN>m BÝgmZ ~Z OmE±Jo ŸAm¡a ZoVm{Jar H$a Zht
nmE±Jo Ÿ& {damoYr à^m{dV hm|Jo Vmo bmoJm| H$mo ~hH$mH$a ^{dî` _| ZoVm ~ZZo Ho$ gnZo go hmW Ymo ~¡R>|Jo Ÿ&
Bg{bE g~ AnZo -AnZo _mJ© na MbVo h¢ Ÿ& `h AmXe© {damoY h¡ {H$ ^rVa Omo Hw$N> hmo, D$na H$mo
em§V, gm¡å`, CXma Am¡a {_ÌdV² ~Îmm©d H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
4. Xw:I _Zwî` H$mo _m±OVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mV Hw$b BVZr Zht h¡, gM Vmo `h h¡ {H$ Xw:I _Zwî` H$mo nhbo
\$s¨MVm h¡, {\$a \$s¨MH$a {ZMmo‹S>Vm h¡, {\$a {ZMmo‹S>H$a CgHo$ Mohao H$mo Kw½Yy O¡gm ~ZmH$a Cg na Xmo-
Mma H$mbr-g\o$X bH$sa| ItM XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Cgo g‹S>H$ na b§~o -b§~o S>Jm| go Xm¡‹S> Zo Ho$ {bE N>mo‹S> XoVm
h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I BÝgmZ Ho$ gmW `hr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& (AZwÀN>ÝX -6)
àg§J
EH$ ehar [aŠeodmbm AnZo H$mo XohmVr [aŠeodmbo go MbmH$ {gÕ H$aVo hþE ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$mo
[aŠKeo na {~R>mH$a bo ahm Wm Ÿ& dh {gJaoQ> nrZo éH$ J`m Ÿ& EH$ Jm|S>m [aŠeodmbm nrN>o go AmH$a
ehar [aŠeodmbo go nyN>m -"" ^¡`m, Vw_ Jm|S>m Ho$ hmo Š`m ?'' ehar [aŠeodmbo Zo Cggo {VañH$ma nyd©H$
~mV| H$ht Ÿ& V~ boIH$ Jm|S>m Ho$ [aŠeodmbo Ho$ Mohao H$mo XoIH$a gwI-Xw:I Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| na {dMma
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
114
ì`m»`m : Xw:I _Zwî` H$mo _m§OVm h¡ AWm©V² Xw:I _| _Zwî` Ho$ gmao Xmof nyao hmo OmVo h¢,
Xw:I H$s AmJ Cgo VnmH$a ewÕ gwdU© ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H${d Xw:I H$m ñdmJV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Xw:I
_| _Zwî` H$m gmam Ah§H$ma Jb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZr e{º$ gr{_V bJVr h¡ Ÿ& dh B©ída {dídmgr hmo
OmVm h¡ Am¡a gmpËdH$ ^md g§nÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ Ho$ {dMma go `h H${d H$ënZm h¡ Xw:I Ho$ à{V `h EH$ AmXe©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡ Ÿ&
bo{H$Z Xw:I H$m Am¡a EH$ nj h¡ Omo `WmW© h¡ Am¡a H$Qw> h¡ Ÿ&
Xw:I _Zwî` H$mo nhbo H$n‹S>o O¡go \$s¨MVm h¡ Ÿ& nËWa na nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` Ho$ A§J-A§J T>rbo
H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Cgo Zr~y O¡gm {ZMmo‹S>H$a aghrZ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` e{º$hrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I
Xygam| H$mo {Z~m}Y Am¡a Aew^ bJVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Xw:I Cg na Xmo-Mma H$mbr-g\o$X bH$sa| ItMH$a Bgo
gH©$g H$m OmoH$a ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh g_mO _| ~oT>§Jm bJVm h¡ CgH$m ì`dhma Xygam| H$mo Añdm^m{dH$
bJVm h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ CgH$s {Iëbr C‹S>mVo h¢ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma OmoH$a AnZr {d{MÌ Mmb go Xe©H$m| H$mo
Am_mo{XV H$aVm h¡ , Cgr àH$ma Xw:I go {Zîno{fV BÝgmZ AnZo qMVZ H$m`© Am¡a dMZ go {d{MÌ
bJVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo OrdZ ^ma ñdê$n bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZm Zrag OrdZ O¡go -V¡go nyam H$aZo H$mo
{dde hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I H$m `hr ê$n boIH$ Jm|S>m Ho$ [aŠeodmbo _| XoIVo h¢ Ÿ&
5. EH$ gm{hË` h¡ Omo Jwá H$hbmVm h¡, Omo "^maV _| A§J«oO amO' O¡gr nwñVH$m| go ^r Á`mXm
IVaZmH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$m N>mnZm 1947 Ho$ nhbo Vmo Ow_© Wm hr, AmO ^r Ow_© h¡ Ÿ& Omo ~hþV -gr
XâVar ~mVm| H$s Vah Jwá hmoH$a ^r Jwá Zht ahVm, Omo Amhma -{ZÐm, ^`-_¡WwZ Am{X _| \±$go hþE
AmX{_`m| H$s {OÝXJr _| EH$ ~‹S>o gwIX -{bQ>aoar -gpßb_|Q> H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Omo {d{eîQ>
gm{hË` Am¡a OZ gm{hË` H$s ~ZmdQ>r lo{U`m| H$mo bm§KH$a ì`mnH$ ê$n go g~Ho$ öX`m| _| à{V{ð>V
h¡ Ÿ& (AZwÀN>oX -7)
àg§J :
d¡ÚOr Ho$ Ka H$s N>V na ~Zo H$_ao _| CgH$m ~oQ>m éßnZ H$m_emó H$s {H$Vm~ n‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cg
nwñVH$ Ho$ g§X^© _| boIH$ AnZo {dMma ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : boIH$ gm{hË` H$mo VrZ dJm] _| aIH$a CZH$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| MMm© H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& {d{eîQ> gm{hË` H$m Xe©Z, {dkmZ, CƒÎma gm{hË` -{gÕm§V Am{X go g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡ {Ogo
g_mO Ho$ Cƒ{e{jV dJ© n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& OZgm{hË` gm_mÝ` OZVm Ho$ é{MJV {df`m| go g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ&
115
AI~mam| _| EH$ AbJ go A§H$ {bQ>aoar gpßb_|Q> Ho$ ê$n _| {ZH$bVm h¡ Omo gm{hË` go g§~§{YV ahVm
h¡ Cgo kmZr, JwUr OZ n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ Abmdm Am¡a EH$ gm{hË` h¡ Omo Aíbrb gm{hË` h¡, H$m_emó
g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bgo Jwá gm{hË` H$hm, Š`m|{H$ bwH${N>nH$a bmoJ Bgo n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& g_mO _| Iwbo
ê$n _| BgH$s H«$`-{dH«$` ,g§ajU Am¡a nR>Z d{O©V h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ g_mO Ho$ {H$emoadJ© Bggo Jw_amh
hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: `h g_mO Ho$ {bE IVaZmH$ h¡ Ÿ&
^maV _| A§J«oO amO EH$ nwñVH$ h¡, {Og_| A§J«oO emgH$m| Ho$ AÝ`m`-AË`mMma H$mo à_m{UV
VÏ` {XE JE Wo Ÿ& Omo ^maV _| 1947 Ho$ nhbo Am¡a ~mX _| ^r à{V~§{YV hþAm Wm Ÿ& A§J«oO gaH$ma Bgo
IVaZmH$ g_PVr Wr Ÿ& Bgo ~oMZm, IarXZm, n‹T>Zm Ow_© Wm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma Aíbrb gm{hË` ^r
IVaZmH$ h¡ Ÿ& g_mO H$mo nW^«ï> H$aZo H$s Ame§H$m go `h ^r à{V~§{YV h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a ^r Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo Nmo‹S>H$a newdV² Am¡a -{ZÐm ^` _¡WwZ _| OrZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ nmg
Aíbrb gm{hË` Cg àH$ma nh±þM OmVm h¡ {Og àH$ma JbV bmoJm| Ho$ nmg gaH$mar \$mBbm| _| go Jwá
ahZo `mo½` VËW nh±þM OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Aíbrb gm{hË` gwI XoZodmbo {bQ>aar gpßb_|Q> ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a Bgo
n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE à~wÕ dJ©, gm_mÝ` OZ dJ© Am¡a {ZåZ dJ© H$m ôX {_Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`mnH$ ê$n go g^r
bmoJ Aíbrb gm{hË` H$m ag boZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ&
6. JwQ>~§Xr na_mË_mZw^y{V H$s Ma_ Xem H$m EH$ Zm_ h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| àËòH$ "Vy' "_¢' H$mo Am¡a
àËòH$ "_¢"Vy' H$mo AnZo go Á`mXm AÀN>r pñW{V _| XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Cg pñW{V H$mo nH$‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
"_¢' "Vy' H$mo {_Q>mH$a "_¢' H$s OJh "Vy' Am¡a "Vy' OJh "_¢' ~Z OmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
(AZwÀN>oX -10)
g§X^© :
N>§Jm_b {dÚmb` B§Q>a H$m°boO _| JwQ> ~§Xr Mb ahr h¡ Ÿ& d¡ÚOr Am¡a am_mYrZ ^rI_ Iod‹S>r
qà{gnb Am¡a _mñQ>a IÞm AbJ-AbJ JwQ>m| _| h¢ Ÿ& do EH$ Xygao H$mo g_má H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& N>mÌm|
H$s JwQ>~§Xr Ho$db Amngr PJ‹S>o _| gr{_V h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ JwQ>~§Xr H$m na_mË_mZw^y{V H$s Ma_Xem Ho$
gmW VwbZm H$aHo$ Bg na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : boIH$ doXm§V Ho$ AÛ¡V Xe©Z H$m CXmhaU XoH$a H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~«÷ `mZr na_mË_m
Am¡a Ord _| H$moB© A§Va Zht h¡ Ÿ& na _m`m Ho$ H$maU Ord AnZo H$mo ~«÷ go AbJ _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& Ord
AnZo H$mo "_¢' Am¡a ~«÷ H$mo "Vy' _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& na O~ dh gmYZm H$aVm h¡, _m`m ~rM go {Vamo{hV hmo
116
OmVr h¡, Ord ~«÷ H$s AZw^y{V XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷_` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo H$mo {_Q>m XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
JwQ>~§Xr Xe©Z _| "_¢' AnZo H$mo à{V{ð>V H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& "Vy' H$mo {_Q>m XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
JwQ>~§Xr _| àËòH$ JwQ> Xygao H$mo AÀN>r pñW{V _| H¡$go nh±þMoJm, CgHo$ {bE à`ËZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Xygao
H$mo {_Q>mZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷ CnbpãY Am¡a JwQ>~§Xr _| boIH$ Bg àH$ma gmå` XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo _|
ì`{º$ AnZo H$mo {_Q>mZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygao _| ì`{º$ Xygao H$mo {_Q>mZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo _| AmpË_H$
em§{V {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygao _| ^m¡{VH$ gwI {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo Ho$ {bE _m¡Z gmYZm ghm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& Xygao Ho$
{bE ~mhþ~b , qhgm, N>b, YyV©Vm Am{X ghm`H$ h¢ Ÿ& nhbo _| lÕm -^{º$, AmË_{ZdoXZ H$m ^md
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygao _| ñnmÕm©, qhgm, Ah§H$ma, ñdmW© Am¡a gÎmm bmobwnVm Am{X VËd ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
boIH$ ì`§½` Ûmam `hm± dmñVd _| JwQ>~§Xr H$s ^`mZH$Vm H$mo à{V{ð>V H$aZm MmhVm h¡, {OgHo$
Ûmam g_mO _| gmar _mZdr` _yë`hrZVm nZnVr h¡ Ÿ&
7. J`mXrZ Jm±d Ho$ _hmOZ Oê$a Wo Ÿ& na _hmOZ Z Wo Ÿ& {OZHo$ {H$gr Amoa {ZH$bZo na n§W
~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Cg OËWo Ho$ _hmOZ Wo Omo AZOmZr amh na nhbo {H$amE Ho$ OZ ôOVo h¢ Am¡a XoI
boVo h¢ {H$ Cg na nJS>§S>r ~Z JB© h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Y±gZo H$m IVam Zht h¡, V~ do _hmOZ H$s Vah N>‹S>r
Q>oH$-Q>oH$H$a Yrao-Yrao {ZH$b OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
àg§J :
J`mXrZ ì`dhmaHw$eb Am¡a AdgadmXr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ nmg _mñQ>a IÞm Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| Hw$N>
AÜ`mnH$ AmH$a CÝh| H$m°boO Ho$ CnmÜ`j hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo à~§Y g{_{V H$s EH$ ~¡R>H$ ~wbmH$a _¡ZoOa
Am¡a qà{gnb Ho$ AZmMma H$m nXm©\$me H$aZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `h gwZH$a J`mXrZ AmZmH$mZr
H$aZo bJo Ÿ& Bg na boIH$ J`mXrZ Ho$ M[aÌ na ì`§½` H$a$ H$hVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m : _hmOZ eãX Ho$ Xmo AW© h¢ -nhbm AW© h¡ F$U H$m boZ-XoZ H$aZo dmbm
gyXImoa _hmOZ, Xygam AW© h¡ _hmZ ì`{º$ `mZr _hmnwéf, {OZH$m nXm§H$ g_mO AZwgaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
J`mXrZ CZ _hmZ ì`{º$`m| _| Zht Wo {OZHo$ _mJ©Xe©Z go g_mO H$mo \$m`Xm {_bVm h¡ Am¡a Omo
gË` H$m nj boVo h¢, {H$grgo Zht S>aVo Ÿ&
J`mXrZ Xygao àH$ma Ho$ gyXImoa _hmOZ Wo, Omo AZOmZr amh na H$X_ Zht aIVo Wo Ÿ& do
AnZo H$mo nhbo gwa{jV aIVo Wo Ÿ& `{X Hw$N> H$aZo H$mo MmhVo h¢, Vmo nhbo Xygam| H$mo ào[aV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
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O~ XoIVo h¢ {H$ Cg_| H$moB© IVam Zht h¡, V~ do OmZo H$mo V¡`ma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& do nhbo H$moB© IVao H$m H$m_
Zht H$aVo Ÿ& O~ CZH$mo {dídmg hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ Bg H$m_ _| H$moB© IVam Zht h¡, V~ do ~‹S>r gmdYmZr
go Cg_| hmW XoVo h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ {H$ AÀN>r Vah ~Z JE AmnXm[ahV _mJ© na ^r J`mXrZ
_hmOZ H$s Vah N>‹S>r Q>oH$-Q>oH$H$a Yrao-Yrao MbVo h¢ Ÿ& Vm{H$ CZHo$ n¡a {\$gb Z OmE Ÿ& AWm©V²
CZH$mo Cgr H$m_ _| H$moB© IVam _mob boZm Z n‹S>o, `h {dídmg hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX IwX ZoVm hmoZm H$m
{XImdm H$aHo$ H$moB© H$m_ ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go hmW _| boVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± d¡ÚOr Ho$ S>a go do AÜ`mnH$m| H$s
ghm`Vm H$aZo H$m dMZ Zht XoVo &
8. Z¡{VH$Vm, g_P bmo {H$ `hr Mm¡H$s h¡ Ÿ& EH$ H$moZo _| n‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& g^m gmogmBQ>r Ho$ dº$ Bg
na MmXa {~N>m Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ ~‹S>r ~{‹T>`m {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na M‹T>H$a boŠMa \$Q>H$ma {X`m OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& `hr CZHo$ {bE h¡ Ÿ& (AZwÀN>oX -12)
g§X^© :
N>Jm§_b H$m°boO Ho$ Hw$N> AÜ`mnH$ H$m°boO Ho$ AÜ`mnH$U J`mXrZ H$mo g_PmVo h¢ {H$ OZVm
H$m én`m d¡ÚOr Am¡a qà{gnb Ûmam ~a~mX Z hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& _mbdr` CZ_| Z¡{VH$Vm Z hmoZo H$m Amamon
bJmVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : Z¡{VH$Vm H$m Zm_ gwZVo hr J`mXrZ S>a OmVo h¢ Am¡a _mbdr` _mñQ>a gmh~ go
BgH$m Zm_ Z boZo H$m gwPmd XoVo h¢ Š`m|{H$ `h gwZZo go MmbmZ hmo OmZo H$m S>a h¡ Ÿ&
H$_ao Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| n‹S>r Qy>Q>r-\y$Q>r EH$ Mm¡H$s H$s Amoa Bemam H$aHo$ J`mXrZ g_PmVo h¢ -
H$_ao _| n‹S>r Qy>Q>r Hw$gu H$s Vah Z¡{VH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O~ H$^r g^m-gmogmBQ>r _| ZoVm H$mo ^mfU XoZo
H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡, V~ do Bg Hw$gu H$mo bo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg na gwÝXa MmXa {~N>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& V~
Hw$gu ~{‹T>`m {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& ZoVm Cg na ~¡R>H$a Z¡{VH$Vm, _yë`~moY Am{X na gmaJ^©H$ ^mfU XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
^mfU IV_ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Hw$gu H$mo nyd©dV² EH$ H$moZo _| aI {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m {\$a ì`dhma
gm_mÝ` ê$n go Zht {H$`m OmVm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma Z¡{VH$Vm ^r AmO Aì`mdhm[aH$ hmo JB© h¢ Ÿ& Ho$db
^mfU XoVo g_` CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Zr{V, Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a AmXe© Ho$db ^mfU _| h¢ X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZ _| BZH$m Cn`moJ H$moB© Zht H$aVm Ÿ& g_mO _| AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Am¡a Jw§S>mJXu MbVr h¡ Ÿ& `hr
`WmW© h¡ Ÿ& AnZo ñdmW© H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE bmoJ ò g~ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& bmoJm| H$s H$Wm Am¡a H$aZr _| A§Va
Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& Omo gË` Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm H$m Xm_Z Zht N>mo‹S>Zm MmhoJm, `h gm_O CgH$m ApñVËd {_Q>m
XoJm Ÿ& Bg{bE AnZo H$mo nhbo gwa{jV aIZm na_ Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$WZ go `h Üd{ZV hmoVm h¡
{H$ S>anmoH$, ñdmWu, AdgadmXr J`mXrZ AÝ`m` H$m à{VamoY H$aZo _| Ag_W© h¢ Ÿ&
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9. {hÝXwñVmZ _| n‹T>o-{bIo bmoJ H$^r -H$^r EH$ ~r_mar H$m {eH$ma hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CgH$m Zm_
H«$mB{gg Am°\$ H$m§eg h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> S>mŠQ>a Cgr _| H«$mB{gg Am°\$ \o$W Zm_ H$s EH$ Xygar ~r_mar ^r
~marH$s go Ty>§T> {ZH$mbVo h¢ Ÿ& `h ~r_mar n‹T>o-{bIo bmoJm| _| Am_Vm¡a go CÝht H$mo gVmVr h¡ Omo AnZo
H$mo ~w{ÕOrdr H$hVo h¢ Am¡a Omo dmñVd _| ~w{Õ Ho$ ghmao Zht, ~pëH$ Amhma-{ZÐm, ^`-_¡WwZ Ho$ ghmao
Or{dV ahVo h¢ Ÿ& (AZwÀN>oX -18)
g§X^© -a§JZmW E_.E. nmg H$aHo$ {ednmbJ§O Am J`m Ÿ& dh {agM© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$
AÝ` bmoJm| H$s VwbZm _| dh {dÛmZ, ~w{ÕOrdr h¡ Ÿ& Jm±d _| Omo AÝ`m` hmo ahm h¡ CgH$m {damoY H$aZo
H$mo MmhZo na ^r d¡ÚOr Ho$ {Ibm\$ I‹S>o hmoZo H$s VmH$V Cg_| Zht h¡ Ÿ& Eogo n‹T>o-{bIo bmoJm| H$s
_mZ{gH$Vm na boIH$ ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m : boIH$ Cƒ {e{jV dJ© na ì`§½` H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$ ^maV Ho$ Eogo {e{jV
dJ© H$^r -H$^r EH$ ~r_mar Ho$ {eH$ma ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Cg ~r_mar H$m Zm_ h¡ H«$mB{gg Am°\$ H$m§eg
`mZr AÝV:H$aU H$m g§H$Q> Ÿ& Hw$N> S>mŠQ>a Cgo H«$mB{gg Am°\$ \o$W `mZr {dídmg H$m g§H$Q> H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Cggo nwamZo {dídmgm| na CZH$s AmñWm {hb OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mO H$s {dg§J{V`m± Am¡a {dS>å~ZmE± XoIH$a
CZH$m AÝV:H$aU jwãY hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ò amoJr ~w{ÕOrdr H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~w{Õ Ho$ ghmao AnZr AmOr{dH$m
MbmVo h¢ Ÿ& ò ì`m»`mZ XoVo h¢, ~hg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~w{Õ Ho$ ~b na Hw$N> H$_m boVo h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| H$moB©
Ho$db ~w{Õ Ho$ ghmao Or Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& OrZo Ho$ {bE Amhma-{ZÐm, ^`-_¡WwZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm ^r
n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| na ì`§½` H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ `Ú{n do Xmdm H$aVo h¢ {H$ do emar[aH$ l_
Z H$aHo Ho$db ~w{Õ H$m BñVo_mb H$aHo$ OrVo h¢ na dmñVd _| OrZo Ho$ {bE gm_mÝ` àmUr Ho$ {bE Omo-
Omo MrO| Amdí`H$ h¢ ~w{ÕOrdr Ho$ {bE do ^r Amdí`H$ h¢ Ÿ& do gm_mÝ` àmUr H$s Vah ImVo h¢, gmoVo
h¢, ^` ^r H$aVo h¢, ào_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& g§VmZmoËn{V ^r H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
10. àËòH$ _hmnwéf Ho$ BX©-{JX© "nmbH$ ~mbH$m|' H$m _obm bJm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& nwéf O~ _hmnwéf
~Z OmVm h¡ Vmo dh AnZr B‚mV AnZo "nmbH$ ~mbH$m|' H$mo gm¢n XoVm h¡ Ÿ& "nmbH$ ~mbH$' Cg B‚mV
H$mo \$s¨MZm ewê$ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> {XZ ~mX dh hOma YmamAm| _| \y$Q>H$a ~hZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& dh bmoH$g^m
Am¡a {dYmZ g^m H$s ~hgm| H$mo gam~moa H$aVr h¡, AI~ma Am¡a ao{S>`mo CgHo$ N>rQ>m| go J§YmZo bJVo h¢,
nyam bmoH$V§Ì Cg_| Sy>~Zo-CVaZo bJVm h¡, A§V _| dh ~oh`mB© Ho$ _hmgmJa _| g_m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
119
g§X^© :
~Ðr nhbdmZ AnZo AIm‹S>o H$mo Mbm aho EH$ Jw§S>o H$s O_mZV boZo OmZodmbo h¢ Ÿ& do BÝh|
nmbH$ ~mbH$ _mZVo h¢ Am¡a BZH$s ga§jU XoZm amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go Oê$ar g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& `h gwZH$a
a§JZmW nmbH$ ~mbH$m| H$s `mo½`VmAm| Am¡a Amdí`H$VmAm| na {dMma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : amOZr{V H$aZo dmbo Am¡a MwZmd _| b‹S>H$a OrVZo dmbo ZoVm AnZo H$mo _hmnwéf
_mZVo h¢ Ÿ& do MwZmd _| OrVZo Ho$ {bE Jw§S>m| H$s ghm`Vm boVo h¢ Ÿ& ò Jw§S>o YZ Ûmam IarXo OmVo h¢ Am¡a
Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na AnZo ga§jH$ Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Zo H$mo V¡`ma ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ZoVm à^mdr hmoZo Ho$ gmW BZ
AZw`m`r Jw§S>m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>Vr h¡ Ÿ& BZH$mo ~Ðr nhbdmZ nmbH$ ~mbH$ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& nmbH$ ~mbH$ O~
{ZpíMV hmo OmVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ ZoVm H$m daX hñV CZ na h¡ V~ do ~mhþ~b na AÝ`m` H$aVo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Hw$N> Hw$H$_© do ZoVm Ho$ Bemao na Hw$N> AnZr YmH$ O_mZo Ho$ {bE H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ZoVm H$s à{Vð>m _mZ-
gå_mZ BZ Jw§S>m| Ho$ hmWm| Yyb _| {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ZoVm H$s B‚mV Vma-Vma hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ZoVm H$s
~XZm_r Mmam| Amoa \¡$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg Jw§S>mJXu Am¡a AÝ`m`-AË`mMma na bmoH$-g^m Am¡a {dYmZ
g^m _| Ja_m-Ja_r MMm© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {damoYr JwQ> AI~ma _| BgH$mo ~‹T>m-M‹T>m H$a N>mnVo h¢ Ÿ& ao{S>`mo na
^r ZoVm H$s qZXm H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& bJVm h¡ {H$ ZoVm bmoJm| H$s ZOa _| {Ja JE Am¡a AmJm_r MwZmd _|
bmoJ CÝh| Im[aO H$a X|Jo Ÿ& bJVm h¡ BZ bmo^r ZoVmAm| Ho$ H$maU JUV§Ì IVao _| n‹S> OmEJm Ÿ&
dmñVd _| Eogm Hw$N> Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ZoVm ~oh`m hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZna ~oB‚mVr `m ~XZm_r H$m H$moB© Aga Zht
hmoVm Ÿ& CZH$mo e_© Zht AmVr Ÿ& do ~XZm_r H$s nadmh Zht H$aVo, CZH$s ~oh`mB© _mZmo _hmgmJa O¡go
ì`mnH$ h¡ Ÿ& gmar ~XZm_r Cg_| g_m OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ZoVm grZm VmZH$a dhr H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a nmbH$
~mbH$ CÝh| MwZmd _| ~hþ_V go OrV boVo h¢ Ÿ&
11. qà{gnb Zo {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbm {H$ AmXe© H$m _hËd àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| h¡, VÏ` Ho$ ê$n _| Zht
Am¡a Cgr Ho$ CbQ>H$a CÝhm|Zo `h ^r {ZîH$f© {ZH$mb {b`m {H$ AnZo n§Merb na {Q>Ho$ ahH$a CZHo$
{nVm àVrH$ ê$n go ^bo hr AmXe© ì`{º$ hm|, na VÏ` H$s Ñ{ï> go do {Zhm`V Mm|Mbo~mO BÝgmZ h¢
.... Ÿ&
g§X^© :
qà{gnb Ho$ {nVm nwamZo »`mb Ho$ AmX_r Wo Ÿ& do nwamZr na§nam H$mo _mZZodmbm| _| Wo Ÿ& Iwbo
_¡XmZ _| em¡M H$aZo OmZm CZH$m Aä`mg Wm Ÿ& `h H$m`© H$mZyZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ hmoZo na ^r do H$mZyZ H$s
120
nadmh {H$E {~Zm AnZo AmXe© na S>Q>o ahZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg na {dMma H$aHo$ qà{gnb AmXe© H$s
ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : qà{gnb Zo {nVm H$s hR>Y{_©Vm XoIr Wr {H$ H$mZyZ H$s Ñ{ï> go AnamY hmoZo na
^r do Iwbo _| em¡M OmZo H$mo AmXe© _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg AmXe© H$m AZwJ_Z H$aHo$ H$ï> ghZo, Oob OmZo H$mo
do V¡`ma h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm H$mo bJVm h¡ Bg AmXe© na A{S>J ahZo go g_mO _| CZH$m AmXa ~‹T>oJm Am¡a
bmoJ CZH$m AZwgaU H$a|Jo Ÿ& qà{gnb H$hVo h¢ {H$ àVrH$ ê$n _| `h AmXe©dmX hmo gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z
VÏ` Ho$ ê$n _| `h Mm|MbmnZ h¡ Ÿ& àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ H$m n§Merb Zr{V AmXe©
Wr, na VÏ` H$s Ñ{ï> go Bgr Ho$ H$maU ^maV H$mo MrZ go hmaZm n‹S>m Ÿ& àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| XmÊS>r `mÌm
AmXe© Wr, Š`m|{H$ Bggo Xoe ào_ H$s àoaUm {_br, AÝ`m` go b‹S>Zo H$m gmhg ~‹T>m, na VÏ` H$s Ñ{ï>
`h _hÎdnyU© Zht Wr, Š`m|{H$ ^maV H$s Jar~r Ho$db Z_H$ ~ZmZo go Xya Zht hmo gH$Vr Wr Ÿ& Iwbo
_¡XmZ _| em¡M OmZo go \$m`Xm Zht hmoVm Ÿ& `h H$moB© {deof _hÎd H$s ~mV Zht h¡ Ÿ& `h àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n
_| AmXe©dmX Bg{bE h¡ {H$ bmoJ g_P|Jo {H$ qà{gnb Ho$ {nVm nwamZm AmXe© N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo V¡`ma Zht h§¡,
Mmho CgHo$ {bE CÝh| {H$VZr Agw{dYm Š`m| Z hmo ?
12. {nN>bo _hrZo dh {Og {OÝXJr Ho$ Amgnmg _§S>amVm ahm Wm, {OgHo$ ^rVa KwgH$a ^r dh
~mhar H$m ~mhar hr ahm Wm, dh EH$ bmZV H$s Vah CgHo$ gm_Zo AmH$a I‹S>r hmo JB© Ÿ& CgH$s AmË_m
Ho$ Vmam| na ~eV| H$s AmË_m H$s eŠb gma§Jr O¡gr hmoVr hmo - nbm`Z g§JrV Jy§OZo bJm Ÿ&
(n[aÀN>oX -35)
g§X^© :
a§JZmW {nN>bo N>h _hrZm| go {ednmbJ§O _| AmH$a CgHo$ ñdê$n H$mo ~hþV ZOXrH$ go XoI ahm
h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZm ñdmñÏ` gwYmaZo Am¡a emoY-H$m`© nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE _m_m d¡ÚOr Ho$ Ka Am`m Wm Ÿ& `hm±
d¡ÚOr Ho$ H$maZm_m| Am¡a gÎmm bmobwnVm, CZHo$ Xa~m[a`m|, CZHo$ Bemao na MbZo dmbo g_W©H$m| Ho$ Xygao
bmoJm|, CZH$s _mZ{gH$Vm KQ>Zmdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$mo XoIH$a jwãY hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$
CgH$s _Z:pñW{V na ì`§½` H$aVo h¢ -
ì`m»`m : a§JZmW Zo {ednmbJ§O Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| H$mo XoIm Ÿ& CgZo Cg_| {OVZr
{dg§J{V`m± Am¡a {dÐÿnVmE± Wt g^r H$mo {ZH$Q> go XoIm Vmo Jm±d H$mo ñdñW ñdê$n XoZo H$m {dMma H$aZo
bJm Ÿ& dh g_ñ`mAm| H$s JhamB© _| OmVm h¡, na g_ñ`mAm| H$s O‹S> _m_mOr Ho$ {déÕ ~wb§X H$aZo H$s
121
VmH$V Cg_| Zht h¡ {OZHo$ ~b na dh ^«ï> g_mO H$s H$m`mH$ën H$a gHo$ Ÿ& dh Aghm` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
~mha H$m AmX_r ~ZH$a ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Ho$db AmË_ ½bm{Z go N>Q> nQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmË_m Cgo
{YŠH$ma H$aVr ahr Ÿ& CgH$s AmË_m Ho$ Vma P§H¥$V hmoH$a CZ_| go {dÐmoh H$m ñda Zht {ZH$bVm, A{nVw
CZ_| go nbm`Z g§JrV Jy§{OV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Jm±d H$s n[apñW{V`m| go K~amH$a eha ^mJ OmZo H$s
V¡`mar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
13. Vw_ _§Pbo h¡{g`V Ho$ _Zwî` hmo Am¡a _Zwî`Vm Ho$ H$sM‹S> _| \±$g JE hmo Ÿ& Vwåhmao Mmam|
Amoa H$sM‹S> hr H$sM‹S> h¡ Ÿ&
H$sM‹S> H$s Mmnbygr _V H$amo Ÿ& Bg _wJmbV _| Z ahmo {H$ H$sM‹S> go H$_b n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$sM‹S> _| H$sM‹S> hr nZnVm h¡ Ÿ& dhr \¡$bVm h¡, dht CN>bVm h¡ Ÿ& (nbm`Z g§JrV)
g§X^© :
d¡ÚOr Zo V_§Mo Am¡a AnZr Hy$Q>~w{Õ Ho$ ~b na _mñQ>a IÞm H$mo H$m°boO go {ZH$mb {X`m Wm Ÿ&
Bg AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ a§JZmW H$m _Z {dÐmoh H$a CR>Vm h¡, na Cgo ~mha àH$Q> H$aZo H$m gmhg Cg_|
Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh amVâ gmoMVm ahm {H$ Š`m H$ao Ÿ& àmV:H$mb hmoVo hr CgZo XoIm {H$ ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go
bmoJ AnZo -AnZo H$m_ , AnZr -AnZr Ym§Ybr _| bJ JE h¢ Ÿ& CgZo Jm±d N>mo‹S> XoZo H$m {ZU©` bo
{b`m Ÿ& boIH$ ì`§½` Ûmam a§JZmW H$s AÝVÛ©ÝÛ H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m»`m : a§JZmW AnZo Amn H$mo _Ü`_dJ© H$m AmX_r g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO gwYma H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Cg_| _hmnwéf O¡go ì`{º$Ëd, Ñ‹T>Vm, gmhg, XyaX{e©Vm, {ZûH$Vm Zht h¡ Ÿ& {ednmbJ§O _|
_Zwî`Vm H$m Zm_mo{ZemZ ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh `hm± H$s newVm, ^«ï>mMma Am¡a _yë`hrZVm Ho$ H$sM‹S> _| \§$g
J`m h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± VH$ ZOa OmVr h¡, `hm± Ho$db H$sM‹S> hr H$sM‹S> ZOa AmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$sM‹S> go C~aZo H$m
{OVZm à`mg {H$`m OmEJm, CVZm H$sM‹S> _| \§$g OmZm hmoJm, H$sM‹S> go g_Pm¡Vm H$aHo$ `hm± ahZm ^r
Zm_w_H$sZ h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$sM‹S> go H$_b n¡Xm hmoZo H$s Cå_rX aIZm ^«_ hmoJm Ÿ& `hm± H$sM‹S> go ~X~y
AmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$sM‹S> `hm± A{YH$ \¡$boJm, A{YH$ CN>boJm Ÿ& `hm± g§ñH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& `hm±
bmoJ ZaH$ H$s {OÝXJr OrVo h¢ Ÿ& Cgr_| Iwe ahVo h¢ Ÿ& MoVZm {H$gr _| Zht AmB© Ÿ& `hm± H$moB© ^r gV² H$mo
ñdrH$ma Zht H$aoJm Ÿ& `hm± go {Zame hmoH$a ^mJZm n‹S>oJm, BgHo$ Abmdm H$moB© Xygam Mmam Zht h¡ Ÿ&
***
122
2.17 DeY³eeme àMve :
1. CnÝ`mg H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go "amJXadmar' CnÝ`mg H$s g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
2. "amJXadmar' _| nmÌm| H$s `moOZm {H$ CÔoí` go H$s JB© h¡ ? Š`m Bg Ñ{ï> go `h CnÝ`mg
g\$b h¡ ?
3. "d¡ÚOr AmOH$b Ho$ H$nQ>r Ed§ YyV© g_mOgo{d`m| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y h¢ Ÿ&' Bg H$VZ Ho$ AmbmoH$
_| dhÚOr H$m M[aÌ na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
4. Or-hOyar H$aZo dmbo qà{gnb H$m M[aÌ-M{Ìa H$s{OE Ÿ&
5. ~Ðr nhbdmZ H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
6. "éßnZ ~m~y AmOH$b Ho$ N>mÌ-ZoVmAm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$WZ Ho$ AmbmoH$ _|
éßn ~m~y Ho$ M[aÌ H$s g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
7. gZrMa H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
8. "a§JZmW EH$ nbm`ZdmXr ~w{ÕOrdr h¡ - g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
9. AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| b§J‹S> EH$ nam{OV g¡{ZH$ h¡ - Bg H$VZ H$s g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
10. AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| Š`m J`mXrZ EH$ `WmW©dmXr nm[ h¢ ? - AnZo _V H$s nw{ï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
11. "amJXadmar' _| boIH$ Zo g_mO _| ~‹T>Vr hþB© _yë`hrZVm na qMVm àH$Q> H$s h¡ - {ddoMZ
H$s{OE Ÿ&
12. "amJXadmar' g_mH$mbrZ {OÝXJr H$m XñVmdoO h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$WZ na AnZo {dMma ñnï>
H$s{OE Ÿ&
13. "amJXadmar' ñdmV§NÍ`moÎma ^maV Ho$ Jm±dm| H$s gƒr Vñdra noe H$aVm h¡ - Bg H$WZ na
àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
14. ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| H$m`©nm{bH$ _| ^«ï>mMma âm h¡ Ÿ& - "amJXadmar' Ho$ AmYma na Bg
na àH$mm S>m{bE Ÿ&
15. "amJXadmar' Ho$ AmbmoH$ _| à_m{UV H$s{OE {H$ Xoe _| gmao ^«ï>mMma H$s O‹S> _| A\$gam|
H$m AmMaU hr h¡ Ÿ&
123
UNIT-III
qhXr H$hmZr g§J«h - g§. ^rî_ gmhZr
BH$mB© -3 qhXr H$hmZr g§J«h

3.1 H$mogr H$m KQ>dma
3.1.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.1.2 H$Wmgma
3.1.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
3.1.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm
3.2 ~mXbm| Ho$ Koao

3.2.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.2.2 H$Wmgma
3.2.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
3.3 dmngr
3.3.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.3.2 H$Wmgma
3.3.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
3.4 _bdo H$m _mbrH$

3.4.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.4.2 H$Wmgma
3.4.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
124
3.5 n[a¨Xo
3.5.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.5.2 H$Wmgma
3.5.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
3.6 Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡

3.6.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.6.2 H$Wmgma
3.6.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
3.7 Imo`r hþB© {XemE±

3.7.1 boIH$ n[aM`
3.7.2 H$Wmgma
3.7.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU
125
UNIT - III
H$mogr H$m KQ>dma

3.1.1 boIH$ n[aM`
{h_m§ew Omoer H$m OÝ_ 4 _B© 1935 H$mo CÎmamI§S> _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& do {hÝXr Ho$ à{V{ð>V boIH$
VWm {dÛmZ h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ VËdmdYmZ _| bJ^J 35 {dÚmWu emoY H$aHo$ S>mŠQ>aoQ> H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$a MwHo$
h¢ Ÿ& H$B© {díd{dÚmb`m| _| CZH$s aMZmAm| H$mo nmR²>`H«$_ _| em{_b {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& do bJ^J 29 df©
VH$ "gmám{hH$ {hÝXwñVmZ' n{ÌH$m Ho$ d[að> nÌH$ma aho VWm H$mobH$mVm go àH$m{eV _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m
"dmJW©' Ho$ g§nmXH$ aho Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, H${dVm ,~mb gm{hË`, aoIm{MÌ Am{X
g^r {dYmAm| na boIZr MbmB© Ÿ& CZHo$ bJ^J 18 H$hmZr g§J«h {ZH$b MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ&
H¥${V`m± -
CnÝ`mg - AaÊ`, _hmZJa, N>m`m _V Ny>Zm, gw-amO, H$Jma H$s AmJ, g_` gmjr h¡,
Vwåhmao {bE Ÿ&
H$hmZr g§J«h - AÝVmV: VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, _Zwî` {M• VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, ObVo hþE
S>¡Zm VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, Vnñ`m VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, Bg ~ma {\$a ~\©$ {Jar Vmo Am{X Ÿ&
gå_mZ :
CÎma àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ, {hÝXr AH$mXo_r, {Xëbr ; amO^mfm {d^mJ {~hma gaH$ma Ûmam
nwañH¥$V ; {hÝXr g[hË` gå_obZ, à`mJ H$m gå_mZ ; gm{hË` Ho$ {bE dmMñn{V' Cnm{Y àmá ;
gm{hË` Ho$ {bE Zmd} H$m AÝVam©ï´>r` hoZ[aH$ gå_mZ Ÿ&
do g§à{V Zmd} go àH$m{eV n{ÌH$m "em§{VXyV' Ho$ {deof gbmhH$ma h¢ VWm ñdV§Ì boIZ _| bJo
h¢ Ÿ&
126
3.1.2 H$Wmgma :
"H$mogr H$m KQ>dma' H$hmZr Ho$ JwgmBª Zo O~ hdbXma Ya_qgh H$mo AnZr dXu _| XoIm Wm V~
CgHo$ _Z _| \$m¡O _| OmZo H$s BÀN>m CËnÞ hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~mX _| dh \$m¡O _| ^Vu ^r hmo J`m Ÿ& O~ dh
EZwAb-brd na Jm±d _| Am`m, V~ Jm±d _| CgH$m ~‹S>m gå_mZ hþAm Ÿ& ~ƒo ~y‹T>o g^r ~‹S>o ào_ go
Cggo {_bo Ÿ& dh ^r MZm-Jw‹S>, ~r‹S>r Am¡a Vå~mIy go g^r H$m {Xb go ñdmJV H$aZo bJm Wm Ÿ&
Cg g_` JwgmBª nmg Ho$ Jm±d H$s bN>_m go {_bZm MmhVm Wm Ÿ& nhbo {XZ dh Zht Am gH$s
Wr Ÿ& Xygao {XZ Zmbo na go AnZo Jm±d go ^¢g ImoOZo Ho$ ~hmZo JwgmBª go {_bZo AmB© na Cg {XZ JwgmBª
Cgo Zht {_bm Ÿ& EH$ {XZ bN>_m H$mo nmV-nVob Ho$ {bE O§Jb OmVo XoI H$a JwgmBª Jm±d Ho$ N>moH$am|
go _wº$ hmoZo Ho$ {bE H$m±H$‹‹S>o H$m {eH$ma H$aZo H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a O§Jb _| Mbm J`m Ÿ& dht XmoZm| H$s
_wbmH$mV hþB© Ÿ& H$m\$b Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo XmoZm| Zo ~hþV Xoa VH$ ~mV| H$s¨ Ÿ& JwgmBª Ho$ KwQ>Zo na {ga aIH$a
bN>_m boQ> JB© Wr Vmo JwgmBª Zo CgHo$ {bE _I_b H$s Hw$Vu bm XoZo H$m dMZ Xo {X`m Wm Ÿ&
JwgmBª H$mo nVm Wm {H$ bN>_m H$m ~mn bN>_m H$s emXr JwgmBª go Zht H$aZm MmhVm Wm, Š`m|{H$
CgHo$ AmJo-nrN>o ^mB©-~hZ Zht Wo, _m±-~mn _a Jò Wo Am¡a dh naXoe _| ~ÝXyH$ H$s Zm|H$ na OmZ
aIZo H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aVm Wm Ÿ& JwgmBª emXr Ho$ ~mao _| bN>_m Ho$ _Z H$s ~mV OmZZm MmhVm Wm Ÿ& Nw>{Å>`m|
H$s g_m{á na Ka go {dXm hmoZo Ho$ EH$ {XZ nhbo _H$mZ go {ZH$mbH$a dh {\$a bN>_m go {_bm Vmo
bN>_m Zo J§JZmW H$s H$g_ ImH$a Am¡a Am±Im| _| Am±gy âH$a H$hm -""O¡gm Vw_ H$hmoJo, _¢ d¡gm hr
H$ê§$Jr Ÿ&''
JwgmBª Zm¡H$ar na Mbm J`m Am¡a Cgr gmb AJhZ H$mo AnZr `y{ZQ> Ho$ {gnmhr {H$gZ qgh go
CgZo gwZm {H$ CgHo$ Jm±d Ho$ am_qgh Zo {OX H$s, Bg{bE Cgo Nw>{Å>`m± ~‹T>mZr n‹S>t Ÿ& am_qgh H$s emXr
JwgmBª Ho$ Jm±d Ho$ nmgdmbo Jm±d H$s bN>_m go hmo JB© Ÿ& {H$gZ qgh Zo ^r bN>_m H$s ~‹S>r Vmar\$ H$s Ÿ&
`h gwZ JwgmBª {dM{bV hmo J`m Ÿ& Cg {XZ a_-S>o hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JwgmBª Zo AmYm n¡J boZo Ho$
~Om` Xmo n¡J bo {bE Ÿ& Xygao {XZ hdbXma _oOa Cgo ~wIma M‹T>m hþAm _mZ H$a Am¡a _bo{a`m
{àH$m°eZ Z boZo Ho$ Amamon _| noer H$admB© Wr Ÿ&
A~ JwgmBª H$m _Z Jm±d _| OmZo go CMQ> J`m Ÿ& bJmVma n§Ðh gmb dh godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX
Jm±d _| Am`m h¡ Ÿ& J¥hñWr _| àdoe H$aZo H$m {dMma CgZo N>mo‹S> {X`m Wm Ÿ& A~ Jm±d _| Am`m Vmo
{~bHw$b AHo$bm hr Wm Ÿ& gyZmnZ Am¡a AHo$bmnZ A~ CgHo$ OrdZ Ho$ gmWr Wo Ÿ& dh H$mogr Ho$
{H$Zmao {ZVm§V EH$m§V _| EH$ KQ> (nZnŠH$s) MbmVm h¡ Am¡a bmoJm| H$m Joh±ÿ {ngmZo H$m H$m_ H$aHo$
OrdZ Ho$ eof {XZ H$mQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dfm] go CgHo$ _Z _| `hr qMVm ahr {H$ O~ CgH$s ^|Q> bN>_m go hmo
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OmEJr V~ dh Adí` Cggo J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmH$a àm`píMÎm H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hoJm, Š`m|{H$
Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s PyR>r H$g_§o ImH$a CÝh| ZmamO H$aHo$ H$moB© \$b-\y$b Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& Bg{bE àm`píMÎm
H$a XoZo go J§JZmW H$m H$mon Am¡a Zht ahoJm Ÿ&
JwgmBª KQ> _| go {ZH$bH$a XoIVm h¡ {H$ EH$ AmX_r {ga na {ngmZ aIo CgHo$ KQ> H$s Amoa Am
ahm h¡ Ÿ& KQ> Ho$ ^rVa {ngmZo Ho$ {bE AmE W¡bo A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cg AmX_r H$m Zå~a OëXr
AmZo H$s H$moB© g§^mdZm Z hmoZo go JwgmBª AmdmO XoH$a Cg AmX_r H$mo C_oXqgh Ho$ KQ> _| OmZo H$s
gbmh XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AmX_r CgH$m Zå~a nhbo S>mb XoZo H$m AZwamoY H$aZo na ^r O~ {Zame hmoVm h¡,
V~ dh _w‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cg AmX_r H$mo bm¡Q>mZo Ho$ ~mX JwgmBª gyIr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao {_hb H$s N>m§d _| AmH$a ~¡R> OmVm
h¡ Am¡a {Mb_ gwbJmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZm AHo$bmnZ H$MmoQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ Cg AmX_r H$mo AmZo
go _Zm H$a XoZm C{MV Zht Wm Ÿ& dh AmH$a {ngmZo Ho$ W¡bo H$mo XoIH$a {Zame hmoH$a AnZo Amn bm¡Q>
OmVm Ÿ& na Wmo‹S>r Xoa Cggo ~mVMrV H$aZo H$m Vmo _m¡H$m {_b OmVm Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ AHo$bmnZ
{OÝXJr â gmW XoZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ Ûma na YaZm XoH$a ~¡R> J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg EH$m§V _| CgHo$ gmW H$moB©
hmoVm Vmo dh Cgo AnZr am_-H$hmZr, AnZr ^moJr hþB© {OÝXJr H$s ~mV gwZmVm Ÿ& AMmZH$ CgH$m
Ü`mZ gm_Zo H$s nhm‹S>r H$s Amoa J`m, Ohm± nJS>§S>r _| AnZo {ga na ~moP bmXH$a EH$ Am¡aV KQ> H$s
Amoa Am ahr h¡ Ÿ& ~ma~ma bmoJm| H$mo AmZo go _Zm H$aVo-H$aVo JwgmBª V§J Am MwH$m Wm Ÿ& {\$a {H$gr H$mo
_Zm H$aZo H$mo CgH$m _Z Zht hþAm Ÿ& Am¡aV ^r nJS>§S>r N>mo‹S>H$a ZXr Ho$ amñVo na Am JB© Ÿ&
BVZo _| MŠH$s H$s ~XbVr AmdmO gwZH$a Cgo bJm {H$ Ißna H$m AZmO IV_ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE dh KQ> Ho$ A§Xa Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ißna _| H$_ Joh±ÿ dmbo W¡bo H$mo CbQ> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {ngo hþE AmQ>o
H$mo W¡bo _| âZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& V^r dh ór AnZo Ka na amV H$s amoQ>r Ho$ {bE AmQ>m Z hmoZo H$s ~mV
~VmH$a nyN>Vr h¡ {H$ CgH$s ~mar H$~ AmEJr Ÿ? `h AmdmO JwgmBª H$mo n[a{MV bJr Ÿ& CgH$s
Ame§H$m hþB© {H$ `h AmdmO bN>_m H$s hmoJr Ÿ& na e§H$m H$mo Xya H$aZo H$mo dh ~mha AmZo H$m gmhg
~Q>moa Zht nmVm, Ho$db {ngmZo Ho$ W¡bm| H$mo BYa-CYa H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {Xb H$s Y‹S>H$Z ~‹T>
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BYa bN>_m AmQ>o go nwVo hþE JwgmBª H$mo nhMmZ Zht nmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh bN>_m {ga na ~moP aIo
hþE AnZm àíZ {\$a Xw~mam XwhamVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ Odm~ _| AJa dh Zht gwZoJr Vmo CbQ>o
nm§d {H$gr Xygar MŠH$s _| Mbr OmEJr Ÿ& JwgmBª O~ X~o-X~o ñda _| hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm Ho$ ~mao ~VmVm
h¡ Vmo bN>_m H$moB© AZwZ`-{dZ` {H$E {~Zm Xygar MŠH$s na OmZo Ho$ BamXo go bm¡Q> n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& _w‹S>Vo
g_` Cgo ór H$s EH$ PbH$ XoIH$a CgH$s e§H$m {dídmg _| ~Xb OmVr h¡ {H$ `h bN>_m hr h¡ Ÿ&
JwgmBª H$s _mZ{gH$ pñW{V Hw$N> AOr~-gr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Cgo dmng ~wbmZm MmhVm h¡, na
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~wbmZo Ho$ {bE _w±h go AmdmO Zht {ZH$bVr Ÿ& bN>_m Xya Mbr Om ahr Wr Ÿ& A§V _| gmhg ~Q>moaH$a
b‹S>I‹S>mVr AmdmO go dh nwH$maVm h¡ - bN>_m ! JwgmBª H$s K~amhQ> H$s `h AmdmO bN>_m Ho$ H$mZm|
VH$ Zht nh±þM nmVr Ÿ& dh nyd©dV² H$X_ ~‹T>mVr OmVr Wr {\$a nyar e{º$ bJmH$a JwgmBª nwH$maVm h¡ -
"bN>_m' ! bN>_m nrN>o _w‹S>H$a XoIVr h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoMVr h¡ {H$ {ngmZo H$mo _Zm H$aZo dmbm AmX_r {\$a
go Š`m| ~wbmEJm ? {\$a bmoJ Bgr Zm_ go Vmo CgHo$ _m`Ho$ _| ~wbmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE `h nwH$ma Cgo AnZm
^«_ bJVr h¡ Ÿ& dh nyN>Vr h¡ {H$ dh AmX_r Š`m Cgo ~wbm ahm h¡ ?
JwgmBª Joh±ÿ {ngmZo H$m AmídmgZ XoH$a Cgo dmng ~wbm boVm h¡ Ÿ& na dh Zht MmhVm {H$ XmoZm|
H$m AMmZH$ gmjmËH$ma hmo OmE Ÿ& Bg{bE dh ì`ñVVm H$m ~hmZm H$aHo$ {_hb H$s N>m§d _| Mbm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
bN>_m {ngmZo H$m W¡bm KQ> Ho$ ^rVa aIH$a ~mha AmH$a gwñVmZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a H$moB© Xygar
OJh Z XoIH$a Cgr {_hb H$s N>m§d _| AmVr h¡ Am¡a AnZr H¥$VkVm àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡ -
"" Vwåhmao ~mb-~ƒo OrVo ah| KQ>dma Or Ÿ&'' EH$ A{ddm{hV AmX_r Ho$ {bE Eogm Amerdm©X {H$VZm
Aàmg§{JH$ h¡, `h gmoMH$a JwgmBª H$mo `h {dZmoX àVrV hþAm Ÿ& bN>_m CgH$s Amoa XoIZo go nhbo
JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ ~mb-~ƒm| H$mo Amerdm©X XoH$a nyN> boVm h¡ {H$ dh _m`Ho$ H$~ AmB© Ÿ&
BVZo _| bN>_m H$s Ñ{ï> JwgmBª na n‹S>Vr h¡ Vmo dh Cgo nhMmZ H$a AmíM`© M{H$V ah OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _w±h go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ -""Vw_ ?'' bN>_m Ho$ H§$R> go AmJo Ho$ {bE eãX \y$Q> Zht gHo$ Ÿ&
JwgmBª n[apñW{V H$mo ghO -ñdm^m{dH$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE hm|R>m| na _wgH$mZ bmZo H$m Ag\$b à`ËZ
H$aVo hþE ~Vm XoVm h¡ {H$ _¢Zo {nN>bo gmb nbQ>Z go bm¡Q>H$a g_` H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE `h KQ> bJdm`m
h¡ & {\$a O~ JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ ~mb-~ƒm| H$m Hw$eb-_§Jb nyN>Vm h¡ V~ bN>_m CÎma eãXm| _| Zht
Xo gH$Vr Ÿ& dh {ga {hbmH$a AnZr gå_{V A{^ì`º$ H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a O~ JwgmBª nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ dh
A~ {H$VZo {XZ VH$ _m`Ho$ _| ahoJr ? V~ bN>_m Ho$ Y¡`© H$m ~m§Y Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Am±Im| go
Am±gy Q>nH$ n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& dh {gg{H$`m± boZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª Ho$ nmg ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE
eãX Zht Wo Ÿ& JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ Jbo _| gwhmJ H$m {M• H$mbm MaoD$ Z XoIH$a hVà^ ah J`m Ÿ& Cgo
AnZr ì`mdhm[aH$ Hw$ebVm H$s AkmZVm Ho$ {bE ~‹S>m IoX hþAm Ÿ&
bN>_m AnZo Am±gy nmoN>H$a AnZm XwI‹S>m amoZo bJr Ÿ& CgZo H$hm {H$ {OgH$m ^JdmZ Zht
hmoVm CgH$m H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& n{V Ho$ Xohm§V Ho$ ~mX OoR>-OoR>mZr Ho$ gmW Zht nQ>Vr Wr Ÿ& {H$gr Vah
CZgo qnS> Nw>‹S>mH$a ~r_ma _m± H$mo XoIZo AmB©, na dh ^r Mb ~gr Ÿ& EH$ A^mJm ~oQ>m h¡, BgH$s
nad[ae H$aZo Cgo OrZm n‹S> ahm h¡, Zht Vmo dh AmË_hË`m H$a boVr Ÿ& `hm± H$mH$m-H$mH$s H$mo dh
\y$Q>r Am±Im| ^r Zht gwhmVr Ÿ& _m¡gar Om`XmX na CZH$s Am±I h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo gm\$-gm\$ H$h
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{X`m {H$ Cgo Om`XmX go Hw$N> boZm-XoZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& O§Jb H$s bH$‹S>r ~oMH$a Am¡a _OXyar H$aHo$ dh
AnZr JwOa-~ga H$a boJr Ÿ& bo{H$Z {H$gr H$s Am±I H$m H$m§Q>m ~ZH$a Zht ahoJr Ÿ&
JwgmBª Ho$ nmg Ho$db ghmZw^y{VnyU© Ñ{ï> Ho$ Abmdm H$hZo H$mo Hw$N> Zht Wm Ÿ& àg§J ~XbZo Ho$
{bE bN>_m H$hVr h¡ {H$ Bg gmb Yyn VoO hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª bN>_m H$mo no‹S> H$s N>m§d _| AmH$a ~¡R>Zo
H$m AZwamoY H$aHo$ KQ> Ho$ AÝXa OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo H$m {ngZm hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& dh bN>_m H$m AZmO Ißna
_| S>mb XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm` H$m dº$ hmoZo H$s gyMZm XoH$a JwgmBª CR> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh KQ> go EH$ H$m{bI nwVr
~Q>bmoB© _| nmZr bmH$a Myëho na aIH$a bN>_m go H$hVm h¡ {H$ nmZr C~b OmE Vmo Mm` H$s nÎmr S>mb
XoZm Ÿ& dh nmg H$s XwH$mZ go XyY bmZo Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh XyY boH$a AmVm h¡ Vmo bN>_m Ho$ nmg EH$
N>h-gmV gmb Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ H$mo XoIH$a Cgo hr CgH$m ~oQ>m OmZ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>m _m± go {H$gr MrO Ho$ {bE
{OX H$a ahm Wm ŸAm¡a _m± Cgo {P‹S>H$H$a Mwn ahZo H$mo H$h ahr Wr Ÿ&
JwgmBª g_P J`m {H$ ~ƒo H$mo ^yI bJ ahr hmoJr Ÿ& dh KQ> _| OmH$a EH$ Wmbr _| AmQ>m bmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Jwb Ho$ {H$Zmao ~¡R>H$a Cgo Jy§WZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh dhm± go AmVo g_` Am¡a EH$ Xmo ~V©Z bo AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
BVZo _| bN>_m Mm` ~Zm MwH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª Mm` H$mo VrZ dV©Zm| _| ~m§Q>H$a ñd`§ amoQ>r goH$Zo H$m CnH«$_
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmo bN>_m IwX amoQ>r ~ZmZo H$mo AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡ Ÿ& AmQ>o H$s bmoB© bmVo g_` O~ bN>_m H$s
H$bmB© Ho$ H$‹S>o Amng _| Q>H$am OmVo h¢ Vmo N>Z²-N>Z² H$s Omo _Ywa Üd{Z {ZH$bVr h¡, CgHo$ gm_Zo JwgmBª
H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ MŠH$s Ho$ nmQ> na Q>H$amZo dmbr H$mR> H$s {M{‹S>`m| H$m ñda {H$VZm Zrag h¡ Ÿ&
JwgmBª AmJ«h H$aHo$ ~ƒo H$mo Xmo amo{Q>`m± Am¡a Jw‹S> H$s EH$ S>br Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒm ImZo Ho$ {bE
_m± H$s AZw_{V Ho$ {bE VmH$Vm h¡ Vmo Pw§PbmH$a _m± Cgo ImZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ& ~mVMrV Ho$ Xm¡amZ ñnï>
hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ bN>_m Ho$ Ka _| Xmo {XZ go Vob-Z_H$ Zht h¡ Ÿ& AmO Cgo Hw$N> n¡go {_bo h¢ Am¡a dh
AmO hr Hw$N> Oê$ar gm_mZ IarX boJr Ÿ& JwgmBª bN>_m H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo EH$ ZmoQ> XoZm
MmhVm h¡ na bN>_m `h XmZ ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVr Ÿ& bN>_m H$hVr h¡ {H$ "J§JZmW Xm{hZo ah| Vmo ^bo-
~wao {XZ {Z^ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& noQ> Š`m h¡, KQ> Ho$ Ißna H$s Vah {OVZm S>mbmo, H$_ hmo OmE Ÿ& AnZo -namE
ào_ go h±g- ~mob X|, Vmo dhr ~hþV h¡ {XZ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Ÿ&
JwgmBª Vmo bN>_m H$s Hw$N> ghm`Vm H$a XoZm MmhVm Wm Ÿ& na dh Cggo Xygar ~ma énò Ho$ {bE
{Mam¡ar Z H$aHo$ KQ> Ho$ A§Xa OmH$a bÁXr-OëXr bN>_m Ho$ AmQ>o _| A{YH$ Xmo-T>mB© goa AmQ>m {_bm
XoVm h¡ ŸAm¡a ~mha AmH$a bN>_m H$mo Joh±ÿ {ng OmZo H$s gyMZm Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª {H$gr H$m_ Ho$ ~hmZo
bN>_m Ho$ gm_Zo go hQ> OmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na _Z _| ~hþV {XZ go aIr hþB© ~mV ~mob XoZm MmhVm Wm Ÿ&
A§V _| dh {ggH$Vo hþE BVZm hr H$hVm h¡-"" H$^r Mma n¡go Ow‹S> OmE Vmo J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmH$a
^yb-MyH$ H$s _m\$s _m§J boZm Ÿ& nyV -n[adma dmbm| H$mo Xodr-XodVm Ho$ H$mon go ~Mo ahZm Mm{hE Ÿ&''
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BVZm H$hH$a JwgmBª Vwa§V dh OJh N>mo‹S> H$a D$na Ho$ ~m§Y na {H$gr nmZr Vmo‹S>Zo dmbo H$mo
XoIH$a Cgo _Zm H$aZo Ho$ ~hmZo Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ R>§S>o {Xb go bN>_m H$mo {dXm H$aZo H$m gmhg
OwQ>m Zht nm ahm h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m Á`mXm AmQ>m Z boZo H$s hQ> ^r H$aZo H$s Ame§H$m Wr Ÿ& JwgmBª PJ‹S>m
{ZnQ>mH$a bm¡Q>Vo g_` bN>_m H$mo AnZo ~ƒo Ho$ gmW nJS>§S>r na Mbr OmVr hþB© XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
nhm‹S>r _mo‹S> VH$ Cgo XoIVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a CgHo$ _Z _| CXmgr Am¡a OrdZ _| {ZñVãYVm N>m OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
CZH$m `h H$WZ CZHo$ OrdZ H$m {Zamem-^md ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ -""Š`m {R>H$mZm Eogm _m{bH$ H$m
{OgH$m Ka-Ûma Zht, ~r~r-~ƒo Zht, ImZo-nrZo H$m {R>H$mZm Zht Ÿ&''
3.1.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU :
JwgmBª - "H$mogr H$m KQ>dma' H$hmZr H$m EH$ _mÌ g{H«$` nmÌ JwgmBª h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _mVm-{nVm
H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& dh g§gma _| {~bHw$b AHo$bm n‹S> J`m Wm Ÿ& gm¡^m½` go Cgo AnZr BÀN>mZwgma
goZm _| Zm¡H$ar {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr emXr H$aHo$ AnZr {OÝXJr H$mo {\$a go g§dmaZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
ào`gr ^r J§JZmW H$s H$g_ ImH$a Cggo emXr H$aZo H$m dMZ Xo XoVr h¡, na ~mX _| CgH$s emXr Xygar
OJh hmo OmZo go JwgmBª H$mo ~‹S>m gX_m nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& dh BVZm Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ {H$ OrdZ _| emXr Z H$aZo
H$m {ZU©` bo boVm h¡ Ÿ& AHo$bonZ H$mo gmWr ~ZmH$a dh eof OrdZ T>moVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ M[aÌ _| {ZåZ{b{IV {deofVmE± nmB© OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
\$m¡Or dXu na _moh :

JwgmBª H$mo ~MnZ go \$m¡O H$s dXu na _moh hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& hdbXma Ya_qgh H$mo \$m¡Or dXu _|
XoIH$a Cg _| \$m¡O _| ^Vu hmoZo H$s bbH$ CËnÞ hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& g§`moJ go Cgo \$m¡O _| ^r Zm¡H$ar {_b
OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
{_bZgma :
JwgmBª ~hþV {_bZgma h¡ Ÿ& dh EZwAbbrd na Jm±d _| AmVm h¡ V~ dh Iwbo {Xb go ~ƒo-~y‹T>o
g^r go {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& nyao Jm±d _| Cgo gå_mZ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~ƒm| H$mo MZm-Jw‹S> XoH$a Am¡a ~y‹T>m| H$mo
Vå~mHy$,~r‹S>r XoH$a AnZm ~Zm boVm h¡ Ÿ& g§Jr-gmWr ^r CgH$m gmW Zht N>mo‹S>Vo Ÿ& CgH$s ào`gr
bN>_m ^r Cggo {_bZo CgHo$ Jm±d _| Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ dh JwgmBª go {_b Zht gH$Vr, V~ JwgmBª
O§Jb _| OmH$a Cggo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
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gƒm ào{_H$ :
bN>_m JwgmBª H$s ào`gr h¡ Ÿ& ào_r go {_bZo ^¢g ImoOZo Ho$ ~hmZo bN>_m JwgmBª Ho$ Jm±d _| Am
OmVr h¡, na Cggo _wbmH$mV Zht hmo nmVr Ÿ& `h OmZH$a JwgmBª O§Jb _| H$m§H$‹S> H$m {eH$ma H$aZo H$m
~hmZm ~ZmH$a g§Jr-gm{W`m| Ho$ M§Jwb go Nw>Q>H$mam nmH$a O§Jb _| Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dht ào`gr bN>_m
go CgH$s ^|Q> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh bN>_m H$mo _b_b H$s Hw$Vu bm XoZo H$m dMZ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh OmZVm h¡ {H$
bN>_m H$m ~mn \$m¡O _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbo EH$ AZmW Ho$ gmW AnZr ~oQ>r H$s emXr H$aZm Zht MmhVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE bN>_m J§JZmW H$s gm¡J§Y ImH$a emXr H$aZo H$m dMZ Xo XoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh ^r bN>_m go emXr
H$aZo H$m {dídmg boH$a Zm¡H$ar na Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na bN>_m H$s emXr Xygar OJh hmo OmVr h¡ V~ dh
ào`gr Ho$ ì`{º$JV Xm§nË`-OrdZ _| XIb Zht XoVm Ÿ& Cggo ZmVm Omo‹S>Zo H$m à`mg Zht H$aVm Ÿ& daZ
AnZo ào_ H$mo A_a ~mZmZo Ho$ {bE IwX A{ddm{hV ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Y_© {dídmgr :
JwgmBª H$mo Y_© na AmñWm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ào`gr bN>_m O~ J§JZmW H$s enW boH$a Cggo emXr
H$aZo H$m dMZ Xo XoVr h¡, Vmo JwgmBª H$mo Cg na nyam âmogm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mX _| enW Vmo‹S>H$a
bN>_m Xygar OJh emXr H$a boVr h¡ Vmo Bg KQ>Zm go JwgmBª Ho$ {Xb H$mo MmoQ> bJVr h¡ Am¡a dh IwX
H$^r ^r emXr Z H$aZo H$m {ZU©` bo boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ O~ H$^r bN>_m go _wbmH$mV hmoJr Vmo
Cggo ~Vm XoJm {H$ J§JZmW Ho$ H$mon go ~MZo Ho$ {bE dh CZH$m OmJa bJmH$a _m\$s _m§J bo Vm{H$
n[adma na A{Zï> H$m gm`m hQ> OmE Ÿ& A§V _| n§Ðh df© ~mX O~ {dYdm bN>_m go CgH$s _wbmH$mV
hmoVr h¡, Vmo gmhg ~Q>moa H$a dh dhr ~mV H$h XoVm h¡ -""H$^r Mma n¡go Ow‹S> OmE, Vmo J§JZmW H$m
OmJa bJmH$a ^yb-MyH$ H$s _m\$s _m§J boZm Ÿ& nyV-n[adma H$mo Xodr-XodVm Ho$ H$mon go ~Mo ahZm
Mm{hE Ÿ&
AHo$bonZ H$mo PobZodmbm :

ào`gr bN>_m H$s Xygar OJh emXr hmo OmZo go JwgmBª H$mo BVZm AmKmV nh±þMVm h¡ {H$ dh
OrdZ _| A{ddm{hV ah OmZo H$m {ZU©` boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AHo$bonZ H$mo PobZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
n§Ðh gmb VH$ \$m¡O _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVm ahm, Q´>m§g\$a H$amVm ahm Ÿ& EH$ ~ma ^r Jm±d Zht Am`m Ÿ& O~
godm-{Zd¥Îm hmo J`m V~ Jm±d _| AmH$a H$mogr Ho$ VQ> na EH$m§V ñWmZ na KQ> bJmH$a eof OrdZ {~VmZo
bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I ^ybZo H$m à`mg H$aVo ahZo na ^r AHo$bmnZ CgH$m gmW Zht N>mo‹S>Vm Ÿ& CgHo$ KQ> _|
132
{ngmZo H$m W¡bm boH$a AmZo dmbo EH$ AmX_r H$mo Xoa hmoZo H$s gyMZm XoH$a C_oXqgh Ho$ KQ> na OmZo H$s
gbmh XoVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ dh AmX_r bm¡Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª gyIr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao {_hb H$s N>m§h _| ~¡R>H$a
{Mb_ gwbJmVm h¡, Cgo AHo$bmnZ BVZm ÌñV H$aHo$ aIVm h¡ {H$ dh gmoMVm h¡ -_wPo Cg AmX_r H$mo
_Zm Zht H$aZm Mm{hE Wm Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ CgHo$ gmW Wmo‹S>r Xoa ~mVMrV H$aHo$, AnZm hmb gwZmH$a Or
hbH$m Vmo {H$`m Om gH$Vm Wm Ÿ&
CgH$s `h gmoM CgHo$ AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo AnZm H$h gHo$,
Eogo {H$gr àmUr H$m ñda CgHo$ {bE Zht, nmbVy Hw$Îmo -{~ëbr H$m ñda ^r Zht Ÿ& Š`m {R>H$mZm Eogo
_m{bH$ H$m, {OgH$m Ka>-Ûma Zht ... ~r~r-~ƒo Zht, ImZo-nrZo H$m {R>H$mZm Zht Ÿ&
{ZU©` _| A{S>J ahZodmbm :

bN>_m Zo J§JZmW H$s H$g_ ImH$a JwgmBª Ho$ gm_Zo dmXm {H$`m Wm {H$ O¡gm Vw_ H$hmoJo, _¢ d¡gm
hr H$ê§$Jr Ÿ& na dh Xygar OJh emXr H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª H$mo O~ `h _mby_ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ CgHo$
gmao Aa_mZ R>§S>o n‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {OÝXJr ao{JñVmZ ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª {ZU©` bo boVm h¡ {H$ dh H$^r
emXr Zht H$aoJm Ÿ& dh n§Ðh df© VH$ AnZo Jm±d Zht OmVm Ÿ& godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Jm±d bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Vmo
dº$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE EH$m§V _| EH$ KQ> bJdm boVm h¡ Ÿ&
ào`gr Ho$ à{V embrZ ì`dhma H$aZo dmbm :

JwgmBª H$s ào`gr O~ Xygao H$s nËZr ~Z OmVr h¡, V~ JwgmBª CgHo$ à{V aho _moh H$mo _Z go
{ZH$mb XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ hao-âo Ka _| dh XIb Zht XoVm Ÿ& dh KQ> _| O~ EH$m§V _| bN>_m H$mo XoIVm
h¡, V~ dh Cggo {_bZo go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& OrVo ah| Voao ~mb-~ƒo H$h H$a bN>_m H$s
g§VmZm| H$mo Amerdm©X XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {~Xm H$aVo g_` AVrV H$s ñ_¥{V H$ht C‚mr{dV hmo Z OmE§,
Bg{bE H$m_ H$m ~hmZm H$aHo$ Cggo Xya Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
ghmZw^y{Verb :
JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{Verb h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m emXr H$a boVr h¡, {\$a ^r CgHo$ à{V JwgmBª
Ho$ _Z_| H$moB© Xw^m©dZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& daZ² dh dfm] VH$ gmoMVm ahVm h¡ {H$ O~ H$^r bN>_m go CgH$s ^|Q>
hmoJr, Vmo dh Adí` H$hoJm {H$ dh J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmH$a àm`píMÎm Oê$a H$a bo Ÿ& Xodr-
XodVmAm| H$s PyR>r H$g_| ImH$a CÝh| ZmamO H$aZo go Š`m bm^ ? {Og na ^r J§JZmW H$m H$mon hþAm,
133
dh H$^r \$b-\y$b Zht nm`m Ÿ& ~mX _| ^|Q> hmoVo hr JwgmBª `h bN>_m H$mo ~Vm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ Jbo _| gwhmJ-{M• ñdê$n H$mbm MaoD$ Z XoIH$a hVà^-gm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh bN>_m H$s Xw:I-XX© âr H$hmZr gwZH$a Xw:Ir hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
bN>_m Imbr Z Mbr OmE, Bg{bE Mm` H$m Q>m`_ ^r hmo ahm h¡ H$hH$a dh Mm` H$s ì`dñWm
H$aHo$ XyY bmZo Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX bN>_m Ho$ nmg N>h-gmV gmb Ho$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$mo XoIH$a Cgo bN>_m H$m ~oQ>m
g_P OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE amoQ>r ~ZmZo H$s ì`dñWm ^r H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~ƒo H$mo amoQ>r Am¡a Jw‹S>
ImZo VWm Mm` nrZo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m H$mo ^r Mm` XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
bN>_m H$s Am{W©H$ V§Jr Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$a JwgmBª Cgo EH$ ZmoQ> XoZm MmhVm h¡, na bN>_m Bgo
ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVr Ÿ& V~ MwnHo$ go KQ> Ho$ ^rVa OmH$a JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ AmQ>o _| MwnHo$ go AnZo AmQ>o
go Xmo-T>mB© goa AmQ>m S>mb XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
ì`dgm{`H$ ~w{Õ _| {ZnwU :

JwgmBª ì`dgm{`H$ ~w{Õ _| {ZnwU h¡ Ÿ& nZMŠH$s MbmZo Ho$ {bE dh H$mogr ZXr Ho$ nmZr H$m
~hmd KQ> H$s Jyb H$s Amoa H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~m±Y _| {_Å>r-Kmg S>mbH$a {ZH$mg ~§X H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~m±Y
na {H$gr Io{Vha H$mo XoIH$a g_P boVm h¡ {H$ dh IoV H$s qgMmB© Ho$ {bE nmZr MwamZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE JwgmBª Cgo S>m±Q> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh CgHo$ nmg OmH$a PJ‹S>m {ZnQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {ngmZ Ho$ {bE AmZo
dmbo W¡bm| H$mo H«$_ go Zå~a XoVm h¡ Am¡a Zå~a Ho$ AZwgma Joh±ÿ nrgVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {Zînj ì`dhma Ho$
{bE H$moB© Cggo A{YH$ AZwamoY Zht H$aVm Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r Á`mXm AZwamoY H$aZo dmbo AmX_r H$mo dh
éImB© go Odm~ Xo XoVm h¡ - `hm± Oê$ar H$m ^r ~mn aIm h¡, Or Ÿ& Vw_ D$na Mbo OmAmo Ÿ&
gƒm BÝgmZ :
JwgmBª MmhVm h¡ {H$ Bg AHo$bonZ _| AJa dh bm¡Q>m J`m AmX_r {_b OmVm Vmo Xmo-Mma jU
H$s ~mVMrV H$m Amgam {_b hr hmoVm Ÿ& na O~ bN>_m Am OmVr h¡ dh AnZo {Xb H$m Xw:I Cgo ~Vm
Zht nmVm Ÿ& `Ú{n dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ bN>_m H$m hR> Cgo AHo$bm ~Zm J`m h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r dh bN>_m Ho$
gm_Zo AnZm AmH«$moe ì`º$ Zht H$aVm, AnZo AVrV Ho$ nÞo Zht ImobVm, Š`m|{H$ IwX bN>_m X¡d H$s
_mar hþB© h¡ Ÿ& dh ~XZgr~r Am¡a Jar~r H$mo PobVr hþB© bN>_m Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ H$mo R>og Zht nh±þMmVm Ÿ&
ha g§^d CgH$s ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& nmg ~¡R>H$a Cggo A{YH$ ~mVMrV H$aZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ& dh EH$
134
namE Am¡a An[a{MV AmX_r H$s Vah PyR>-_yR> H$m_ H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a ì`ñV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$
bN>_m H$mo {~Xm H$aZo H$mo CnpñWV Z ahH$a PJ‹S>m {ZnQ>mZo Ho$ ~hmZo Xya Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nmZr
Vmo‹S>Zo dmbo Io{Vha go PJ‹S>m {ZnQ>mH$a bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX XoIVm h¡ {H$ bN>_m nhm‹S> H$s nJS>§S>r na {ga
na AmQ>m {bò AnZo ~oQ>o Ho$ gmW Yrao-Yrao Mbr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh CÝh| nhm‹S>r Ho$ _mo‹S> VH$ nh±þMZo VH$
Q>H$Q>H$s ~m§Yo XoIVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg g_` Ho$db MŠH$s H$s AmdmO Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a H$B© H$moB© ñda
gwZmB© Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& g~ gwZgmZ .... {ZñVãY Ÿ& n[adoe H$m gyZmnZ _mZmo JwgmBª H$s {OÝXJr Ho$ gyZonZ
H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ&
3.1.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm :

"H$mogr H$m KQ>dma' EH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU H$aZo dmbr H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go
g_rjm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV VËdm| Ho$ AmYma na naIZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, ò VËd h¢ -
1) H$WmdñVw ; 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU ; 3) g§dmX ; 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU ;
5) ^mfm e¡br ; 6) CÔoí` Am¡a 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
H$WmdñVw :
JwgmBª hr H$mogr H$m KQ>dma h¡ Ÿ& dh \$m¡O go bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX dº$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE H$mogr ZXr Ho$
{H$Zmao EH$m§V _| EH$ KQ> bJdm boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {~bHw$b AHo$bm AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& ~MnZ go _m±-~mn H$s
_m¡V hmo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& OdmZr _| ào`gr bN>_m Xygar OJh emXr H$a boVr h¡ Vmo JwgmBª AnZr {OÝXJr go
ê$R> OmVm h¡ Am¡a AmOrdZ A{ddm{hV ahZo H$m {ZU©` bo boVm h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m Zo J§JZmW H$s enW boH$a
CgHo$ gmW emXr H$aZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm, O~ JwgmBª Nw>Å>r boH$a Jm±d _| Am`m Wm Ÿ& JwgmBª gmoMVm h¡
{H$ O~ H$^r bN>_m go CgH$s ^|Q> hmoJr, V~ dh ~Vm XoJm {H$ dh J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmH$a AnZr
PyR>r H$g_ Ho$ {bE j_m _m§J bo Ÿ& CgH$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ {Og na J§JZmW H$m H$mon hmoVm h¡, dh \$b-
\y$b Zht nmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg ~rM bN>_m {dYdm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh ggwamb _| ah Zht nmVr Ÿ& ~r_ma _m± H$mo XoIZo AmVr
h¡ Vmo Hw$N> {XZ ~mX _m± ^r _a OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ~mn ^r _a MwH$m Wm Ÿ& dh AnZo N>h-gmV df© Ho$ ~oQ>o H$mo gmW
boH$a _¡Ho$ _| ahVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ dh Joh±ÿ {ngmZo {Og AmQ>m MŠH$s na AmVr h¡, dh JwgmBª H$s AmQ>m
MŠH$s h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª XoIVm h¡ {H$ Bg n§Ðh gmb Ho$ ^rVa bN>_m _| ~hþV n[adV©Z hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& dh
{dYdm hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& H$bH$b ~hZo dmbm PaZm AmO J§^ra gmJa ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& dh bN>_m H$s {OÝXJr
135
H$s XX©ZmH$ H$hmZr gwZH$a Xw:Ir hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ghm`Vm H$aZm MmhVm
h¡ Ÿ& OmVo g_` dh bN>_m H$mo J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmZo H$s gbmh XoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ AOZ~r H$m ~hmZm
H$aHo$ bN>_m go ~MZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m H$mo {~Xm XoZo H$mo CnpñWV Z ahH$a H$m_ Ho$ ~hmZo Xya Mbm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ dh bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Vmo XoIVm h¡ {H$ bN>_m AmQ>m {ga na aIH$a Am¡a ~ƒo H$mo gmW boH$a
nJS>§S>r na Mbr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh _mo‹S> AmZo VH$ Q>H$Q>H$s ~m§Yo bN>_m H$mo {ZhmaVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a
bN>_m CgH$s Ñ{ï> go AmoPb hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± KQ> H$s AmdmO Ho$ Abmdm nyao n[adoe _| {ZñVãYVm
amO H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª AHo$bonZ Am¡a Aghm`Vm H$s nr‹S>m go N>Q>nQ>mH$a ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
M[aÌ-{MÌU -
Bg H$hmZr _| _w»` nmÌ Xmo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ h¡ JwgmBª Am¡a Xygar bN>_m Ÿ&
JwgmBª Ho$ _m±-~mn _a MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& \$m¡Or n|Q> nhZH$a hdbXma Ya_qgh O~ Jm±d _| Am`m V~
Cgo XoIH$a AHo$bo `wdH$ JwgmBª Ho$ _Z _| \$m¡O _| OmZo H$s bmbgm CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Am{Ia dh
\$m¡O _| ^Vu hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a EZwAb brd boH$a Jm±d _| AmVo g_` CgH$m ~‹S>m gå_mZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
O§Jb _| OmH$a AnZr ào`gr bN>_m go {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± bN>_m J§JZmW H$s enW boH$a H$hVr h¡ {H$
dh Cggo emXr H$aoJr Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh Xygar OJh emXr H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& `h gwZH$a JwgmBª Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh IwX emXr Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh Jm±d _| ^r Zht AmVm Ÿ& n§Ðh gmb ~mX Jm±d AmH$a H$mogr ZXr Ho$
{H$Zmao EH$ nZMŠH$s bJdm H$a Imbr dº$ {~VmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bgr ~rM bN>_m {dYdm hmoH$a CgHo$ KQ> _| Joh±ÿ {ngmZo AmVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª bN>_m Ho$ _w±h go
CgH$s XX© âr H$hmZr gwZH$a ghmZw^y{V OVmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ghm`Vm H$a XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _|
J§JZmW H$m OmJa bJmH$a àm`píMÎm H$aZo H$s gbmh XoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ J§JZmW Ho$ H$mon go H$moB© \$b-
\y$b Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& dh {dXm Ho$ g_` AmVo hr H$m_ H$m ~hmZm H$aHo$ Xya Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh O~
bm¡Q>Vm h¡ V~ bN>_m H$mo AnZo ~ƒo H$mo gmW boH$a Mbr OmVr hþB© XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ OrdZ _|
AHo$bmnZ Am¡a {Zame â OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
bN>_m JwgmBª go ß`ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ EZwAb brd boH$a \$m¡O go JwgmBª Jm±d _| AmVm h¡ V~
bN>_m Zmbm nma H$aHo$ AnZo Jm±d go ^¢g H$m H$Q²>`m ImoOZo Ho$ ~hmZo Xygao {XZ bN>_m AmH$a JwgmBª
go {_bZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& na Cg {XZ JwgmBª {_b Zht nmVm Ÿ& JwgmBª ^r H$m§H$‹S> Ho$ {eH$ma Ho$ ~hmZo
bN>_m go O§Jb _| {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m Zo dhm± J§JZmW H$s H$g_ ImH$a H$hm Wm, O¡gm Vw_ H$hmoJo, _¢
d¡gm hr H$ê§$Jr Ÿ& bN>_m H$m ~mn JwgmBª Ho$ gmW AnZr ~oQ>r H$s emXr H$aZm Zht MmhVm Wm Ÿ& bN>_m
H$s emXr am_qgh go hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
136
Bgr ~rM n§Ðh gmb ~rV OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bN>_m {dYdm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ EH$ ~oQ>m h¡ Ÿ& OoR>-
OoR>mZr Ho$ nmg ahZm _wpíH$b hmo J`m Ÿ& ~r_ma _m± Ho$ nmg dh Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh ^r Mb ~gr Ÿ&
MmMm-MmMr H$mo Am±I| CgHo$ ~m~m H$s Om`XmX na bJr hþB© h¢ Ÿ& bN>_m H$m Cg Amoa Ü`mZ Zht h¡ Ÿ&
Om`XmX Ho$ {bE H$moB© bmo^ Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh O§Jb H$m brgm T>mo-T>moH$a AnZr JwOa H$a boZo H$s {hå_V
aIVr h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>o Ho$ {bE hr Cgo OrZm n‹S> ahm h¡ Ÿ& Zht Vmo d¡go OrdZ Ho$ à{V CgH$m H$moB© _moh Zht ah
J`m h¡ Ÿ&
g§`moJ go dh {ngmZ {ga na aIo JwgmBª Ho$ KQ> na AmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ì`dhma _| embrZVm nmB©
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh KQ>dma go Yrao go nyN>Vr h¡ -""H$~ ~mar AmEJr ? amV H$s amoQ>r Ho$ {bE ^r Ka _| AmQ>m
Zht h¡ Ÿ&'' KQ>dma JwgmBª O~ Xoa hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ V~ Xw~mam AZwZ` Z H$aHo$ bN>_m bm¡Q> n‹S>Vr
h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª A~ bN>_m H$mo nhMmZH$a CgH$m Zm_ boH$a Cgo nwH$maVm h¡ Vmo bN>_m H$mo g§Xoh hmoVm h¡ {H$
Bg Zm_ go Vmo Ho$db _m`Ho$ _| bmoJ nwH$maVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZm ^«_ Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh {dZ_«Vm nyd©H$ nyN>Vr
h¡ -"" _wPo nwH$ma aho h¢ Or ?'' JwgmBª O~ nrgZo H$m AmídmgZ XoVm h¡ V~ dh bm¡Q> AmVr h¡ Am¡a KQ>
Ho$ AÝXa {ngmZ aIH$a ~mha AmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh EhgmZ OVmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡ -""Vwåhmao ~mb-~ƒo
OrVo ah|, KQ>dmaOr ! ~‹S>m CnH$ma H$m H$m_ H$a {X`m Vw_Zo Ÿ& D$na Ho$ KQ> _| ^r Z OmZo {H$VZr Xoa _|
Zå~a {_bVm Ÿ?''
JwgmBª O~ bN>_m Ho$ ~mb-~ƒm| H$mo OrVo ahZo H$m Amerdm©X XoH$a nyN>Vm h¡ -"" _m`Ho$ H$~
AmB© ?'' V~ bN>_m JwgmBª H$mo nhMmZ boVr h¡ Am¡a AmíM`© go CgHo$ _w±h go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ -
""Vw_ ?'' JwgmBª O~ ~ƒm| H$m Hw$eb -jo_ nyN>H$a `h nyN> XoVm h¡ -""Vy A^r Am¡a {H$VZo {XZ
_m`Ho$ ahZodmbr h¡ ?'' V~ bN>_m \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a amo n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
bN>_m JwgmBª H$mo AnZm _mZH$a Amn ~rVr gmar XwIX H$hmZr gwZm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡ {H$
{OgH$m ^JdmZ Zht hmoVm, CgH$m H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& AnZo ~oQ>o H$s ~XZgr~r Am¡a AnZr {ddeVm
~VmVo hþE dh H$hVr h¡ -"" EH$ A^mJm _wPo amoZo H$mo ah J`m h¡, Cgr Ho$ {bE OrZm n‹S> ahm h¡ Ÿ& Zht
Vmo noQ> na nËWa ~m§Y H$a H$ht Sy>~ _aVr, O§Omb H$Q>Vm Ÿ&''
bN>_m ì`dhma Hw$eb h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª O~ Mm` ~ZmZo `m amoQ>r g|H$Zo H$m CnH«$_ H$aVm h¡ V~
bN>_m nyam H$m_ AnZo hmW bo boVr h¡ Ÿ& bN>_m ñdm{^_mZr h¡ Ÿ& dh Zht MmhVr {H$ JwgmBª OmZ OmE
{H$ ~ƒo H$mo ^yI bJ ahr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª O~ AmJ«h H$aVm h¡ {H$ ~ƒm hr amoQ>r ImE Vmo ~mV Q>mbZo Ho$
{bE bN>_m PyR> H$h XoVr h¡, `h Vmo A^r Ka go ImH$a hr Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& _¢ amo{Q>`m± ~ZmH$a aI AmB©
Wr Ÿ&'' bo{H$Z O~ gƒmB© nH$‹S>r OmVr h¡ Vmo dh {P‹S>H$H$a ~ƒo go H$h XoVr h¡ -""_a ! A~ bo Š`m|
Zht boVm ? Ohm± OmEJm, dht AnZo bÀN>Z {XImEJm Ÿ&'' àg§Jde bN>_m n¡gm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm XoVr
137
h¡ Vmo JwgmBª g§H$moM nyd©H$ Cgo EH$ ZmoQ> XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na bN>_m BZH$ma H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡-"" Zht-
Zht Or ! H$m_ Vmo Mb hr ahm h¡ Ÿ& _¢ Bg _Vb~ go Wmo‹S>o hr H$h ahr Wr Ÿ& `h Vmo ~mV _| ~mV Mbr
Wr, Vmo _§¡Zo H$hm Ÿ&''
bN>_m Y_©-{dídmgr h¡ Ÿ& dh JwgmBª go H$hVr h¡ -"" J§JZmW Xm{hZo ah|, Vmo ^bo-~wao {XZ {Z^
OmVo h¢ Or Ÿ& noQ> Š`m h¡, KQ> Ho$ Ißna H$s Vah {OVZm S>mbmo, H$_ hmo OmE Ÿ& AnZo-namE ào_ go h±g-
~mob X|, Vmo dhr ~hþV h¡ {XZ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Ÿ&''
bN>_m _`m©Xm r gr_m _| ahZo dmbr Am¡aV Wr, {dYdm Wr Ÿ& EH$ ~ƒo H$s _m± Wr Ÿ& Cg_| dfm]
nhbo H$m ß`ma H$m Ádma Z Wm Ÿ& dh Ádma gmJa O¡go gr_mAm| _| ~§YH$a em§V hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& _`m©Xm Ho$
~§YZ _| dh IwX ~§Y MwH$s Wr Ÿ& JwgmBª CgHo$ {bE Xygamo| H$s Vah EH$ gmYmaU B§gmZ Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE
JwgmBª Ho$ bm¡Q>Zo VH$ àVrjm H$aZm CgZo C{MV Zht _mZm Ÿ& dh AnZo {ngmZ H$m W¡bm boH$a Am¡a
AnZo ~ƒo H$mo gmW boH$a KQ> go Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh X`m H$s ^rI {bE {~Zm nyao AmË_ {dídmg Ho$
gmW AHo$br {OÝXJr H$s amh na MbZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
Bg H$hmZr _| g§dmX nmÌmZwHy$b, n[apñW{V Am¡a n[adoe Ho$ AZwHy$b h¢ Ÿ& ^mdwH$Vm Ho$ g_`
g§dmX Xme©{ZH$Vm go âo hþE h¢ Ÿ&
JwgmBª {Zînj hmoH$a {OgH$s ~mar AmVr h¡ CgH$m Joh±ÿ nrgVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ AmX_r H$mo AnZo KQ> H$s
Amoa AmVo hþE XoIH$a dh nhbo Cgo ~Vm XoVm h¡ {H$ `hm± Xoa hmoJr Ÿ& dh {\$a O~ AZwamoY H$aVm h¡,
A~ JwgmBª {Og T>§J go Odm~ XoVm h¡, dh nmÌmZwHy$b h¡ -dh H$hVm h¡ - ""`hm± Oê$ar H$m ^r ~mn aIm
h¡, Or ! Vw_ D$na Mbo OmAmo Ÿ&''
JwgmBª O~ H$hVm h¡ -"" bmoJ R>rH$ H$hVo h¢, Am¡aV Ho$ hmW H$s ~Zr amo{Q>`m| _| ñdmX hr Xygam
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&'' V~ Bg_| VZmd H$_ H$aZo H$m AmJ«h h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª ~ƒo Ho$ {bE O~ H$hVm h¡ - Hw$N> gmJ-
gãOr hmoVr Vmo ~oMmam EH$ AmY amoQ>r Am¡a Im boVm, V~ Bg_| dmËgë` ^md OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
`hm± g§dmX _| Xme©{ZH$Vm H$m JwU ^r h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª H$hVm h¡ -""Xw:I VH$br\$ Ho$ dº$ hr AmX_r
AmX_r Ho$ H$m_ Zht Am`m, Vmo ~oH$ma h¡ Ÿ& n¡gm {_Å>r h¡ gmbm Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ H$m_ Zht Am`m Vmo {_Å>rŸ&''
bN>_m ^r Xme©{ZH$ O¡go J§^raVm go H$hVr h¡ -"" J§JZmW Xm{hZo ah|, Vmo ^bo-~wao {XZ {Z^
OmVo h¢, Or ! noQ> Š`m h¡, KQ> Ho$ Ißna H$s Vah {OVZm S>mbm| H$_ hmo OmE Ÿ& AnZo -namE ào_ go h±g-
~mob X| Vmo dhr ~hþV h¡ {XZ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Ÿ&''
138
Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU :
Bg H$hmZr _| n[adoe ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª AHo$bmnZ Pob ahm h¡ Ÿ& {OÝXJr â gmW XoZo
Ho$ {bE Vmo AHo$bmnZ CgHo$ Ûma na YaZm XoH$a ~¡R> J`m h¡ Ÿ& {dYdm bN>_m ggwamb Am¡a _m`Ho$ go
~{hîH¥$V hmoH$a ^r AHo$bonZ Pob ahr h¡ Ÿ& n[adoe H$m AHo$bmnZ ì`{º$ Ho$ AHo$bonZ H$mo Am¡a
A{YH$ nr‹S>mXm`H$ ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gyIr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao bJmB© JB© AmQ>m MŠH$s {~bHw$b AHo$br h¡ Ÿ&
n[adoe Ho$ AHo$bmnZ H$m {MÌU Bg àH$ma h¡ - KQ> Ho$ A§Xa H$mR> H$s {M{‹S>`m± A~ ^r {H$Q>-
{H$Q> AmdmO H$a ahr Wt Ÿ& MŠH$s H$m nmQ> {Iñga -{Iñga Mb ahm Wm Am¡a _WmZr H$s nmZr H$mQ>Zo
H$s AmdmO Am ahr Wr Am¡a H$ht H$moB© ñda Zht Ÿ& g~ gwZgmZ .... {ZñVãY ... Ÿ& OrdZ H$s
ZradVm H$mo n[adoe H$s ZradVm Am¡a A{YH$ Or{dV H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& OoR> ~rV ahm h¡ Ÿ& AmH$me _| H$ht
~mXbm| H$m Zm_-{ZemZ ^r Zht Ÿ& Bg gmb ZXr -Zmbo g~ gyIo n‹S>o h¢ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| n[adoe H$m {~å~ -{dYmZ ^r hþAm h¡ Ÿ& dramZ _| JwgmBª H$s MŠH$s go pñW{V,
MŠH$s Ho$ nmQ> H$m {Iñga -{Iñga MbZo H$s AmdmO, H$mogr H$s gyIr Ymam, {ngmZ Ho$ {bE Ißna
_| Joh±ÿ S>mbH$a PwH$H$a ~mha {ZH$bZm, {ga Ho$ ~mbm| Am¡a ~mhm| na AmQ>o H$s EH$ hëH$s g\o$X nV© ~¡R>
OmZm Am{X JwgmBª Ho$ _Z _| ~gr CXmgr, AHo$bonZ, IrP, nr‹S>m H$mo ì`º$ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
^mfm -e¡br :
^mfm H$hmZr H$mo AmH$f©H$ ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE nmÌmZwHy$b ^mfm H$m à`moJ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Bggo
H$hmZr _| àdmh Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$Vm AmVr h¡ Ÿ& JwgmBª AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m PobVm h¡ Vmo CgH$s ^mfm _|
éImB© Am¡a {M‹S>{M‹S>mnZ AmZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ& D±$Mo ñda _| {H$gr Ho$ nwH$maZo go _Z hr _Z H$hVm h¡
-"" ñgmbm H¡$go MrIVm h¡, O¡go KQ> H$s AmdmO BVZr hmo {H$ _¢ gwZ Z gHy§$ Ÿ&'' {\$a dh H$_ D±$Mr
AmdmO _| CÎma XoVm h¡ - ""`hm± Oê$ar H$m ^r ~mn aIm h¡, Or ! Vw_ D$na Mbo OmAmo Ÿ&''
nhbo dh ào`gr bN>_m go {_bVm h¡, Vmo ß`ma âr ~mV H$hVm h¡ -"" Voao {bE _I_b H$s
Hw$Vu bm Xy§Jm, _oao gwdm !''
AnZo _Z H$m J_ àH$Q> H$aVo g_` bN>_m Xme©{ZH$ O¡gr ~mV H$hVr h¡ -"" {OgH$m ^JdmZ
Zht hmoVm, CgH$m H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ&''
""J§JZmW Xm{hZo ah|, Vmo ^bo-~wao {XZ {Z^ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& noQ> Š`m h¡, KQ> H$m Ißna H$s Vah
{OVZm S>mbmo, H$_ hmo OmE Ÿ& AnZo -namE ào_ go h±g-~mob X|, Vmo dhr ~hþV h¡ {XZ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Ÿ&''
JwgmBª H$s Xme©{ZH$ âr C{º$ h¡ -"" VH$br\$ Ho$ dº$ hr AmX_r AmX_r Ho$ H$m_ Zht Am`m,
139
Vmo ~oH$ma h¡ Ÿ& ñgmbm Ÿ& n¡gm {_Q²>Q>r h¡ gmbm ! {H$gr Ho$ H$m_ Zht Am`m Vmo {_Q²>Q>r Ÿ&'' AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m
n[adoe hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr _| A§J«oOr eãXm| H$m ^r à`moJ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
CÔoí` :
"ZB© H$hmZr' _| Xmo YmamE± nmB© OmVr h¡§ Ÿ&
1) ì`{º${Zð> Ymam Am¡a, 2) gm_m{OH${Zð> Ymam Ÿ&
ì`{º$JV ^mdYmam Ho$ boIH$ ê${‹T> Am¡a na§nam Ho$ {damoY Ho$ Zm_ na g^r àH$ma Ho$ gm_m{OH$
_yë`m| H$m {damoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do _yë`hrZVm, hVmem Am¡a VZmd H$s pñW{V H$s à{V{ð>V H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
gm_m{OH${Zð> ^mdYmam Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma na§namJV hmoZo na ^r _yë`m| H$s à{Vð>m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& eoIa
Omoer Bgr Ymam Ho$ boIH$ h¢ Ÿ&
H$hmZr _| EH$m§V _| ào_r-ào`gr H$s ^|Q> go ß`ma H$s ewê$AmV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z dhm± H$moB©
CÀN¥>§IbVm Zht Am nmB© h¡ Ÿ& ào`gr H$m AÝ`Ì {ddmh H$aZm CgH$s {ddeVm Wr Ÿ& ào`gr H$m H$g_
Vmo‹S>Zo H$m AmKmV ào_r H$mo AmOrdZ A{ddm{hV ahZo Ho$ {ZU©` boZo H$m H$maU Wm Ÿ& XmoZm| n§Ðh gmb
~mX O~ {_bVo h¢, Cg g_` VH$ XmoZm| EH$ Xygao Ho$ {bE {~bHw$b AOZ~r hmo Jò h¢ Ÿ& ào_r H$m
ghm`Vm H$m hmW ~‹T>mZm C{MV bJVm h¡, na ào`gr H$m AnZo ñdm{^_mZ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE Cgo
AñdrH$ma H$a XoZm ^r R>rH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bggo dh CgHo$ M[aÌ H$s _hZr`Vm à{Vnm{XV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| ào_ H$s n{dÌVm H$s ajm H$aZo, Ym{_©H$ AmñWm Ho$ ghmao OrdZ _| AmZodmbr
H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
erf©H$ :
H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "H$mogr H$m KQ>dma' Zm`H$ H$s d¥{Îm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& gyIr H$mogr
ZXr OrdZ H$s ewîH$Vm Am¡a ZragVm ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& \$m¡Or Zm`H$ JwgmBª Ho$ {bE "KQ>dma' EH$ Z`m
nX h¡ Ÿ& dº$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE JwgmBª Zo KQ> bJdm {b`m h¡ Ÿ& `hr KQ> JwgmBª Am¡a bN>_m H$mo nwZ: ^|Q> hmo
OmZo H$m n[adoe ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mogr H$m EH$m§V ñWmZ OrdZ H$s ZragVm Am¡a {ZñVãYVm H$mo Üd{ZV
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o Zmbo -Jwbm| Ho$ {H$Zmao Ho$ KQ> _hrZm| go ~§X n‹S>Zo Am¡a JwgmBª H$m KQ> Yr_r J{V go
MbZo go ì`§{OV hmoVm h¡ {H$ nmÌm| Ho$ OrdZ H$s J{V àm`: AdéÕ h¡ Ÿ& AV: erf©H$ àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ÿ&
`h H$hmZr H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> na Iar CVaVr h¡ Ÿ&
----
140
~mXbm| Ho$ Koao
3.2.1 bo{IH$m -n[aM` :

H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m OÝ_ 1925 _| {d^mOZ nyd© n§Om~ _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZH$s {ejm -Xrjm bmhm¡a
{e_bm Am¡a {Xëbr _| hþB© Wr Ÿ&
"~mXbm| Ho$ Koao' CZH$s H$hmZr g§J«h h¡, {Og_| 24 H$hm{Z`m± g§H${bV h¢ Ÿ& BgH$m àH$meZ
1980 _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& H$hm{Z`m± {d{^Þ g_` _| {bIr JB© Wt Ÿ& CZ_| 1948 _| {bIr JB© H$hmZr
"{gŠH$m ~Xb J`m' EH$ àm¡‹T> aMZm h¡ Ÿ&
CZHo$ àH$m{eV CnÝ`mg h¡§ - {_Ìmo_aOZr, S>ma go {~Nw>‹S>r, `mam| Ho$ `ma, VrZ nhm‹S>,
gyaO_wIr A§Yoao _|, {OÝXJrZm_m, {XbmoXm{Ze Ÿ& "Eo b‹S>H$s' EH$ bå~r H$hmZr h¡ {Ogo CnÝ`m{gH$m
H$hm J`m Ÿ& "{OÝXJrZm_m' CnÝ`mg na CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mXo_r nwañH$ma {_bm Wm Ÿ& CÝh| n§Om~
gaH$ma Zo ^r gm{hË` {eamo_{U nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV {H$`m Wm Ÿ&
3.2.2 H$Wm gma :

H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$s H$hmZr "~mXbm| Ho$ Koao' _| Zm`H$ a{d Q>r.~r. go AmH«$m§V hmoH$a ^wdmbr H$s
H$m°Q>oO _| n‹S>o-n‹S>o AHo$bonZ Am¡a AOZ~rnZ H$mo PobVo hþE __m©ÝVH$ nr‹S>m H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh AnZo AVrV H$m amo_§WZ H$aVo g_` CgH$s ñ_¥{V _| Xmo N>{~`m± gmH$ma hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ& EH$ h¡ ào`gr
_Þmo H$m Moham Am¡a Xygar h¡ nËZr _ram H$m AmMaU Ÿ& Bg g_` CgHo$ _mZdr` ^mdV§Vw CÝ_mo{MV hmo
OmVo h¢, Am§V[aH$ g§gma H$s nr‹S>m, AHo$bmnZ, N>Q>nQ>mhQ> , VZmd ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
`h ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ {H$ _Z Ho$ nmg H$s MrO H$s Anojm Xya H$s MrO Ho$ à{V, Omo Zht h¡, nrN>o
Ny>Q> JB© h¡, CgHo$ à{V A{YH$ _moh ahVm h¡ Ÿ& a{d Ho$ _Z _| nËZr _ram H$s Anojm nËZr _Þmo Ho$ à{V
_moh Am¡a ß`ma H$s CN>bZ A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ&
a{d H$mo `mX AmVm h¡ dh {XZ O~ dh ~wAm go {_bZo Z¡Zr Ho$ nhm‹S> na J`m Wm Ÿ& ~wAm {nVmOr
H$s g~go N>moQ>r _m¡goar ~hZ Wr Ÿ& gw~h Ho$ ZmíVo H$s _oO go CR>Vo -CR>Vo ~wAm Zo _Þmo go CgH$m n[aM`
H$amVo hþE Xmo {XZ Ho$ {bE AmB© Cg _oh_mZ go {_bmZo H$mo H$hm Wm - _Þmo ~wAm Ho$ OoR> H$s ~oQ>r Wr Ÿ&
na Xygao hr jU ~ƒm| H$mo Iwer go _Þmo OrOr go {bnQ>Vo hþE XoIH$a CÝh| _Þmo go AbJ hQ>m boVr h¡ Ÿ&
141
dh Q>o‹T>r {ZJmh go _Þmo H$s Amoa XoIH$a Cggo H$ht ~mha Ky_ AmZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ& {~Zm {H$gr
à{V{H«$`m go _Þmo \$mQ>H$ go ~mha Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_Þmo Ho$ Mbr OmZo Ho$ ~mX ~wAm ñnï> H$a XoVr h¡ {H$ Cgo Q>r.~r. h¡ Ÿ& Xmo gmb VH$ {^dmZr Ho$
g¡{ZQ>mo[a`_ _| ahZo Ho$ ~mX dht H$m°Q>oO _| ah ahr h¡ Ÿ& gmW _| Ka H$m nwamZm Zm¡H$a h¡ Ÿ& O~ H$^r
AHo$bo Or D$~ OmVm h¡ Vmo àm`: Mma-N>h _hrZo ~mX eha Mbr AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ~hþV {XZ Ho$ ~mX
Xw~br -nVbr hmoVr hþB© XoIH$a _Z ^mar hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
~ƒo Iob _| bJ OmVo h¢ Am¡a ~wAm Ka Ho$ A§Xa Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ a{d ~wAm H$s Eogr
{Zðw>aVm go AnZr {Okmgm H$mo Zht X~mH$a CVamB© go CVa H$a Prb Ho$ {H$Zmao -{H$Zmao Mb n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
bm¡Q>Zo na a{d H$mo Zm¡H$a go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ~wAm ~ƒm| H$mo boH$a ~mha Mbr JB© h¡ Am¡a dh
ImZm ImZo H$mo _Zm H$aHo$ JB© h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a CZgo ImZm ImZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVm h¡ Am¡a `h ^r ~VmVm h¡
{H$ _Þmo CZHo$ gmW Z ImH$a AbJ go D$na ImE±Jr Ÿ& `h gwZH$a a{d H$m _Z CXmg hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Hw$N> Xoa ~mX Kmo‹S>o na gdma hmoH$a _Þmo nh±þMr Am¡a gmB©g H$mo Xmo K§Q>o _| nh±þMZo H$mo H$hH$a D$na
H$s _§{Ob Ho$ AnZo H$_ao _| Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& K§Q>o â ~mX a{d D$na Ho$ H$_ao Ho$ nmg nh±þMVm h¡ Vmo
_Þmo Cgo AÝXa AmZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh gyMZm Xo XoVr h¡ {H$ em_ go nhbo dh ZrMo CVa
OmEJr Ÿ& dh {g\©$ EH$ {XZ Ho$ {bE AmB© Wr Ÿ& dh g\$mB© Xo XoVr h¡ {H$ ^wdmbr O¡go ~‹S>o Jm±d _| ahZo
Ho$ ~mX `h N>moQ>m-gm eha _Z H$mo AÀN>m Zht bJVm Ÿ&
a{d Am¡a _Þmo gmW-gmW Ka go ~mha AmVo h¢ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a Am¡a _mbr PwH$H$a gbm_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_Þmo CZH$mo BZm_ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& gmB©g Kmo‹S>o H$mo V¡`ma H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z _Þmo gmB©g go H$hVr h¡ {H$ A~
dh Kmo‹S>o na Z ~¡R>H$a Wmo‹S>r Xya n¡Xb OmE§Jr Ÿ& _Þmo \$mQ>H$ go ~mha {ZH$bH$a nrN>o H$mo _w‹S>Vr h¡ Am¡a
O¡go N>mo‹S>Zo go nhbo A§{V_ ~ma Ka H$mo XoIVr hmo Ÿ& {\$a _Þmo Am¡a a{d n¡Xb OmH$a H$ma Ho$ nmg
nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& a{d Ho$ hmW go _Þmo AnZm H$moQ> bo boVr h¡ Am¡a H$ma _| ~¡R> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$ma Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
OmVo g_` a{d Z Hw$N> H$h nmVm h¡ Z _Þmo Ÿ& _mo‹S> VH$ nh±þMZo VH$ a{d H$ma Ho$ ereo go _Þmo Ho$ ~mb
_| ~§Yo [a~Z H$mo XoIVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
a{d O~ bm¡Q> H$a AmVm h¡, V~ ~wAm H$mo XadmOo na I‹S>r hþB© XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Hw${b`m| H$mo _Þmo
go \${Z©Ma {ZH$mbVo hþE XoIH$a ^m§n boVm h¡ {H$ _Þmo Ho$ {bE do gm_mZ {H$amò na OwQ>mò JE Wo Ÿ&
~wAm a{d H$mo H$n‹S>o ~Xb H$a Mm` na AmZo H$mo ~wbmVr h¡ Ÿ& Mm` nrVo g_` a{d ~wAm go _Þmo Ho$ ~mao
_| Hw$N> nyN>Zm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na ~wAm Cg na H$moB© MMm© H$aZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ&
a{d H$mo nhbr _wbmH$mV go hr _Þmo go ß`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ß`ma _| nmJb a{d amV H$mo AZ_Zm
142
hmoH$a _Þmo Ho$ Imbr H$_ao VH$ Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {~Obr ObmH$a Imbr H$_ao _| Ho$db A§JrR>r _|
bJr bH$‹S>r H$mo XoIH$a H$ënZm H$a boVm h¡ {H$ AJa _Þmo AmO `hm± hmoVr Vmo Xoa amV VH$ A§JrR>r Ho$
nmg ~¡R>Vr Am¡a _¢ em`X CgHo$ nmg Am OmVm Ÿ& na Xygao hr `h jU dh Eogm gmoMZo na AnZo H$mo
{Z`§{ÌV H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh dhm± go bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo H$_ao _| {~Obr ~wPmH$a gmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ ~wAm dhm± Am
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh é§Yo ñda go a{d go H$hVr h¡ -""a{d, Vwåh| Zht, Cg b‹S>H$s H$mo XwbmaVr h±ÿ Ÿ& A~ `h
hmW Cg VH$ Zht nh±þMVm .... '' a{d H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ CgZo ~wAm H$m Zht, _mZmo _Þmo H$m hmW nH$‹S>
{b`m hmo Ÿ& ~wAm AnZm {Xb Hw$N> H$‹S>m H$aHo$ a{d H$mo g_PmZo bJVr h¡My§{H$ _Þmo H$mo A~ ahZm Zht
h¡, Bg{bE CgHo$ {bE Hw$N> Zht gmoMZm Mm{hE Ÿ& a{d Ho$ _w±h go AZm`mg {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ-""~wAm,
_wPo hr H$m¡Z ahZm h¡ Ÿ?'' `h gwZH$a ~wAm hmW ItMH$a CR> ~¡R>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dh a{d H$mo nmJb Z hmoZo H$s
MoVmdZr XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {Og _Þmo Ho$ {bE H$moB© amh Zht ah JB© h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gmW AnZr ~mV Z Omo‹S>Zo H$s
gbmh XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {OgHo$ {bE g~ amh ~§X h¢, CgHo$ {bE Z ^Q>H$Zo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
~wAm AnZo AZw^d H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡-"" _¢ dfm] go _Þmo H$mo Bg Xem _| XoI-
XoIH$a nËWa O¡gr ~Z JB© h±ÿ Ÿ& AnZr ~ƒr H$s Vah {OVZm ß`ma {X`m, nad[ae H$s, AmO g~
ì`W© hmo Jò h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr g_` _¢ Nw>Å>r Ho$ {XZ ~mo{S>ªJ go CgHo$ AmZo H$s amh VH$Vr Wr Vmo A~ CgHo$
OmZo H$m jU {JZVr h±ÿ Ÿ& _¢ ~MnZ _| _Þmo H$mo _mohde H$^r S>amZm Zht MmhVr Wr, bo{H$Z AmO Cggo
S>aZo bJVr h±ÿ Ÿ&''
gw~h hmoZo Ho$ ~mX a{d Ky_-Ky_H$a nyam {XZ {~Vm XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>o na gdma hmoH$a
b{‹S>`mH$moQ>m VH$ OmH$a bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Ÿ& na CgH$m _Z Zht _mZVm Ÿ& dh Xmonha T>bZo Ho$ ~mX ~g go
OmH$a ^wdmbr _| CVaVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m°Q>oO H$m nVm nyN>H$a "nmBÝg' H$s Amoa ~‹T> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm±
nh±þMVo hr Zm¡H$a go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ _Þmo Vmb H$s Amoa JB© h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> Xoa ~mX _Þmo Kmo‹S>o na gdma
hmoH$a bm¡Q> AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a H$m ghmam boH$a Kmo‹S>o go CVaVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Zm¡H$a go H$hVr h¡ {H$ dh Aå_m
go H$hH$a {~N>m¡Zm bJdm Xo, Š`m|{H$ CgH$m Or AÀN>m Zht bJVm Ÿ& Aå_m _Þmo H$mo H$_ao _| bmH$a
{bQ>m XoVr h¡ Am¡a a{d Ho$ {bE Hw$gu nmg ItMH$a ~mha Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& a{d CgH$s ~m§hm| H$mo Z Ny>Vm
h¡ Z hmW H$mo ghbm gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& em`X CgH$m _Z Cg amoJr _Þmo H$mo Ny>Zo go {PPH$Vm Wm Ÿ& dh O~
Cgr amV S>mH$~§Jbo _| OmZo bJVm h¡ V~ Cg_| EH$ {d{MÌ pñW{V Wr {H$ CgH$s ß`ma âr Am±I| Cgo
Am¡a Hw$N> nb gmW {~VmZo H$mo ~m§Y boVr Wt Vmo _Z H$m ^` Cgo dhm± go ItMH$a bo OmZo H$mo MmhVm
Wm Ÿ& dh S>mH$~§Jbo _| nh±þM H$a _mZmo jU-jU OH$‹S>Vo ~§YZ go Nw>Q>H$mam nm boZo H$m AZwZ` H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ&
143
a{d S>mH$~§Jbo _| amV â R>rH$ go gmo Zht nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Vah-Vah Ho$ Xw:ñdßZ XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo
bJVm h¡ {H$ dh _Þmo Ho$ nb§J na gmo`m h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo Hw$gu na ~¡R>r h¡ _Þmo H$s Amoa dh hmW ~‹T>mVm h¡ Vmo
_Þmo h±gH$a O¡go Bemao go H$hVr h¡ {H$ hmW H§$~b Ho$ ZrMo H$a bmo Ÿ& A~ Bgo H$m¡Z Nw>EJm ?
gw~h hmoVo hr a{d bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Vmo ~wAm H$s H$‹S>r MoVmdZr Moham XoIH$a Hw$N> gh_ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
A~ VH$ \y$\$m bm¡Q> AmE Wo Ÿ& Xmonha H$m ImZm ImVo g_` do a{d go H$hVo h¢ {H$ dh ~wAm Am¡a ~ƒmo|
H$mo bIZD$ VH$ nh±þMm Xo Ÿ&
a{d CÝh| bIZD$ _| nh±þMm H$a Xygao {XZ {dXm boZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh \y$\$m H$s BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma
{\$a Z¡Zr bm¡Q>Zm Zht MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~wAm H$mo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ Bg ~ma dh {nVmOr Ho$ nmg XpŠIZ _|
OmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& OmVo g_` a{d ~wAm Ho$ nm§d Ny>Vm h¡ Vmo ~wAm Cggo H$hVr h¡ -"" a{d Vw_Zo nm§d Nw>E
h¢, Vmo Amerdm©X Oê$a Xy§Jr .... ~hþV gwÝXa ~hÿ nmAmo Ÿ&
a{d ñQ>oeZ na nh±þMVm h¡, dh ^wdmbr Ho$ {bE {Q>H$Q> IarXH$a ßboQ>\$m_© na Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
~wAm Ho$ Amerdm©X Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Yrao-Yrao {ddmh, nËZr, n[adma Am{X H$s H$ënZm
{d^moa H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& jU â Ho$ {bE ^wdmbr, nmBÝg _Þmo go hQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm‹S>r Am nh±þMVr h¡, na
dh A~ Cg_| OmZo H$m {dMma EH$mEH$ ~Xb XoVm h¡ Am¡a Hw$br go H$hH$a Cg Jm‹S>r go AnZm gm_mZ
CVadm H$a Z`m {Q>H$Q> IarXH$a ~aobr Ho$ {bE OmZodmbr Jm‹S>r go _m± Ho$ nmg AnZo Ka OmH$a nh±þM
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _m± dhm± Cgo Nw>{Å>`m| _| ahZo Am¡a emXr Ho$ {bE b‹S>H$s XoIZo H$m gwPmd XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
a{d ~mX _| V~ Z¡Zr OmVm h¡ Vmo dh ^wdmbr OmH$a _Þmo go {_bVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& a{d H$mo dh Xwnha
`mX AmVr h¡ O~ dh _Þmo Ho$ gmW Prb Ho$ {H$Zmao go bJr nJS>§S>r na Om ahm Wm Ÿ& Cg {XZ a{d _Þmo
H$s gwÝXaVm na _w½Y Wm Ÿ& gm_Zo Xodr Ho$ Xmo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o _§{Xa Wo Ÿ& _§{Xa Ho$ H$nmQ> ~§X Wo Ÿ& _Þmo Zo dht
AnZo OyVo CVmaH$a Z§Jo nm§d nmZr Ho$ nmg OmH$a EH$ ~‹S>o-go nËWa na nm§d O_m`m Am¡a PwH$H$a
S>§R>b go EH$ H$_b Vmo‹S> bmB© Ÿ& emb {ga na bo AmB© Am¡a ~§X H$nmQ>m| Ho$ AmJodmbr XhbrO na
\y$b aIH$a CgZo {ga Zdm {X`m Ÿ& Cg g_` a{d H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ _Þmo Zht, _mZmo H$moB© ì`W© hmo JB©
{ddeVm Zo AnZo ^m½` Ho$ ~§X H$nmQ>m| Ho$ AmJo _mWm Q>oH$ {X`m hmo Ÿ& a{d O~ nwOmar H$mo ~wbmZo H$s ~mV
H$aVm h¡ V~ _Þmo AnZo _Z H$s JhamB© _| {N>nr doXZm H$mo _mZmo `h H$hH$a A{^ì`º$ H$a XoVr h¡ -
""Zht a{d, Eogm Hw$N> Zht Ÿ& _wPo H$m¡Z daXmZ _m§JZo h¢ ? AnZo {bE Vmo H$nmQ> ~§X hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& ~g
BVZm hr MmhVr h±ÿ, `h H$nmQ> CZHo$ {bE Iwbo ah|, {OZgo {~Nw>‹S>H$a _¢ Am n‹S>r h±ÿ Ÿ&'' `h gwZH$a
a{d go ahm Zht OmVm Ÿ& dh _Þmo Ho$ H§$Yo na hmW S>mbH$a H$hVm h¡ -""_Þmo !'' _Þmo Bggo Zht
Mm¢H$Vr h¡, daZ² AnZo H§$Yo na n‹S>o a{d Ho$ hmW H$mo AbJ H$aHo$ H$hVr h¡-"" a{d, {Ogo Vw_ Pob Zht
gH$Vo, CgHo$ {bE hmW Z ~‹T>mAmo Ÿ&'' Bg AmdmO _| Z CbmhZm Wm, Z ì`§½` Wm, Z H$Qw>Vm Wr,
144
A{nVw EH$ gƒmB© {N>nr hþB© Wr Ÿ& CgH$m CÎma a{d Ho$ nmg Zht Wm Ÿ&
A§{V_ ~ma H$s ^|Q> Cgo `mX AmVr h¡ O~ OmZo Ho$ {bE dh VrZ ~ma ZrMo CVaH$a {\$a VrZ ~ma
D$na J`m Wm Ÿ& dh _Þmo go {dXm boH$a ZrMo CVaVm h¡ na H$h Zht nmVm Ÿ& CgHo$ AmZo na _Þmo H$mo Z
AmíM`© hmoVm h¡, Z {~Nw>‹S>Zo H$s CXmgr Ÿ& a{d "_Þmo' H$hH$a _mZmo Ny>Zm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na _Þmo "Zht'
H$hH$a Cgo Am±Im| Ho$ Bemao go {dXm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& a{d \$mQ>H$ Ho$ nmg nh±þMH$a _Þmo H$s {gg{H$`m± gwZ nmVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh Wmo‹S>r Xoa VH$ éH$ OmVm h¡ na {Xb H$‹S>m H$aHo$ Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a a{d H$s emXr hmo OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& Ka _| gwÝXa ~hÿ AmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m VZ-_Z nËZr _ram go g§ñne© _| {Ib CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~agm| ~rV
OmVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma Xm¡ao na bIZD$ AmVo g_` ~wAm go O~ _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ V~ ~wAm gyMZm XoVr h¡
{H$ _Þmo A~ Zht ahr Ÿ& ~wAm _Þmo Ho$ A§{V_ {XZ Ho$ hmb ~VmVr h¡-"" amV H$mo gmoB© Vmo OJr Zht Ÿ&
Aå_m Nw>Å>r na Wr Ÿ& gw~h-gw~h _mbr AÝXa Am`m, Vmo gm±g MwH$ JB© Wr Ÿ&'' ~wAm Am±Im| go Am±gy
nm|N>H$a a{d go H$hVr h¡ {H$ Vw_ EH$ ~ma Cgo nÌ {bIVo Vmo AÀN>m hmoVm Ÿ& ~wAm CgHo$ Zm_ na
Amb_mar _| N>mo‹S>o JE nme©b Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVr h¡ Omo EH$ Ogu Wr Ÿ& Xygao {XZ a{d OmZo Ho$ nhbo ~wAm
Ho$ nm§d Nw>Vm h¡ Vmo ~wAm Cgo "a{d' g§~moYZ H$aHo$ Hw$N> gwZZo H$s àVrjm {H$E {~Zm a{d "Zht' H$h XoVr
h¡, _mZmo dh Ogu bo Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& ~wAm Qy>Q> OmVr h¡ dh H$hZm MmhVr h¡-"" `hr ~ma-~ma gmoMVr h±ÿ
{H$ {OgHo$ ß`ma H$mo ^r H$moB© Z Ny> gHo$, Eogm Xw^m©½` Cgo Š`m| {_bm, Š`m {_bm ?'' bIZD$ go
bm¡Q>H$a a{d H$B© {XZm| VH$ _Þmo H$mo `mX H$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$ënZm go XoIVm h¡ {H$ "nmBÝg' _| Hw$gu
na ~¡R>H$a _Þmo _oao {bE Ogu V¡`ma H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ&
dfm] ~rV OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gmb â ~r_ma ahZo Ho$ ~mX a{d ^wdmbr H$s Cgr H$m°Q>oO _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
A~ dh {~ñVa na boQ>m ahVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± CgHo$ {bE AHo$bmnZ gmWr h¡ Ÿ& XadmOo Ho$ naXo H$mo hQ>mH$a
H$moB© CZgo {_bZo `hm± Zht nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ nËZr Ho$ gwJ§{YV Ho$e CgHo$ dj na Zht {~N> OmVo Ÿ&
nËZr Ho$ ag âo AYam| H$m ñne© A~ Zht {_bVm Ÿ& nËZr _ram A~ hm¡bo go Zht OJm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& do {XZ
A~ Zht aho Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$mo ~r_mar go Xya aIZo Ho$ {bE _ram Zo n{V Ho$ à{V _moh H$mo N>moQ>m H$a {b`m Ÿ&
A§{V_ ~ma amZrIoV OmVo g_` _ram ~ƒm| H$mo gmW boH$a K§Q>o â Ho$ {bE ^wdmbr H$s H$m°Q>oO
_| AmVr h¡ Ÿ& \$mQ>H$ na nh±þH$a dh nb â {R>R>H$ OmVr h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| hmWm| go ~ƒm| H$mo Koao Ho$ A§Xa
boH$a AmVr h¡ Vm{H$ ~ƒo AnZo {nVm H$mo Z Nw>E Ÿ& _ram Ho$ H$hZo na ~oQ>m Am¡a ~oQ>r {PPH$H$a hmW
CR>mH$a àUm_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~r_mar Ho$ S>a go a{d AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo nyar Vah {ZaI Zht nmVm Ÿ& dh Ho$db
_ram H$mo XoIVm ahVm h¡, Omo {H$gr g_` CgH$s nËZr Wr, AnZr Wr Ÿ&
_ram a{d Ho$ nmg AmH$a PwH$Vr h¡, AYam| go CgH$m _ñVH$ Ny>H$a nrNo hQ> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh
K‹S>r XoIVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE dmng Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& a{d V{H$E Ho$ ghmao {ga D±$Mm H$aHo$
145
XoIVm h¡ {H$ VrZm| _| go H$moB© _w‹S>H$a CgH$s Amoa Zht XoIVm Ÿ& Ho$db N>moQ>r ~oQ>r amZr Ho$ ~mbm| _| Jy§Wm
Jwbm~r [a~Z {hb {hbH$a _mZmo H$hVm h¡ {H$ h_ Mbo JE Ÿ&
a{d H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ CZH$mo OmZm Wm, Bg{bE do Mbo JE, Eogr ~mV Zht h¡, daZ² _m¡V H$s JmoX
_| Mbm Om ahm h±ÿ, Ÿ Bg{bE do Mbo JE Ÿ& dh `mX H$aVm h¡ {H$ Eogo hr EH$ {XZ _Þmo Ho$ Mbo OmZo H$mo
^m§nH$a _¢ ^r Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& AmO {Og àH$ma AHo$bo _| _¢ amoVm h±ÿ, Cgr àH$ma Cg {XZ _Þmo amoB©
Wr Ÿ& A~ Cgo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ hmWm| _| _w±h {N>nmH$a amoZo _| AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m {H$VZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Ka na nËZr _ram Am OmZo Ho$ ~mX a{d Zo dfm] VH$ _Þmo H$s gw{Y Zht br Wr Ÿ& dh O~ H$^r
gnZo _| _Þmo H$s Xw~br Xoh, ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Am±I| Am¡a H§$~b na \¡$br nVbr-nVbr ~m§h| XoIVm Wm, Vmo
OmJH$a CX²{d½ZVm go _ram H$s Amoa ~‹T> OmVm Wm Ÿ& _Þmo _Z go {ZH$b OmVr Wr Ÿ&
A~ dh _arO ~ZH$a H$m°Q>oO _| _Z hr _Z _Þmo H$mo nwH$maVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ AJa AmO _Þmo
hmoVr Vmo em`X dh AHo$bm Z hmoVm Ÿ& A~ _ram Cgo AHo$bm N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr JB© h¡ Ÿ& Cgo _ram _| Zht
_Þmo _| AnZonZ H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡-"" {Og _ram H$mo _¢Zo dfm] OmZm h¡, dh A~ nmg-
gr Zht bJVr, AnZr-gr Zht bJVr Ÿ& Cgo _¢ Ny>-Ny>H$a Ny>Am Wm, My_-My_H$a My_m Wm, na _Z na
O~ _moh Am¡a ß`ma H$s CbP>Z AmVr h¡, Vmo _ram Zht _Þmo H$s Am±I| hr gJr XrIVr h¡ Ÿ&''
a{d H$mo Yw§Y âo ~mXbm| Ho$ Koam| _| Kw§Kambo ~mbdmbm dhr Moham {XIVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Xdm Ho$ ZE
~XbVo a§J H$mo XoIH$a bJVm h¡ {H$ Bg Ny>Q>Vo-Ny>Q>Vo VZ _| _Z H$mo ~hþV Xya VH$ ^Q>H$Zm Zht h¡ Ÿ& EH$
{XZ {I‹S>H$s go ~mha XoIVo -hr-XoIVo BÝht ~mXbm| _| g_m OmD±$Jm Ÿ&
3.2.3 M[aÌ - {MÌU :

a{d - a{d "~mXbm§o Ho$ Koao' H$hmZr H$m _w»` nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ OrdZ _| Xmo Zm{`H$mE± AmVr h¢ Ÿ&
nhbr h¡ ào`gr "_Þmo' Am¡a Xygar h¡ nËZr _ram Ÿ& ào`gr _Þmo go Cgo ß`ma hmo OmVm h¡, na dh jàmoJ
H$s _arO hmoZo go Am¡a Bg g§gma _| Wmo‹S>o {XZ H$s _oh_mZ hmoZo go ß`ma gmH$ma Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& `hm± VH$
{H$ Cgo Ny>Zo _| S>a bJVm h¡ Ÿ& nËZr _ram AmB© Vmo n[adma _| am¡ZH$ Am JB© Ÿ& âm-nyam g§gma Cn^moJ
H$aZo H$mo {_bm Ÿ& ~ƒo hþE Ÿ& OrdZ H$m ñdmX {_bm Ÿ& ~ohX Iwer {_br Ÿ& g_` ~Xb J`m Ÿ& a{d IwX
jàmoJ H$m _arO ~Z J`m Ÿ& H$hmZrH$ma H¥$îUm gmo~Vr CgHo$ M[aÌ H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU ~‹S>r
AmË_r`Vm go H$aHo$ nmR>H$ Ho$ {Xb Am¡a {X_mJ H$mo PH$Pmoa XoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ M[aÌ _| {ZåZ{b{IV
{deofVmE± nmB© OmVr h¢ :
146
gƒm ào_r :
a{d Z¡Zr AmVo g_` ~wAm Ho$ Ka na _Þmo go CgH$s _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s gmXJr Am¡a
gabVm go CgH$m _Z _Þmo H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm Ho$ Cgo dñVwpñW{V go gOJ H$a XoZo
na ^r dh _Þmo go Z Z\$aV H$aVm h¡, Z Xya ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Cggo ~ma-~ma ^wdmbr OmH$a {_bVm ahVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bgr AmË_r`Vm Ho$ H$maU _Þmo CgHo$ {bE EH$ Ogu ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ&
amV _| _Þmo Ho$ H$_ao _| AHo$br A§JrR>r XoIH$a dh H$ënZm H$a boVm h¡ {H$ AJa _Þmo `hm±
hmoVr Vmo dh A§JrR>r Ho$ nmg ~¡R>Vr Am¡a _¢ ^r CgHo$ nmg Am OmVm Ÿ& _Þmo H$mo _§{Xa H$s XhbrO na
\y$b M‹T>mVo hþE XoIH$a dh nwOmar H$mo ~wbmZo H$mo VËna hmo CR>Vm h¡, Vm{H$ _Þmo Xodr Ho$ Xe©Z H$a
gHo$ Ÿ& _Þmo Ho$ _Zm H$aZo na dh Cgo ~wbmZo go {Zd¥Îm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& A§{V_ ~ma H$s `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ dh _Þmo
go {dXm boH$a VrZ ~ma bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Am¡a VrZ ~ma AmYo amñVo go bm¡Q>H$a Cggo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& OmZo H$mo
CgH$m _Z Zht _mZVm Ÿ& na _Þmo Ho$ Am±Im| Ho$ Bemao go {~Xm XoZo go dh bm¡Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
a{d H$mo O~ _Þmo {Zamem âo ñda go H$hVr h¡ {H$ _wPo Xodr go H$moB© daXmZ Zht _m§JZm h¡,
Š`m|{H$ _oao {bE gmao H$nmQ> ~§X hmo MwHo$ h¢, V~ a{d _Þmo Ho$ H§$Yo na hmW aI XoVm h¡ na _Þmo CgH$m
hmW Yrao go H§$Yo go hQ>m XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Vmo a{d H$m {Xb XX© go â OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
a{d H$s O~ emXr hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ OrdZ _| nËZr _ram Am OmVr h¡, V~ a{d _ram H$mo
nyam ß`ma XoVm h¡ CgHo$ ào_ _| {d^moa hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
_ram AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo amoJr n{V Ho$ g§ñne© _| AmZo Zht XoZm MmhVr, ~ƒm| H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ho$
{bE dh n{V go {_bH$a Mbr OmVr h¡ V~ a{d H$mo _Þmo Ho$ ào_ _| Á`mXm AnZonZ H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ `{X AmO _Þmo hmoVr Vmo dh Cgo N>mo‹S>H$a Bg àH$ma H$^r Zht JB© hmoVr Ÿ& Bg{bE
dh gmoMVm h¡ _Z na _moh Am¡a ß`ma H$s CN>bZ AmVr h¡ Vmo _ram Zht, _Þmo H$s Am±I| hr gJr {XIVr
h¢ Ÿ&
{damoYm^mg Ho$ M[aÌ dmbm :

a{d ~wAm H$s ^VrOr H$m ào_r h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm Ho$ Z MmhZo na ^r dh ^wdmbr OmH$a _Þmo go {_bH$a
AmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ~wAm go {~Xm boH$a ^wdmbr Ho$ {bE Jm‹S>r _| M‹T>Vo- M‹T>Vo _Z ~Xb H$a ßboQ>\$mH©$ go
bm¡Q> H$a Xygar OJh Ho$ {bE {Q>H$Q> boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~mX _| Z¡Zr O~ ^r OmVm h¡, ^wdmbr OmH$a _Þmo
go {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ào_ _| Xmo AmË_mAm| H$m Vmo {_bZ hmoVm h¡, na Xmo eara H$m {_bZ Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ&
dh gmhg H$aHo$ _Þmo H$mo Ny> Zht nmVm Ÿ& dh ^mdmdoe _| EH$ ~ma _Þmo Ho$ H§$Yo na hmW aIVm h¡ Vmo
147
_Þmo CgH$m hmW Yrao go hQ>m boVr h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo H$s dO©Zm Cgo amoHo$ ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
a{d _Þmo H$m ào_r hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX dh CgHo$ Ûmam ~ZmB© JB© Ogu ~wAm go Zht boVm h¡ Ÿ& ào_ H$s
VÝ_`Vm Ho$ ~mX Eogr CXmgrZVm AmíM`©OZH$ h¡ Ÿ& dh {ddmh Ho$ ~mX AnZr ào`gr H$s H$moB© ImoO -
I~a Zht boVm Am¡a ~wAm O~ _Þmo H$mo CgHo$ EH$ nÌ Z {bIZo Ho$ {bE Ag§Vmof ì`º$ H$aVr h¡, V~
a{d ^mdmdoJ _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
a{d nËZr _ram H$m ào_ nmH$a AnZo g§gma H$mo âm nyam _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ Cgo ào`gr _Þmo H$s `mX
AmVr h¡ V~ _ram H$s ~mV gmoMH$a Cg Xw:I H$mo ^ybZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na ~XbVr n[apñW{V _| _ram
Cggo Xya hmo OmZo go Cgo _Þmo Ho$ ß`ma _| Á`mXm AnZmnZ ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og _ram Ho$ gmW AnZonZ H$m
~moY hmoVm Wm, CgH$m _Z {\$a OmZo go Cgr _ram _| namònZ H$m ~moY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
ghmZw^y{Verb :
a{d nhbr _wbmH$mV _| _Þmo H$mo O~ XoIVm h¡, V~ CgH$s gmXJr Am¡a ghZerbVm XoIH$a
à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _Þmo Ho$ à{V ~wAm H$m H$R>moa AmMaU XoIH$a jwãY hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm O~
_Þmo go ~ƒm| H$mo Nw>‹S>m boVr h¡, V~ a{d H$mo `h ì`dhma AÀN>m Zht bJVm Ÿ& ~wAm Am¡a ~ƒo _Þmo go
~MZo Ho$ {bE ~mha ImZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmVo h¢ Am¡a a{d H$mo ^r _Þmo Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a ImZo na {Z`§ÌU
bJm XoVr h¡ V~ a{d H$m {Xb _Þmo H$s _Z:pñW{V H$mo ^m§n H$a ~oM¡Z Am§Xmo{bV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo Ho$
{bE Jò {H$amE Ho$ «Ag~m~ H$mo XoIH$a CgH$s AmË_m {IÞ hmo CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dh IwX _Þmo go
AmË_r`VmnyU© ~mVMrV H$aVm h¡, h_XXu {XImVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _Þmo go {_bZo Ho$ {bE ~wAm H$s AZw_{V
H$s àVrjm {H$E {~Zm ^wdmbr Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& a{d _aVo - _aVo AZw^d H$aVm h¡ {H$ O~ Cg_| ß`ma
H$s CN>bZ AmVr h¡, V~ _ram (nËZr) Zht, _Þmo (ào`gr) H$s Am±I| gJr bJVr h¡ Ÿ&
~wAm O~ a{d go H$hVr h¡ {H$ _Þmo H$mo A~ ahZm Zht h¡, Bg{bE Omo hmW Zht Am gH$Vm,
CgHo$ {bE gmoMZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, V~ a{d Ho$ _w±h go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ - _wPo H$m¡Z ahZm h¡ ? AnZo H$mo
amoJr Amo¡a amoJ go Xya aIZo H$m {dMma CgHo$ _Z _| Am Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& dh H$^r ^r B§gm{Z`V go hmW Ymo
Zht ~¡R>Vm Ÿ&
~oJmZonZ H$m AZw^mdH$ :

a{d O~ IwX jàmoJ H$m _arO ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a AHo$bm ^wdmbr Ho$ H$m°Q>oO _| n‹S>o-n‹S>o AnZr
A§{V_ K‹S>r {JZ ahm h¡, V~ dh ~oJmZmnZ AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ AHo$bo _| _w±h {N>nmH$a
148
amoZm {H$VZm nr‹S>mXm`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo `mX AmVm h¡ {H$ A§{V_ ~ma O~ dh _Þmo go {~Xm boH$a bm¡Q>m
Wm, V~ nrN>o go _Þmo H$s {gg{H$`m± dh gwZ nm`m Wm Ÿ& A~ dh _hgyg H$aVm h¡ {H$ AHo$bonZ _| amoZo
_| {H$VZr Aghm`Vm hmoVr h¡, AHo$bonZ H$s {H$VZr N>Q>nQ>mhQ> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
bmoho Ho$ nb§J na n‹S>o-n‹S>o dh O~ {I‹S>H$s go ~mha Yw§Y âo ~mXbm| Ho$ Koao XoIVm h¡ V~ Cgo
nhbo Cg_| _Þmo H$m Moham {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a ~hþV OëXr hr Cgo CÝht ~mXbm| _| g_m OmZo H$s
{ZpíMV n[aU{V {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
ào_ Am¡a dmËgë` ñZoh go d§{MV ~XZgr~ B§gmZ :

a{d BVZm ~XZgr~ h¡ {H$ dh g§nÞ n[adma H$m hmoVo hþE ^r Zm¡H$ar na V¡ZmV hmoVo hþE ^r Z Cgo
ào`gr H$m ào_ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& IwX amoJr ~Z OmZo Ho$ ~mX Z nËZr H$m ào_ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& amoJr ~ZZo Ho$ H$maU
dh AnZo ~ƒm| go {_b Zht nmVm Ÿ& dmËgë` gwI go dh d§{MV ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& amoJ Ho$ H$maU CgH$m
OrdZ Xrn AH$mb _| nr‹S>m, KwQ>Z, VZmd Am¡a {Zamem _| {Zdm©{nV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hr CgHo$ OrdZ H$s
ÌmgXr h¡ Ÿ&
3.2.4 H$hmZr H$bm Ho$ AmYma na g_rjm :

H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$s H$hmZr "~mXbm| Ho$ Koao' H$s H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm H$aZo Ho$ {bE
BgHo$ gmV -VËdm| na MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ò VËd h¢ -
1 ) H$WmdñVw ; 2) M[aÌ -{M>ÌU ; 3) g§dmX ; 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU ;
5) ^mfm -e¡br ; 6) CÔoí` Am¡a 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
H$WmdñVw :
a{d O~ Z¡Zr AmVm h¡ V~ AnZr ~wAm Ho$ Ka _Þmo go CgH$s _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo ~wAm Ho$
OoR> H$s b‹S>H$s h¡,Ÿ Omo jàmoJ J«ñV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^wdmbr H$s H$m°Q>oO _| ah ahr h¡ Am¡a Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$
{bE _Z ~hbmZo Ho$ {bE Z¡Zr AmB© h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo H$s Xw~br -nVbr Xoh H$s gwÝXaVm, embrZ ì`dhma H$s
{_R>mg Am¡a gmXJr XoIH$a a{d Ho$ _Z _| CgHo$ à{V ß`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na ~wAm _Þmo H$s pñW{V H$s
dmñV{dH$Vm H$m Iwbmgm H$aHo$ a{d H$mo MoVmdZr Xo XoVr h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao hmW Hw$N> Zht bJoJm Ÿ& {OgHo$
149
{bE g~ amh éH$s hm|, CgHo$ {bE ^Q>H$mo Zht Ÿ&
a{d H$mo _Þmo Ho$ à{V ~wAm H$m ì`dhma AIaVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~ƒm| H$mo _Þmo OrOr go {bnQ>Zo Zht
XoVr Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ CgHo$ ì`dhma Ho$ {bE Ka H$m gm_mZ Z XoH$a gmao Ag~m~ {H$amE na bmVr h¡
Am¡a _Þmo ~wAm Ho$ ì`dhma go _Z hr _Z {Zame hmoH$a EH$ hr {XZ _| ^wdmbr H$s H$m°Q>oO _| Mbr OmVr
h¡ Ÿ&
a{d _Þmo go {_bZo ~wAm H$mo {~Zm ~VmE ^wdmbr Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cggo {_bH$a amV _|
S>mH$~§Jbo _| éH$H$a {\$a gw~h Z¡Zr bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xmonha H$mo \y$\$m {_bVo h¢ Am¡a CZHo$ AZwamoY na
dh ~wAm H$mo ~ƒm| g{hV bIZD$ _| nh±þMm H$a Xygao {XZ {nVmOr Ho$ nmg OmZo H$s ~mV ~VmH$a {~Xm
boZo ~wAm Ho$ nm§d Ny>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm ~hþV gwÝXa ~hÿ nmZo H$m Amerdm©X XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
a{d ^wdmbr OmZo Ho$ {bE {Q>H$Q> IarXH$a ßboQ>\$m_© na Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na CgHo$ _Z _|
AMmZH$ BamXm ~Xb XoZo H$m {dMma AmVm h¡ Am¡a dh Z`m {Q>H$Q> ~ZdmH$a _m± Ho$ nmg Am nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ&
_m± CgH$s emXr H$s ~mV MbmVr h¡ Ÿ& a{d Z¡Zr _| ahVo g_` ~ma-~ma ^wdmbr OmH$a _Þmo go {_bVm
ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
EH$ ~ma a{d _Þmo Ho$ gmW Prb Ho$ {H$Zmao Q>hbVo g_` Xodr Ho$ Xmo _§{Xa XoIH$a _Þmo nmZr Ho$
nmg CVa OmVr h¡ Am¡a EH$ H$_b Vmo‹S> bmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$_b H$mo ~§X XadmOo H$s XhbrO na aIH$a _mWm
Q>oH$ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& _§{Xa IwbdmZo H$mo _Zm H$aVr hþB© dh H$hVr h¡ {H$ _wPo H$m¡Z daXmZ _m§JZo h¢ ? AnZo
{bE Vmo H$nmQ> ~§X hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& dh CXmaVm Ho$ gmW H$hVr h¡ {H$ {OZgo dh {~Nw>‹S> JB© h¡, CZHo$ {bE
H$nmQ> Iwbo ah| Ÿ&
a{d A§{V_ ~ma O~ _Þmo go {_bH$a Am`m Wm, Cg {XZ dh VrZ ~ma ZrMo CVaH$a {\$a VrZ
~ma D$na M‹T>H$a _Þmo Ho$ nmg nh±þMm Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z XmoZm| _| H$moB© ~mVMrV Zht hmo nmB© Wr Ÿ& a{d O¡go
H$hZm MmhVm Wm {H$ _¢ {\$a AmD±$Jm Am¡a _Þmo H$s {ZJmh O¡go H$h ahr Wr Vw_ Zht AmAmoJo Ÿ&
a{d H$s emXr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _ram nËZr ~ZH$a AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Xm§nË` OrdZ _| gwI-em§{V AmVr
h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ EH$ ~oQ>m Am¡a EH$ ~oQ>r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AMmZH$ {dnXmAm| Ho$ ~mXbm| Ho$ Koao CgHo$ ^m½` Ho$
AmH$me _| C_‹S> AmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh ñd`§ jàmoJr ~ZH$a n[adma go {~Nw>‹S>H$a ^wdmbr H$s H$m°Q>oO _| n‹S>m
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ AnZr Xmo g§VmZm| H$mo gmW boH$a nËZr _ram amZrIoV OmVo g_` K§Q>o â Ho$ {bE
a{d go {_bZo AmVr h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>m -~oQ>r Cggo Z {bnQ>H$a Xya go àUm_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _ram CgHo$ _mWo H$mo
My_H$a nrN>o hQ> OmVr h¡ Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo boH$a Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& a{d H$mo ~hþV {Zamem hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo
bJVm h¡ {H$ EH$ {XZ {I‹S>H$s Ho$ ~mha XoIVo hr XoIVo dh BÝht ~mXbm| _| g_m OmEJm Ÿ&
150
M[aÌ-{MÌU :
"~mXbm| H$o$ Koao' H$hmZr _| _w»` nmÌ Mma h¢ Ÿ& do h¢ - a{d, _ram, ~wAm Am¡a _Þmo Ÿ&
a{d EH$ Zm¡H$arnoem Zm¡OdmZ h¡ Omo ~wAm Ho$ Ka na AmVo g_` Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE _Þmo H$mo
XoIH$a CgHo$ à{V AmH${f©V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n dh ~wAm go OmZ boVm h¡ {H$ _Þmo jàmoJr h¡, CgH$s
gohV {XZm|{XZ {~J‹S>Vr Om ahr h¡, dh Wmo‹S>o {XZ Ho$ {bE Xw{Z`m _| _oh_mZ h¡, {\$a ^r a{d Cggo ~ma-
~ma {_bVm h¡, CgHo$ M[aÌ _| `h {damoYm^mg {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ dh _Þmo H$mo Ny> Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& BgZr
amJmË_H$Vm Ho$ ~mX ^r _Þmo Ho$ hmW H$s ~ZmB© Ogu H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm Ÿ& emXr Ho$ ~mX _Þmo H$s
H$moB© I~a Zht boVm, `hm± VH$ {H$ EH$ {MÆ>r ^r Zht {bIVm Ÿ& {\$a OrdZ H$s A§{V_ K‹S>r _| Cgo
_Þmo nËZr _ram go A{YH$ AnZr bJVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ào`gr _Þmo H$s Am°I| hr gJr {XIVr h¢ Ÿ&
a{d nËZr _ram Ho$ gmW Iwer go {XZ {~VmVm h¡, na IwX jàmoJ go AmH«$m§V hmoH$a ^wdmbr H$s
H$m°Q>oO _| AHo$bm ahVo g_` O~ nËZr _ram ~ƒm| H$mo gmW boH$a Cgo EH$ ~ma XoIZo AmVr h¡, V~ a{d
AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m go N>Q>nQ>mH$a EH$ {XZ ~mXbm| Ho$ Koam| _| g_m OmZo H$s H$ënZm H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ&
_ram a{d H$s nËZr h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo n{V Ho$ gmW gwI Ho$ {XZ {~VmE Ÿ& EH$ ~oQ>m hþAm, EH$ ~oQ>r ^r
hþB© Ÿ& na n{V Ho$ Q>r.~r. _arO ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU ~ƒm| H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ho$ {bE dh n{V go Xya ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& O~ n{V go {_bZo AmVr h¡, V~ ~‹S>r gVH©$Vm go ~ƒm| H$mo ~mn H$mo Ny>Zo Zht XoVr Ÿ& n{V go A§{V_
~ma {~Xm boH$a O~ Mbr OmVr h¡, V~ nrN>o H$s Amoa _w‹S>H$a EH$ ~ma ^r Zht XoIVr Ÿ&
~wAm H$m M[aÌ ^r {damoYm^mg go âm h¡ Ÿ& dh IwX ~VmVr h¡ {H$ {H$gr g_` dh _Þmo Ho$
bm¡Q>Zo H$s amh VmH$Vr Wr Vmo A~ _arO _Þmo Ho$ Mbr OmZo H$s H$m_Zm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s {Z_©_Vm Bg
hX VH$ nh±þM OmVr h¡ {H$ dh AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo _Þmo go {_bZo Zht XoVr ŸAm¡a CÝh| Xya aIVr h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo
H$mo Ka H$m gm_mZ BñVo_mb H$aZo H$s gw{dYm Z XoH$a CgHo$ {bE {H$amE H$m gm_mZ bmVr h¡ Ÿ&
~wAm Eogr {Z_©_Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX amV H$mo a{d H$m hmW nH$‹S>H$a H$hVr h¡ a{d _¢ VwPo Zht, Cg
b‹S>H$s H$mo XwbmaVr h±ÿ Ÿ&
~wAm _Þmo Ho$ AmJ_Z go AnZr ZmamOJr AnZo ì`dhma Ho$ Ûmam ì`º$ H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogm dVm©d
a{d H$mo AÀN>m Zht bJZo na ^r ~wAm na BgH$m H$moB© Aga Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& dh Ho$db AnZo ~ƒm| H$s
gw{dYm Ho$ {bE BVZm {ZX©` ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Zht MmhVr {H$ a{d _Þmo go amJmË_H$ g§~§Y Omo‹S>o Ÿ& _Þmo
Ho$ Xohm§V Ho$ ~mX dh _Þmo Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$aVo hþE a{d go H$hVr h¡ {H$ Vw_ Cgo EH$ {MQ²>R>r
Vmo {bI gH$Vo Wo Ÿ&
151
_Þmo EH$ A{ddm{hV `wdVr h¡ Omo Q>r.~r. go ~r_ma hmoH$a AnZo Ka go Xya EH$m§V _| ^wdmbr H$s
EH$ H$m°Q>oO _| ah ahr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _m±-~mn H$m Xohm§V hmo OmZo Am¡a dh ~r_ma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `Ú{n Ka na
MmMm-MmMr, ^VrOr h¡ , nmg ahZo go CZH$mo ~r_mar hmo OmZo Ho$ S>a go dh AHo$br ahH$a AnZo A§{V_
{XZm| H$mo {JZ ahr h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a ^r _Þmo Ho$ _Z _| {H$gr Ho$ à{V H$moB© Xw^m©dZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& Xodr-Xe©Z Ho$ àg§J _| dh a{d H$mo
~VmVr h¡ {H$ _oao {bE Vmo gmao H$nmQ> ~§X h¢, na _¢ MmhVr h±ÿ {H$ `h H$nmQ> CZHo$ {bE Iwbo ah|, {OZgo
{~Nw>‹S>H$a _¢ `hm± n‹S>r h±ÿ Ÿ& _Þmo `Ú{n AZw^d H$aVr h¡ {H$ a{d CgH$s Amoa AmH${f©V h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r dh
a{d H$mo Cgo Ny>Zo Zht XoVr Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡ , a{d {Ogo Vw_ Pob Zht gH$Vo, CgHo$ {bE hmW Z ~‹T>mAmo Ÿ&
dh OmZVr h¡ {H$ dh g§gma _| Wmo‹S>o {XZ H$s _oh_mZ h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ H$maU {H$gr H$mo H$moB© VH$br\$ Z
hmo Ÿ& dh ~r_mar _| ^r a{d Ho$ {bE Oagr ~ZmVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE aIVr h¡ Ÿ&
_Þmo Z¡Zr AmH$a AZw^d H$aVr h¡ {H$ MmMr CgHo$ AmZo go Iwe Zht h¡, daZ² AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo
Cggo Xya aIZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| boH$a ~mha Mbr OmVr h¡, _Þmo Bg {Zðw>aVm Ho$ {bE H$moB© AmH«$moe ì`º$
Zht H$aVr Ÿ& dh Á`mXm {XZ R>>haZo H$m BamXm Z aIH$a Cgr {XZ MmMr H$s AZwnpñW{V _| hr Ka
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_Þmo H$m ì`dhma BVZm embrZ h¡ {H$ g~ Cgna Iwe h¢ Ÿ& ~ƒo _Þmo OrOr ! _Þmo OrOr
H$hH$a CgH$s ~m±hm| go {bnQ> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gmB©g CgHo$ gmW {dZ_« ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo Zm¡H$a-MmH$am|
H$mo {~Xm XoVo g_` BZm_ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^wdmbr _| ~y‹T>m Zm¡H$a ^r CgHo$ à{V ~oQ>r O¡gm ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
CgH$m A§V ^r ~hþV H$éU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm BgH$m dU©Z a{d Ho$ gm_Zo H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡ -""
amV H$mo gmoB© Vmo OJr Zht Ÿ& Aå_m Nw>Å>r na Wr, gw~h-gw~h »`mbr A§Xa Am`m, Vmo gm±g MwH$ JB©
Wr Ÿ&''
AHo$bonZ VZmd, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, Aghm`Vm go OyPVo hþE gm_m{OH$ OrdZ go {Zdm©{gV EH$
`wdVr g§gma Ho$ gwI-em§{V go d§{MV hmoH$a AH$mb ~wP OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
g§dmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nmÌ AnZr _Z:pñW{V VWm Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| H$mo COmJa H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do
g§dmX Ûmam Xygao nmÌm| H$s {deofVmE± A{^ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW g§dmX nmÌmZwH$y b, gab, à^mdmoËnmXH$
Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ hmoZo Mm{hE Ÿ&
~wAm gm±g boH$a a{d go H$hVr h¡-"" _Þmo go {_bmo a{d, Xmo hr {XZ dhm± éHo$Jr Ÿ&'' ~wAm _Þmo
152
go ~ƒm| H$mo AbJ H$aHo$ Cggo H$hVr h¡ -"" OmAmo, _Þmo, H$ht Ky_ AmAmo Ÿ& Vwåh| CbPm-CbPmH$a
Vmo ò ~ƒo V§J H$a S>mb|Jo Ÿ&'' BZgo ~wAm H$s éjVm H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& na Xygao jU _| dh _Þmo
Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$aVo hþE a{d go H$hVr h¡ - _¢ dfm] go Cgo XoIVr AmB© h±ÿ Am¡a AmO nËWa-
gr {Zðw>a hmo JB© h±ÿ Ÿ& ..... H$^r Nw>Å>r Ho$ {XZ CgH$s ~mo{S>ªJ go AmZo H$s amh VH$Vr Wr Ÿ& A~ CgHo$
AmZo go nhbo CgHo$ OmZo Ho$ jU Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMVr h±ÿ Am¡a S>aH$a ~ƒm| H$mo {bE Ka go ~mha {ZH$b
OmVr h±ÿ Ÿ&'' Bg H$WZ go ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ `Ú{n ~wAm ghmZw^y{Verb h¡, na n[apñW{Vde AnZo
~ƒm| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE H$‹S>mB© go ~Vm©d H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
a{d Ho$ _Z _| _Þmo Ho$ à{V ~‹T>Vo hþE ß`ma H$mo XoIH$a ~wAm Cgo EH$ A{^^mdH$ Ho$ ZmVo
MoVmdZr XoVr h¡ -"" a{d, Hw$N> hmW Zht bJoJm Ÿ& {OgHo$ {bE g~ amh éH$s h¡, CgHo$ {bE ^Q>H$mo
Zht Ÿ&'' {\$a _Þmo H$s _m¡V Ho$ Cnam§V a{d go bIZD$ _| {_bVo g_` ~wAm XX© go ~mobVr h¡-"" a{d,
EH$ ~ma Cgo nÌ Vmo {bIVo Ÿ&''
a{d O~ AnZr nËZr _ram Ho$ gmW ahVm Wm, V~ _ram Cgo OJmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr Wr -CR>moJo
Zht ... ^moa hmo JB© Ÿ& O~ dh ^wdmbr H$s H$m°Q>oO _| a{d go A§{V_ ~ma {_bZo AmVr h¡, V~ gwajm Ho$
{bE ~ƒm| H$mo XmoZm| hmWm| go Koao Ho$ A§Xa boH$a {g\©$ BVZm H$hVr h¡ -""_wÞm-amZr àUm_ H$amo
~oQ>m Ÿ&'' Bggo dh AnZo n{V go {H$VZm Xya hmo JB© h¡, CgH$m nVm MbVm h¡ Ÿ&
_Þmo Ho$ Bg H$WZ go CgH$s {Zamem, Aghm`Vm Ho$ gmW Xygam| Ho$ à{V gX²^mdZm ì`º$ hmoVr
h¡ -"" Zht a{d, Eogm Hw$N> Zht _wPo H$m¡Z daXmZ _m§JZo h¡ Ÿ& AnZo {bE Vmo H$nmQ> ~§X hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& ~g,
BVZm hr MmhVr h±ÿ, `h H$nmQ> CZHo$ {bE Iwbo ah|, {OZgo {~Nw>‹S>H$a _¢ Am n‹S>r h±ÿ Ÿ&''
XoeH$mb VWm dmVmdaU :

dmVmdaU H$mo H$hmZr H$m àmU VËd H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AmYma na hr
H$WmZH$ H$m ^dZ I‹S>m ahVm h¡ Ÿ& ñdm^m{dH$ dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$mo Ord§V ~Zm XoVm h¡ Am¡a nmR>H$ Ho$
öX` H$mo AmH${f©V H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo H$hmZr H$s H$mën{ZH$Vm ^r `WmW© àVrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| AHo$bonZ , Aghm`Vm, OrdZ H$s ì`W©Vm, VZmd Am¡a N>Q>nQ>mhQ> H$mo ì`º$
H$aZo Ho$ {bE n[adoe H$mo ^r g_mO {Zanoj ~Zm {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& n[adoe H$m AHo$bmnZ OrdZ Ho$
AHo$bonZ H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& jàmoJJ«ñV a{d g_mO Am¡a n[adma go Xya H$m°Q>oO _| n‹S>m ahVm h¡
Am¡a AnZr A§{V_ K‹S>r {JZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh IwX n[adoe Ho$ ~mao _| Bg àH$ma gmoMVm h¡ -_¢ boQ>o-boQ>o AnZo
VZ H$m nVPma XoIVm h±ÿ ... nhm‹S>r hdmE± _oar CI‹S>r -CI‹S>r gm±g H$s Vah H$^r VoO, H$^r hm¡bo,
Bg {I‹S>H$s go Q>H$amVr h¡ Ÿ& _oao àmUm| H$s Y‹S>H$Zo ha jU ~§X hmo OmZo Ho$ S>a _| MyH$ OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
153
a{d O~ AnZr _¥Ë`w H$s {ZpíMVVm go AdJV hmo OmVm h¡ V~ CgHo$ _Z H$s ^mdZm Bg àH$ma
\y$Q> n‹S>Vr h¡ - AmE {XZ Xdm Ho$ ZE ~XbVo hþE a§J XoIH$a A~ BVZm Vmo OmZ J`m h±ÿ {H$ Bg Ny>Q>Vo
-Ny>Q>Vo VZ _| _Z H$mo ~hþV Xoa ^Q>H$Z Zht h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {XZ {I‹S>H$s go ~mha XoIVo -hr -XoIVo BÝht
~mXbm| _| g_m OmD±$Jm ... BÝht Koam| _| ... Ÿ&
AZmW `wdVr _Þmo AnZr MmMr go Omo ñZoh nm Zht gH$Vr, dh Zm¡H$am| go {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a
Am¡a _mbr PwH$H$a Cgo gbm_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ^wdmbr _| ~y‹T>o Zm¡H$a H$mo dh ~m~m H$hH$a g§~mo{YV H$aVr h¡
Am¡a ~m~m Cgo {~{Q>`m H$hH$a ñZoh àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
^wdmbr _| nËZr _ram a{d go {_bZo AmVr h¡, na Hw$N> Zht ~mobVr Ÿ& amoJ Ho$ ^` go AnZo ~ƒm|
H$mo CZHo$ {nVm go {_bZo Zht XoVr Ÿ& dh ~ƒm| H$mo AmXoe XoVr h¡ - _wÞm-amZr àUm_ H$amo ~oQ>m ! ~ƒo
O~ Xya go {PPH$ go ~§Yo hmW CR>mH$a àUm_ H$aVo h¢, V~ n[adoe AË`§V XwIX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m V~ ~‹T> OmVr h¡ O~ a{d H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a nËZr ~ƒm| H$mo boH$a Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$moB©
nrN>o Zht XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>r H$m {hbVm Jwbm~r [a~Z O¡go CgH$s Am±Im| go H$hVm h¡ -nmnm h_ Mbo
JE Ÿ&
^mfm -e¡br :
`h H$hmZr AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe _| nbo {e{jV nmÌm| go g§~{§ YV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ^mfm _| Amb§H$m[aH$Vm
h¡, A§J«oOr eãXm| H$m à`moJ ^r ~hþV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& a{d H$s ^mfm _| H$ënZmerbVm h¡ - gm_Zo nhm‹S> Ho$
êIo h[a`mbo _| am_J‹T> OmVr hþB© nJS>§S>r _oar ~m±h na Câr b§~r Zg H$s Vah M_H$Vr h¡ Ÿ& ~wAm H$s
^mfm _| H$^r éjVm h¡ Vmo H$^r ghmZw^y{V Q>nH$ n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& _Þmo H$s {OÝXJr H$s gmar am¡ZH$ IV_ hmo
JB© h¡, Bg{bE CgH$s ^mfm _| {ZarhVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r ZradVm hr CgH$s ^mdZm H$mo ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
CÔoí` :
Bg H$hmZr _| bo{IH$m H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m H$hZo H$m CÔoí` `hr h¡ {H$ O~ H$moB© {H$gr amoJ Ho$
H$maU g_mO Am¡a n[adma go ~{hîH¥$V hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Cgo {Zamem - Aghm`Vm Am¡a AHo$bonZ _|
OrdZ Ho$ Am{Iar jU H$mo {JZZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| CZHo$ à{V ghmZw^y{V aIZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
CZH$s ghm`Vm H$a XoZr Mm{hE bo{IH$m H$m a{d Ho$ _mÜ`_ g_mO H$mo ghr g§Xoe XoZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
154
erf©H$ :
"~mXbm| Ho$ Koao' erf©H$ àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ÿ& Q>r.~r. H$m _arO a{d ~mha nmZr âo, gyIo-gyIo
~mXbm| Ho$ Koao XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& _mZmo ò ~mXb ^r CgHo$ ^m½`mH$me _| {Kao hþE Xw{X©Z Ho$ ~mXb h¢ Ÿ& Xw:I,
nr‹S>m, {Zamem, Aghm`Vm, ~oJmZonZ Ho$ ~mXb h¢ Ÿ& {OZ_| Cgo EH$ {XZ g_m OmZm h¡ Ÿ& ò hr ~mXb
CgHo$ AHo$bonZ Ho$ gmWr h¢ Ÿ& BZH$s JmoX _| hr eaU boZr h¡ Ÿ& {ZpíM• hmo OmZm h¡ Ÿ&
`h H$hmZr H$hmZr-H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go EH$ g\$b H$hmZr {gÕ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
***
155
dmngr
3.3.1 bo{IH$m - n[aM` :

Cfm {à`§dXm H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ H$mZnwa _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZH$s {ejm-Xrjm H$mZnwa Am¡a
Bbmhm~mX _| hþB© Ÿ& do Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb` _| A§J«oOr H$s AÜ`m{nH$m aht Ÿ& ~mX _| {dXoe _|
AÜ`mnZm H$m`© H$a aht Ÿh¡ &
do A§J«oOr VWm {hÝXr XmoZm| _| {bIVr h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo CnÝ`mg Am¡a H$hm{Z`m± gmW-gmW {bIr
h¢ Ÿ& "nMnZ I§ô bmb Xrdma|', "éH$moJr Zht am{YH$m' CZHo$ ~hþM{M©V CnÝ`mg h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m±
AZw^y{VOÝ` h¢ Ÿ& AnZo boIZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZHo$ {dMma Bg àH$ma h¢ - ""_oar H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ nrN>o EH$
~rO Oê$a hmoVm h¡ - EH$ {dMma, EH$ B_oO, EH$ AZw^d `m EH$ AZw^y{V H$m Ÿ&.... _oar {à`
H$hm{Z`m± do h¢, Omo EH$ âb¡e _| OÝ_r Am¡a _¢Zo {bI S>mbm .... g¥OZ -{H«$`m _oao A§V_©Z _| ~am~a
MbVr ahVr h¡ ..... ha {XZ Bg B§VOma _| JwOaVm h¡ {H$ Z OmZo H$~, Š`m _Z H$mo `m| Ny> bo {H$ EH$
ZB© H$hmZr H$s ewê$AmV hmo OmE Ÿ&''
3.3.2 H$Wmgma :
"dmngr' H$hmZr nm[adm[aH$ g_ñ`mAm| na AmYm[aV H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| bo{IH$m Cfm {à`§dXm
Zo AmYw{ZH$ `wJrZ n[ad{V©V n[apñW{V H$s$ `wdm nr‹T>r H$s _mZ{gH$Vm Am¡a nwamZr nr‹T>r H$s _mÝ`VmAm|
Ho$ ~rM n‹S>r Xama H$mo ~‹S>r gyú_Vm go {XIm`m h¡ Ÿ& ^mdZmË_H$ AmXmZ -àXmZ H$s g_m{á go n[aUm_
ñdê$n CgHo$ _Z _| AdgmX Am¡a KwQ>Z â OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a OrdZ _| AHo$bmnZ, N>Q>nQ>mhQ> _hgyg
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& nwamZr nr‹T>r Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n _| JOmYa ~m~y _mZmo ò gmao Xw:I PobZo H$mo A{êá h¢ Ÿ&
OrdZ -g§Kf© _| M¡Z H$s gm±g boZo H$mo \w$g©V Z nmZo dmbo JOmYa ~m~y Ho$db ñZoh H$s AmH$m§jm aIVo
Wo Ÿ& godm_wº$ OrdZ _| dh ^r O~ CZH$mo Zgr~ Zht hmoVm, Vmo EH$ WHo$-hmao BZgmZ H$s Vah do AnZo
n[adma go Xya ahZo H$mo ~ohVa g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& `hr CZH$s {Z`{V h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ -n[adoe H$s H¥${Ì_Vm {~IaVo -{~J‹S>Vo g§~§Y _Ü`{dÎmr`
n[adma H$s Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB`m± {dKQ>Zerb g§`wº$ n[adma, AbJmdnZ, d¡Mm[aH$ {^ÞVm nwamZr nr‹T>r
Ho$ à{V AembrZ ì`dhma, {_Ï`m AmË_ gå_mZ ~moY ZB© nr‹T>r _| CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$m A^md ~wOwJm] Ho$
156
à{V Cnojm Am¡a ~wOwJm] H$m _mZ{gH$ VZmd Am{X {M{ÌV hþE h¢ Ÿ&
H$hmZr _| JOmYa ~m~y _w»` M[aÌ h§¡ Ÿ& do n¢Vrg gmb VH$ aobdo _| Zm¡H$ar H$a MwH$Zo Ho$ ~mX
AdH$me bo MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo eha _| EH$ N>moQ>m-gm _H$mZ ~Zm {b`m h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$s n‹T>mB© Am¡a ^{dî`
H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE CÝhm|Zo n[adma H$mo eha _| ahZo {X`m Am¡a A{YH$Va g_` n[adma go Xya AHo$bo
aobdo ŠdmQ©>a _| ahZo H$mo {dde hþE Ÿ& AdH$me àmá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX nwZ: AnZo n[adma Ho$ gmW gwI-em§{V
go ahZo H$s _Ywa H$ënZm go A{^^yV hmoH$a CÝht {XZm| H$s àVrjm H$aZo bJo Wo Ÿ&
CZH$mo H$^r-H$^r AnZo d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ àma§{^H$ {XZm| H$s `mX Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ñQ>oeZ go
dmng AmZo VH$ CZH$s nËZr CZH$s àVrjm H$aVr ahVr Wr Ÿ& nËZr CZH$mo Ja_-Ja_ amo{Q>`m± ~‹S>o ß`ma
go {IbmVr Wr Ÿ& nËZr H$s$ gbÁO Am±Im| H$s _wñH$amhQ> CZH$s WH$mdQ> XyaH$a XoVr Wr Ÿ& do ^r ~ƒm|
go IobVo -~mobVo Am¡a nËZr go h±gr-_OmH$ H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
do {\$a AHo$bo OrdZ Ho$ gyZonZ H$mo âZo nwZ: n[adma go ahZo H$s H$ënZm _| ŠdmQ>©a N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$
Xw:I H$mo ^ybZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& amZrnwa _| n¡g|Oa ^bo hr boQ> nh§°w>Mo na JZoer CÝh| g_` na Ja_
ny{a`m± Am¡a Obo{~`m± namog XoVm Wm Ÿ& nyao T>mB© Må_M MrZr Am¡a Jm‹T>r _bmB© S>mbH$a H$m§M Ho$ {Jbmg
_| D$na VH$ âr ~{‹T>`m Mm` Xo XoVm Wm Ÿ&
O~ do ŠdmQ>©a N>mo‹S>H$a Ka OmZo H$s CVmdbr _| h¡ V~ JZoer CZH$m {~ñVa ~m§Y XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
CZH$s ng§X H$m »`mb aIH$a JZoer H$s nËZr ~ogZ Ho$ Hw$N> bS²>Sy> ôO XoVr h¡ Ÿ& BVZo AmXa Am¡a
n[a{MV g§gma N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo JOmYa ~m~y {dde h¢, Bg{bE {dfm{XV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& JZoer H$mo ~oQ>r H$s
emXr H$a XoZo Am¡a Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na ghm`Vm H$aZo H$m AmídmgZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& nËZr Am¡a ~mb-~ƒm| Ho$
gmW ahZo Am¡a dfm] ~mX âo-nyao n[adma H$m AmZÝX H$s H$ënZm go Zm¡H$ar Ho$ OrdZ go {~Nw>‹S>Zo H$m
Xw:I CÝh| Zht gVm nmVm Ÿ& CZH$s Amem h¡ {H$ CZH$s CnpñW{V _| n[adma _| Iwehmbr N>m OmEJr Ÿ&
n[adma _| CZH$m ^ì` ñdmJV hmoJm Ÿ& Iwer go g^r H$m _Z -_`ya ZmM CR>oJm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ^r n[adma Ho$
_w{I`m Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm CÎmaXm{`Ëd {Zð>mnyd©H$ {Z^m`m h¡ Ÿ& do ~‹S>o b‹S>Ho$ A_a Am¡a ~‹S>r b‹S>H$s
H$m§{V H$s em{X`m± H$a MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& ZaoÝÐ Am¡a ~g§Vr H$m°boO _| n‹T> aho Wo Ÿ& eha _| ^r EH$ _H$mZ ~Zdm
{b`m Wm Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y Ka nh±þM OmVo h¢ Vmo AnZr Amem Ho$ AZwê$n CZH$m ñdmJV Zht hmoVm Ÿ& g~
CZH$s CnpñW{V go AghO ^md H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo ~oamoH$Q>moH$ AmOmXr Zht {_b
nmVr Ÿ& g~ JOmYa ~m~y go H$Q>o hþE ahVo h¢ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y AnZo Ka na EH$ AZMmho _oh_mZ ~Z OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ gmWr nËZr ^r CZH$s ^mdZmAm| H$m AmXa Zht H$aVr Z CZHo$ à{V H$moB© h_XXu aIVr h¡ Ÿ&
nËZr R>§S>o {Xb go H$moB© gbmh _e{dam Zht H$aVr, ~pëH$ AnZr IrP Am¡a {eH$m`V go JOmYa ~m~y
157
Ho$ {Xb H$mo R>og nh±þMmVr h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$mo nËZr H$s ~oXXu Am¡a {Xb XwImZo dmbr ~mV ~hþV
AIaVr h¡ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo n[adma H$s _mZ-_`m©Xm H$mo ~aH$ama aIZo, godm-
{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX H$_ hmo JB© gr{_V Am` go n[adma Ho$ nmofU _| {H$\$m`Vr bmZo ~ƒm| H$mo AnZo
CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ho$ à{V OmJéH$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE nhbm H$X_ CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ& na ha à`mg _| do Ag\$b ahVo
h¢ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y go H$moB© {Xb ImoH$a ~mV Zht H$aVo CZH$mo g_` na Mm` {_bZo H$s ~mV Vmo Xya
_m§JZo na hr Mm` {_bVr h¡ dh ^r \$sH$s Ÿ& CZH$mo ZmíVo Ho$ {bE àVrjm H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s nËZr
nyOm-nmR> g_má H$aHo$ Mm¡Ho$ _| AmVr h¡ dh hr AHo$br agmoB© H$m gmam H$m_ g§^mbVr h¡ Ÿ& ~hÿ -~oQ>r
CgH$s ~mVm| na Ü`mZ Zht XoVt Ÿ& CgH$s ghm`Vm ^r Zht H$aVr Ÿ& dh {g\©$ {eH$m`V H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh
`h H$hH$a AnZr ZmamOJr Om{ha H$aVr h¡ {H$ J¥hñWr MbmVo hþE dh ~y‹T>r hmo JB© na Z _Z H$m nhZm
Z Amo‹T>m Ÿ& dh ~oQ>r ~g§Vr Ho$ AmMaU go {IÞ h¡ Ÿ& erbm Ho$ Ka _| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o b‹S>Ho$ h¢ Am¡a CgHo$ Ka
na ~o ha dº$ Kwgm ahZm Cgo Zht gwhmVm Ÿ& na ~oQ>r ~mV Zht gwZVr Ÿh¡ Ÿ& A_a Ho$ {_Ìm| H$m AnZm Am¡a
~¡R>H$ _| ~¡R>H$a ~hÿ H$m CZgo {_bZm Cgo AÀN>m Zht bJVm, na CgH$r H$moB© nadmh Zht H$aVm Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y ~ƒm| H$s PyR>r emZ-em¡H$V, ~oXXu, CÔÊS>Vm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd hrZVm go V§J Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZHo$ gmao gnZo MH$ZmMya hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a _Ywa H$ënZm _waPm OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma _| AZwemgZ bmZo
Ho$ {bE nhbo ~g§Vr H$mo n‹T>Zo H$m H$m_ gw~h H$aHo$ em_ H$mo ImZm ~ZmZo H$m ^ma gm¢nVo h¢ Ÿ& do ~hÿ na
{XZ H$m ImZm ~ZmZo H$m ^ma gm¢nVo h¢ Ÿ& IM© _| H$Q>m¡Vr H$aZo Ho$ {bE do Zm¡H$a H$mo Nw>‹S>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& erbm
Ho$ Ka OmVo -g_` do ~g§Vr H$mo amoH$ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& na n[aUm_ CëQ>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
~g§Vr OmZ~yPH$a ImZm Iam~ ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ñdÀN>ÝX Ky_Zo -{\$aZo na nm~§Xr bJ OmZo
go dh éR>H$a {nVmOr go ê$R>H$a ~mobZm ~§X H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& CZgo {N>nH$a Ka Ho$ {nN>dm‹S>o go AmVr -
OmVr h¡ Am¡a CZgo ~MH$a ahZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>r H$m Eogm ì`dhma JOmYa ~m~y H$mo __m©hV nr‹S>m XoVm
h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>r H$s emXr Ho$ {bE CZH$m CËgmh X~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$m AmXoe _mZ H$a ~hÿ gw~h H$m ImZm ~ZmVr h¡, na H$m_ _| CgH$m H$moB© bJmd
Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Mm¡H$m Iwbm aIH$a H$ht Mbr OmVr h¡ Vmo {~ëbr KwgH$a Xmb H$s nVrbr {Jam XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
dh ~oXXu go nÝÐh {XZ H$m ameZ nm§M {XZ _| g_má H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& A_a H$mo do _m¡Ho$-~o_m¡Ho$ Q>moH$ XoVo
h¢ Vmo dh AbJ ahZo H$s AnZr BÀN>m _m± Ho$ _mÜ`_ go JOmYa ~m~y VH$ nh±w>Mm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& do Zm¡H$a H$mo
Nw>‹S>m XoZo go ~oQ>m-~hÿ ~oQ>r g~ AnZr-AnZr ZmamOJr ~Vm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& ZaoÝÐ gmB{H$b na Johy±$ boH$a
AmQ>m {ngmZo H$mo _Zm H$aVm h¡ Vmo ~g§Vr H$mboO go AmH$a PmSy> bJmZo go BZH$ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~hÿ ì`§½`
158
go A_a H$mo ~VmVr h¡ {H$ ~m~yOr Zo IM© H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Zm¡H$a H$mo {ZH$mb {X`m h¡ Ÿ& A_a MmhVm h¡
{H$ do MwnMmn n‹S>o ah§o, {H$gr H$m_ _| XIb Z X| Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y AnZo Ka _| EH$ AZMmho _oh_mZ H$s Vah ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ& Ka _| n`m©á H$_am| H$m
A^md hmoZo go JOmYa ~m~y Ho$ {bE ~¡R>H$ Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| EH$ N>moQ>r-gr MmanmB© S>mb Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Bggo A_a Ho$ XmoñVm| Ho$ AmZo - OmZo _| EH$ àH$ma go AKmo{fV à{V~§Y bJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y
H$mo Cg {XZ ~‹S>m gX_m nh±þMVm h¡ {Og {XZ CZH$s MmanmB© ~¡R>H$ go hQ>mH$a nËZr H$s H$moR>ar _|
JR>[a`m| Am¡a H$ZñVam| Ho$ ~rM S>mb Xr JB© Wr Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y gmoMVo h¢ {H$ Ka _| MmanmB© H$s Vah
CZH$s CnpñW{V AñWm`r Am¡a AZmdí`H$ g_Pr OmZo bJr h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma Ho$ {bE AZMmho,
AZOmZo _oh_mZ H$s Vah h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s AmË_r`Vm âr {OÝXJr H$s Mmh _waPm OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma _|
ahH$a ^r AHo$bonZ H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do A~ AZ_Zo ahZo bJo Ÿ& do n[adma Ho$ {H$gr H$m_ _|
XIb Z XoZo H$m {ZU©` bo boVo h¢ Ÿ& do Za|Ð go H$maU {~Zm nyN>o CgHo$ _m§JZo Ho$ _wVm{~H$ Cgo n¡go Xo XoVo
h¢ Ÿ& Xoa amV H$m ~g§Vr H$mo bm¡Q>Zo na ^r Cgo Zht S>m±Q>Vo Ÿ& AnZr Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo Ka _| \¡$b ahr AñV
ì`dñWm H$mo XoIVo hþE ^r Cg_| do hñVjon Zht H$aVo Ÿ& Bg na ^r do Ka H$m A§J ~Z Zht nmVo Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr ^r n{V Ho$ {Xb Ho$ AmKmV H$mo g_P Zht nmVr Ÿ& dh n{V Ho$ gwI-
Xw:I _| {hñgm Zht boVr Ÿ& CZHo$ _Z H$s JhamB© _| CR>Zo dmbo Vy\$mZ H$mo XoI Zht nmVr Ÿ& dh n{V Ho$
gm_Zo Xmo dº$ ^moOZ H$s Wmbr aI XoZo Ho$ ~mX AnZo H$Îm©ì` go Nw>Å>r nm OmVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ nËZr Ho$ OrdZ
Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| n{V Zht Mm¡H$m hr ah J`m Wm Ÿ& gOr hþB© ~¡R>H$ _| MmanmB© H$s CnpñW{V {Og àH$ma
Ag§JV bJVr Wr, Cgr àH$ma n[adma _| JOmYa ~m~y H$s CnpñW{V ^r Ag§JV àVrV hþB© Ÿ& CZH$mo
bJm {H$ g^r CÝh| n¡go H$_mZo dmbm EH$ `§Ì g_PVo aho Ÿ& n¡go H$_mZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| {H$VZm H$ï> PobZm
n‹S>m , {H$VZo gmb VH$ {Z:g§J OrdZ {~VmZm n‹S>m, CgHo$ à{V {H$gr H$m Ü`mZ Zht OmVm Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo
CZHo$ à{V ghmZw^y{V Zht hmoVr Ÿ& Ka H$m _m{bH$ hmoH$a ^r Ka _| Cno{jV OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZm CÝh|
AghZr` bJm Ÿ& CZH$mo bJm {H$ do {OÝXJr hma JE h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo bJm {H$ Zm¡H$ar Ho$ Xm¡amZ CZH$m ~rVm
hþAm OrdZ AmË_r`Vm âm, gwIX Am¡a ImoB© hþB© {Z{Y-gm àVrV hþAm Ÿ& Ka N>mo‹S>H$a H$ht do dmng
Mbo OmZo H$m {ZíM` H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§`moJ go CÝh| am_Or_b MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma Ho$ gm_Zo ì`º$ H$aVo
h¢ {H$ Ka _| Imbr ~¡R>o ahZo H$s Anojm {\$a go Zm¡H$ar H$aHo$ Hw$N> H$_m b| Ÿ& Ka _| Mma n¡go AmE± Vmo
AÀNm h¡ Ÿ& do `h ^r ~Vm XoVo h¢ {H$ AdH$me nmH$a bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX n[adma Ho$ gmW ahZo H$s Mmh Vmo
_Z _| Wr, na _wPo Zm¡H$ar H$aZo OmZm hmoJm Ÿ&
do AnZr nËZr go gmW MbZo H$m àñVmd aIVo h¢ Vmo nËZr J¥hñWr Am¡a A{ddm{hV b‹S>H$s H$mo
159
N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$mo V¡`ma Zht hmoVr Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y hVem âo ñda _| H$hVo h¢ {H$ _¢Zo d¡go hr H$h {X`m
Wm, na Vw_ `ht ahmo Ÿ& {\$a do AHo$bo OmZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo g~ Iwe ZOa AmVo h¢ Ÿ& ZaoÝÐ
CZH$m {~ñVa ~m§Y XoVm h¡ Am¡a [aŠem ~wbm bmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX n[adma _| {\$a go
ñdm^m{dH$Vm bm¡Q> AmVr h¡ Ÿ& g^r H$mo _Z_m{\$H$ AmOmXr {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g^r Ho$ amñVo go A‹S>MZ
S>mbZo dmbm EH$ H$m±Q>m {ZH$b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g^r M¡Z H$s gm§g boVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg Iwer go ~hÿ Am¡a ~oQ>r A_a
go {gZo_m XoIZo OmZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& nËZr AnZo H$_ao go MmanmB© hQ>m XoZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$s dmngr Zm¡H$ar H$s OJh go Ka _| Zht, ~pëH$ Ka go Zm¡H$ar H$s OJh na hmo OmVr
h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU :
JOmYa ~m~y - _Ü`dJu` n[adma Ho$ EH$ ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s Mma g§VmZm| _| go A_a Am¡a H$m§{V
H$s emXr hmo JB© h¡ VWm ZaoÝÐ Am¡a ~g§Vr H$mboO _| n‹T> aho h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo n¢Vrg gmb VH$ aobdo _| Zm¡H$ar
H$s Am¡a Ohm± aho dhm± bmoJm| go ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm ahr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo eha _| EH$ _H$mZ ~Zm {b`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgr
eha _| A_a ^r Zm¡H$ar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$s n‹T>mB© H$m »`mb aIH$a do n[adma go Xya Zm¡H$ar H$aVo aho
Am¡a nËZr ~ƒm| g{hV eha _| ahr Ÿ& Bg Amem go bå~o -Aago VH$ do {Z:g§J OrdZ {~Vm XoVo h¢ Ÿ{H$
godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoH$a do M¡Z go n[adma Ho$ gmW ah gH|$Jo Ÿ& `hr gwIX H$ënZm boH$a do JZoer go
^md^rZr {dXmB© boH$a Ka nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& na Ka _| nh±þH$a CZHo$ gmao gnZo MH$ZmMya hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m
hm{X©H$ ñdmJV Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Hw$N> {XZm| _| do Ka na EH$ AZMmho _oh_mZ ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo Ka _|
AHo$bo Am¡a AOZ~r ~Z OmVo h¢ Am¡a AnZr Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO _| Qy>Q> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s H$ënZm Wr {H$
n[adma _| O~ CZH$s dmngr hmoJr, V~ CZH$s {OÝXJr _| am¡ZH$ Am OmEJr, na dmñV{dH$Vm `h hþB©
{H$ n[adma _| ahH$a CZH$m X_ KwQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Ka go {ZH$bH$a H$ht Mbo OmZo _| do AnZr Hw$eb
Am¡a am¡ZH$ âr {OÝXJr _| dmngr g_PZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$Îm©ì` namÙ : - JOmYa ~m~y H$Îm©ì` namÙ ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& do aobdo _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo
g_` ~‹S>r Hw$ebVm go AnZm H$Îm©ì` Am¡a Xm{`Ëd H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& n¡g|Oa Q´>oZ ñQ>oeZ _| AmZo go
nhbo do V¡`ma hmoH$a H$m_ na nh±þM OmVo h¢ Am¡a Xmonha H$mo H$m_ IV_ H$aHo$ bm¡Q>Vo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo
~ƒm| Ho$ ^{dî` Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ h¢ Am¡a Bg{bE AnZr gr{_V Am` go g§M` H$aHo$ eha _| EH$
_H$mZ ~Zm`m Ÿ& dht CÝhm|Zo nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo ahZo {X`m Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$s {ejm Xrjm H$m C{MV à~§Y
{H$`m Ÿ& do IwX dfm] VH$ n[adma go Xya aho na H$Îm©ì` _| T>rb Zht Xr Ÿ& Bg H$Îm©ì` namÙVm Ho$
n[aUm_ ñdén CÝh| AdH$me àm{á Ho$ ~mX ^r am_Or_b {_b _| Zm¡H$ar {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
160
ñZohr ì`{º$ - JOmYa ~m~y AË`§V ñZohr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& do ñZoh H$s AmH$m§jm ^r aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
do S²>`yQ>r go bm¡Q>H$a nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| go _Zmo{dZmoX H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ñZoh Ho$ H$maU MrZr {_b Ho$ bmoJ CZgo
{_bZo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& JZoer CZH$m ñZoh nmH$a H¥$VH¥$Ë` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ñZoh Ho$ H$maU JZoer H$s nËZr CZHo$
{bE ~ogZ Ho$ bS²>Sy> ~ZmH$a ôO XoVr h¡ Ÿ& do JZoer H$mo AJhZ VH$ ~oQ>r H$s emXr H$a XoZo H$s gbmh
XoVo h¢ Am¡a Oê$aV n‹S> Zo na Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm H$aZo H$m AmídmgZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$ënZmerb - JOmYa ~m~y H$ënZmerb ì`{º$ h¡ Ÿ& ŠdmQ>©a _| AHo$bo ahVo g_` do
nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW ahZo H$s gwIX ñ_¥{V H$mo `mX H$aHo$ {d^moa hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s nËZr H$s ñZohnyU©
~mV|, bOrbr Am±Im| H$s _wñH$mZ, àVrjm `mX AmVr h¡ Ÿ& AdH$me àmá H$aHo$ {\$a n[adma _| ñZoh-
lÕm go ahZo H$s H$ënZm CZH$s godm {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ {dN>moh H$mo H$_ H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& na Ka na nh±þMH$a OrdZ
-OJV H$s dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo nhMmZH$a CZH$m öX` {djwãY hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
AmXe©dmXr - JOmYa ~m~y nwamZr nr‹T>r Ho$ ì`{º$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo nm[adm[aH$ _`m©Xm, Z¡{VH$
_yë`~moY, g§doXZerb nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Ho$ à{V CZH$s Anma lÕm h¡ Ÿ& do PyR>r emZ-em¡H$V H$s
OJh AnZr h¡{g`V H$m »`mb aIZo Ho$ njYa h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| H$Îm©ì` ^mdZm, Ë`mJ, AZwamJ, {Z:ñdmW©naVm,
H$_©Hw$ebVm, l_ Ho$ à{V lÕm göX`Vm, _mZdr`Vm Am{X JwU âo h¢ Ÿ& nwamZr nr‹T>r Am¡a ZB© nr‹T>r _|
^mB© d¡Mm[aH$ -{^ÞVm, àXe©Z{à`Vm, {dÐmoh ^mdZm go do ì`{WV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
bå~o Aago VH$ ~ƒm| go AbJ ahZo Ho$ H$maU ~ƒm| na CZHo$ AmXe© H$m H$moB© à^md Zht n‹S>m
h¡ Ÿ& do CÔÊS>, ñdoÀN>mMmar, Ah§H$mar, H$_©-^ré, H$Îm©ì` Ho$ à{V CXmgrZ ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ& do Ka Ho$ _w»`
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JbV Vm¡a-VarH$m| na A§Hw$e bJmZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& do ~oQ>r H$m Xygam| Ho$ Ka _| OmZm, _m± H$s
ghm`Vm Z H$aZm, n‹T>mB© _| bmnadmhr hmoZm Am{X XoIH$a ì`{WV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~hÿ H$m ~oQ>o Ho$ {_Ìm| go
{_bZm, gmg H$s ghm`Vm Z H$aZm, H$m_ go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo Ho$ {bE OmZ~yPH$a OëXr A{YH$ - go -
A{YH$ ameZ IV_ H$a XoZm AÀN>m Zht bJVm Ÿ& {ddm{hV Am¡a Zm¡H$ar H$aZodmbo ~oQ>o H$mo ^r
{P‹S>{H$`m± gwZm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$s H¥${V_Vm, PyR>o {XImdo Ho$ à{V CZHo$ _Z _| g»V$ Z\$aV h¡ Ÿ&
V§Jr H$s hmbV gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE do Zm¡H$a H$mo H$m_ go Nw>‹S>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& ñd`§ ~w‹T>mno _| ^r H$m_ H$aZo H$mo
V¡`ma h¢ Ÿ&
_mZ{gH$ doXZm go AmhV : - bå~o Aago VH$ n[adma go AbJ ahH$a godm-{Zd¥Îm
hmoH$a JOmYa ~m~y Ka na nh±þMVo h¢ Vmo CZH$m AmemZwê$n ^ì` ñdmJV Zht hmoVm Ÿ& CZHo$ AmJ_Z go
g^r H$s ñdÀN>ÝXVm ì`mhV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g~ CZH$s CnpñW{V _| ZmIwe hmoVo h¢ Vmo CZH$s AmË_m Jhar
doXZm go N>Q>nQ>mVr h¡ Ÿ& g~ CZH$s AdhobZm Am¡a AZmXa H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo `Wmo{MV gå_mZ Zht
{_bVm, daZ Xygam| Ho$ ì`§½` ~mU go do {Vb{_bm CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© CZH$mo AnZo gwI-Xw:I _| em{_b
161
Zht H$aVo Ÿ& nËZr Ho$ ì`dhma _| ^r AnZmnZ _hgyg Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr CZgo ê$R>H$a ~mobZm
~§X H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& A_a CÝh| {H$gr H$m`© _| XIb Z XoZo H$s MoVmdZr Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& do AZw^d H$aVo h¢ {H$
`m¡dZ Ho$ àW_ MaU _| AmË_r`Vm {XImZo dmbr nËZr g_` Ho$ àdmh _| ~w‹T>mno _| nam`m O¡gm ì`dhma
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh ~ƒm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CZHo$ gmW OmZo H$mo amOr Zht hmoVr Vmo JOmYa ~m~y g~ H$s CnpñW{V
_| ^r AHo$bo n‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ _¢ OrdZ go hma J`m h±ÿ Ÿ& do ha Va\$ go Qy>Q> OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO, AHo$bonZ H$s `mVZm Am¡a namO` H$s KwQ>Z CZHo$ OrdZ H$mo A{^^yV H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
gwhmZr H$ënZm boH$a Ka dmng AmZodmbo JOmYa ~m~y H$mo O~ Ka N>mo‹S>H$a MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar
H$aZo Ho$ {bE gƒo _m`Zo _| dmngr hmo OmVr h¡, V~ `h CZHo$ OrdZ H$s g~go ~‹S>r ÌmgXr ~Z OmVr
h¡ Ÿ&
CXmgrZ - JOmYa ~m~y Ka dmng Am OmVo h¢ Vmo Ka _| EH$ Añdm^m{dH$ _mhm¡b hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {bE ~¡R>H$ _| EH$ N>moQ>r-gr MmanmB© S>mb Xr OmVr h¡ O¡go {H$ {H$gr ~mha Ho$ AmX_r Ho$ {bE
AñWm`r ì`dñWm H$a Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a O~ ~¡R>H$ _| A_a Ho$ XmoñVm| Ho$ AmZo-OmZo _| Agw{dYm hmoVr
h¡ Vmo MmanmB© nËZr Ho$ N>moQ>o-go H$_ao _| bJm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$s am` boZo H$s Oê$aV H$moB©
_hgyg Zht H$aVm Ÿ& `h KQ>Zm CZHo$ {Xb H$mo __mªVH$ nr‹S>m nh±þMmVr h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n CZHo$ n[adma
Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ^mdZmË_H$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$s g§^mdZm g_má hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygam| H$s Cnojm CZH$mo
CXmgrZ ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& do gmoMVo h¢ {H$ Ka Ho$ _m{bH$ Ho$ {bE Ka _| MmanmB© S>mbZo H$s OJh Zht h¡,
V~ Cgo Ohm± ^r S>mb {X`m OmEJm, do dht n‹S>o ah|Jo Ÿ& nËZr CZHo$ {Xb H$s ~mV O~ g_P Zht nmVr
Vmo do nËZr go ^r CXmgrZ hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr CZgo O~ Zht ~mobVr h¡ V~ CZH$mo AghZr` doXZm
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& do A~ CgH$s emXr Ho$ {bE CËgmh Zht {XImVo Ÿ& ~oQ>m Am¡a ~hÿ Ho$ ì`§½`-~mU go do N>Q>nQ>mVo
h¢ Ÿ& A_a H$m Ka go AbJ hmo OmZo H$m {dMma gwZH$a do ñV§^r^yV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do CXmgrZ h¢ Vmo ~oQ>m-
~oQ>r BgH$m ZmOmÒ \$m`Xm CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ& Za|Ð CZgo énò _m§J boVm h¡ Vmo ~g§Vr A§Yoam N>m OmZo Ho$ ~mX
n‹S>mog go bm¡Q>Vr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ _Z _| {nVmOr Ho$ à{V lÕm Zht h¡, nadmh ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& do A~ g_P OmVo
h¢ {H$ CZH$s H$_mB© na g~ Eoe H$s {OÝXJr {~VmZm MmhVo h¢, V~ do n[adma go CXmgrZ hmoH$a CZgo
H$ht Xya Mbo OmZo H$m {ZU©` boVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ do g^r Ho$ gm_Zo MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo OmZo H$m àñVmd
aIVo h¢, V~ g~ BgH$m ñdmJV H$aVo h¢ Š`m|{H$ CÝh| A~ CÝ_wŠV ñdÀN>ÝXVm Am¡a EH$m{YnË` H$m
Adga {_b OmEJm Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y ^r n[adma Ho$ X_ KwQ>mD$ dmVmdaU _| {Vb-{Vb ObZo H$s Anojm
~mha Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ AmË_r`VmnyU© dmVmdaU _| M¡Z H$s gm§g boZo H$mo ~ohVa g_P H$a am_Or_b H$s
MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& B©_mZXmar go {OÝXJr _| \$O© {Z^mZo dmbo JOmYa ~m~y EH$
WHo$ hþE, hmao hþE g¡{ZH$ H$s ^m±{V H$hmZr go {dXm bo boVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s dmngr Ka Ho$ ^rVa Zht, Ka go
~mha hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ OrdZ H$s `hr ~‹S>r ÌmgXr ~‹S>r doXZmXm`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
162
3.3.4 H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm :
Cfm {à`§dXm H$s H$hmZr "dmngr' EH$ M[aÌ àYmZ H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _w»` nmÌ JOmYa ~m~y
Ho$ OrdZ _| KQ>Zodmbr KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nwamZr nr‹T>r Am¡a ZdrZ nr‹T>r H$s _mZ{gH$Vm _| AmE
A§Va Ho$ H$maU g_mO _| \¡$br {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a {dS>å~ZmAm| H$s ^`mZH$Vm H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y nwamZr nr‹T>r Ho$ àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| B©_mZXma, H$Îm©ì`{Zð>, AmXe©dmXr, H$_© Ho$ à{V
lÕmbw, Hw$brZ, _`m©Xm Ho$ à{V gOJ, AnZr h¡{g`V Ho$ AZwgma OrZo dmbo, {dZmoXr , g§`wº$ n[adma
H$s pñW{V H$mo ~aH$ama aIZo dmbo _mZdr` JwUm| Ho$ àe§gH$, ghmZw^y{Verb ì`{º$ Ho$ ê$n AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZHo$ ~oQ>-o ~oQ>r-~hÿ ZdrZ nr‹T>r H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do AmXe©hrZ, öX`hrZ, AmS>å~a{à`, PyR>o
àXe©Z {à` ñdmWm], Hw$brZ _`m©Xm H$mo VmH$ na aIZo dmbo, H$_© {d_wI, g§`wº$ n[adma H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo
dmbo, H$Qw>^mfr Am¡a ~wOwJm] Ho$ à{V A{eï> h¢ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo `hm± JOmYa ~m~y H$s Am§V[aH$ àd¥{Îm`m|
H$m {díbofU H$aHo$ g_mO _| d¥Õm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| VWm ^moJo hþE OrdZ H$m `WmW© àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg H$hmZr H$s g_rjm H$aZo go `h EH$ g\$b H$hmZr {gÕ hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr Ho$ {ZåZ {b{IV VËdm| Ho$ AmYma na BgH$s g_rjm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
ò VËd h¢ -1) H$WmdñVw, 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU, 3) g§dmX, 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU, 5)
^mfm-e¡br, 6) CÔoí` VWm 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
H$WmdñVw :
"dmngr' H$hmZr Ho$ _w»` nmÌ JOmYa ~m~y aobdo _| n¢Vrg gmb VH$ Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Ho$ CnamÝV
godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZo ~ƒm| H$s C{MV {ejm-Xrjm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a CÝhm|Zo eha _| EH$ _H$mZ
~Zdm`m Am¡a dht AnZr nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo ahZo {X`m Ÿ& d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ àma§{^H$ {XZm| _| do nËZr
Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW aobdo ŠdmQ>©a _| ahVo Wo, na ~mX _| bå~o Aago VH$ ŠdmQ>©a _| AHo$bo ahH$a Zm¡H$ar
H$aVo aho Ÿ& Bg g_` do n[adma go Xya {Z:g§J OrZo H$m H$ï> Bg Amem go gh JE {H$ godm-{Zd¥Îm hmo
OmZo Ho$ ~mX do nwZ: n[adma Ho$ gmW ahH$a gwI-em§{V go eof - OrdZ {~Vm X|Jo Ÿ&
do Ka na nh±þMVo h¢ Vmo AZw^d H$aVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ AmJ_Z go H$moB© gwIr Zht h¢ Ÿ& g~Ho$
ñdÀN>ÝX AmMaU na O¡go AKmo{fV {Z`§ÌU bmJy hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma Ho$ gd©_` H$Îmm© hmoZo na ^r
CZHo$ {bE ~¡R>H$ _| EH$ MmanmB© S>mb Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo ^r ~hÿ-~oQ>o H$mo Agw{dYm hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$
A_a Ho$ XmoñVm| H$m ~oamoH$Q>moH$ AmZm-OmZm, ~¡R>H$ _| ~mV| H$aZm g§^d Zht hþAm Ÿ& AV: CZH$s
163
MmanmB© ~¡R>H$ go hQ>m Xr OmVr h¡ Am¡a nËZr Ho$ N>moQ>o-go H$_ao _| H$ZñVam| Ho$ ~rM bJm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
BgHo$ {bE CZgo H$moB© ^r Hw$N> Zht nyN>Vm Ÿ& do AnZo Ka _| AZMmho _oh_mZ ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Ka na do
XoIVo h¢ {H$ g~ AZwemgZ hrZ h¢ Ÿ& nËZr go nyN> H$a do nVm H$a boVo h¢ {H$ A_a Am¡a CgH$s nËZr
XmoñVm| go {_bZm ng§X H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr n‹T>mB© H$m ~hmZm H$aHo$ n‹S>mog _| Ky_Vr -{\$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a
B©_mZXmar go H$m_ Zht H$aVm Ÿ& do Ka H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo {~J‹S>Zo Z XoZo Ho$ {bE Zm¡H$a H$mo Nw>‹S>m XoVo
h¢ Ÿ& ~hÿ H$mo gw~h H$m ImZm Am¡a ~oQ>r H$mo em_ H$m ImZm ~ZmZo H$m AmXoe XoVo h¢ Ÿ& n[aUm_ CbQ>m
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g^r OmZ~yPH$a H$m_ {~Jm‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& nrR> nrN>o CZH$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$aHo$ {Xb H$mo Xw:I
nh±þMmVo h¢ Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr {nVmOr go ~mVMrV H$aZm ~§X H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& J¥hñWr _| CbPr nËZr CZH$s
_mZ{gH$Vm H$m »`mb Zht aIVr Ÿ& do {IÞ hmoH$a Mwn ahVo h¢ Vmo pñW{V Am¡a A{YH$ {~J‹S>Zo bJVr
h¡ Ÿ& BZ ~mVm| go V§J AmH$a do am_Or_b H$s MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo OmZo H$s ~mV g^r H$mo gwZmVo
h¢ Ÿ& Bggo g~ Iwe hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& nËZr ^r ~ƒm| H$mo Aì`dñWm _| N>mo‹S>H$a CZHo$ gmW OmZo H$mo amOr Zht
hmoVr Ÿ& ~hþV Xw:Ir hmoH$a JOmYa ~m~y n[adma N>mo‹S>H$a {\$a Zm¡H$ar H$s OJh na dmng Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mX n[adma _| g~ amhV H$s gm§g boVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s MmanmB© ^r nËZr H$s BÀN>m go hQ>m Xr OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$m Ka N>mo‹S>Zm H$hmZr H$s Ma_ gr_m H$s pñW{V h¡ Ÿ&
M[aÌ-{MÌU :
"dmngr' H$hmZr _| _w»` M[aÌ JOmYa ~m~y h¢ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr XmoZm| ~oQ>o A_a Am¡a
Za|Ð ~oQ>r ~g§Vr Am¡a ~hÿ Jm¡U nmÌ h¢ Ÿ& JZoer Am¡a Zm¡H$a ^r JmoU nmÌ h¢ Ÿ& Omo JOmYa ~m~y H$s
ghmZw^y{VerbVm Am¡a {_Vì`{`Vm JwUm| H$mo COmJa H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s XmoZm| {d{Y`m| -
àË`j {d{Y Am¡a namoj {d{Y H$m Bg H$hmZr _| à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& àË`j {d{Y go bo{IH$m ñd`§ dU©Z
H$aVr h¢ Am¡a namoj {d{Y H$WmonH$WZ, hmd^md, {d{^Þ g§X^m] go à{V{H«$`m Am¡a {H«$`m-H$bmn go hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$hmZr Ho$ _w»` nmÌ JOmYa ~m~y EH$ _Ü`dJu` n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m h¢ Ÿ& do aobdo _| n¢Vrg
gmb VH$ Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& nhbo ŠdmQ>©a go nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW ahVo Wo Ÿ& do g^r Ho$ gmW
_Zmo{dZmoX H$aVo d nËZr CZH$m nyam »`mb aIVr Wr Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo eha _| EH$ _H$mZ ~Zdm`m
CÝhm|Zo nËZr Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo dht ahZo {X`m ŸAm¡a IwX godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoZo VH$ EH$mH$s OrdZ {~Vm`m Ÿ&
godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX JZoer CZH$mo ^md^rZr {dXmB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& do CgH$mo ~oQ>r H$s emXr OëXr H$aZo
Am¡a Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na `mX H$aZo H$mo H$hH$a Ka na nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& Ka na CZH$m ñdmJV g~ R>§S>o {Xb go
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s CnpñW{V go g^r H$s ñdÀN>ÝXVm Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g^r CZHo$ H$m`©H$bmn H$s
164
AmbmoMZm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ì`§½`-~mU go CZH$mo AmhV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& n[adma Ho$ gmW h±gr-Iwer go g_`
{~VmZo H$s H$ënZm Yyb-Yyg[aV hmo OmVr h¡ ŸVmo CÝh| ~‹S>r {Zamem hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& do {OgH$mo Omo Xm{`Ëd XoVo
h¢, dh OmZ~yPH$a Cgo Iam~ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| n[adma _| gå_mZ Zht {_bVm Ÿ& CZH$s MmanmB© ~¡R>H$ go
nËZr Ho$ N>moQ>o H$_ao _| bJm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& nËZr CZH$s ^mdZm H$mo g_P Zht nmVr Ÿ& do Ka H$s {H$gr
KQ>Zm _| hñVjon Z H$aZo H$m {ZU©` boVo h¢ Vmo pñW{V Am¡a A{YH$ O{Q>b hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| do Ka
N>mo‹S>Zo H$m {ZU©` boVo h¢ Am¡a Ka N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ àW_ MaU _| n{V H$m nyam »`mb aIVr Wr dh
Xmonha VH$ AmJ ObmE n{V H$s àVrjm H$aVr Wr Ÿ& n{V Ho$ XâVa go bm¡Q>Zo na Ja_-Ja_ amo{Q>`m±
{IbmVr Wr, _Zm H$aZo na ^r Á`mXm {Ibm XoVr Wr Ÿ& CgH$s Am±Im| H$s _wgH$mZ JOmYa ~m~y H$s
WH$mdQ> {_Q>m XoVr Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~w‹T>mno _| Cg_| ~hþV n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡ Omo JOmYa ~m~y H$mo IbVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh J¥hñWr Ho$ g§MmbZ _| BVZm ì`ñV ahVr h¡ {H$ godm -{Zd¥Îm n{V H$m »`mb aI Zht nmVr Ÿ&
dh Ym{_©H$ _{hbm h¡, Bg{bE nyOm-nmR> Ho$ ~mX Mm¡Ho$ _| KwgVr h¡ Ÿ& dh gmam H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~hÿ-
~oQ>r CgH$s ghm`Vm Zht H$aVt Ÿ& ~oQ>o Ho$ XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW ~hÿ H$m {_bZm-OwbZm, n‹S>mog Ho$ Ka _| ~oQ>r
H$m AmZm-OmZm Cgo ng§X Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh Ho$db {eH$m`V H$aVr h¡, na S>m±Q> Zht gH$Vr Ÿ& ~oQ>m O~
n[adma go AbJ hmo OmZo H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡ dh n{V go {H$gr ^r H$m_ _| XIb Z XoZo H$s gbmh XoVr
h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| n{V Ho$ gmW ^r OmZo go _Zm H$aVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~hÿ IMubr h¡ Am¡a ~oQ>r A{ddm{hV Am¡a
g`mZr h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y Ho$ Mbo OmZo na dh AnZo H$_ao go MmanmB© hQ>m XoZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ& `hr
MmanmB© n{V H$m Ka _| ahm ApñVËd g_má hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
A_a, A_a H$s nËZr, Za|Ð Am¡a ~g§Vr - ò g~ ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ àVrH$ h¢ Omo nma§n[aH$ _yë`~moY,
Z¡{VH$Vm, d§e _`m©Xm, OrdZ-_yë`m|, g§`wº$ n[adma Ho$ à{V lÕm, {eîQ>mMma H$mo _hËd Zht XoVo Ÿ& do
{Xem^«ï>, ñdmWmªY, H$_© {d_wI àXe©Z{à`, {_Ï`m{^_mZr Am¡a CÀN¥>§Ib h¢ Ÿ&
A_a {nVmOr H$s AZwnpñW{V _| n[adma _| gd©_` H$Vm© Wm Ÿ& {nVmOr Ho$ AmJ_Z go CgH$m
A{YH$ma Xmàm g§Hw${MV hmoZo go dh {nVmOr na jwãY hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {nVmOr go {H$gr H$m_ _| XIb Z
XoZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& n[adma go AbJ ahZo H$s Y_H$s ^r XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {nVmOr H$m Q>moH$Zm ~wam bJVm
h¡ Ÿ&
A_a H$s nËZr n[adma H$m H$moB© Xm{`Ëd Zht g§^mbVr Ÿ& gmam H$m_ gmg H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ggwa
ImZm nH$mZo H$m Xm{`Ëd XoVo h¢ Vmo dh OmZ~yPH$a H$m_ {~Jm‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y O~ Zm¡H$a H$mo
{ZH$mb XoVo h¢ Vmo dh ì`§½` nyd©H$ BgH$s gyMZm A_a H$mo XoVr h¡ {Ogo gwZH$a JOmYa ~m~y Xw:Ir hmo
OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh gmg H$s S>m±Q> H$s nadmh Zht H$aVr Ÿ& ggwa Xw:Ir hmoH$a Ka N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢ Vmo dh Iwe
165
hmoH$a {gZo_m XoIZo OmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr CÔÊS>, CÀN¥>§Ib, A{eîQ> Am¡a bmnadmh h¡ Ÿ& dh
n‹S>mog _| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o b‹S>Ho$ hmoZo na ^r dhm± AmVr-OmVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& n‹T>mB© H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a Ka Ho$ H$m_-
H$mO _| hmW Zht ~§Q>mVr Ÿ& {nVmOr Cgo ImZm ~ZmZo H$hVo h¢ Vmo dh OmZ~yPH$a ImZm {~Jm‹S> XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
{nVmOr CgHo$ {Z~m©Y AmZo-OmZo na amoH$ bJm XoVo h¢ Vmo dh Y¥ï>Vmnyd©H$ CZgo ~mobZm ~§X H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
{nVmOr Zm¡H$a H$mo IM© H$s ~MV Ho$ {bE hQ>m XoVo h¢ Vmo dh Ka _| PmSy> bJmZo go BZH$ma H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
{nVmOr Ka N>mo‹S>H$a Xw:Ir _Z go Mbo OmVo h¢ Vmo dh Iwer Ho$ _mao {gZo_m OmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
Za|Ð {nVmOr Ho$ à{V C{MV gå_mZ àXe©Z Zht H$aVm, ~hZ ImZm Iam~ H$a XoVr h¡ Vmo
{nVmOr na BgH$s {Oå_oXmar R>hamVm h¡ Ÿ& {nVmOr ~ƒm| Ho$ ì`dhma go V§J AmH$a CXmgrZ hmo OmVo
h¢ Vmo Za|Ð _m¡Ho$ H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a CZgo _Z _m{\$H$ énE _m§J boVm h¡ Ÿ& _ohZV H$aZo H$mo dh AnZr
~oB‚mVr g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a Ho$ Z ahZo H$s pñW{V _| dh AmQ>m {ngmZm ^r Zht MmhVm Ÿ& {nVm ~ƒm| Ho$
AmMaU go {IÞ hmoH$a Ka N>mo‹S>Zo H$m {ZU©` boVo h¢ Vmo Za|Ð ~‹S>r Iwer go CZH$m {~ñVa ~m§Y XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cg_| a§M_mÌ ^r göX`Vm `m _mZ{dH$Vm Zht h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
H$hmZr _| g§dmX H$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& Bggo _yb H$Wm H$mo J{V {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& nmÌm| Ho$ g§dmXm|
go M[aÌm| Ho$ _Zmo^md Am¡a Mm[a{ÌH$ {díbofU hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| g§dmX nmÌmZwHy$b hþE h¢ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr O~ H$hVr h¡ --""gmao Ka _|
OyR>o ~V©Z n‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& Bg Ka _| Y_a-H$a_ Hw$N> Zht Ÿ& nyOm H$aHo$ grYo Mm¡Ho$ _| Kwgmo Ÿ&'' Bggo CgH$s
Y_©namÙVm, J¥hñWr H$s {Oå_oXmar, H$_©Hw$ebVm Am{X JwUm| H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmo Xygao
gXñ`m| H$s bmnadmhr, nyOm Ho$ à{V AZmñWm, AZwemgZhrZVm Am{X AdJwU Üd{ZV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr H$hVr h¡ -""`hr Omo‹S>-Jm§R> H$aVo-H$aVo ~y‹T>r hmo JB© Ÿ, Z _Z H$m nhZm,
Z Amo‹T>m Ÿ&'' Bggo Üd{ZV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cgo h_oem AnZr gr{_V Am` go {H$gr ^r Vah J¥hñWr MbmZr
n‹S>r Ÿ& H$^r ^r g§nÞVm H$s pñW{V Zht AmB© Am¡a Bg dOh go Cggo Z _Zng§X nhZmdo {_bo, Z
JhZo Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y JZoer go H$hVo h¢ - ""H$^r Hw$N> Oê$aV hmo Vmo {bIZm JZoer Ÿ& Bg AJhZ VH$
{~{Q>`m H$s emXr H$a Xmo Ÿ&'' JZoer A§JmoN>o Ho$ N>moa go Am±I| nmoN>Vm hþAm H$hVm h¡ -"" A~ Amn bmoJ
ghmam Z X|Jo Vmo H$m¡Z XoJm ? Amn `hm± ahVo Vmo emXr _| Hw$N> hm¡gbm ahVm Ÿ&'' Bg g§dmX go JOmYa
~m~y H$s AYrZñW H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ à{V ñZoh, göX`Vm Am¡a ghmZw^y{VerbVm H$m ^md ì`§{OV hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ&
166
JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr n{V go H$hVr h¡ -"" hm± ~‹S>m gwI h¡ Z ~hÿ go Ÿ& AmO agmoB© H$aZo JB© h¡,
XoImo , Š`m hmoVm h¡ ?'' Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ~hÿ H$^r ^r agmoB© Zht ~ZmVr Ÿ& gmg Zo ~hÿ go H$^r
^r agmoB© ~ZmZo Zht H$hm Š`m|{H$ Cgo Ame§H$m ahr {H$ ~hÿ OmZ~yPH$a A{YH$ gm_mZ IM© H$a XoJr Vmo
Am{Ia CgrH$mo hr H$ï> hmoJm Ÿ& ~oQ>r ~g§Vr Ho$ ~mao _| nËZr JOmYa ~m~y go H$hVr h¡ -""Š`m H$h
{X`m ~g§Vr go, em_ go _w±h bnoQ>o n‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& ImZm ^r Zht Im`m Ÿ&'' Bggo ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ ~oQ>r H$m
Xmof hmoVo hþE ^r dh ~oQ>r H$s Va\$Xmar H$aVr h¡ Bg{bE ~oQ>r CÔÊS> hmo JB© h¡ Am¡a {H$gr H$s _Zmhr
Zht _mZVr Ÿ&
~hÿ H$mHy$ go A_a H$mo Zm¡H$a Nw>‹S>mZo H$s gyMZm XoVo hþE ggwa Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hVr h¡ -""H$hVo h¢
IM© ~hþV h¡ Ÿ&'' Bggo ~hÿ H$s Y¥ï>Vm, AembrZ ì`dhma, PyR>r emZ-em¡H$V, n[adma H$s h¡{g`V H$s
Amoa bmnadmhr, öX`hrZVm Am{X AdJwU ì`§{OV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y MrZr {_b _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo OmVo g_` nËZr go nyN>Vo h¢ -""Vw_ ^r MbmoJr ?''
R>rH$ h¡ Vw_ `ht ahmo, _¢Zo Vmo Eogo hr H$hm Wm Ÿ&'' Bggo CZH$s AHo$bonZ H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ>-{Zamem,
nbm`Zdm{XVm Am¡a ApñVËdhrZVm H$m ^md PbH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr O~ H$hVr h¡ -
""Aao Za|Ð ! ~m~yOr H$s MmanmB© H$_ao go {ZH$mb Xo Ÿ& Cg_| MbZo VH$ H$s OJh Zht h¡ Ÿ&'' `hm±
MmanmB© An[aM`, ApñVËdhrZVm Am¡a AZmË_r`Vm H$s àVrH$ h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Üd{ZV h¡ {H$ JOmYa ~m~y
{OÝXJr go R>Jo hþE h¢ Ÿ& do EH$ nam{OV nbm`ZdmXr BÝgmZ ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ&

dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$o àmU h§¡ Ÿ& BgH$m gwMmé {Zdm©h hmoZo go H$hmZr Ord§V Am¡a `WmW© bJVr
h¡ Ÿ& dmVmdaU H$s n¥ð>^y{_ na H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& nmÌm| go g§~§{YV ñWmZm|, g_`, àH¥${V
Am¡a n[adoe Ho$ g_`mZwHy$b {MÌU go dmVmdaU _ZmoZwHy$b bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y godm-{Zd¥Îm hmoH$a O~ aobdo ŠdmQ>©a N>mo‹S>Vo h¢ Vmo CZHo$ _Z _| {dN>moh H$m Xw:I
h¡ Ÿ& `h Xw:I ^r ŠdmQ>©a Ho$ dmVmdaU _| PbH$Vm h¡ - aobdo ŠdmQ>©a H$m `h H$_am, {Og_| CÝhm|Zo
{H$VZo df© {~VmE Wo, CZH$m gm_mZ hQ> OmZo go Hw$ê$n Am¡a Z½Z bJ ahm Wm Ÿ& Am§JZ _| amono nm¡Yo ^r
OmZ-nhMmZ Ho$ bmoJ bo JE Wo, Am¡a OJh-OJh {_Å>r {~Iar hþB© Wr Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y Ho$ A{ZpíMV ^{dî` Am¡a A{ZpÀN>V CnpñW{V H$mo g§Ho$V H$aZo dmbm dmŠ` `h
h¡ -"" O¡go {H$gr _oh_mZ Ho$ {bE Hw$N> AñWm`r à~§Y H$a {X`m OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma ~¡R>H$ _| Hw${g©`m|
H$mo Xrdma go gQ>m H$a ~rM _| JOmYa ~m~y Ho$ {bE nVbr-gr MmanmB© S>mb Xr JB© Wr Ÿ&''
JOmYa ~m~y H$s _mZ{gH$ Ib~br H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo dmbm _mZ{gH$ n[adoe H$m dU©Z
167
Bg àH$ma hþAm -""`h Wr Š`m CZH$s nËZr, {OgHo$ hmWm| Ho$ H$mo_b ñne©, {OgH$s _wñH$mZ H$s `mX
_| CÝhm|Zo g§nyU© OrdZ H$mQ> {X`m Wm Ÿ& CÝh| bJm {H$ dh bmdÊ`_`r `wdVr OrdZ H$s amh _| H$ht Imo
JB© Am¡a CgH$s OJh AmO Omo ór h¡, dh CZHo$ _Z Am¡a àmUm| Ho$ {bE {ZVm§V An[a{MV h¡ Ÿ&''
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ZB© nr‹T>r H$s _mZ{gH$Vm Bg_| {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡ -""nhbo A_a Ka H$m
_m{bH$ ~ZH$a ahVm Wm Ÿ& ~hÿ H$mo H$moB© amoH$-Q>moH$ Z Wr Ÿ& A_a Ho$ XmoñVm| H$m àm`: `ht AÈ>m O_m
ahVm Wm Ÿ&''
nwamZr nr‹T>r H$s Ym{_©H$Vm H$s PbH$ Bg dmŠ` _| {_b OmVr h¡ - Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| CZH$s nËZr hmW
_| A¿`© H$m bmoQ>m {bE {ZH$br Am¡a AewÕ ñVw{V H$hVo hþE Vwbgr _| S>mb {X`m Ÿ&
H$mb -{deof _| AmË_r`Vm H$m n[adoe Bg àH$ma h¡ - Xmo nha _|, J_u hmoZo na ^r, Xmo ~Oo
VH$ AmJ ObmE ahVr Am¡a CZHo$ ñQ>oeZ go dmng AmZo na Ja_-Ja_ amo{Q>`m± g|H$Vr - CZHo$ Im
MwH$Zo Am¡a _Zm H$aZo na ^r Wmo‹S>m-gm Hw$N> Am¡a Wmbr _| namog XoVr, Am¡a ~‹S>o ß`ma go AmJ«h
H$aVr Ÿ&''
^mfm-e¡br :
"dmngr' H$hmZr _| àm`: AÝ` nwéf _| A{YH$ dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g§dmX e¡br H$m ^r à`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm nmÌmZwHy$b Am¡a n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y O~ H$hVo h¢ -""{~Å>r,
Mm` Vmo \$sH$s h¡ Ÿ& V~ Bg_| dmËgë` ào_ PbH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& na O~ ~g§Vr go H$hVo h¢ -"~g§Vr ! AmO
go em_ H$m ImZm ~ZmZo H$s {Oå_oXmar Vw_ na h¡ Ÿ&' V~ Bg_| AmXoe Am¡a {nVm H$m A{YH$ma ñnï> hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y nËZr go H$hVo h¢ - R>rH$ h¡ ! Vw_ `ht ahmo Ÿ& _¢Zo Vmo Eogo hr H$hm Wm Ÿ& Bg_|
{Zamem n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
JOmYa ~m~y H$s nËZr H$s ^mfm- ""`hr Omo‹S>-Jm§R> H$aVo - H$aVo ~y‹T>r hmo JB© Ÿ& Z _Z H$m
nhZm, Z Amo‹T>m Ÿ& '' _| CgHo$ Ag§Vmof Am¡a n[adma à~§YZ Hw$ebVm H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
dmŠ` _| _m± H$m dmËgë` àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ- Š`m H$h {X`m ~g§Vr go Ÿ& em_ go _w±h bnoQ>o n‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& ImZm
^r Zht Im`m Ÿ&'' A_a Zo H$hm -""~y‹T>o AmX_r h¢ Ÿ& MwnMmn n‹S>o ah| Ÿ& ha MrO _| XIb Š`m| XoVo h¢
- _| CgH$s Y¥ï>Vm à_m{UV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
_whmdam| go ^mfm _| àdmh AmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm _| e{º$ Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _| à`wº$ _whmdao
h¢ - \$m§g -gr H$aHo$ CR>Zm, noQ> H$mQ>Zm, hm‹S> Vmo‹S>Zm, VmZm XoZm Am{X Ÿ& Amb§H$m[aH$ à`moJ ^r ^mfm
_| _mYw`© CËnÞ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogm à`moJ h¡ - na nËZr Am¡a ~mb-~ƒm| Ho$ gmW ahZo H$s H$ënZm _| dh
168
{dN>moh EH$ Xw~©b bha H$s Vah CR>H$a {dbrZ hmo J`m Ÿ& MmanmB© Ho$ {~å~ Ho$ Ûmam JOmYa ~m~y H$s
`mVZm, EH$mH$snZ, {Zamem, Aghm`Vm, ApñVËdhrZVm H$mo A{^ì`{º$ {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh h¡ -
""`{X J¥hñdm_r Ho$ {bE nyao Ka _| EH$ MmanmB© H$s OJh Zht h¡, Vmo `ht n‹S>o ah|Jo, AJa H$ht Am¡a
S>mb Xr JB©, Vmo dhm± Mbo OmE§Jo Ÿ&''
CÔoí` :
Bg H$hmZr _| ^moJo hþE OrdZ H$m `WmW© {M{ÌV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& ~wOwJm] H$s g_ñ`mAm|, CZH$s
{dfm{XV _Z:pñW{V, AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo nmR>H$ Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV H$aHo$ bo{IH$m gm_m{OH$ gOJVm
CËnÞ H$aZm MmhVr h¢ Ÿ& n[adma H$m _w{I`m H$‹S>r _ohZV H$aHo$ OrdZ â YZ CnmO©Z _| bJm Bg
Amem go bJm ahmVm h¡ {H$ ~w‹T>mno _| Cgo n[adma g§ajU, ghm`Vm, ghmZw^y{V, AmË_r`Vm Am¡a gwI-
em§{V {_boJr Ÿ& na AmYw{ZH$ nr‹T>r H$s g§VmZ| CZH$s H$_mB© na JwbN>a} C‹S>mZo H$mo AnZm A{YH$ma
g_PVr h¢ Ÿ& {nVmOr H$mo YZ-AO©Z H$m `§Ì g_PVr h¢ Ÿ& n[adma H$m H$moB© ^r CÎmaXm{`Ëd AnZo H§$Yo
na boZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ& PyR>r R>mQ>-~mQ> go Eoe H$s {OÝXJr {~VmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg na bo{IH$m Zo H$amam
ì`§½` {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo AmYw{ZH$ nr‹T>r H$s l_-H$mVaVm, àXe©{à`Vm, ñdmW©naVm, {XemhrZVm,
bú`hrZVm Am¡a nwamZr nr‹T>r H$s _yë` -ì`dñWm _| AZmñWm H$mo COmJa H$aHo$ XmoZm| nr{‹T>`m| H$s
d¡Mm[aH$ {^ÞVm H$mo gmar g_ñ`mAm| H$s O‹S> _mZr h¡ Ÿ& ZB© nr‹T>r H$s _hËdmH$m§jm g_mO go __Vm,
H$éUm Am¡a ghmZw^y{V O¡go OrdZ Ho$ _yb^yV VËdm| H$mo g_má H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& {dS>§~Zm `h {H$ ~y‹T>o bmoJ
AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ n[ad{V©V Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m Z Vmo gamhZm H$aVo h¢ Z ~aXmñV Ÿ& Bg{bE do AbJ-WbJ$
n‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AHo$bmnZ _hgyg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ha H$X_ na AnZo H$mo An_m{ZV _hgyg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$
à{V H$moB© H¥$Vk Zht ahVm Ÿ& CZHo$ A{YH$ma H$m AnhaU H$a {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma _| AZMmho,
AZMrÝho ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y Ho$ OrdZ H$s `hr ÌmgXr h¡ Ÿ& {Og n[adma Ho$ _moh go CÝhm|Zo
Zm¡H$ar Ho$ g_` {Z:g§J OrdZ {~Vm`m, A~ Cgr n[adma H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZo _| AnZm Hw$eb g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& do
g_Pm¡Vm Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& Ho$db _mZ{gH$ doXZm ^moJVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo n[adma _| d¥Õm| Ho$ à{V H$s Om
ahr Cnojm ^md H$m dU©Z H$aHo$ ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ _Z _| CZHo$ à{V lÕm ^mdZm âZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
CÝh| H¥$V¿Z Z ~ZZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m h¡ Ÿ&
bo{IH$m H$hmZr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `h {XImZm MmhVr h¡ {H$ n«Xe©Z{à`Vm Ho$ _moh _| _ÜddJu`
n[adma H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V {~J‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Am{W©H$ {dnÞVm go gmar g_ñ`mE± CâVr h¢ Ÿ& AmOH$b
ñdmWm©Y§Vm Ho$ H$maU g§`wº$ n[adma H$m ~§YZ T>rbm n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g~ AbJ hmoH$a ahZm ng§X H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& {nVm-nwÌ g§~§Y {e{Wb hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo g_mO _| KQ>Zodmbo Am¡a EH$ H$Qw>-gË` H$mo
169
COmJa H$a {X`m h¡ {H$ n[adma go Xya ahH$a CnmO©Z H$aZo dmbo ì`{º$ Ho$ AmXe© H$s H$moB© N>mn ~ƒm| na
Zht n‹S>Vr Ÿ& nmg Z ahZo go __Vm H$m ~§YZ T>rbm n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dhr AmX_r O~ Ka nh±þMVm h¡, V~
CgH$m göX` ñdmJV Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& dh n[adma _| AnZm ApñVËd Am¡a n[aM` O_m Zht nmVm Ÿ&
An_m{ZV Am¡a Cno{jV hmoH$a dh n[apñW{V go g_Pm¡Vm H$a Zht nmVm Ÿ& A§V _| hVmem H$s __mªVH$
nr‹S>m go N>Q>nQ>m dh nbm`ZdmXr ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo JOmYa ~m~y H$s Bg X`Zr`Vm n[aUm_ Ho$
à{V nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aHo$ CÝh| gmoMZo H$mo _O~ya H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _| "MmanmB©
JOmYa ~m~y H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Omo An[aM` Am¡a ApñVËdhrZVm H$s àVrH$ h¡ Ÿ& bo{IH$m Zo
H$hmZr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `wdm nr‹T>r _| ~wOwJm] Ho$ à{V g§doXZm OmJ¥V H$aZo H$m âgH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
`{X Eogm Zht hþAm Vmo ~y‹T>m| H$m A{YH$ma g§H$Q>J«ñV hmo OmEJm Ÿ Am¡a CÝh| KwQ>Z, nr‹S>m, ì`W©Vm~moY
Am¡a AHo$bonZ go OrdZ Ho$ Am{Iar {XZ {~VmZo n‹S>|Jo Ÿ&
erf©H$ :
erf©H$ H$hmZr _| EH$ àVrH$ H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hmZr H$s AmË_m H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "dmngr' EH$ H$m`©-ì`mnma H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h erf©H$ g§{já , gmW©H$,
gm§Ho${VH$ Am¡a g§doZm CÔrnH$ h¡ Ÿ& JOmYa ~m~y AnZo n[adma _| dmngr MmhVo Wo Ÿ& na n[a{ñW{Vde
CZH$s dmngr AnZm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ~mha H$s Amoa hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do AnZo bmoJm| _| ApñVËd nmZo _| {Zame
hmoH$a namE bmoJm| _| Cgo VbmeZo nbm`Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `h "dmngr' CZH$s ÌmgXr h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$hmZr H$m
erf©H$ `WmW© bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
bo{IH$m - n[aM`
OÝ_- CÎma àXoe Ho$ H$mZnwa _|
{ejm - H$mZnwa d Bbmhm~mX
AÜ`mnZ - Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb` _| A§J«oOr H$s AÜ`m{nH$m Ÿ&
----
170
_b~o H$m _m{bH$
3.4.1 boIH$ n[aM` :

_mohZ amHo$e H$m OÝ_ A_¥Vga _| 1925 B©. _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo àma§{^H$ {ejm A_¥Vga _|
àmá H$s Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo bmhm¡a go nhbo g§ñH¥$V _| E_.E. Am¡a ~mX _| qhXr _| E_.E. narjm nmg H$s Ÿ& nhbo
CÝhm|Zo ~§~B©, Omb§Ya Am¡a {Xëbr _| {d{^Þ H$mboOm| _| qhXr àdº$m Ho$ ê$n _| {\$a ~§~B© _| "gm[aH$m'
Ho$ àYmZ g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo Zm¡H$ar go AnZm _Z hQ>m {b`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË`
H$s gmar {dYmAm| -H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, {Z~§Y, EH$m§H$s, [anmoVm©O, B§Q>aì`y , `mÌm Am{X na AnZr
boIZr MbmB© Am¡a CZ_| g\$bVm àmá H$s Ÿ&
"ZB© H$hmZr' Ho$ àdV©H$m| _| CZH$m Zm_ AmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| nmÌm| H$s _Z:pñW{V`m| H$m
_m{_©H$ {MÌU nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| gm_m{OH$ MoVZm, _mZdVm Ho$ à{V AmñWm, OrdZ
_yë`m| Ho$ à{V AmJ«h Am{X {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
H$hmZr g§J«h - B§gmZ Ho$ I§S>ha, ZE ~mXb, OmZda Am¡a OmZda, EH$ Am¡a {OÝXJr, \$m¡bmX
H$m AmH$me, EH$ Xw{Z`m Am¡a {_boOwbo Mohao Ÿ&
3.4.2 H$Wmgma :
"_b~o H$m _m{bH$' H$hmZr ^maV Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX {hÝXy -_wgb_mZ g§Kf© go CËnÞ
n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AmYma na a{MV h¡ Ÿ& KQ>Zm -àdmh Eogr J{V go AmJo ~‹‹T>Vm h¡ {H$ nmR>H$ H$mo àg§J
`WmW© Am¡a gË` àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe-{d^mOZ go Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na g§Kf© hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a ì`{º$ Bg_|
BVZm j{VJ«ñV hmoVm h¡ {H$ BVZr _mZ{gH$ doXZm PobVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s ânmB© OrdZ -H$mb _| Zht hmo
nmVr Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ _H$mZ- _m{bH$ nadVu g_` _| CgHo$ _b~o H$m Ho$db Xe©H$ ~Z OmVm h¡
Am¡a CgH$m âm-nyam g§gma CO‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^bo hr amOZr{VH$ {Ibm‹S>r Bgo Xoe H$s AmOmXr H$h|, na
gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ AmKmV go g{X`m| go A{O©V _mZdr` _yë`~moY H$m T>m±Mm Ma_am J`m Am¡a AmX_r
H$s AmX_r Ho$ à{V H«y$aVm Ma_gr_m na nh±þM JB© Ÿ& na boIH$ {Zame Zht hþE, CÝhm|Zo Bg H$hmZr Ho$
à^md go H«y$aVm H$s Ma_ pñW{V {XImZo Ho$ ~mX ^r g‚mZVm Ho$ à^md go H«y$aVm _| öX` -n[adV©Z H$s
g§^mdZm {XImH$a _mZdr`Vm H$m àH$me {XIm`m h¡ Ÿ&
171
Xoe {d^mOZ Ho$ gm‹T>o gmV-gmb ~mX bmhm¡a go _wgb_mZ H$s EH$ Q>mobr hm°H$s _¡M XoIZo
A_¥Vga AmVr h¡ Ÿ& hm°H$s XoIZm CZH$m ~hmZm Wm, Agb _| do CZ Kam| H$mo XoIZm MmhVo Wo, Omo CZHo$
{bE gm‹T>o gmV gmb nhbo namE hmo JE Wo Ÿ& ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm nyd©H$ do bmoJm| go {_bVo aho Am¡a bmoJ
CZgo bmhm¡a H$m hmb nyN>Vo aho Ÿ& Bgr ~rM A_¥Va _| H$m\$s n[adV©Z hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& H$ht-H$ht ZB©
B_maV| I‹S>r Wr Vmo ~rM-~rM _| _bdo Ho$ T>oa Wo Ÿ&
Cg _wgb_mZ H$s Q>mobr _| AãXwb JZr ^r Wm Omo nhbo go A_¥Vga N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ&
CgZo _H$mZ ~Zm {b`m Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ n[adma Ho$ Mma gXñ` CgH$m ~oQ>m {MamJ, CgH$s ~hÿ Ow~¡Xm Am¡a
{MamJ H$s Xmo ~o{Q>`m± {H$ída Am¡a gwbVmZm A_¥Vga _| ah JE Wo Ÿ& JZr {_`m± Zo ~oQ>o go A_¥Vga
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmZo H$mo H$hm Wm, na ~oQ>o {MamJ H$m _whëbo Ho$ {hÝXwAm| na âmogm Wm Am¡a dh AnZm
Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$mo amOr Zht hþAm Wm Ÿ&
bo{H$Z Xoe {d^mOZ Ho$ g_` O~ qhXy _wpñb_ g§Kf© hmo J`m Ÿ& Cgr g_` aŠIo nhbdmZ Zo
Cg _H$mZ na H$ãOm H$aZo Ho$ BamXo go {MamJ Am¡a CgHo$ n[adma Ho$ g^r gXñ`m| H$mo _m¡V Ho$ KmQ> CVma
{X`m Ÿ& na ~mX _| Am¡a {H$gr Zo Cg _H$mZ _| AmJ bJm Xr Vmo _H$mZ _b~m ~Z J`m Ÿ&
JZr A_¥Vga Am`m Vmo CgHo$ _Z _| ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go AnZo _H$mZ H$mo XoIZo H$s BÀN>m OmJ«V
hþB© Ÿ& dh {d{^Þ J{b`m| H$mo nma H$aVm hþAm AnZr Jbr _| Am nh±þMm Ÿ& dramZ ~mOma ~m±gm H$mo Am¡a
dhm± H$s ZB© VWm Obr hþB© B_maVm| H$mo XoIH$a Cgo {dídmg Zht hþAm {H$ {Og Jbr _| dh Om ahm h¡,
gM_wM dh CgH$s Jbr H$^r Wr Ÿ& Bgr g_` EH$ Zd`wdH$ _Zmoar go CgH$s _wbmH$mV hmo OmVr h¡
{Ogo dh nhMmZ boVm h¡ Ÿ& _Zmoar ^r JZr {_`m± H$mo nhMmZH$a Cgo CgH$m Ka {XImZo Jbr _| bo OmH$a
Xya go EH$ _b~o H$mo {XImH$a ~VmVm h¡ {H$ `hr Vwåhmam Ka Wm Ÿ& JZr {_`m± Zo ~hþV nhbo go _mZ {b`m
Wm {H$ CgHo$ ~oQ>o Am¡a CgH$m n[adma ~r~r-~ƒm| H$r _m¡V hmo MwH$s h¡, na CgZo `h H$ënZm Zht H$s
Wr {H$ CgH$m Z`m _H$mZ _b~m ~Z MwH$m hmoJm Ÿ& `h H$éU Ñí` XoIH$a JZr {_`m± H$mo PwZPwZr hþB©,
KwQ>Zo H$m§nZo bJo, O~mZ IwíH$ hmo JB© Ÿ& dh nmg nh±þMH$a _b~o Ho$ Obo hþE Mm¡IQ> H$mo nH$‹S> H$a ~¡R>
J`m Am¡a hm`, AmoE {MamJXrZ H$h H$a {~bIZo bJm Ÿ& dh _b~o H$s {_Å>r AnZo ZmIyZm| go ImoX-
ImoX H$a AnZo D$na S>mbVm ahm Am¡a AnZo ~oQ>o -nmo{V`m| H$m Zm_ boH$a amoVm ahm Ÿ&
Bg g_` {I‹S>H$s go Pm§H$Zo dmbm| H$mo Ame§H$m hþB© {H$ AmO gm‹T>o gmV gmb nhbo H$s gmar
KQ>Zm nyar Iwb OmEJr Ÿ& AãXwb JZr H$mo nVm Mb OmEJm {H$ {MamJXrZ, Ow~¡Xm, {H$ída Am¡a
gwbVmZm H$m hË`mam aŠIo nhbdmZ hr h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo nhbdmZ Cg g_` Hw$E± Ho$ nmg nrnb Ho$ ZrMo gmo`m
hþAm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ Mobo bÀN>o nhbdmZ Zo Cgo gyMZm Xo Xr {H$ JZr {_`m± AnZo _b~o Ho$ nmg Am`m h¡ Ÿ&
_b~o go bm¡Q>Vo g_` JZr {_`m± Hw$E± Ho$ nmg aŠIo nhbdmZ H$mo XoI boVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo nVm Zht h¡ {H$
172
aŠIo hr CgHo$ n[adma H$m hË`mam h¡ Ÿ& dh Xw:Ir hmoH$a ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm go aŠIo go H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢
âm-nyam Ka N>mo‹S> H$a Mbm J`m Wm Am¡a AmO `h _b~m XoIZo Am`m h±ÿ Ÿ& dh H$hVm OmVm h¡-""Vy
~Vm aŠIo, `h g~ hþAm {H$g Vah ? Vw_ bmoJ CgHo$ nmg Wo, g~_| ^mB©-^mB© H$s-gr _whã~V Wr,
AJa dh MmhVm Vmo dh Vw__| go {H$gr Ho$ ^r Ka _| Zht {N>n gH$Vm Wm ? Cgo BVZr ^r g_P Zht
AmB© ?'' `h g~ gwZH$a aŠIo _| K~amhQ> Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ñda Añdm^m{dH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Am|R>
bma go {MnH$ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _y±N>m| Ho$ ZrMo go ngrZm AmoR>m| na Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mWo na X~md n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh JZr go nm{H$ñVmZ H$m hmb nyN>Vm h¡ Ÿ& na JZr AnZm hmb gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ {H$ _oam hmb
IwXm hr OmZVm h¡ Ÿ& _¢Zo {MamJ H$mo _oao gmW MbZo H$mo H$hm Wm Ÿ& _Ja dh AnZm Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a
OmZo H$mo amOr Zht hþAm Ÿ& {MamJ H$mo bJVm Wm {H$ AnZr Jbr _| H$moB© IVam Zht h¡ Ÿ& JZr H$hVm h¡
-""^mobo H$~yVa Zo `h Zht gmoMm {H$ Jbr _| IVam Z ghr, ~mha go Vmo IVam Am gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _H$mZ
H$s aIdmbr Ho$ {bE Mmam| OZm| Zo OmZ Xo Xr Ÿ&'' JZr aŠIo H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ -"" aŠIo
Cgo Voam ~hþV âmogm Wm Ÿ& H$hVm Wm {H$ aŠIo Ho$ ahVo H$moB© _oam Hw$N> Zht {~Jm‹S> gH$Vm Ÿ& _Ja O~
Am±Yr AmB© Vmo aŠIo Ho$ amoHo$ ^r Z éH$ gH$s Ÿ&''
JZr go ò ~mV| gwZH$a aŠIo H$mo AnZo {dídmgKmV na níMmVmn hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m eara ngrZo
go ^rJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Vbwdm| _| MwZMwZmhQ> _hgyg hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s gm§g A‹S> ahr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _w±h go
{ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ -""ho à^w g{ƒAm, Vy hr h¡, Vy hr h¡, Vy hr h¡ Ÿ&''
JZr {_`m± Zo b{jV {H$`m {H$ nhbdmZ Ho$ Am|R> gyI aho h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE aŠIo H$mo Vgëbr XoVo
hþE dh H$hVm h¡ -"" Omo hmoZr Wr gmo hmo JB© Ÿ& Cgo H$moB© bm¡Q>m Wmo‹S>o hr gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& IwXm ZoH$ H$s ZoH$s
Am¡a ~X H$s ~Xr _m\$ H$a| Ÿ& ... Vw_H$mo XoI {b`m Vmo {MamJ H$mo XoI {b`m Ÿ& Aëbmh Vw_ bmoJm| H$mo
gohV_§X aIo Ÿ& OrVo ahmo Am¡a Iw{e`m± XoImo Ÿ&''
JZr{_`m± Ho$ Mbo OmZo na Jbr _| {\$a ñdm^m{dH$Vm bm¡Q> AmVr h¡ Ÿ& na aŠIo H$s _| níMmÎmmn
H$s ^mdZm Vrd« hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgZo Xygao {XZm| H$s Vah bmoJm| H$mo ~wbmH$a CÝh| gÅ>o Ho$ Jwa Am¡a gohV
Ho$ ZwñIo Zht ~VmE, na bÀN>o H$mo dh AnZr d¡îUmo Xodr H$s Cg `mÌm H$m {ddaU gwZmVm ahm, Omo CgZo
n§Ðh gmb nhbo H$s Wr Ÿ&
amV hmoZo na dh _b~o Ho$ nmg AmH$a EH$ ^¢g H$mo dhm± go hQ>m XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a EH$ H$m¡Am H$ht
go C‹S>H$a AmVm h¡ Am¡a Obr hþB© Mm¡IQ> na ~¡R> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a _b~o Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| boQ>m hþAm Hw$Îmm
^m¢H$Vm h¡ Vmo H$m¡Am C‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$Îmm A~ Mm¡IQ> na ~¡R>o aŠIo H$s Amoa _w±h H$aHo$ ^m|H$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
aŠIo Hw$Îmo H$mo hQ>mZo H$mo à`mg _| Ag\$b ah H$a A§V _| Hw$E± H$s {gb na OmH$a boQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$Îmm
bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Am¡a _b~o Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| boQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
173
aŠIm gm‹T>o gmV gmb VH$ AnZo H$mo _b~o H$m _m{bH$ _mZVm ahm, na Cgo bmoJm| H$s ñdrH¥${V
Zht {_b nmB© Wr Ÿ& A§V _| EH$ Hw$Îmm ^r Cg _b~o na boQ>H$a AnZo H$mo _m{bH$ Kmo{fV H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
BYa aŠIm ^ro ~mhar Vm¡a na _b~o go hQ> OmVm h¡ Am¡a ^rVar Vmoa na níMmÎmmn H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.4.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU :
AãXwb JZr - AãXwb JZr A_¥Vga Ho$ ~mOma ~m±gm H$s EH$ Jbr H$m ~mqeXm Wm Omo ^maV
-{d^mOZ go nhbo bmhm¡a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& AnZo ~oQ>o {MamJ go ^r AZwamoY {H$`m Wm {H$ g^r dh OJh
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmE± Ÿ& bo{H$Z {MamJ Xmo H$maUm| go AnZr nwíV¡Zr {_Å>r N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$mo amOr Zht hþAm
Wm Ÿ& EH$ Vmo CÝhm|Zo Z`m _H$mZ ~Zdm`m Wm Am¡a Xygao _| CgH$m Jbr Ho$ bmoJm| na Img H$aHo$ aŠIo
nhbdmZ na nyam âmogm Wm Ÿ&
nwíV¡Zr dVZ H$mo XoIZo H$m _moh - JZr Im± H$mo ^maV -{d^mOZ Ho$ g_` hþE {hÝXy-
_wgb_mZ g§Kf© _| CgHo$ n[adma Ho$ g^r gXñ`m| H$s _m¡V hmo OmZo H$m A^mg {_b J`m Wm Ÿ& na dh
nwíV¡Zr dVZ H$mo EH$ ~ma XoI boZo H$m bmo^ N>mo‹S> Zht gH$m Wm Bg{bE hm°H$s _¡M XoIZo bmhm¡a go
A_¥Vga AmZo dmbr _wgb_mZm| H$s Q>mobr _| dh Am OmVm h¡ Am¡a J{b`m± nma H$aVo hþE AnZr Jbr Ho$
nmg nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
nwÌ-emoH$ go OO©a - JZr {_`m± AnZr Jbr Ho$ nmg nh±þMH$a dhm± AmB© ^mar V~Xrbr
H$mo XoIH$a Ag_§Og _o§ n‹S> OmVm h¡ {H$ dh ghr OhJ na Am`m h¡ `m Zht Ÿ& {\$a dh Cgr Amoa Am
aho _Zmoar H$mo nhMmZ boVm h¡ Ÿ& _Zmoar O~ EH$ _b~o H$s Amoa Bemam H$aHo$ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ `hr CgH$m
Ka Wm, V~ JZr {_`m± AnZr Am±Im| na {dídmg Zht H$a nmVm {H$ CgH$m Z`m _H$mZ _b~m ~Z J`m
h¡ Ÿ& Obo hþE Ka H$s `hr {ZemZr XoIH$a dh {Zame hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡IQ> H$mo nH$‹S>H$a AnZo ~oQ>o
{MamJ Am¡a nmo{V`m| {H$ída Am¡a gwbVmZm H$m Zm_ boH$a amoZo-{~bIZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo H$mo dh
AnZm hmb ~VmVm h¡ - ""_oam hmb nyN>m Vmo dh _oam IwXm hr OmZVm h¡ Ÿ& _oam {MamJ gmW hmoVm, Vmo
Am¡a ~mV Wr Ÿ&''
~oQ>o Ho$ A‹S> OmZo na níMmÎmmn - JZr Im± H$mo nVm Zht h¡ {H$ dhr aŠIo CgHo$
n[adma H$m hË`mam h¡ Ÿ& Cgo aŠIo âmogo_§X bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh Cggo AmË_r`Vm âr ~mV| H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh `mX H$aVm h¡ {H$ CgZo {MamJ H$mo CgHo$ gmW OmZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV g_Pm`m Wm Ÿ& dh aŠIo go
H$hVm h¡ {H$ ~oQ>o H$m Jbr Ho$ bmoJm| na nyam âmogm Wm, Bg{bE dh Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$mo hþAm
Wm Ÿ& ~oQ>m Vmo ^mobm H$~yVa Wm Ÿ& Cgo AnZr Jbr go Vmo IVam Zht Wm, na ~mha go IVam Am`m Am¡a
174
_H$mZ Ho$ {bE Mmam| Zo OmZ Xo Xr Ÿ& dh nhbo go AHo$bo Mbo OmZo H$mo AnZr ~Xd»Vr _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& JZr
AnZr Jbr Ho$ nmg EH$ amoVo hþE ~ƒo H$mo XoIVm h¡ Vmo Cgo nwMH$maH$a AnZo nmg ~wbmVm h¡ Am¡a n¡gm
XoZm MmhVm h¡ & dh _Zmoar H$mo nhMmZH$a Cggo embrZVm go ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AãXwb JZr H$mo nVm Zht
Wm {H$ ^mB©Mmao H$m \$O© {Z^mZodmbo aŠIo Zo _H$mZ Ho$ bmbM go CgHo$ ~oQ>o-~hÿ Am¡a nmo{V`m| H$mo _m¡V
Ho$ KmQ> CVma {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh aŠIo go ~‹S>r embrZVm go ~mVMrV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo ~oQ>o Ho$
g§~§Y _| H$hVm h¡ -""AJa dh MmhVm Vmo Vw__| go {H$gr Ho$ Ka _| Zht {N>n gH$Vm Wm ? Cgo BVZr
^r g_P Zht AmB© ?''
JZr `h ^r ~VmVm h¡ {H$ {MamJ H$m aŠIo na ~hþV âmogm Wm Ÿ& JZr OmVo g_` aŠIo Ho$ H§$Yo
na hmW aIH$a H$hVm h¡ -""Or hëH$m Z H$a, a{ŠIAm ! Omo hmoZr Wr, gmo hmo JB© Ÿ& Cgo H$moB© bm¡Q>m
Wmo‹S>o hr gH$Vm h¡ ? IwXm ZoH$ H$s ZoH$s aIo Am¡a ~X H$s ~Xr _m\$ H$a Xo ! _oao {bE {MamJ Zht, Vmo Vw_
bmoJ Vmo hmo ! _¢Zo Vw_H$mo XoI {b`m Vmo {MamJ H$mo XoI {b`m Ÿ& Aëbmh Vw_ bmoJm| H$mo gohV_§X aIo Ÿ&
OrVo ahmo Am¡a Iw{e`m± XoImo Ÿ&''
AãXwb JZr H$s Bg àH$ma H$s ~mV _| Omo gmXJr Am¡a göX`Vm Wr, Cggo aŠIo O¡go X¡Ë` Ho$
öX` -n[adV©Z Ho$ bjU {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
Xw:Ir OrdZ - AãXwb JZr H$m âm-nyam g§gma `ht CO‹S> J`m Wm Ÿ& AnZm _H$mZ XoIZo
AmH$a O~ dh CgH$m _b~m XoIVm h¡ V~ CgH$s AÝVamË_m amo CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n dh aŠIo go H$hVm
h¡ {H$ _oam _Z `h {_Å>r ^r N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$mo Or Zht H$aVm, {\$a ^r dh Cgo N>mo‹S>H$a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe
Ho$ {d^mOZ go {H$gr H$mo Š`m {_bm, `h AbJ ~mV h¡, na JZr H$mo Omo EH$mH$snZ, g§Ìmg,
Aghm`Vm, nr‹S>m , N>Q>nQ>mhQ> {_br Cggo CgH$m OrdZ Xw:Ir hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
AãXwb JZr EH$ AÀN>o BÝgmZ Ho$ ê$n _| g^r na A{_Q> N>mn N>mo‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.4.4 H$hmZr - H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go :

H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go "_b~o H$m _m{bH$' H$hmZr H$s {ZåZ{b{IV VËdm| H$s g_rjm
H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ -
ò h¢ 1) H$WmdñVw, 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU, 3) g§dmX, 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU, 5) ^mfm-
e¡br, 6) CÔoí` VWm 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
175
H$WmdñVw :
"_b~o H$m _m{bH$' _mohZ amHo$e H$s ~hþM{M©V H$hmZr h¡, {Og_| Xoe-{d^mOZ Ho$ n[aUm_
ñdê$n bmoJm| H$mo Omo nr‹S>m, ~oM¡Zr, {Zamem hþB©, AnZr Omo ~~m©Xr XoIZr n‹S>r, CgH$m `WmW© {MÌU
{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe-{d^mOZ Ho$ g_` AZoH$ A_mZdr` KQ>ZmE± KQ>Zo na ^r boIH$ nadVu g_` _|
nmÌm| Ho$ ghZerbVm Am¡a embrZVmnyU© AmMaU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xwï> M[aÌ _| öX`- n[adV©Z H$s
g§^mdZm H$m g§Ho$V XoH$a _mZdVm Am¡a gm§àXm{`H$, gX²^md H$s à{Vð>m H$aZo H$m ñVwË` à`mg H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ&
Xoe {d^mOZ Ho$ R>rH$ gm‹T>o gmV gmb Ho$ ~mX bmhm¡a go _wgb_mZm| H$s EH$ Q>mobr hm°H$s _¡M
XoIZo Ho$ ~hmZo A_¥Vga AmVr h¡, Vm{H$ BgHo$ gXñ` AnZo -AnZo Kam| H$mo XoI gH|$, Omo A~ CZHo$
{bE namE hmo JE Wo Ÿ& do A_¥Vga Ho$ ~mOma _| bmoJm| go ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm go {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g_`
A_¥Vga _| ~hþV Hw$N> n[adV©Z hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& H$B© OJh Zò _H$mZ ~Z JE Wo Vmo nmg _| _b~o Ho$
T>oa ^r Wo Ÿ&
BZ bmoJm| _| AãXwb JZr Zm_ H$m EH$ ~y‹T>m Wm Omo nhbo go bmhm¡a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& CgZo AnZo
~oQ>o {MamJXrZ go ^r A_¥Vga N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmZo H$mo H$hm Wm Ÿ& na ~oQ>m AnZm Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a
OmZo H$mo amOr Zht hþAm Wm Am¡a Cgo AnZr Jbr Ho$ bmoJm| Am¡a aŠIo nhbdmZ na nyam âmogm Wm Ÿ&
Bg{bE dh AnZr nËZr Ow~¡Xm, Xmo ~o{Q>`m| {H$ída Am¡a gwbVmZm Ho$ gmW dht ah J`m Wm Ÿ&
{d^mOZ Ho$ g_` {hÝXy-_wpñb_ g§Kf© Ho$ g_` aŠIo nhbdmZ Zo JZr Ho$ ZE Ka na H$ãOm
H$aZo Ho$ BamXo go {MamJ Am¡a CgHo$ n[adma Ho$ g^r H$mo _m¡V Ho$ KmQ> CVma {X`m Ÿ& bmoJ Xmo {XZ VH$
Cg Ka H$m gm_mZ byQ>Vo aho Ÿ& ~mX _| {H$grZo Cgr _H$mZ _| AmJ bJm Xr Ÿ& V~ Ka _b~m ~Z J`m Ÿ&
{\$a ^r aŠIo AnZo H$mo Cg _b~o H$m _m{bH$ _mZVm hþAm Cg na H$ãOm ~ZmE aIVm h¡ Ÿ&
JZr H$s ^r MmhV Wr {H$ dh AnZm _H$mZ EH$ ~ma XoI bo Ÿ& bo{H$Z AnZo _H$mZ H$s OJh
_b~o H$mo XoIH$a dh gÞ ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {~bI-{~bI H$a hm` AmoE {MamJXrZ H$hH$a amoZo
bJVm h¡ Ÿ& bm¡Q>Vo g_` aŠIo nhbdmZ go CgH$s _wbmH$mV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo _mby_ Zht h¡ {H$ aŠIo
hr CgHo$ n[adma H$m hË`mam h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE aŠIo Ho$ gmW ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm go {_bVm h¡ Ÿ Am¡a IoX àH$Q>
H$aVm h¡ {H$ AJa {MamJ$ _| g_PXmar hmoVr Vmo dh aŠIo Ho$ Ka na Aml` boH$a AnZo n[adma H$mo
~Mm gH$Vm Wm Ÿ& JZr Ho$ {dídmg Am¡a XX©-âr ~mV gwZH$a aŠIo Ho$ {Zðw>a öX` _| níMmÎmmn H$s
^mdZm OmJ¥V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmdmO _| Añdm^m{dH$ Jy±O, _y±N>m§o Ho$ ZrMo ngrZm _mWo na {H$gr
MrO H$m X~md Am¡a Jbo H$s Zgm| _| VZmd Am J`m Ÿ& dh àg§J ~XbZo Ho$ {bE nm{H$ñVmZ H$m hmb
nyN>Vm h¡ Ÿ& na JZr AnZr XX© âr H$hmZr gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ {H$ {MamJ H$s OmZ na Am ~Zr V~
176
aŠIo Ho$ amoHo$ ^r Zht éH$s Ÿ& aŠIo `Ú{n AnZo _w±h go AnamY ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm, {\$a ^r CgHo$ _w±h
go AZm`mg {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ -""ho à^w g{ƒAm, Vy hr h¡, Vyhr h¡, Vy hr h¡ Ÿ&'' Bg g_` aŠIo H$mo
Xw:Ir XoIH$a JZr CgHo$ H§$Yo na hmW aIH$a Or hbH$m Z H$aZo H$mo H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ -"" Omo
hmoZr Wr, gmo hmo JB© Ÿ& Cgo bm¡Q>m Wmo‹S>o hr gH$Vm h¡ ? IwXm ZoH$ H$s ZoH$s aIo Am¡a ~X H$s ~Xr _m\$
H$ao Ÿ&'' ..... _¢Zo VwP H$mo XoI {b`m Vmo {MamJ H$mo XoI {b`m Ÿ& Aëbmh Vw_ bmoJm| H$mo gohV_§X
aIo Ÿ& OrVo ahmo Am¡a Iw{e`m± XoImo Ÿ&'' BgHo$ ~mX JZr Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` dh ~mø Am¡a
Am§V[aH$ ê$n go ÜdñV hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
JZr go {_bZo Ho$ ~mX aŠIo Ho$ ì`dhma _| ^r n[adV©Z {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh Cg amñVo go
JwOaZo dmbm| H$mo amoO AmdmO XoH$a ~wbmVm Wm Am¡a gÅ>o Ho$ Jwa Am¡a gohV Ho$ ZwñIo ~VmVm Wm, na Cgr
amV dmo bÀN>o H$mo AnZr d¡îUd Xodr H$s `mÌm H$m {ddaU gwZmVm h¡ Omo CgZo n§Ðh gmb nhbo {H$`m
Wm Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mX _b~o Ho$ nmg AmH$a dhm± go EH$ ^¢g H$mo hQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a EH$ H$m¡dm AmH$a Mm¡IQ>
na ~¡R> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± boQ>m hþAm Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$Vm h¡ Vmo H$m¡Am C‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$Îmm aŠIo H$s Amoa _w±h
H$aHo$ ^m¡§H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo Cgo hQ>mZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo hþE ^r hQ>m Zht nmVm Ÿ& A§V _| dh dhm± go
bm¡Q>H$a Hw$E± H$s {gb na boQ> OmVm h¡ ŸAm¡a Hw$Îmm _b~o na bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ EH$ Hw$Îmo H$mo _bd~ na {~R>mH$a `h ~Vm XoZm MmhVm h¡ {H$ Hw$Îmm H$mo {H$gr ^r g_`
XwaXwamH$a ^Jm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ^¢g, H$m¡Am Amoa Hw$Îmm ò VrZm| _b~o Ho$ _m{bH$ Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo aŠIo Ho$ öX` -n[adV©Z H$m g§Ho$V {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
M[aÌ-{MÌU :
"AãXwb JZr d¥Õ Am¡a AHo$bm AmX_r h¡' AãXwb JZr A_¥Vga H$m _yb ~mqeXm h¡ Ÿ& dh
{d^mOZ Ho$ g_` hmoZo dmbo {hÝXy-_wpñb_ g§Kf© go nhbo bmhm¡a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& Cg g_` dh ^r
MmhVm Wm {H$ CgH$m ~oQ>m AnZo n[adma g{hV CgHo$ gmW Mbm OmE Ÿ& ~oQ>m Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a amOr
Zht hþAm Vmo dh AHo$bm bmhm¡a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& ~mX _| {hÝXy-_wpñb_ g§Kf© _| CgH$m ~oQ>m Am¡a ~hÿ
Am¡a nmo{V`m± _mao OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gm‹T>o gmV gmb Ho$ ~mX hm°H$s _¡M XoIZo Ho$ ~hmZo A_¥Vga AmZo dmbr Q>mobr
_| dh earH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Vm{H$ AnZm dVZ Am¡a Z`m _H$mZ, Omo A~ namE hmo MwHo$ Wo, {\$a EH$ ~ma
XoI bo Ÿ& Xw~bm nVbm ~y‹T>m JZr CgH$s Xm‹T>r g\o$X hmo J`r Wr N>‹S>r Q>oH$Vo hþE AnZr Jbr _| AmVm
h¡ Ÿ& AnZo n[adma _| dhr Ho$db AHo$bm AmX_r ah J`m h¡ Ÿ&
177
ear\$ BÝgmZ - JZr Ho$ ì`dhma _| eam\$V nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jbr _| OmZo go nhbo EH$ amoVo
hþE ~ƒo H$mo XoIH$a dh Cgo nwMH$ma-nwMH$maVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ hmW _| Hw$N> n¡go XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
_Zmoar H$mo XoH$H$a Cggo ß`ma go nyN>Vm h¡ -""~oQ>o, Voam Zm_ _Zmoar Zht h¡ ?'' CgHo$ ì`dhma go
à^m{dV hmoH$a _Zmoar CgH$s ~m§h nH$‹S>H$a Cgo _b~o VH$ bo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& JZr O~ aŠIo nhbdmZ go
{_bVm h¡ Vmo XmoZm| ~m±h| \¡$bmH$a Cgo ñdmJV H$aZo O¡gr _wÐm _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& JZr aŠIo go AmË_r`Vm
âr ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ^b_ZgmhV H$s Vmar\$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~oQ>m H$m aŠIo na {H$VZm Ñ‹T>
{dídmg Wm, CgH$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| aŠIo H$s Hw$eb-_§Jb H$s H$m_Zm H$aHo$ {~Xm boVm h¡ Ÿ&
dmËgë`_` {nVm - JZr H$mo em`X Xoe Ho$ {ZpíMV {d^mOZ H$s Amoa Om{V Ho$ AmYma
na X§Jo Ho$ IVao H$s Ame§H$m hmo ahr Wr Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo bmhm¡a H$mo gwa{jV ñWmZ _mZH$a AnZm
n[adma g{hV A_¥Vga N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmZo H$mo ~oQ>o go H$hm Wm Ÿ& na ~oQ>m Z`m _H$mZ N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo amOr
Zht hþAm Vmo JZr AHo$bm bmhm¡a Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& na CgH$s Ame§H$m gM {ZH$br Ÿ& CgH$m ~oQ>m Am¡a
CgH$m n[adma _mao JE Ÿ& gm‹T>o gmV gmb ~mX Cgo A_¥Vga AmZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dh A_¥Vga
AmH$a AnZo _H$mZ H$m _b~m XoIH$a amo n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh _b~o H$s {_Å>r ZmIyZm| go ImoX-ImoX H$a
AnZo D$na S>mb ahm h¡ Am¡a {~bI-{~bI H$a H$hVm h¡ -""~mob {MamJXrZ, ~mob ! Vy H$hm± Mbm
J`m AmoE ? Amo {H$ída ! Amo gwbVmZm Ÿ& hm` _oao ~ƒo AmoE @@ ! JZr H$mo H$hm± N>mo‹S> {X`m, AmoE
@@@ Ÿ&''
aŠIo nhbdmZ EH$ ~~©a AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& {d^mOZ Ho$ g_` CgH$s bmobwn Ñ{ï> {MamJ Ho$ ZE
_H$mZ na n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dh Cgo AnZo H$ãOo _| boZo Ho$ {bE {MamJ Am¡a CgH$s nËZr Am¡a XmoZm| ~o{Q>`m| H$mo
_m¡V Ho$ KmQ> CVma XoVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z aŠIo H$mo dh _H$mZ {_b Zht nmVm, Š`m|{H$ {H$grZo Cg_| AmJ
bJmH$a Cgo _b~o _| ~Xb {X`m h¡ Ÿ& V~ go dh AnZo H$mo Cg _b~o H$m _m{bH$ _mZ boVm h¡ Ÿ&
JZr Ho$ ì`dhma go Jbr Ho$ bmoJ ^r ZmamO h¢ Ÿ& do _mZVo h¢ {H$ _b~m gaH$ma H$s _b{H$`V
h¡ Ÿ& na aŠIm dhm± {H$gr H$mo Jm` H$m Iy±Q>m VH$ bJmZo Zht XoVm Ÿ&
aŠIo H$s O~ JZr go _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ dh JZr H$s g‚mZVm Am¡a gabVm go à^m{dV hmoH$a
AnZo {H$E na níMmÎmmn H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmdmO _| Hw$N> Añdm^m{dH$ -gr Jy±O hmoVr h¡, Am|R> bma
go {MnH$ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _y±N> Ho$ ZrMo ngrZm Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mWo na {H$gr MrO H$m X~md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ar‹T>
H$s hÈ>r XX© H$a ahr Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ _w±h go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡ -""ho à^w g{ƒAm, Vy hr h¡, Vy hr h¡, Vy hr
h¡ Ÿ&''
178
amV hþB© Vmo aŠIm XwH$mZ Ho$ V»Vo na Am ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& amoO dh bmoJm| H$mo ~wbmH$a CÝh| gæQ>o Ho$
Jwa Am¡a gohV Ho$ ZwñIo ~VmH$a AnZm A{^_mZ ì`º$ H$aVm Wm Ÿ& na AmO bÀN>o H$mo n§Ðh gmb nhbo
H$s JB© AnZr d¡îUmoXodr H$s `mÌm H$m {ddaU gwZmH$a AmpñVH$Vm Am¡a g_n©U ^md ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
bÀN>o H$mo {~Xm H$aHo$ aŠIm _b~o Ho$ nmg AmH$a dhm± go EH$ ^¢g H$mo IXo‹S> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a EH$
H$m¡Am AmH$a Mm¡IQ> na ~¡R> OmVm h¡ Vmo Hw$Îmm ^m¡§H$H$a Cgo hQ>m XoVm h¡ Am¡a dh aŠIo H$mo ^r dhm± go
^m¢H$H$a hQ>m IwX _b~o Ho$ _m{b_ O¡gm dhm± boQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s Ñ{ï> go `h H$hmZr AË`§V `WmW© àVrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
Bg H$hmZr Ho$ g§dmX nmÌmZwHy$b h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| ghOVm, amoMH$Vm Am¡a gm§Ho${VH$Vm Ho$ JwU h¢ Ÿ&
g§dmX nmÌm| Ho$ AÝVÛ©ÝÛ Am¡a _Zmo^mdm| H$mo ~‹S>r Hw$ebVm go A{^ì`º$ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
bmhm¡a go AmE bmoJ Amng _| Omo ~mVMrV H$aVo h¢ Cggo A_¥Vga _| AmE n[adV©Z H$m
n[aM` {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ AmX_r H$hVm h¡ -""XoI, \$VhXrZm, {_gar ~mOma _| A~ {_gar H$s
XwH$mZ nhbo go {H$VZr H$_ ah JB© h¢ Ÿ& Cg ZwŠH$‹S> na gwŠIr ^{R>>`m[aZ H$s ^Å>r Wr, Ohm± A~ nmZ
dmbm ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ&''
EH$ {H$emoar amoVo hþE ~ƒo go H$hVr h¡-""Mwn H$a _oam dra Ÿ& amoEJm Vmo VwPo dh nH$‹S> H$a bo
OmEJm, _¢ ~mar OmD$±, Mwn H$a Ÿ&'' Bggo _wgb_mZm| H$o$ à{V ^` Am¡a A{dídmg ^md ñnï> hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& JZr O~ Zd`wdH$ go nyN>Vm h¡ -""~oQ>m, Voam Zm_ _Zmoar Zht h¡ ?'' V~ Bggo AmË_r`Vm Am¡a
dmËgë` Q>nH$ n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& JZr Mm¡IQ> na {ga bJmH$a {~bIVm h¡ -"" hm` ! AmoE {MamJXrZ ! '
Bggo {nV¥öX` H$s doXZm âr H$éUm AmV©ZmX _wI[aV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ aŠIo Ho$ _w±h go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm
h¡ -"" ho à^w g{ƒAm, Vy hr h¡, Vyhr h¡, Vy hr h¡ Ÿ&'' V~ CgH$s AmË_½bm{Z H$m n[aM` {_b OmVm
h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ öX` -n[adV©Z H$m g§Ho$V {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo H$m Hw$Îmo H$mo hQ>-hQ> - Xya - Xya H$hZm
Am¡a Hw$Îmo H$m ~D$-~D$ ^m¡§H$Zm ò XmoZm| gy{MV H$a XoVo h¢ {H$ _b~o H$m ñdËd ñWm`r Zht h¡ Ÿ& g§dmXm|
Ho$ Ûmam JZr Am¡a aŠIo H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± Am¡a _mZ{gH$ hbMb COmJa hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ&

H$hmZr _| Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU H$m {Zdm©h Bg àH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ g§nyU© H$m`©-
ì`mnma `WmW© àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$m àmU h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s ñdm^m{dH$Vm go H$hmZr Ord§V
179
bJVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Xoe -{deof Am¡a H$mb -{deof H$s n[apñW{V H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
{d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX CËnÞ V~mhr Am¡a A{dídmg Ho$ dmVmdaU _| nmÌ dmø VWm Am§V[aH$ ê$n go ÜdñV
hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& KQ>Zm -H«$_ _| EH$ _H$mZ H$m _m{bH$ _b~o go ^r AbJ hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a ^mdwH$Vm go$
_b~o na ~¡R>H$a Am±gy ~hmVm h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo Zm_H$ d~©a _Zwî` _Zwî`Vm Ho$ _b~o na ~¡R> H$a ì`{º$JV
ñdmW© Ho$ {bE g§Ìmg \¡$bmVm h¡ Ÿ& ò XmoZm| g_mO Ho$ `WmW© h¢ Ÿ& A§V _| boIH$ Cg {Zðw>a öX` _|
{djmo^ CËnÞ H$aHo$ öX` n[adV©Z Am¡a _mZdVm H$s nwZ:à{Vð>m H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢ Ÿ& JZr Ho$ Am§V[aH$
CX²Jma _mZ{gH$ n[adoe H$m {MÌU H$aVo h¢ Vmo A_¥Vga H$m n[adV©Z {d^mOZ Ho$ nadVu pñW{V H$mo
COmJa H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& JZr Ho$ CnpñW{V _| Jbr _| {ZñVãYVm N>m OmZm Am¡a CgHo$ Mbo OmZo na nhbo H$s
Mhb-nhb bm¡Q> AmZm ^` Ho$ dmVmdaU H$mo ì`º$ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
{~å~ {dYmZ Ûmam n[adoe H$s Añdm^m{dH$Vm Bggo ñfßQ> hmo OmVr h¡ - Jbr Ho$ gm_Zo Ohm±
nhbo D±$Mo-D±$Mo ehVra aIo ahVo Wo, dhm± A~ EH$ {V_§{Obm _H$mZ I‹S>m Wm Ÿ& gm_Zo {~Obr Ho$
Vma na Xmo _moQ>r-_moQ>r Mrb| {~bHw$b O‹S> hmoH$a ~¡R>r Wt Ÿ&
^mfm -e¡br :
Bg H$hmZr _| Aa~r-\$magr eãXm| H$m A{YH$ à`moJ hþAm h¡, Š`m|{H$ AãXwb JZr BgH$m
_w»` nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo nhbmdmZ H$s ^mfm _| CgH$s ~~©aVm, AíbrbVm Am¡a Jw§S>mnZ PbH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
^mdwH$Vm nyU© àg§J _| ^mfm _| {MÌmË_H$Vm Am OmVr h¡, O¡go - noQ> H$s A§V{‹S>`m| Ho$ nmg O¡go H$moB©
MrO CgH$s gm§g H$mo OH$‹S> ahr Wr Ÿ& .... Cgo AnZr O~mZ Am¡a hm|R> Ho$ ~rM H$m A§Va Hw$N> Á`mXm
_hgyg hmo ahm Wm Ÿ& Hw$N> ÜdÝ`mË_H$ eãXm| - hQ>-hQ> Xwa²a²a²a-Xwao dC-AC-AC go _b~o Ho$ _m{bH$
Ho$ ~XbZo H$m g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& JZr aŠIo go {dXm boVo g_` {Og ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVm h¡, dh
gab, ñdm^m{dH$ bJVm h¡ Ÿ& bÀN>o H$s ^mfm _| nyar A_mZdr`Vm Am¡a CÔÊS>Vm n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
CÔoí` :
Bg H$hmZr H$m CÔoí` h¡ - {d^mOZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ hþE {hÝXy -_wpñb_ g§Kf© Ho$ n[aUm_ -ñdê$n hþB©
V~mhr H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV H$aZm Am¡a ^ybw§{R>V _yë`~moY Am¡a _mZdVm H$mo öX` -n[adV©Z
Ûmam nwZ: à{V{ð>V H$aZm Ÿ& boIH$ ^moJo hþE `WmW© H$mo gm_Zo bmH$a nmR>H$ H$mo gmoMZo H$mo {dde H$a
XoVo h¢ {H$ {ZVm§V ì`{º$JV bmo^ Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ~~©a bmoJ CnÐd _Mm XoVo h¢ Am¡a ~mH$s bmoJ CZH$m
{damoY H$aZo H$m gmhg OwQ>m Zht nmVo Am¡a AmJo MbH$a gM H$m gm_Zm H$a Zht nmVo Ÿ& Eogr é½U
180
_mZ{gH$Vm H$m {Z_m}H$ CVma \|$H$Zm Ano{jV h¡ Ÿ& CXmaVm Am¡a AmXe© _| {dídmg H$aZo dmbo JZr {Og
àH$ma {hÝXy -_wgb_mZm| H$mo {g\©$ B§gmZ Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo gm§àXm{`H$
gX²^mdZm H$s à{Vð>m H$aHo$ B§gm{Z`V H$mo ~MmZm h¡ Ÿ& aŠIo Ho$ _Z _| àm`píMV H$s nr‹S>m H$m AZw^d
{XImH$a boIH$ `h ^{dî`dmUr H$a XoVm h¡ {H$ ^bo hr H$moB© ñdmWmªY hmoH$a {H$gr Ho$ à{V {dídmgKmV
H$ao, na AÝVVmoJËdm Cgo níMmÎmmn hmoZm EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h H$hmZr nmR>H$ _| g§doXZm
CËnÞ H$aVr h¡, MoVZm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _b~m H$m ñdm{_Ëd N>mo‹S> XoZm _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s nwZ: gO©Zm
H$m g§Xoe XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gÅ>o H$m Jwa ~VmZo _| Omo Ah§H$ma h¡ dh d¡îUmo Xodr H$s `mÌm Ho$ dU©Z _| g_n©U
^mdZm Ûmam Xya hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ah§H$ma _| gwI Zht h¡, em§{V Zht h¡, g_n©U _| gwI h¡, em§{V h¡ Ÿ& Bg
H$hmZr _| Jbr Ho$ AZw^d H$s à_m{UH$Vm g_` H$s àm_m{UH$Vm ~ZH$a CgH$s Jhar g§doXZm H$m
A{^ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CÔoí` H$s Ñ{ï> go `h EH$ geº$ Am¡a g\$b H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ&
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181
n[aÝXo
3.5.1 boIH$ n[aM` :

"n[aÝXo' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ {Z_©b ~a_m H$m OÝ_ 3 _mM© 1929 _| {e_bm _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& do
{Xëbr {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ g|Q> ñQ>r\|$g H$m°boO go B{Vhmg _| E_.E. nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> df©
AÜ`mnH$ aho Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {e_bm Ho$ ^maVr` Cƒ AÜ``Z g§ñWmZ _| \o$bmo Ho$ ê$n _| {_WH$ MoVZm na
H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo 1959 _| MH$moñbm¡dm{H$`m Ho$ àmÀ` {dÚm g§ñWmZ H$s Amoa go Am_§{ÌV hmoH$a
g_H$mbrZ "MoH$ gm{hË`' na emoYH$m`© {H$`m Ÿ&
gå_mZ :- 1993 _| gmYZm nwañH$ma , 1994 _| H$ìdo Amoa H$mbmnZr' na gm{hË` AH$mXo_r
nwañH$ma, 1995 _| CÎma àXoe g§ñWmZ go am__mohZ bmo{h`m A{V{d{eï> gå_mZ, _y{V©Xodr nwañH$ma,
1999 _| kmZnrR> nwañH$ma Ÿ&
H¥${V`m± : - H$hmZr g§J«h : n[aÝXo, ObVr Pm‹S>, {nN>br J{_©`m| _|,
CnÝ`mg : - do {XZ, bmb Q>rZ H$s N>V, EH$ {MW‹S>m gwI, amV H$m [anmoQ>©a
ZmQ²`H$Wm : - VrZ EH$m§V
{Z~ÝY VWm g§ñ_aU : - Mr‹S>m| na Mm§XZr, eãX Am¡a ñ_¥{V, ha ~m[ae _|, H$bm H$m Omo{I_,
T>bmZ go CVaVo hþE Ÿ&
3.5.2 H$Wmgma :
"n[aÝXo' H$hmZr _| AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe _| AmYw{ZH$ _mZd H$s AÝVH©$Wm H$hr JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg
H$hmZr _| Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b Ho$ H$_©Mmar {d{^Þ M[aÌm| Ho$ ê$n _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& do g~ ^maVr`
nm[adm[aH$ n[adoe go {^Þ EH$ n[adoe _| ahVo h¢, Ohm± do AnyU©Vm H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Am¡a g§Ìmg,
KwQ>Z, AHo$bmnZ Am¡a _¥Ë`w~moY go {Vb-{Vb ObVo h¢ Ÿ& do Bg Amem go OrdZ T>moVo h¢ {H$ CZH$m
gnZm H$^r gmH$ma hmoJm Ÿ& na `h àVrjm A§VhrZ hmo OmVr h¡, {OgHo$ nyam hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm Zht h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m ñHy$b Ho$ hm°ñQ>b H$s A{âjH$ h¡ Ÿ& Cg na amV H$mo N>mÌmAm| Ho$ H$_am| H$s Om±M
H$aZo H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ Ÿ& Om§M H$aHo$ bm¡Q>Vo g_` EH$ H$_ao _| b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ h±gr R>hmHo$ Ho$ ñda gwZH$a
182
éH$ OmVr h¡ ŸAm¡a XadmOm IQ>IQ>mVr h¡ Ÿ& b‹S>{H$`m± XadmOm ImobVr h¢ ŸAm¡a Nw>{Å>`m| H$s nhbr amV
H$mo dhm± ho_§Vr Ho$ JmZo Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ hmoZo H$s ~mV ~VmVr h¢ Ÿ& dhm± b{VH$m Oybr H$mo XoIH$a Cggo
{_bH$a OmZo H$mo H$hH$a Mbr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& gr{‹T>`m| VH$ AmVo-AmVo dh S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOu Am¡a {_ñQ>a
h²`y~Q>© go {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& do b{VH$m H$mo S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ H$_ao _| Am`mo{OV H$ÝgQ>© _| AmZo H$m {Z_§ÌU XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu Ho$ AmJ«h go CZHo$ gmW OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
{_. øy~Q>© ñHy$b Ho$ g§JrV {ejH$ h¢ Am¡a ~‹S>o ^mdwH$ h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. _wIOu ~a_m go AmE hþE
S>m°ŠQ>a h¢ Omo àmBdoQ> àopŠQ>g Ho$ Abmdm H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b _| hmB©OrZ {\${O`mobmOr n‹T>mVo h¢ Am¡a Bg{bE
hmñQ>b Ho$ EH$ H$_ao _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ~a_m na Omnm{Z`m| H$m AmH«$_U hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ~a_m go AmVo g_`
amñVo _| CZH$s nËZr H$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© Wr Ÿ&do _aZo go nhbo ~a_m EH$ ~ma OmZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ bo{H$Z
H$^r Zht OmVo Ÿ& AJbo {XZ ñHy$b Nw>{Å>`m| Ho$ {bE ~§X hmoZo dmbm Wm Ÿ& ñHy$b ~§X hmoZo Ho$ {XZ Xmo
àmoJ«m_ hmoVo h¢ - M¡nb _| ñQ>oeZ g{d©g Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX {Zn _| {nH${ZH$ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$mo {nH${ZH$ eãX
`mX Am OmZo go CgH$s$ ñ_¥{V-nQ>b na dh KQ>Zm Câ AmVr h¡ O~ dh ñHy$b _| AmZo Ho$ nhbo gmb
{nH${ZH$ Ho$ ~mX S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ gmW Šb~ _| JB© Wr Am¡a dht Hw$_mD±$ ao{O_§oQ> Ho$ H¡$ßQ>Z {Jare ZoJr go
nhbr _wbmH$mV _| CgH$m ào_ hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&
{Jare ZoJr H$í_ra JE Wo Am¡a dht CZH$s _m¡V hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& b{VH$m CZH$s ñ_¥{V H$mo AmYma
~ZmH$a àVrjm H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ dh ^r EH$ {XZ qà{gnb {_g ~wS> H$s ^m±{V
~y‹T>r hmo OmEJr Ÿ& ~y‹T>r hmo OmZo H$s H$ënZm go CgHo$ g_yMo eara _| PwaPwar -gr Xm¡‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a
Cgo `mX AmVm h¡ {_. øy~Q>© Zo Cgo ^mdwH$Vm Am¡a `mVZm go âm hþAm EH$ ào_nÌ {X`m h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V²
Xygam| H$s ZOa _| A~ ^r Cg_| AmH$f©U h¡ Am¡a C_« Zht ~rVr h¡ Ÿ& dh {_. øy~Q>© Ho$ Bg H$m_ H$mo
~MH$mZm haH$V _mZVr h¡ Ÿ&
g~oao Ho$ g_` H$ar_wÔrZ Cgo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ amV H$mo {_.øy~Q>© Cgo OJmZo Amò Wo Ÿ& N>mVr _|
Hw$N> VH$br\$ _hgyg hþB© Wr Ÿ& `h gwZH$a b{VH$m CYo‹S>~wZ _| n‹S> OmVr h¡ {H$ dh Š`m| {_. øy~Q>© H$s
JbV\$h_r H$mo XyaH$a Zht nmVr, Z Cgo AnZr {ddeVm ~Vm nmVr h¡ Ÿ&
ñnoeb g{d©g Ho$ {bE g~ ñHy$b M¡nb _| BH$Æ>o hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& \$mXa Eb_§S> Ho$ ~mB{~b n‹T>Zo Ho$
~mX brS> H$mB§S>br bmBQ> g§JrV Jm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& V~r`V Iam~ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX {_. øy~Q>© {n`mZmo
~OmZo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m M¡nb eremo go drqnJ {dbmoO H$s H$m§nVr Q>h{Z`m| H$mo XoIH$a {Jare ZoJr go
{_bZ Ho$ _whÿV© `mX Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dht {Jare Zo CgHo$ pŠbn Ho$ ZrMo ~wé§g H$m \y$b Im|gH$a AnZm
{_{bQ>ar h¡Q> CgHo$ {ga na aIH$a CgH$s q~Xr H$mo AnZo hm|R>m| go Ny>H$a Cgo {M‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE _¡Z B©Q>a
Am\$ Hw$_mD$ H$hm Wm Ÿ&
183
ñnoeb g{d©g g_má hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {_g ~wS> ~m[ae hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m go n[ad{V©V H$m`©H«$_ Ho$
~mao _| ~Vm XoVr h¡ {H$ {_S>moO _| {nH${ZH$ H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m OmEJm Ÿ& \$mXa Amb_§S> {_g dwS> go
O~ nVm H$a boVo h¢ {H$ {nN>bo H$B© gmbm| go Nw>{Å>`m| _| b{VH$m Am¡a S>m°ŠQ>a hm°ñQ>b _| ah aho h¢, Vmo
`h ~mV \$mXa H$mo AIaVr h¡, na qà{gnb H$mo S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ M[aÌ Ho$ ~mao _| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht h¡ Am¡a dh
_mZVr h¡ {H$ b{VH$m N>moQ>r ~ƒr Zht h¡ Ÿ&
_¢XmZ _| MbH$a ñHy$b Ho$ JoQ> Ho$ nmg nh±þMVo hr {_. øy~Q>© b{VH$m go nyN>Vo h¢ -"" Amn
Nw>{Å>`m| _| H$ht OmVr Š`m| Zht ?'' b{VH$m H$hVr h¡ {H$ _wPo `hm± ahZm AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Ÿ& {_. øy~Q>©
H$mo S>m°ŠQ>a Zo b{VH$m Am¡a {Jare ZoJr Ho$ g§~§Y Ho$ ~mao _| nhbo go ~Vm {X`m Wm Ÿ& `h gwZH$a {_.
øy~Q>© H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ b{VH$m H$mo ào_nÌ {bIZm CgH$s JbVr Wr Ÿ& Bg EH$m§V H$m _m¡H$m nmH$a do
b{VH$m go H$hVo h¢ -"" Cg nÌ Ho$ {bE _¢ b{‚mV h±ÿ Ÿ& Amn Cgo dmng bm¡Q>m X|, b{VH$m H$moB© CÎma Xo
Zht nmVr Ÿ&
b§M g_má hmoZo Ho$ ~mX b{VH$m Oybr go {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Oybr H$mo CgHo$ Zm_ na Am`m nÌ
{XImH$a nyN>Vr h¡ {H$ {MÆ>r H$hm± go AmB© h¡ Ÿ& Oybr H$mo dh {MQ²>R>r Hw$_mD±$ ao{O_|Q> Ho$ {H$gr {_{bQ>ar
A\$ga Zo ôOr Wr, na Oybr Cgo Pm§gr _| ahZo dmbo ^mB© H$s {MÆ>r ~VmVr h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$mo Ag{b`V
H$m nVm h¡ Bg{bE dh Oybr H$mo gmdYmZ H$a XoVr h¡ Am¡a Nw>Å>r Ho$ ~mX {_bZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
Xygao jU dh gmoMVr h¡ {H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ `h Oybr H$m àW_ n[aM` Am¡a àW_ AZw^y{V hmo Ÿ&
BgHo$ gmW dht XodXma Ho$ ZrMo {Jare ZoJr go {_bZo H$s ~mV Cgo `mX Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgZo AnZo
pŠbn go XodXma H$s N>mn na {Jare ZoJr H$m Zm_ {bIm Wm Am¡a {Jare ZoJr Zo CgH$m Zm_, Omo AmO
AY{_Qo> hmoH$a Cg {_bZ H$m gmú` Xo aho h¢ Ÿ&
em_ hmo AmB© Am¡a {_ñQ>a øy~Q>© H$s N>mVr Ho$ XX© Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV| H$aVo hþE S>m°ŠQ>a Am¡a b{VH$m
bm¡Q>Vo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m øy~Q>© H$s ~mV gwZH$a AZ_Zr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do XoIVo h¢ {H$ nhm‹S> N>mo‹S>H$a n{j`m|
H$m EH$ Py§S> C‹S>Vm hþAm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& do ~\©$ Ho$ {XZm| H$s àVrjm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~\©$ {JaZo go nhbo _¡XmZr
joÌ _| C‹S> OmE±Jo Ÿ& na S>m°ŠQ>a {_. øy~Q>© Am¡a CgH$s àVrjm H$m H$moB© A§V Zht h¡ Ÿ&
Hw$N> Xoa ~mX Šb~ H$s ~ma go Zeo _| Mya {_. øy~Q>© H$mo ghmam XoH$a S>m°ŠQ>a bmVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m
b¢n boH$a CZHo$ gmW OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {_. øy~Q>© gmo OmVo h¢ Vmo XmoZm| dhm± go Mbo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo {~Xm
H$aHo$ bm¡Q>Vo g_` Oybr Ho$ H$_ao _| bmBQ> XoIH$a dhm± b{VH$m OmVr h¡ Am¡a Oo~ go CgH$m ào_nÌ
{ZH$mb H$a Cgo gmo JB© Oybr Ho$ V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo aIH$a Mbr AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
184
3.5.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU :
b{VH$m :
{Z_©b ~a_m H$s H$hmZr "n[aÝXo' H$s _w»` Zmar nmÌ b{VH$m h¡ Ÿ& do Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ N>moQ>o go nhm‹S>r
eha _| H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b _| AÜ`m{nH$m Ho$ nX na h¡§ Am¡a hm°ñQ>b _| ahVr h§¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m O~ go Bg ñHy$b
_| AmB©, V~ go hm°ñQ>b H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd Cg na h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$mo S>m§Q>-\$Q>H$ma AZwemgZ ~ZmE aIZo _|
CZH$m {dídmg h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE do amV H$mo MŠH$a bJmH$a pñW{V H$m OmÒm boVr h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m EH$ à{V{Z{Y$ nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ì`{º$JV {deofVmE± AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$s {deofVmE± h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE CgHo$ ì`{º$Ëd H$s _w»` nhMmZ à{V{Z{YH$(Q>mBn) Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
_w{º$ H$s Vbme AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$s EH$ {deofVm h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m AnZo dV©_mZ OrdZ go _w{º$ nmZo
Ho$ {bE AVrV ào_ H$s ñ_¥{V _| OrZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVr h¡ -""_oar {OÝXJr Ho$ Hw$N> Iy~gyaV ào_-
àg§J Bg ZtX Ho$ H$maU AYyao ah JE h¢ Ÿ& AWm©V² b{VH$m dV©_mZ go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo Ho$ {bE ñ_¥{V H$m
Amgam boVr h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m ñHy$b _| `moJXmZ H$aZo Ho$ nhbo gmb S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOuHo$ gmW Šb~ _| JB© Wr Vmo dhm±
Hw$_mD±$ ao{O_|Q> Ho$ H¡$ßQ>Z {Jare ZoJr go ào_ -g§~§Y ñWm{nV hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& do Mr‹S> Ho$ ZrMo {_bVo Wo Ÿ&
ZoJr Cgo {M‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE "_¡Z B©Q>a Am\$ Hw$_mD±$' H$hm H$aVm Wm Ÿ&
{Jare ZoJr H$í_ra OmVm h¡ Am¡a dht _mam OmVm h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m CgH$s ñ_¥{V H$mo boH$a OrVr
h¡ Ÿ& ñHy$b _| àmW©Zm hmoVo g_` ^r dh {Jare H$s ñ_¥{V _| Imo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZVr h¡ {H$ Yrao-Yrao
AZOmZ _| {Jare H$m Moham gmoMVr h¡ {H$ Š`m _¢ EH$ IygQ> ~w{‹T>`m H$s Vah AnZo A^md H$m ~Xbm
Oybr go bo ahr h±ÿ Ÿ& b{VH$m _mZVr h¡ {H$ `{X `h Oybr H$m àW_ n[aM` hþAm hmoJm, Vmo Cg AZw^y{V
_| EH$ XX© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo AmZÝX go CnOVm h¡ Am¡a nr‹S>m XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Oybr Ho$ àW_ ào_ H$s H$mo_bVm
H$mo g_PH$a Oybr Ho$ gmoVo g_` CgHo$ V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo CgH$m ào_nÌ MwnHo$ go aIH$a Mbr AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
AVrV -ào_ _| Or ahr b{VH$m `WmW© -ào_ _| OrZo H$mo MmhZo dmbr Oybr Ho$ à{V h_XXu {XImVr h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m _| Hw$N> H$_Omo[a`m± ^r h¢ Ÿ& AVrV -_moh Ho$ H$maU dh {Jare ZoJr H$mo ^yb Zht
nmVr Ÿ& dV©_mZ go ^r dh Kwb{_b Zht gH$Vr Ÿ& Bg{bE dh {_. øy~Q>© Ho$ ào_ H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht
gH$Vr Ÿ& ^{dî` Ho$ {bE dh AmemdmXr ~ZH$a àVrjm H$aVr h¡, Omo H$^r gmH$ma Zht hmoJm Ÿ& AWm©V²
gnZm| H$s Xw{Z`m _| OrH$a dh A§VhrZ àVrjm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmYw{ZH$ _mZ{gH$Vm CgHo$ OrdZ
H$mo {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a doXZm go â XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
185
{_. øy~Q>© :
{_. øy~Q>© Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b _| g§JrV -{ejH$ h§¡ Ÿ& CZH$mo g§JrV go ~ohX bJmd h¡ Ÿ&
àmW©Zm -g^m _| do {n`mZmo ~OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {Og g_` do CXmg hmo OmVo h¢ Cg g_` {n`mZmo ~OmH$a _Z H$mo
Vgëbr XoVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m go Vmo ~ohX ß`ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m Nw>{Å>`m| _| Mbr OmEJr, Bg Ame§H$m go
do Xw:Ir hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
{_. øy~Q>© AHo$bo OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do b{VH$m H$mo OrdZ gmWr Ho$ ê$n _| nmZm MmhVo
h¢, na CgHo$ gm_Zo ào_-àñVmd aI Zht nmVo Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgo ào_-nÌ {bIVo h¢ Ÿ& na O~ CÝh| _mby_
hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ b{VH$m AnZo ào_r H$s _m¡V Ho$ ~mX ^r CÝh| ^yb Zht nmVr Am¡a CZHo$ ào_ H$s ñ_¥{V _|
OrZm MmhVr h¡, V~ do níMmÎmmn H$aVo h¢ Am¡a b{VH$m go ào_-nÌ dmng boZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
{_. øy~Q>© H$mo _¥Ë`w-^` gVmVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a Cggo N>h _hrZo Amam_ H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Vmo do
AHo$bonZ Ho$ ^` go N>Q>nQ>m CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& do N>mVr Ho$ XX© H$mo _m_ybr _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© ^r CZH$s V~r`V
H$m {OH«$ H$aZo go do IrP CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& do {OÝXJr H$s D$~ go ~MZo Ho$ {bE eam~ nrVo h¢ Ÿ& do S>m°ŠQ>a go
nyN>Vo h¢, Š`m _¢ _a OmD±$Jm ?
{_. øy~Q>© AnZm n[adma ~gm Z nmZo Ho$ Xw:I go N>Q>nQ>mhQ> _hgyg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOu :
S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOu H$s ZmH$ Wmo‹S>r X~r hþB© Am¡a Am±I| N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r hmoZo go do AmYo ~a_r bJVo
h¢ Ÿ& do ~a_m Ho$ _yb ~m{gÝXm h¢ Ÿ& ~a_m na Omnm{Z`m| H$m AmH«$_U hmo OmZo go do ~a_m N>mo‹S>H$a Bg
Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ N>moQ>o eha _| Am ~g JE h¢ Ÿ& do àmBdoQ> à¡pŠQ>g Ho$ Abmdm H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b _| hmBOrZ -
{\${O`mbm°Or n‹T>mVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE hm°ñQ>b Ho$ EH$ H$_ao _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& bmoJ H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~a_m go AmVo
g_` amñVo _| CZH$s nËZr H$s _m¡V hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& na S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOuAnZo AVrV -OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _|
{H$gr go Hw$N> Zht H$hVo Ÿ& CZH$s A{^bmfm h¡ {H$ _aZo go nhbo do Oê$a EH$ ~ma ~a_m OmE±Jo Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu _| EH$ gmW {OOr{dfm Am¡a _¥Ë`w~moY {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& ~a_m go AmVo g_` CZH$s
nËZr H$s _m¡V hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& Cg g_` CÝh| AnZm OrdZ ~oH$ma bJ ahm Wm Ÿ& {\$a ^r do OrZm MmhVo
h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m go do H$hVo h¢ -"" AmO Bg ~mV H$mo Agm© JwOa J`m Am¡a O¡go {H$ Amn XoIVr h¢ _¢ Or
ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& ..... Cå_rX h¡ {H$ H$m\$s Aagm Am¡a OrD±$Jm Ÿ& {OÝXJr H$m\$s {XbMñn bJVr h¡, Am¡a C_«
H$s _O~yar Z hmoVr Vmo em`X _¢ Xygar emXr H$aZo _| ^r Z {hMH$Vm Ÿ&''
186
S>m°. _wIOu Ho$ ~mao _| \$mXa Eë_>§S> H$s am` AÀN>r Zht h¡, Bg{bE do Zht MmhVo {H$ Nw>{Å>`m|
_| S>m°. _wIOu Ho$ gmW b{VH$m AHo$br aho Ÿ& bo{H$Z {à§{gnb {_g CS> H$m S>m°. _wIOu Ho$ M[aÌ _|
{dídmg Wm Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a Am¡a \$mXa _| H$^r Zht nQ>Vr Wr Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a _wIOu MmhZo na ^r AnZr OÝ_^y{_ ~a_m H$mo ^wbm Zht nmVo Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ _aZo
go nhbo _¢ Oê$a EH$ ~ma ~_m© OmD±$Jm Ÿ& `h gmoMVo hr CZH$m _Z ^mar hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ~hþV {XZm|
Ho$ ~mX EH$ AOZ~r ~ZH$a dhm± OmZo _| CÝh| S>a bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg C_« _| dhm± OmH$a [aíVm Omo‹S>Zo go
S>aVo h¢ Ÿ& do Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ {H$ _¢ `ht em`X _a ^r OmD±$Jm Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu H$mo \$mXa H$m ñnogb g{d©g àmoJ«m_ Zht gwhmVm Ÿ& do `h {H$ñgm OëXr IË_ hmo
OmZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& do àmW©Zm _| {Zð>m Zht aIVo Ÿ& do AZmñWmdmXr h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. _wIOuñZohr ì`{º$ h¢ Ÿ& {_.
øy~Q>© Ho$ ñdmñÏ` H$m narjU H$aHo$ do CÝh| N>h _hrZo H$s Nw>Å>r boH$a Amam_ H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& ha
g_` Xygam| go AÀN>m g§~§Y ~ZmE aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
do {H$gr ~‹S>o eha _| OmH$a à¡pŠQ>g H$aZm Am¡a n¡go H$_mZm Zht MmhVo Ÿ& _Z bJ J`m Vmo do
Hw$_mD±$ _| ah JE Ÿ& {_g CS> CÝh| CÀN¥>§Ib bmnadmh Am¡a gZH$s g_PVr Wt, Š`m|{H$ do AnZr
`mo½`Vm Ho$ ~b na H$ht Xygar OJh H$m\$s M_H$ gH$Vo Wo Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu b{VH$m H$mo AVrV H$s ñ_¥{V _| OrZo H$s {OX H$mo XoIH$a Cgo JbVr _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& do
H$hVo h¢ -"" d¡go h_ g~H$s AnZr-AnZr {OX hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡, H$moB© Am{Ia VH$ Cggo
{MnH$m ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr MrO H$mo OmZ~yPH$a Z ^yb nmZm h_oem Om|H$ H$s Vah Cggo {MnQ>o ahZm
JbV h¡ Ÿ&''

H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm H$aVo g_` h_ pZåZ{b{IV VËdm| na àH$me S>mbVo h¢ Ÿ&
ò h¢ -1) H$WmdñVw, 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU, 3) g§dmX, 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU, 5) ^mfm-e¡br, 6)
CÔoí` VWm 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
H$WmdñVw :
"n[aÝXo' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ H$mÝd|Q> ñHy$b Ho$ dmVmdaU _| hr gr{_V h¡ Ÿ& `h
AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s H${R>ZmB`m| Am¡a g_ñ`mAm| H$mo boH$a {dH${gV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m ñHy$b Ho$ hm°ñQ>b
187
H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd g§^mbVr h¡ Ÿ& dh hm°ñQ>b _| hr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ go dh `hm± AmB© h¡, V~ go gXu H$s
Nw>{Å>`m| _| ^r H$ht Zht OmVr, hm°ñQ>b _| R>haVr h¡ Ÿ& dh O~ `hm± AmB©, Cgr gmb ñHy$b H$s
{nH${ZH$ Ho$ ~mX S>m°. _wIOuHo$ gmW {_{bQ>ar ~ma _| JB© Wr Ÿ& dht ao{O_|Q> Ho$ H¡$ßQ>Z {Jare ZoJr go
CgH$s _wbmH$mV hþB© Wr, Omo ào_ _| ~Xb JB© Wr Ÿ& na Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ ~mX bm¡Q>Zo H$m dmXm H$aHo$ {Jare
ZoJr H$í_ra Mbm OmVm h¡ Am¡a dht CgH$s _m¡V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m CgHo$ ào_ H$mo ^yb Zht nmVr Ÿ&
`Ú{n dh OmZVr h¡ {Jare ZoJr go CgH$m {_bZ Am¡a g§^d Zht h¡, {\$a ^r dh CgH$s A§VhrZ
àVrjm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ _| AHo$bmnZ PobVr h¡ Ÿ& AVrV ào_ _| OrZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
ñHy$b Ho$ g§JrV {ejH$ {_ñQ>a øy~Q>© H$mo `h ~mV _mby_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& do b{VH$m H$m gmhM`©
MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgo ào_-nÌ {bIVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m CÝh| ào_-nÌ Z bm¡Q>m gH$Vr h¡, Z CZH$mo AnZr
_O~yar ~Vm gH$Vr h¡, daZ Nw>nmH$a nÌ AnZo nmg aIVr h¡ Ÿ& {_ øy~Q>© H$s N>mVr _| O~ XX© hmoVm h¡
Am¡a do AñdñW hmo OmVo h¢, V~ b{VH$m Xw:Ir hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ gXu H$s Nw>{Å>`m| Ho$ {XZ Am OmVo h¢
Vmo b{VH$m H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {Xëbr OmZo H$s Ame§H$m go N>Q>nQ>mVo h¢ Ÿ& { øy~Q>© _m\$s _m§JH$a dh nÌ dmng
bo boZm MmhVo h¢, na b{VH$m Hw$N> CÎma Zht nmVr Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu ~a_m go AmH$a Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ Bg N>moQ>o-go eha _| {Q>H$ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do `hm± ñHy$b _|
{\${O`mobm°Or-hmBOrZ n‹T>mVo h¢ Am¡a ñHy$b Ho$ hm°ñQ>b _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& do Xme©{ZH$ O¡gr ~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do
Zht MmhVo {H$ b{VH$m H$mo ào_r {Jare ZoJr H$s ñ_¥{V _| AnZr {OÝXJr H$mo ^r ~a~mX H$a Xo Ÿ& do IwX
^r AHo$bo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s nËZr H$s _m¡V ~a_m N>mo‹S>H$a Hw$_mD±$ AmZo Ho$ amñVo na hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& qà{gnb ~wS>
^r AHo$br h¡ Ÿ& `hm± g^r nmÌ AZ_Zo T>§J go {OÝXJr T>mo aho h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ H$m H$moB© AmH$f©U CÝh| _mo{hV
Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ&
Bgr g_` b{VH$m H$mo Oybr Ho$ Zm_ na EH$ nÌ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og na ao{O_|Q> g|Q>a H$s _wha
bJr Wr Ÿ& na Oybr Bgo Pm§gr _| ahZo dmbo AnZo ^mB© H$m nÌ ~VmVr h¡ Ÿ& nhbo ~ƒm| H$s Bg àH$ma
H$s haH$Vm| go ~MmZm dh AnZm \$O© g_PVr h¡ na ~mX _| gmoMVr h¡ {H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ `h Oybr Ho$
àW_ n[aM` H$s àW_ AZw^y{V ahr hmo Ÿ& dh Zht MmhVr {H$ Omo A^md dh _hgyag H$aVr h¡, Cgo
Am¡a H$moB© Pobo Ÿ& Bg{bE Oybr Ho$ gmoVo g_` dh CgHo$ V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo nÌ aIH$a Mbr AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
M[aÌ-{MÌU :
Bg H$hmZr _| b{VH$m _w»` M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~moY Ho$ H$maU dh ñdV§Ì OrdZ
{~VmZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO _| N>Q>nQ>mVr h¡ Am¡a AHo$bmnZ _hgyg H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
188
CgH$m ào_ Hw$_mD±$ ao{O_|Q> Ho$ H¡$ßQ>Z {Jare ZoJr go hmo OmVm h¡ Omo ~mX _| H$í_ra Mbm OmVm h¡ Am¡a
dht CgH$s _m¡V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m CgHo$ ß`ma H$mo ^yb Zht nmVr Ÿ& AVrV-ào_ Ho$ _moh _| dh
AVrV -ñ_¥{V _| OrVr h¡ Ÿ& dh {_ñQ>a øw~Q>© Ho$ ào_ H$mo Z ñdrH$ma H$a nmVr h¡ Z Rw>H$am nmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh
Oybr H$mo nhbo {H$gr Ho$ ào_ _o§ n‹S>Zo H$s MoVmdZr XoZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ Zm_ na AmE ào_-nÌ H$mo Cgo Zht
XoVr Ÿ& bo{H$Z nadVu g_` _| `h àW_ n[aM` Am¡a àW_ AZw^y{V _mZH$a Cgo AmKmV XoZm Zht
MmhVr Am¡a nÌ CgHo$ AZOmZ _| CgHo$ V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo aI XoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo AVrV ào_ Ho$ H$maU
Oybr Ho$ dmñVd ào_ H$mo Hw$MbZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ&
g§JrV {ejH$ {_. øy~Q>© A~ VH$ AHo$bm OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do b{VH$m H$m gm{ZÜ`
MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgo ào_ nÌ {bI$H$a ào_ H$s `mMZm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& na O~ do OmZVo h¢ {H$ b{VH$m H$m
ß`ma {Jare ZoJr go Wm, Omo _a MwH$m h¡ Am¡a b{VH$m AnZo AVrV -ào_ _| OrZm MmhVr h¡ V~ CÝh|
níMmÎmmn hmoVm h¡ Am¡a EH$m§V nmH$a j_m `mMZm H$aHo$ AnZm ào_-nÌ dmng bo boZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& do
O~ Xw:Ir hmoVo h¢ V~ {n`mZmo ~OmVo h¢ Ÿ& g§JrV _| Xw:I ^ybZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s N>mVr _| O~ XX© hmoZo
bJVm h¡ Am¡a S>m°ŠQ>a CÝh| N>h _hrZo Amam_ H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Vmo K~am CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo _¥Ë`w H$m S>a
gVmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I ^ybZo H$mo do ~ma _| {ˆñH$s Ho$ Zeo _| Mya hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a CÝh| dhm± go bmH$a
CZHo$ H$_ao _| nh±þMmVo h¢ Ÿ&
S>m°. _wIOu Cg g_` ~a_m N>mo‹S>H$a Hw$_mD±$ Mbo AmE Wo Ÿ& O~ ~a_m na OmnmZ Zo AmH«$_U
H$a {X`m Ÿ& ~a_m go AmVo g_` amñVo _| CZH$s nËZr H$s _m¡V hmo JB©, V~ go do AHo$bo h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ -
H$mb _| CZH$s EH$ ~ma ~_m© OmZo H$s Vmo BÀN>m h¡, na S>a ^r bJVm h¡ {H$ dhm± do b§~o Aago Ho$ ~mX
An[a{MV bJ|Jo Am¡a ZE {gao go [aíVm Omo‹S>Zm AmgmZ Zht hmoJm Ÿ& do ñHy$b _| {\${O`mobm°Or-hmB©OrZ
n‹T>mZo Ho$ H$maU hm°ñQ>b _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& eha _| _arO {_b OmVm Vmo CgH$m BbmO H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do O~
~mobVo h¢ V~ EH$ Xme©{ZH$ -gm ~mobZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ& do b{VH$m Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V aIVo h¢ {H$ Am¡a Zht
MmhVo {H$ b{VH$m _¥V {Jare ZoJr H$s g_¥{V _| AnZr nyar {OÝXJr {~Vm Xo Ÿ& do {_. øy~Q>© Ho$ A{^Þ
{_Ì h¢ Ÿ& V{~`V Iam~ hmoVo g_` CZH$m BbmO H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo AnZr N>mVr H$m EŠgao H$aZo H$s
gbmh XoVo h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ go D$~ JE {_. øy~Q>© H$mo Zeo H$s hmbV _| ~ma go bmH$a CZHo$ H$_ao VH$
nh±þMmVo h¢ Am¡a OrZo H$m AmídmgZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Oybr :
Oybr H$m Hw$_mD±$ ao{O_|Q> Ho$ EH$ A\$ga go ào_ g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& dh b{VH$m H$s nH$‹S> _| Am OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m Ho$ EH$ nÌ {XImZo na dh K~am CR>Vr h¡ Am¡a gM H$mo {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE Cg nÌ H$mo Pm§gr
189
_| ahZo dmbo AnZo ^mB© H$m nÌ ~VmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh b{VH$m go nÌ bo boZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& na b{VH$m nÌ
dmng bo boVr h¡ Am¡a Nw>{Å>`m| Ho$ ~mX ~mV| H$aZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a dh gmoVo g_` Oybr Ho$ V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo nÌ aIH$a Mbr AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$hmZr Ho$ AÝ` nmÌ h¢ \$mXa Eb_S> , qà{gnb {_g dwS>, H$ar_wÔrZ, gwYm Am{X Ÿ& do H$hmZr
Ho$ AÝ` M[aÌm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo _§Vì` XoVo h¢ `m n[adoe H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
\$mXa Eb_§S> ha gmb Nw>Å>r Ho$ nhbo {XZ ñHy$b Ho$ M¡nb _| ~mB{~b nmR> Am¡a Ym{_©H$ g§JrV
H$s ì`dñWm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo Nw>Å>r _| hm°ñQ>b _| b{VH$m Am¡a S>m°ŠQ>a H$m ahZm AÀN>m Zht bJVm
Š`m|{H$ S>aVo h¢ {H$ BgH$mo boH$a ñHy$b H$s H$ht ~XZm_r Z hmo Ÿ&
qà{gnb {_g dwS> C_« _| ~y‹T>r hmo Mbr h¡ Ÿ& dh Oam-Oam-gr ~mV na {M‹T> OmVr h¡, H$H©$e
AmdmO go ~mobVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE g~ Cgo AmoëS>_oS> H$hH$a nwH$maVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
H$hmZr _o| g§dmX H$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr Ho$ g§dmXm| H$s ^mfm AË`§V ghO,
{dX½YVmnyU©, g§Ho$VnyU©, g§dmX _| em{_b nmÌm| Ho$ VWm Xygam| Ho$ _Zmo^mdm| H$s ì`§OH$ h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m go b‹S>{H$`m± nyN>Vr h¢ -""_¡S>_, Nw>{Å>`m| _| Š`m Amn Ka Zht Om ahr h¢ ?'' b{VH$m
H$m CÎma -""A^r Hw$N> nŠH$m Zht h¡ - AmB bd X ñZmo \$m°b !'' N>mÌmAm| _| A{dídmg ^md CËnÞ
H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a O~ dhr àíZ b{VH$m go nyN>Vo h¢ V~ b{VH$m H$moB© CÎma Zht Xo nmVr Ÿ& Bggo
CgH$m AÝ`_ZñH$Vm ^md A{^ì`º$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a AH$ga H$hm H$aVo h¢ - _aZo go nhbo _¢ EH$ ~ma ~a_m Oê$a OmD±$Jm Ÿ& Bggo CZHo$
OÝ_^y{_ Ho$ à{V bJmd ì`º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a {_. øy~Q>© go nyN>Vo h¢ - Š`m Vw_ {Z`{V na {dídmg
H$aVo hmo ? øy~Q>© H$moB© CÎma Zht XoZo go nhbo do {\$a àíZ H$aVo h¢ - _¢ H$^r-H$^r gmoMVm h±ÿ, BÝgmZ
qOXm {H$g{bE ahVm h¡ - Š`m Cgo H$moB© ~ohVa H$m_ H$aZo H$mo Zht {_bVm ? Bggo CZHo$ AÝVÛ©ÝÛ,
_¥Ë`w MoVZm, ^m½`dm{XVm H$m ñda gwZmB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
b{VH$m {d{^Þ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV H$aVo g_` g§dmX àg§JmZwHy$b hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$ar_wÔrZ
go ~mV H$aVo g_` AmË_r`Vm h¡ Vmo Oybr go ~mV H$aVo g_` Jwñgo> H$m ñda h¡ Ÿ& dh ZoJr go ~mV H$aVo
g_` öX` H$m ào_moÀN²>dmg PbH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$m ñdJV H$WZ ^r CgH$s AÝVì`©Wm H$m g§Ho$V
H$aVr h¡ - øy~Q>© hr Š`m|, dh Š`m {H$gr H$mo ^r Mmh gHo$Jr, Cg AZw^y{V Ho$ g§J Omo A~ Zht ahr,
Omo N>m`m -gr Cg na _§S>amVr ahVr h¡, Z ñd`§ {_Q>Vr h¡, Z Cgo _w{º$ Xo nmVr h¡ Ÿ&
190
Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU H$s n¥ð>^y{_ na H$WmZH$ H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dmVmdaU ñdm^m{dH$
Am¡a nmÌmZwHy$b hmoZo go nmÌ gOrd bJVo h¢, KQ>Zm `WmW© bJVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌ AmYw{ZH$
hmoZo go dmVmdaU ^r AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m ~moY H$amZodmbm h¡, Omo ñdm^m{dH$ nm[adm[aH$ Mhb-nhb go
Xya h¡ Ÿ& g^r nmÌm| H$s `m¡Z-AmH$m§jm AnyU© h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Ho$ A^md _| g^r AnZo H$mo AYyam AZw^d H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& _Z H$s JhamB© Ho$ A^md Ho$ ^ybZo Ho$ {bE {_ñQ>a øy~Q>© g§JrV H$m ghmam boVo h¢ Vmo S>m°ŠQ>a
Xme©{ZH$ O¡gr ~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m hm°ñQ>b Ho$ H$m_ _| ì`ñV ahH$a nhbo ào_ H$s ñ_¥{V _| OrZm
MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$_mD±$ H$m joÌ ^r {H$gr H$m AnZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& AV: ñWmZ H$s ~oJmZJr nmÌm| H$s ~oJmZJr
ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr _| ñWmZ H$m dmVmdaU Bg àH$ma d{U©V h¡ - dh AŠga Q>hbVo hþE {g{_Q´>r
VH$ Mbr OmVr Wr Ÿ& Cggo gQ>r nhm‹S>r na M‹T>Zo na dh ~\©$ _| T>§Ho$ XodXma d¥jm| H$mo XoIm H$aVr Wr,
{OZH$s PwH$s hþB© emImAm| go éB© Ho$ Jmbm§o-gr ~\©$ ZrMo {Jam H$aVr Wr Ÿ&
H$mb Ho$ dmVmdaU Ho$ {MÌU Ûmam AÝV_©Z H$m {MÌU Bg àH$ma h¡ - YmJo _| ~§Yo M_H$sbo
bQ²>Qw>Am| H$s Vah do EH$ bå~r Q>o‹T>r-_o‹T>r H$Vma _| C‹S>o OmVo h¢, nhm‹S>m| H$s gwZgmZ ZradVm go nao, CZ
{d{MÌ eham| H$s Amoa Ohm± em`X dh H$^r Zht OmEJr Ÿ& Bggo àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ n[aÝXo AnZm J§Vì`
OmZVo h¢, Bg{bE ~\©$ go ~MZo Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$mo AnZm J§Vì` _mby_ Zht h¡, Bg{bE dh
AVrV ñ_¥{V _| OrZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
^mfm :
Bg H$hmZr Ho$ g^r nmÌ {e{jV h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE CZHo$ _w±h go n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg
H$hmZr _| {e{jV nmÌm| Ho$ AZwê$n A§J«oOr eãXm| H$s â_ma h¡ Ÿ& M¡nb, _r S>moO, JwS> ZmBQ>, ãbm°H$,
emonm±, g_©Z, ñnoeb g{d©g, bmB~«oar, Q´>¡{OH$, hmD$ ŠbåOr, _¡Z B©Q>a Am°\$ Hw$_mD±$, {h_ ~wH$, àoà
hm°b, H$m°à Am{X My§{H$ H$ar_wÔrZ {_{bQ´>r _| AX©br ah MwH$m h¡, Bg{bE CgH$s ^mfm H$s ewÕ qhXr
h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr _| àm` VËg_ eãXm| H$m hr à`moJ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& b{VH$m H$s gmoM _| H$mì`mË_H$Vm H$m
n[aM` {_b OmVm h¡ - CgH$m {ga MH$amZo bJm Ÿ& _mZmo ~mXbm| H$m ñ`mh Pwa_wQ> {H$gr AZOmZo H$moZo
go CR>H$a Cgo AnZo _| g_m boJm Ÿ& àmH¥${VH$ emo^m Ho$ dU©Z _| H$mì`mË_H$Vm n[ab{jV h¡ - C‹S>Vo hþE
~mXb A~ gwñVmZo bJo Wo, CZH$s N>m`mE± ZÝXmXodr Am¡a n§MMybr H$s nhm{‹S>`m| na {Ja ahr Wt Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a H$s ^mfm _| Xme©{ZH$Vm h¡ - Hw$N> bmoJm| H$s _m¡V A§V VH$ nhobr ~Zr ahVr h¡ ... em`X do
191
{OÝXJr go ~hþV Cå_rX bJmVo Wo Ÿ& Cgo Q´>¡{OH$ ^r Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Am{Iar X_ VH$ CÝh|
_aZo H$m Ehgmg Zht hmoVm ... Ÿ& b{VH$m H$m AÝVÛ©ÝÛ Bg_| h¡ -S>m°ŠQ>a g~ Hw$N> hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX dh
Š`m MrO h¡ Omo h_| MbmE MbVr h¡ Ÿ& h_ éH$Vo h¢ Vmo ^r AnZo aobo _| dh h_| KgrQ> bo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
CÔoí` :
"n[aÝXo' ZB© H$hmZr H$s nhbr H¥${V h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ nmÌm| H$mo AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ n[aàoú` _| XoIZm
Mm{hE Ÿ& BgHo$ nmÌm| _| AZmñWm, {Zamem, Hw§$R>m, KwQ>Z Am¡a nbm`ZdmX H$m ñda A{YH$ _wI[aV hþAm
h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| gm_m{OH$ gMoVZVm Am¡a gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï> H$m A^md h¡ Ÿ&
ò nmÌ ñdV§ÌVm - ào_r h¢, AnZr Apñ_Vm Ho$ {bE g§Kf©aV h¢, {OÝXJr _| gwI-em§{V MmhVo
h¢, bo{H$Z g_mO Am¡a n[adma Ho$ VWmH${WV gwajm db` go hQ> H$a gÞmQ>m âo _mhm¡b _| ahZo go
OrdZ _| Ho$db AHo$bmnZ Am¡a AYyamnZ _hgyg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$hmZr H$m _w»` ñda h¡ - ào_ H$s Ag\$bVm Am¡a Cggo CËnÞ AHo$bmnZ, Hw§$R>m, KwQ>Z Am¡a
nbm`ZdmXr àd¥{Îm OrdZ -g§Kf© H$s H$Qw>Vm go Am±I| ~§X H$aHo$ dramZ-{OÝXJr {~VmZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr _| h_ OmZo -nhMmZo ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ n[adoe H$m AZw^d Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ&
Bg{bE `h Ho$db j{UH$ à^md S>mb gH$Vr h¡, na nmR>H$ Ho$ öX` H$mo PH$Pmoa XoZo H$s j_Vm Zht
aIVr Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ MoVZm Ho$ ñne© go nmÌ-nmÌmE± Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO _| `mVZmnyU© àVrjm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a
Bg àVrjm Ho$ A§V H$r H$moB© g§^mdZm Zht {XIVr Ÿ& {\$a ^r V_m_ Xw:I-XX© H$mo PobVo hþE ^r do
AmemdmXr h¢, Z OmZo {H$gr {XZ do AnZo gnZm| H$mo gmH$ma hmoVo hþE XoI gH|$Jo Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ OJV Ho$ nmÌ _wº$ OrdZ Ho$ _moh _| goŠg, eam~ Am¡a g§JrV Ûmam AnZo H$mo Vgëbr
XoZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¢, na g\$bVm H$m ñdmX CÝh| Zht {_b nmVm Ÿ& g~_| {OOr{dfm h¡, na H$maJa
Cnm` Zht h¡ Ÿ&
erf©H$ :
Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "n[aÝXo' àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ÿ& n[aÝXo dV©_mZ Am¡a ^{dî` Ho$ à{V gOJ h¢ Ÿ&
gXu H$m _m¡g_ Am OmZo go do Cg g_` H$s àVrjm H$aVo h¢ O~ ~\©$ {JaZr Am¡a do nhm‹S>r joÌ N>mo‹S>H$a
EH$ gwa{jV ñWmZm| _| Mbo OmE±Jo, Omo J§Vì`-ñWb CÝh| _mby_ h¡ Ÿ&
bo{H$Z H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌm| H$s pñW{V n[aÝXm| H$s pñW{V go ~XVa h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| AnZm J§Vì`, AnZm
^{dî` _mby_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s àVrjm H$m A§V Zht h¡ Ÿ& `hr AmYw{ZH$ _mZd H$s {Z`{V h¡ Ÿ&
192
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ŸOhm± bú_r H¡$X h¡
3.6.1 boIH$ n[aM` :

amOoÝÐ `mXd H$m OÝ_ 28 AJñV 1929 H$mo hþAm Wm Ÿ& do gm_m{OH$ gOJVm H$mo _wIa ~ZmZo
dmbo ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| _| à_wI Wo Ÿ& do H$hmZr {bIVo g_` àg§J-{deof Ho$ gmW -gmW CgHo$
n[adoe na ^r C{MV Ü`mZ XoVo h¢, Omo H$hmZr H$s àmUe{º$ H$mo ~ZmE aIZo _| g_W© h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s
H$hm{Z`m| _| AmYw{ZH$ MoVZm Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ `WmW© ~moY ^r {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ nmÌ OrdZ H$s
{df_VmAm| Am¡a {dS>å~ZmAm| go Qy>Q> OmVo h¢ Am¡a Hw§$R>mAm| go J«ñV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& 2013 B©. _| CZH$m
Xohm§V hmo J`m
amOoÝÐ `mXd H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| S>m°. gwaoe {gÝhm H$hVo h¢ - amOoÝÐ `mXd Zo H$hm{Z`m| Ho$
_mÜ`_ go `{X ì`{º$Ëd H$s ImoO H$s h¡, Vmo ZE gm_m{OH$ gË`m|, _mZd _yë`m| Ed§ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$
ZdrZV_ g§X^m] Ho$ ZdrZ Am`m_m| _| ZB© dmUr Xr h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo EH$ Amoa Zd_mZdVm na ~b {X`m h¡ ,
Xygar Amoa `wJ Ho$ `WmW© - ~moY H$mo ñdm^m{dH$ A{^ì`{º$ Xr h¡ Ÿ&
CZH$s à{gÕ H$hm{Z`m± h¢ - Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡, àVrjm Qy>Q>Zm, b§MQ>mB_, _oh_mZ, ZE-ZE
AmZodmbo, {~amXar ~mha, ^{dî` Ho$ Amgnmg _§S>amVm AVrV, nmg-\o$b, ^{dî`dº$m Ÿ&
aMZmE± - H$hmZr g§J«h - XodVm H$s _y{V©`m±, Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡, A{^_Ý`w H$s AmË_hË`m,
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o VmO_hb, {H$Zmao go {H$Zmao VH$, Iob-{Ibm¡Zo, AnZo nma, T>mob, loð> H$hm{Z`m± Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg - gmam AmH$me, CI‹S>o hþE bmoJ, eh Am¡a _mV, AZXoIo AZOmZo, nwb, EH$ B§M
_wñH$mZ Ÿ&
3.6.2 H$Wmgma:
"Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡' amOoÝÐ `mXd H$s EH$ gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$m ~moY H$aZo dmbr geº$
H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& bmbm ê$nmam_ nyd© AZw^d Ho$ AmYma na EH$ A§Y{dídmg go AmH«$m§V hmoH$a AnZr ~oQ>r
H$mo Ka H$s bú_r _mZ ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ AJa ~oQ>r H$m ã`mh hmo OmEJm Vmo CZHo$ Ka H$s
bú_r Mbr OmEJr Ÿ& do H§$Jmb ~Z OmE§Jo Am¡a H$ht Ho$ Zht ah|Jo Ÿ& Bg {dMma go do AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$
193
à{V BVZm A_mZdr` Am¡a Ag§doXZerb ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ öX` go X`m, ào_, ghmZw^y{V
Am¡a __Vm O¡go _mZdr` _yë` bwá hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n {nVm-nwÌr Ho$ g§~§Y H$s n[a{Y g§Hw${MV
hmoH$a Ho$db ñdmW© AmË_Ho$pÝÐV ^md Am¡a `m§{ÌH$ OrdZ go {Za§Va g§Kf© H$aVr hþB© A§V _| hma OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE _w{º$ H$s H$moB© ZB© amoeZr {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dh _ZmoamoJr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {_aJr
H$m Xm¡am AmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gwZhbo gnZo _waPm OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh {g\©$ N>Q>nQ>m H$a ah OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX Jm±d go B§Q>a nmg H$aHo$ eha _| H$mboO H$s n‹T>mB© nyar H$aZo Ho$ BamXo go Am`m h¡ Am¡a
dh {H$gr Q²>`yeZ `m N>moQ>o-_moQ>o H$m_ H$s Vbme _| h¡ Ÿ& Bg CÔoí` go dh AnZo {nVmOr Ho$ ~MnZ Ho$
gmWr bmbm ê$nmam_ go {_bVm h¡ Vmo bmbm ê$nmam_ Cgo AmQ>m MŠH$s H$m {hgm~ H$aZo H$m H$m_
gm¢nH$a MŠH$s Ho$ nmg H$s H$moR>ar _| ahZo H$s BOmOV Xo XoVo h¢ Ÿ& bmbmOr Jmo{dÝX H$mo _w§er Or
g§~mo{YV H$aVo h¢ Vm{H$ CgH$m gå_mZ Hw$N> Am¡a ~‹T> OmE Ÿ&
`hm± Jmo{dÝX Ho$ AnZo nhbo hr {XZ bmbm ê$nmam_ Ho$ ~oQ>o am_ñdê$n go CZH$s _wbmH$mV hmo
OmVr h¡, Omo Jmo{dÝX go bú_r OrOr Ho$ {bE n{ÌH$m _m§JH$a bo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Vrgao {XZ Cgo dmng
H$aHo$ Xygar n{ÌH$m _m§JVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo{dÝX Xygao {XZ n{ÌH$m XoZo H$m dMZ XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
bú_r H$s bm¡Q>mB© hþB© n{ÌH$m H$m EH$ nÞm _w‹S>m hþAm XoH$H$a Jmo{dÝX H$m Ü`mZ Cg na OmVm
h¡ Ÿ Am¡a dh Cgo ImobH$a n‹T>Zo bJVm h¡ Vmo CgH$m {Xb Y‹S>H$Zo bJm Ÿ& Cg nÞo _| VrZ bmBZm| na
Zrbr ñ`mhr go {ZemZ bJmE JE Wo Ÿ& BZ bmBZm| _| {bIm Wm -"" _¢ Vwåh| àmUm| go A{YH$ ß`ma H$aVr
h±ÿ Ÿ& _wPo `hm± go ^Jm bo Mbmo Ÿ& _¢ \$m§gr bJmH$a _a OmD±$Jr Ÿ&''
BZ bmBZm| H$mo n‹T>H$a Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| ào_ H$s C_§J| {hëbmoa§o boZo bJt Ÿ& H$^r dh Cgo ^Jm
bo OmZo na gmoMVm h¡ Vmo H$^r AnZo ^{dî` - n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mao _| qM{VV hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo{dÝX bú_r H$s
C_«, gwÝXaVm Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| Vah-Vah H$s H$ënZmE± bJmVm h¡ Ÿ& D$na H$s _§{Ob H$s Amoa Pm§H$Vm
h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© h_ C_« ì`{º$ Ho$ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh bú_r Ho$ ~mao _| {H$gr go BgHo$ g§~§Y _| H$moB© nyN>VmN>
Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& dh _Z _| gmoMVm h¡ {H$ Hw$N> {XZ Ho$ ~mX dh {H$gr n{ÌH$m _| EH$ ào_ nÌ aI XoJm
Omo {H$gr XmoñV Ho$ Zm_ {bIm J`m hmoJm Ÿ& AJa dh nH$‹S>m J`m Vmo MmbmH$s go "^yb go Mbm J`m'
H$hH$a P§PQ> go _wº$ hmo OmEJm Ÿ& dh nhbo gmoMVm h¡ {H$ {H$Vm~ _| ò {ZemZ {H$grZo _OmH$ _|
bJm {XE hm|Jo na `h VH©$ Cgo {ZamYma bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CgH$m BZ VrZ {XZm| _| {H$gr Ho$ gmW BVZm
Jham n[aM` Zht hmo nm`m h¡ {H$ H$moB© _OmH$ H$aZo H$s {hå_V H$ao Ÿ& bH$sa grYr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {H$gr
~ƒo H$m H$m_ ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& bú_r Zo {ZemZ ^r Amdoe H$s pñW{V _| Zht bJmE hm|Jo Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ Im-nrH$a EH$ MŠH$a bJmZo Ho$ {bE bmbm ê$nmam_ MŠH$s _| AmH$a Q>rZ H$s EH$
Hw$gu na ~¡R> OmVo h¢ Vmo BVZo _| D$na H$s _§{Ob _| Am±JZ Ho$ bmoho Ho$ Zmb na EH$m{YH$ gm_mZ {JaZo
194
H$s AmdmO gwZmB© n‹S>r D$na go H$mobmhb ^r gwZmB© n‹S>m Vmo Jmo{dÝX {H$gr ^mar {dn{Îm H$s Ame§H$m go
^`^rV hmo CR>m Ÿ& na bmbmOr naoemZ Vmo Oê$a hmoVo h¢ bo{H$Z CZHo$ Mohao na ^`^rV hmoZo H$m H$moB©
bjU {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& nmg ~¡R>o hþE Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh Am¡a {_ór gbr_ ^r Bg KQ>Zm go
h±gVo h¢ Am¡a do Bgo O¡go amoO H$s EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ KQ>Zm _mZ aho Wo Ÿ&
Mm¡H$sXma _wñH$amVo hþE O~ Jmo{dÝX H$mo naoemZ Z hmoZo H$mo g_PmH$a H$hVm h¡ {H$ AmO MÊS>r
MoV ahr h¡ Ÿ& gbr_ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ b‹S>H$s na "{OZ' H$m gm`m h¡, {OgH$m BbmO _m¡bdr ~XéÔrZ Ho$
nmg h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡H$sXma ~VmVm h¡ {H$ "{OZ' H$m BbmO _m¡bdr Ho$ nmg Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh D$na hmo aho emoa-Jwb
Ho$ ahñ` H$mo Q>mbZo Ho$ {bE ~VmVm h¡ {H$ D$na H$moB© MrO {H$gr ~ƒo Zo {Jam Xr hmoJr Ÿ& {_ór gbr_
Mm¡H$sXma H$s ~mV Z Q>mbH$a gm\$ -gm\$ ghr ~mV ~mobZo H$mo H$hVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h ahñ` _w§erOr go
Á`mXm {XZ {N>n H$a ah Zht nmEJm Ÿ&
Mm¡H$sXma H$mo O~ `h {dídmg hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ bmbmOr Ho$ ~mao _| Jmo{dÝX H$mo Hw$N> ^r nVm Zht
h¡, V~ dh bmbm ê$nmam_ H$m nyam B{Vhmg ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh bmbmOr H$mo eha H$m _ehÿa H§$Oyg Am¡a
_ehÿa aB©g ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ~VmVm h¡ {H$ bmbm ê$nmam_ A\$gam| H$mo [aídV XoH$a {_{bQ>ar R>oHo$ boH$a
H$mbm~mOmar, YyV©Vm Am¡a Mmoar H$aZo bJo Ÿ& do bú_r âbmoa {_b _| Joh±ÿ {ngdm H$a Am¡a CgH$s
gßbmB© H$aHo$ _moQ>r aH$_ O_m H$aZo _| g\$b hmo Jò, A~ BZHo$ nmg gm~wZ H$s \¡$ŠQ>ar, OyVo H$m
H$maImZm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ nmg nƒrg -Vrg [aŠeo Am¡a nm§M Q´>H$ MbVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ Xg-~mah _H$mZm| go
{H$amE Ho$ n¡go AmVo h¢ Am¡a gyX H$m ì`mnma ^r h¡ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo ^r Jm±d _| H$m\$s O_rZ bo aIr h¡ Ÿ& BÝho
Xm¡bV O_m H$aZo H$s hm`-hm` bJr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX O~ CZHo$ n[adma H$m n[aM` OmZZm MmhVm h¡ Vmo Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh ~VmVm h¡ {H$
bmbmOr H$s Mma g§VmZ h¢ Ÿ& ~r~r _a MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& ZmVoXma-[aíVoXma H$moB© Zht AmVo Ÿ& Ka na EH$
_[a`b ~w{‹T>`m ahVr h¡ Omo Ka H$m gmam H$m_ -H$mO g§^mbVr h¡, Omo CgHo$ ~‹S>o ^mB© H$s ~r~r h¡ Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~‹S>o Xmo ~oQ>o AnZo ~mb-~ƒm| Ho$ gmW AbJ ahVo h¢ Am¡a gm~wZ H$s \¡$ŠQ´>r H$m Am¡a OyVo Ho$
H$maImZo H$m H$m_ g§^mbVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z gmam {hgm~ bmbm énmam_ aIVo h¢ Ÿ&
Mm¡H$sXma Zo ~Vm`m {H$ CZH$s ~oQ>r bú_r Omo H$^r-H$^r M§S>r ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& gM_wM Ka H$s
bú_r h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ bú_r Ho$ H$maU hr bmbm énmam_ AmO aB©g ~Z ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ& nhbo BZH$m ~mn gm_mÝ`
XO} H$m AmX_r Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ _a OmZo Ho$ ~mX énmam_ Zo gÅ>o _| A{YH$ énò H$_mZo Ho$ MŠH$a _| gmao
énE J§dm {XE Ÿ& ~‹S>o ^¡`m amoMyam_ Zo EH$ nZMŠH$s Imobr Ÿ& Cgr_| ê$nmam_ H$m_ H$aVo aho Ÿ& BZHo$
ImZXmZ _| b‹S>H$s H$mo ^JdmZ _mZZo H$m {dídmg Wm Ÿ& amoMyam_ Ho$ EH$ ~oQ>r hþB© Ÿ& ~oQ>r H$m Zm_ Jm¡ar
aIm J`m Ÿ& b‹S>H$s Ho$ n¡Xm hmoVo hr amoMyam_ H$s VH$Xra nbQ> JB© Ÿ& `h XoIH$a ê$nmam_ ^r EH$ ~oQ>r
195
Ho$ {bE V‹S>nZo bJo Ÿ& _Zm¡Vr _mZZo bJo Ÿ& g§`moJ go ê$nmam_ Hes ^r EH$ b‹S>H$s n¡Xm hþB© Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX
CZHo$ {gVmao M_H$Zo bJo Ÿ& Cg b‹S>H$s H$m Zm_ bú_r aIm J`m Ÿ& gM_wM dh b‹S>H$s bú_r ~ZH$a
n[adma _| Am JB© Ÿ& ê$nmam_ Zo AbJ go "bú_r âbmoa {_b' ~Zdm br Ÿ& CZH$s g§n{Îm {XZ XyZr amV
Mm¡JwZr ~‹T>Zo bJr Ÿ& XmoZm| ^mB© Jd© go H$hZo bJo -"" h_mao `hm± b‹S>{H$`m± bú_r ~ZH$a hr AmVr
h¡ Ÿ&''
Hw$N> {XZ Ho$ Cnam§V Jm¡ar emXr Ho$ bm`H$ hmo JB© Ÿ& CgHo$ ào_ ì`mnma H$mo boH$a A\$dmh| \¡$br
Vmo amoMyam_ Zo b‹S>H$s H$s emXr H$a Xr Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX CgH$s$ ~a~mXr Ho$ {XZ Am JE Ÿ& {_b _| AmJ
bJ JB© Ÿ& dh _wH$X_m hma J`m Ÿ& g~ Hw$N> _{Q>`m_oQ> hmo J`m Ÿ& CgH$m N>ëbm-N>ëbm {~H$ J`m Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ CgH$s bme Vmbm~ _| \y$br hþB© {_br Ÿ&
Bg KQ>Zm H$m O~aXñV à^md bmbm ê$nmam_ na n‹S>m Ÿ& CZH$mo S>a bJZo bJm {H$ AJa
CZH$s ~oQ>r H$s emXr H$a Xr OmE Vmo CZH$m ^r {Xdmbm {ZH$b OmEJm Ÿ& Bg Am§VH$ go CgZo ~oQ>r
bú_r na nham H$‹S>m H$a {X`m Ÿ& n‹T>mB© ~§X H$a Xr JB© & Q²>`yeZ _mñQ>a H$mo ^Jm boZo H$s Ame§H$m go
Ka na n‹T>mB© H$m {dMma ^r CÝhm|Zo _Z go {ZH$mb {X`m Ÿ& bú_r H$mo Ka _| ZOa~§X H$a {X`m J`m Ÿ& Ka
Ho$ ^rVa Z {H$gr H$mo AmZo {X`m J`m Z {H$gr H$mo OmZo {X`m J`m Ÿ& bú_r ~hþV amoB© na amjg ~mn Zo
EH$ Z gwZr Ÿ& ~oQ>r namE Ka _| Mbr OmZo go dh Mm¡nQ> hmo OmEJm Ÿ& Bg Ame§H$m go bmbm ê$nmam_ Zo
~oQ>r H$s emXr H$m {dMma ^r N>mo‹S> {X`m - na do CgH$s ha ~mV _mZZo bJo - CgH$s ha {OX nyar H$s
Ÿ& bú_r nhbo g~go b‹S>Vr Wr Ÿ& ~mX _| {M‹S>{M‹S>r Am¡a {OÔr hmo JB© Ÿ& amV â amoVo ahZo go Yrao-Yrao
Cgo Xm¡am n‹S>Zo bJm Ÿ& Cgo Xm¡am n‹S>Vo g_` dh nmJb-gm ì`dhma H$aZo bJr Ÿ& ~war-~war Jm{b`m± XoZo
bJr - ~o_Vb~ amoZo -h±gZo bJr Ÿ& MrO| \o§$H$Zo bJr Ÿ& gm_Zo Omo ^r MrO n‹S> OmE Cgo Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S>
H$aZo bJr Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r dh H$n‹S>o CVma H$a \|$H$ XoVr Am¡a {~bHw$b Z§Jr hmoH$a N>mVr Am¡a Om§K
nrQ>nrQ>H$a ~mn go H$hZo bJVr {H$ VyZo _wPo AnZo {bE aIm h¡, _wPo Im, _wPo M~m, _wPo ^moJ Ÿ& `h
g~ gwZH$a ~mn gh OmVm, na ~oQ>r H$s _w{º$ H$s ~mV gmoM Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& `h g~ H$hVo -H$hVo
Mm¡H$sXma Amdoe _| AmH$a bmbm Ho$ {bE \¡$gbm gwZm XoVm h¡ {H$ BgH$s Vmo ~moQ>r-~moQ>r Ja_ bmoho go
XmJr OmE Am¡a {\$a ~m§YH$a Jmobr go C‹S>m {X`m OmE Ÿ&''
Jmo{dÝX bú_r H$s {OÝXJr H$s `h am_ H$hmZr gwZH$a ì`mHw$b hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dmŠ`m| Ho$ ZrMo
bú_r Ho$ VrZ {ZemZ VrZ ~mVm| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& _¢ Vwåh| àmUm| go A{YH$ ß`ma H$aVr h±ÿ -
Xwdm©a bmbgm _| ß`ma gmH$ma Z hmoZo H$s pñW{V _| goŠg Ho$ VZmd Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ {d{jáVm
A{^ì`§{OV h¡, "_wPo `hm± go ^Jm bo Mbmo ' - _¢ ~§YZ go _w{º$ H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ> Am¡a ì`{º$Ëd H$s
ImoO ñnï> hþAm h¡ Ÿ& "_¢ \$m§gr bJmH$a _a OmD±$Jr' - _¢ OrdZ H$s {df_Vm go g§Kf© H$aVo hþE ^r
196
gm_m{OH$ ê${‹T> Ho$ H$maU namO` daU H$aZo H$s H$éU n[aU{V H$m Am^mg {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg KQ>Zm go Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| VrZ àíZ Câ H$a gm_Zo AmVo h¢ Ÿ& do h¢ - Š`m _¢ hr nhbm
AmX_r h±ÿ Omo Bg nwH$ma H$mo gwZH$a Eogm ì`mHw$b hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ& Š`m Eogr nwH$ma H$mo AZgwZr H$a Xr h¡ ?
AWm©V² g_mO Ho$ gm_Zo `h EH$ {dH$Q> àíZ I‹S>m h¡ {H$ `{X _Zwî` AmË_H|${ÐV Am¡a ñdmWm] H$m Z½Z
hZZ H$ao, Cg pñW{V _| g_mO H$moB© à{VH$ma -ì`dñWm Z H$aHo$ Ho$db VQ>ñW Zr{V AnZmE Vmo Cg
g_mO H$m ^{dî`V² Š`m hmoJm ? Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$ `hr g§Xoe XoVo h¢ {H$ {Og g_mO _| lÕm,
{dídmg, H$éUm, ghmZw^y{V, ào_, _yë` Am{X Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht hmoVm dh T>h OmEJm Ÿ& EH$
g§ñH¥${V H$m nVZ hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
3.6.3M[aÌ-{MÌU :
bmbm ê$nmam_ _hËdmH$m§jr aB©g :
Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmdaqgh H$s g_P Ho$ AZwgma bmbm ê$nmam_ eha Ho$ _ehÿa H§$Oyg Am¡a
_ehÿa aB©g Ho$ ê$n _| n[a{MV h¢ Ÿ& O~ CZHo$ {nVmOr _a JE V~ CZHo$ Am¡a CZHo$ ~‹S>o ^mB© amoMyam_ Ho$
{hñgm| _| bJ^J EH$-EH$ hOma énE AmE hm|Jo Ÿ& ê$nmam_ ~‹S>o _hËdmH$m§jr Wo Ÿ& Hw$N> ~‹S>m H$amo~ma
ImobZo Ho$ {dMma go AnZo gmao n¡go gÅ>o _| bJm H$a g~ Hw$N> J§dm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ~‹S>o ^mB© ZmoMyam_ H$s
nZMŠH$s _| H$m_ H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ~mX _| do AbJ go AnZr "bú_r âbmoa {_b' H$s à{Vð>m H$aVo
h¢, {_{bQ>ar H$m R>oH$m boH$a H$mbm~mOmar H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX do EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r gm~wZ H$s \¡$ŠQ´>r Am¡a
H$m\$s ~‹S>m OyVm| H$m H$maImZm ~Zm boVo h¢ Ÿ& énE gyX na XoVo h¢, nm§M Q´>H$m| Am¡a nƒrg-Vrg [aŠem|
Ho$ _m{bH$ ^r ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do Jm±d _| H$m\$s O_rZ ^r IarX H$a aB©g ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
ê$n a§J Am¡a nmoemH$ -bmbm ê$nmam_ ~y‹T>o h¢ Ÿ& do AnZr nmoemH$ go ^r {d{MÌ bJVo
h¢ Ÿ& do _¡br-gr nyar ~m§hm| H$s {_aOB© nhZo, _¡br MrH$Q> nwamZr A§S>r bnoQ>o, ~|V Q>oH$Vo Yrao-Yrao hm±\$Vo
hþE AmVo h¢ Ÿ& Qy>Q>o hþE \«o$_ H$m _moQ>o ereo H$m Mí_m nhZVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ Mohao na JX©Z h_oem {hbVr ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& Pw[a`m± Am JB© h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s _¡br -Hw$M¡br YmoVr, \$Q>o-nwamZo OyVo CZH$mo hmñnmñnX ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H§$Oyg - bmbm ê$nmam_ ~hþV H§$Oyg h¢ Ÿ& H$ht H$moB© {~Obr H$m IM© ~oH$ma H$a ahm hmo,
H$hm± ~oH$ma Zb Iwbm hmo `m n§Im Mb ahm hmo Cg na do nyam Ü`mZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ S>a go Jmo{dÝX Xoa amV
H$mo ~ë~ Z ObmH$a _mo_~Îmr ObmVm h¡ Ÿ& bmbmOr n¡go IM© Z hmo, Bg{bE AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo _wâV Ho$
197
Mw§Jr Ho$ ñHy$b _| n‹T>m aho h¢ Ÿ& do EH$ n¡go H$m \$m`Xm XoIVo h¢ Vmo Xg _rb Yyn _| hm±\$Vo hþE n¡Xb Om
gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Ja_r hmo `m Om‹S>o ha g_` H$_a _| YmoVr AmYr nhZo Am¡a AmYr ~XZ _| bnoQ> H$m_ Mbm
boVo h¢ Ÿ& do _H$mZ H$s g\o$Xr , g\$mB© `m _aå_V H$^r Zht H$aVo Ÿ& do nmZ-gwnmar Zht boVo Ÿ& CZHo$ Ka
na _oh_mZ Zht AmVo Ÿ& H$moZo _| Ka na EH$ Hw$gu VH$ ^r Zht aIr Ÿ&
_wâV H$m_ boZo _| hmo{e`ma - bmbm ê$nmam_ MmbmH$s go Xygam| go _wâV _| H$m_ boZo
_| AnZr hmo{e`mar {XImVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ AnZo Jm±d go AmZo dmbm Jmo{dÝX CZgo {_bVm h¡ V~ Cgo AnZo
ghnmR>r H$m b‹S>H$m OmZH$a H$hVo h¢ - ""^¡`m, Vw_ Vmo AnZo hr ~ƒo hmo, Oam h_mar MŠH$s H$m {hgm~
{H$Vm~ K§Q>o -AmY K§Q>o XoI {b`m H$amo, Am¡a _Oo _| MŠH$s Ho$ nmg Omo H$moR>ar h¡, Cg_| n‹S>o ahmo Ÿ&
AnZm n‹T>mo, AmQ>o H$s Vmo `hm± H$_r Zht h¡ Ÿ&'' bmbm {_ór gbr_ go ^r AbJ go H$m_ boVo h¢ Ÿ& O~
MŠH$s ~§X ahVr h¡ V~ {_ór go gmao Q²>`y~m| H$m n§ŠMa R>rH$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
PŠH$s- bmbm ê$nmam_ ~‹S>o PŠH$s AmX_r h¢ Ÿ& g^r Zm¡H$a CZHo$ Zm_ na amoVo h¢ Ÿ& do
{H$VZm hr Š`m| Z ~mob§o H$moB© CZH$s ~mV Ü`mZ go Zht gwZVm Ÿ& CZHo$ nrN>o bmoJ CZH$mo ZwH$gmZ nh±þMmVo
h¢, Cnhmg H$aVo h¢, Jm{b`m± XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do n¡gm| Ho$ {bE K§Q>m§o [aŠeo dmbm| Am¡a Q´>H$dmbm| go ~hg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
A{dídmg H$aZo dmbm - bmbm ê$nmam_ {H$gr na {dídmg Zht H$aVo Ÿ& `Ú{n CZH$m
EH$ ~oQ>m gm~wZ H$s \¡$ŠQ´>r g§^mbVm h¡, Am¡a Xygam b‹S>H$m OyVo H$m H$maImZm XoIVm h¡, {\$a ^r AnZo
nmg nyam {hgm~-{H$Vm~ aIVo h¢ Am¡a ha em_ H$mo dgybr Ho$ {bE nh±þM OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _mñQ>am| na
A{dídmg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do ~oQ>r H$mo Ka na n‹T>mZo Ho$ {dMma H$mo _Z go {ZH$mb XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Mmoar Am¡a H$mbm~mOmar _| CñVmX -bmbm ê$nmam_ AmQ>m MŠH$s MbmVo h¡, do
Zm¡H$am| H$mo {gImVo h¢ {H$ {H$g MmbmH$s go AmQ>m ~Mm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& do Bg \$m`Xo go amoO hmoQ>b
dmbm| H$mo AmQ>m ~oMVo h¢ Ÿ& do {_bQ>ar H$m R>oH$m boH$a Knbo H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {_bQ>ar Ho$ Joh±ÿ ~oMH$a CgH$s
OJh aÔr Am¡a gñVodmbm Joh±ÿ IarX H$a AmQ>o H$m H$moQ>m nyam H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Xm¡bV OwQ>mZo _| gÞÕ -bmbm ê$nmam_ ~y‹T>o hmo JE, na amV-{XZ gw~h-em_ n¡go Ho$
nrN>o hm`-hm` H$aVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& do ^mJ-Xm¡‹S> H$a, by-Yyn H$s qMVm N>mo‹S>H$a Ho$db nmB©-nmB© O_m H$aZo
198
_| bJo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& do Cggo EH$ nmB ^r IM© Zht H$aVo, O¡go dh YZ {H$gr Xygao H$m hmo Ÿ& do YZ Ho$ D$na
~¡R>o hþE gm±n H$s Vah h¢, Omo IwX Im Zht gH$Vm Am¡a CgHo$ gm_Zo {H$gr H$mo ImVo hr XoI Zht
gH$Vm Ÿ& Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh H$mo Vmo bmbmOr H$s Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ {bE X`m Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do IwX Zht
ImVo , Z AnZo n[adma Ho$ {H$gr H$mo ImZo H$s BOmOV XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
A§Y{dídmg go OH$‹S>~§X - bmbm ê$nmam_ H$s Eogr _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ AnZo ImZXmZ _|
b‹S>H$s XodVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ OÝ_ hmoVo hr gm¡^m½` -bú_r H$m AmJ_Z hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh emXr H$aHo$
ggwamb Mbr OmZo Ho$ ~mX VH$Xra \y$Q> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g~ Hw$N> ~a~mX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr A§Y-{dídmg Ho$
AmYma na do b‹S>H$s Ho$ {bE ~hþV Xm¡‹S>-Yyn H$aVo h¢, _Zm¡Vr _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& g§`moJ go CZHo$ b‹S>H$s hmoVr
h¡ Am¡a do {XZ XyZm amV Mm¡JwZm \$bVo -\y$bVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ CZHo$ ~‹S>o ^mB© ZmoMyam_ H$s ~oQ>r Jm¡ar H$s emXr
hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a ZmoMyam_ CgHo$ ~mX BVZm ~a~mX hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ CZHo$ nmg EH$ \y$Q>r H$m¡‹S>r Zht
~MVr, A§V _| CZH$s bme Vmbm~ _| {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ bmbm ê$nmam_ ~hþV S>a OmVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZr
~oQ>r bú_r H$s n‹T>mB© ~§X H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Ka H$s D$na H$s _§{Ob _| Cgo ZOa~§X H$aHo$ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Cgo
{H$gr go {_bZo Zht XoVo Am¡a b‹S>H$s H$s emXr H$s ~mV _Z go {ZH$mb XoVo h¢ Ÿ& do AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE
~oQ>r Ho$ ^{dî` H$mo A§Yoao _| YHo$b XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñdmW© Ho$ {bE An_mZ ghZo H$mo V¡`ma - bmbm ê$nmam_ O~ ñdmW© Ho$ {bE
~oQ>r bú_r H$s emXr Zht H$aVo, V~ AdX{_V `m¡Z - AmH$m§jm nyar Z hmoZo go ~oQ>r H$mo {_aJr H$m Xm¡am
AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` dh AnZm hmoe-hdme Imo ~¡R>Vr h¡ Vmo CëQ>m-grYm Omo _Z _| AmVm , ~H$Vr h¡,
dh gm_mZ \|$H$Vr h¡, Vmo‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& bmbm g~ ~Xm©ñV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& bú_r O~ nmJb H$s Vah H$n‹S>o \|$H$
H$a Z§Jr hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a Om§K§o Am¡a N>mVr nrQ>H$a H$hVr h¡ - bo , VyZo _wPo AnZo {bE aIm h¡, _wPo
Im, _wPo M~m, _wPo ^moJ... V~ do {nQ>Vo h¢, Jm{b`m± ImVo h¢ g~ Hw$N> MwnMmn gh OmVo h¢, na Cg
na nham XoZo _| T>rb hmoZo Zht XoVo Ÿ& bmbm Ho$ AmMaU go jwãY hmoH$a Mm¡H$sXma H$hVm h¡ -"" BgH$s
Vmo ~moQ>r-~moQ>r Ja_ bmoho go XmJr OmE Am¡a {\$a ~m§YH$a Jmobr go C‹S>m {X`m OmE Ÿ&''
_mZdr` _yë`m| Ho$ à{V CXmgrZ -bmbm ê$nmam_ AnZo ñdmW© _| H$moB© Am§M Z
AmE, Bg{bE AnZr b‹S>H$s H$s emXr Zht H$aVo Ÿ& do CgH$s `m¡Z Amdí`H$Vm H$mo ZOaAÝXmO H$aHo$
amjg-gm ì`dhma H$aVo h¢, `m¡Z - AmH$m§jm H$s ny{V© Z hmoZo go ~oQ>r H$mo {_aJr H$m Xm¡am AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
199
ê$nmam_ ~oQ>r H$m BbmO Zht H$amVo Ÿ& CgH$s gmar {KZm¡Zr Jm{b`m± MwnMmn gh OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ _Z _|
V{ZH$ ^r ghmZw^y{V, X`m CËnÞ Zht hmoVr Ÿ& YZ Ho$ nrN>o do amV-{XZ n‹S>o ahVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ gm±n H$s Vah
CgH$s aIdmbr H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| _mZdr` _yë`m| H$m {~bHw$b A^md h¡ Ÿ& Eogo {Zðw>a {nVm H$s H$ënZm
{H$gr gä` g_mO _| Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Ÿ&
3.6.4 H$hmZr-H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm :

H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go Iam CVaZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r H$hmZr _| Omo VËd CnbãY hmoZo
Amdí`H$ h¢ do h¢ -1) H$WmdñVw, 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU, 3) g§dmX, 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU, 5)
^mfm-e¡br, 6) CÔoí` VWm 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
H$WmdñVw :
amOoÝÐ `mXd Bg H$hmZr "Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡' _| n[adoe na A{YH$ _hËd XoH$a nmR>H$ Ho$
gm_Zo gm_m{OH$ `WmW© àñVwV H$aHo$ {XImVo h¢ {H$ YZ-AO©Z Ho$ _moh _| AmYw{ZH$ _mZd XmdZ Ho$
ñVa VH$ {Ja OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xygao H$mo Hw§$R>mAm|, A^md, VZmd, `m¡Z-AV¥{á, hrZVm Am¡a {d^r{fH$m âr
{OÝXJr T>moZo H$mo {dde H$a XoVm h¡ , Omo A§V_| nam^yV hmoH$a AnZm ApñVËd Imo ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
bmbm ê$nmam_ Jm§d go AmH$a eha _| ~g JE h¢ Ÿ& do "bú_r âbmoa {_b' {~R>mH$a AnZm
ì`mna ewê$ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Yrao-Yrao gm~wZ \¡$ŠQ>ar, OyVo Ho$ H$maImZo H$s à{Vð>m H$aHo$ aB©g ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
CZHo$ Jm±d go Jmo{dÝX H$mboO _| n‹T>Zo Ho$ BamXo go AmH$a ê$nmam_ Ho$ nmg nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& ê$nmam_ Cgo ñZoh
go AnZr MŠH$s Ho$ ~Jb H$s H$moR>ar _| ahZo Am¡a ~Xbo _| amV H$mo MŠH$s H$m Wmo‹S>m {hgm~-{H$Vm~
XoIZo H$mo H$hH$a AnZo nmg aI boVo h¢ Ÿ& bmbm ê$nmam_ H$m ~oQ>m am_ñdê$n OrOr Ho$ n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE
nhbo {XZ Jmo{dÝX go EH$ n{ÌH$m _m§JH$a bo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo Vrgao {XZ dmng H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo{dÝX
n{ÌH$m H$m EH$ nÞm _w‹S>m hþAm XoH$H$a Cgo CbQ>H$a XoIm h¡ {H$ 47-48 d| nÞm| na VrZ bmBZm| na Zrbr
ñ`mhr go {ZemZ bJmE JE h¢, {OÝh| n‹T>H$a Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| Ib~br CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ò bmBZo
h¢ -""_¢ Vwåh| àmUm| go A{YH$ ß`ma H$aVr h±ÿ Ÿ& _wPo `hm± go ^Jm bo Mbmo Ÿ& _¢ \$m§gr bJmH$a _a
OmD±$Jr Ÿ&'' BZ {ZemZm| Ho$ nrN>o bú_r H$s H$m¡Z-gr _mZ{gH$Vm {N>nr hþB© h¡, Jmo{dÝX Cg dñVw pñW{V
H$mo OmZZo H$mo AnZr ì`J«Vm {ZImVm h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ go D$na H$s _§{Ob go bmbm ê$nmam_ AmH$a ~¡R>Vo hr
D$na go MrOm| Ho$ {JaZo H$s AmdmO AmZo bJr Vmo {\$a bmbmOr {~Zm {H$gr h‹S>~‹S>r go D$na Mbo
JE Ÿ& nmg ~¡R>m Mm¡H$sXma ~VmVm h¡ {H$ AmO M§S>r MoV ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Jmo{dÝX à`mg H$aHo$ gmar
200
KQ>ZmAm| H$m {ddaU OmZ boVm h¡ Ÿ&
bmbm ê$nmam_ ~oQ>r H$mo ^JdmZ _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& do _mZVo h¢ {H$ ~oQ>r Ho$ OÝ_ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX go gmar
g_¥{Õ hþB© h¡ Am¡a dh emXr H$aHo$ namE Ka _| Mbr OmZo go {\$a ~a~mXr Am OmEJr Ÿ& Bg ^` go do
~oQ>r H$s emXr Zht H$aVo Ÿ& Cgo D$na H$s _§{Ob _| ~§{XZr - O¡gr {OÝXJr OrZo H$mo {dde H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
n[aUm_ -ñdê$n `m¡Z -AV¥{á, _mZ{gH$ -Mmn, nr‹S>m Am¡a N>Q>nQ>mhQ> go bú_r _mZ{gH$ amoJr ~Z
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {_aJr H$m Xm¡am AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
A~ Jmo{dÝX Ho$ qMVZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go boIH$ amOoÝÐ `mXd nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo VrZ àíZ aIVo h¢
? Š`m Jmo{dÝX nhbm AmX_r h¡ Omo Bg nwH$ma H$mo gwZH$a ì`mHw$b hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m Am¡am| Zo nhbo go
Bg nwH$ma H$mo gwZm Wm Am¡a gwZH$a AZgwZm H$a {X`m h¡ ? Š`m Eogr nwH$ma H$mo AZgwZm H$a {X`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ ? BZ VrZm| àíZm§o Ho$ _mÜ`_ go EH$ gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$m {MÌU H$aHo$ boIH$ Ho$ _Z _|
_mZdr _yë`m| H$s nwZ: à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE gm_m{OH$ gOJVm CËnÞ H$aZo H$s bbH$ h¡ ?
M{aÌ-{MÌU :
Bg H$hmZr _| _w»` M[aÌ bú_r h¡, Omo EH$ ~ma ^r H$hmZr _| CnpñWV Zht hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Jmo{dÝX hr
EH$ _mÌ nmÌ h¡ {OgH$m {dMma-g§Kf© nyar H$hmZr _| N>m`m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± n[adoe _w»` h¡ Omo AË`§V
A_mZdr` h¡ Ÿ& bmbm ê$nmam_ Cg n[adoe Ho$ òï>m h¢ Ÿ& do YZ OwQ>mZo _| bJo hþE h¢ Am¡a BgHo$ {bE
n[adma Ho$ {H$gr H$s ^r gwI-gw{dYmAm| H$s nadmh Zht H$aVo Ÿ& CZHo$ à{V {H$gr H$s YmaUm ^r
AÀN>r Zht h¡ Ÿ& do gm±n H$s Vah YZ Ho$ T>oa na Hw§$S>br _mao ~¡R>o h¢ Omo ñd`§ YZ H$m Cn`moJ Zht H$aVm
Am¡a Xygam| H$mo ^moJ H$aZo H$m _m¡H$m ^r Zht XoVo Ÿ&
ê$nmam_ EH$ A§Y{dídmg go OH$‹S> ~§X h¢ Ÿ{H$ ~oQ>r Ka H$s bú_r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& namE Ka _| OmZo
go {\$a Ka _| V~mhr Am OmEJr Ÿ& Bg{bE bú_r H$mo ~§Xr- OrdZ {~VmZo H$mo {dde H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
bú_r Bg `mVZm go _mZ{gH$ amoJr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> _MmVr h¡, ~mn H$mo J§Xr Jm{b`m± XoVr
h¡ na {Zðw>a ~mn YZ Ho$ _moh go MwnMmn ghZ H$a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh Am¡a {_ór
gbr_ H$Wm H$mo J{V àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do bmbm ê$nmam_ Am¡a CZH$s ~oQ>r bú_r H$m gmam B{Vhmg
Jmo{dÝX H$mo gwZm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& bmbm ê$nmam_ H$s H$m`©-e¡br Am¡a CgHo$ à{V bmoJm| H$s YmaUm go Jmo{dÝX
AdJV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gm_mO Ho$ à{V AnZm CÎmaXm{`Ëd Š`m h¡ Cgo aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX B§Q>a H$aHo$ H$mboO _| n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE eha AmH$a nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr H$_Omoa Am{W©H$
pñW{V Ho$ H$maU dh eha _| ~go AnZo Jm±d Ho$ bmbm ê$nmam_ go {_bVm h¡ Vmo bmbmOr Cgo gñZoh
AnZr MŠH$s Ho$ nmg Ho$ H$_ao _| ahZo H$s AZw_{V XoVo h¢, dh bmbm ê$nmam_ Ho$ ~oQ>o am_ñdê$n Ho$
201
hmW go CZH$s ~oQ>r bú_r Ho$ n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE EH$ n{ÌH$m ôOVm h¡, {Ogo am_ñdê$n Ho$ bm¡Q>mVo g_`
g¢Vmbrgd| nÞo _| VrZ bmBZm| na Zrbr ñ`mhr go {ZemZ XoIH$a CgHo$ _Z _| nhbo `h àíZ CR>Vm h¡
{H$ {H$gZo {ZemZ bJmE h¢ Ÿ& dh Bg {gÕm§V na nh±þMVm h¡ {H$ {ZemZ grYr aoIm _| n‹S>Zo go `h N>moQ>o
~ƒo H$m H$m_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s OmZ-nhMmZ ^r BVZr `hm± {dH${gV Zht hþB© h¡ {H$ H$moB© CgHo$ gmW
_OmH$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ZemZ bJm {X`m hmo Ÿ& H$moB© ^r _mZ{gH$ {d{jáVm _| Eogo Jy‹T>mW© {Z{hV bmBZm|
na {ZemZ bJm gHo$ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ Oê$a g§Vw{bV _mZ{gH$ pñW{V _| bú_r Zo ò {ZemZ OmZ~yPH$a
bJmE h¢ `m dh Mwhb~mO hmo Am¡a N>H$mZo H$mo {bIm hmo Ÿ&
dh amV H$mo Cg n{ÌH$m H$mo V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo aIH$a gmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& amV H$mo ZtX Qy>Q> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh
~ma-~ma n‹T>r JB© CZ bmBZm| H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na dh ê$nmam_ Ho$ S>a go {~Obr H$m ~ë~
Z ObmH$a _mo_~Îmr ObmH$a CZ bmBZm| H$mo n‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ `h bú_r {H$gr amjg Ûmam
O§Jb Ho$ ~rM Ho$ H$sbo _| d§{XZr ~ZmB© JB© H$moB© amOHw$_mar hmo Omo _w{º$ Ho$ {bE N>Q>nQ>mVr h¡ Ÿ& Jmo{dÝX
^r bú_r H$mo EH$ gwÝXa b‹S>H$s hmoZo H$s H$ënZm H$aZo go S>aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ bmBZ| Cgr Ho$
{bE {bIr JB© h¢ Ÿ& dh Bg AàË`m{eV gm¡^m½` na {dídmg Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ&
D$na H$s pñW{V H$mo ^m§nZo Ho$ {bE Mm¡H$ _| OmVo g_` {ga CR>mH$a XoIZo H$s {hå_V Cg_| Zht
Wr Ÿ& AnZr H$moR>ar H$m XadmOm ~§X H$aHo$ V»V na M‹T>H$a amoeZXmZ go Pm§H$Zo na ^r Cgo Hw$N> {XImB©
Zht n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& bú_r H$mo XoIZo H$m CVmdbmnZ em§V Zht hmo nm ahm Wm Ÿ& H$moB© h_ C_« Am¡a {dídmg
nmÌ Z hmoZo go dh Bg ZmOwH$ àg§J na {H$grgo nyN> Zht gH$Vm Wm Ÿ& Cgo S>a h¡ {H$ H$ht ê$nmam_ H$mo
Bg ahñ` H$m nVm Z Mb OmE Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ {H$ Hw$N> {XZ Ho$ ~mX dh EH$ N>moQ>m-gm nÌ aI XoJm
Omo {H$gr XmoñV Ho$ Zm_ {bIm J`m hmoJm Ÿ& nH$‹S>o OmZo na dh ^yb go Mbm J`m h¡ -Eogm H$hH$a AnZo
H$mo ~Mm boJm Ÿ&
CgHo$ ~mX Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| ào_ H$s {hbmoa§o CR>Vr h¢ Ÿ& dh H$ënZm H$aVm h¡ {H$ bú_r Zo AnZo
H$mo_b hmWm| go n{ÌH$m Nw>B© hmoJr V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo {gahmZo aIr hmoJr, N>mVr na aIH$a gmo JB© hmoJr Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| H$^r `h {dMma AmVm h¡ {H$ dh Xm¡‹S>H$a bú_r Ho$ nmg nh±þM OmE Am¡a
AnZo H$mo Bg gm¡^m½` Ho$ bm`H$ Z hmoZo H$s dmñV{dH$Vm ~Vm Xo Ÿ& dh {\$a gmoMVm h¡ {H$ AJa dh
bú_r H$mo boH$a ^mJ OmE Vmo H$hm± OmE ? CgH$s n‹T>mB© H$m Š`m hmoJm ? nH$‹S>o OmZo na CgH$s
AdñWm Š`m hmoJr ?
Xygao hr {XZ O~ bmbm ê$nmam_ ZrMo Am OmVo h¢ V~ Jmo{dÝX H$m {Xb H$m§n OmVm h¡ {H$ H$ht
~y‹T>o H$mo Bg ~mV H$m nVm Z Mb J`m hmo Ÿ& Cgr g_` D$na Hw$N> MrO| {JaZo H$s AmdmO AmB© Vmo
ê$nmam_ D$na Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g_` Mm¡H$sXma go nyN>H$a dh bú_r Ho$ ~mao _| g~ OmZ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
202
~mn EH$ A§Y{dídmg H$m {eH$ma hmoH$a AnZr ~oQ>r H$s emXr Zht H$a ahm Wm Am¡a ~oQ>r H$mo H¡$X H$aHo$
aIVm Wm Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX bú_r Ho$ ~mao _| `hr gmoMVm h¡ {H$ bú_r ào_ Am¡a `m¡Z-V¥{á go d§{MV h¡ Ÿ& Bgo nmZo Ho$
{bE dh dV©_mZ H$s pñW{V go _w{º$ MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AJa _w{º$ Zht {_boJr Vmo dh N>Q>nQ>mH$a _a
OmEJr Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX Ho$ _Z _| CgH$mo boH$a VrZ àíZ CâVo h¢ Ÿ& Š`m bú_r H$s XX© âr nwH$ma gwZH$a dh
ì`mHw$b hmoZo dmbm nhbm AmX_r h¡ ? Š`m Am¡am| Zo `h gwZH$a ^r AZgwZm H$a {X`m h¡, `mZr CZHo$
öX` _| H$moB© ghmZw^y{V Am¡a AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ b‹S>Zo H$s gOJVm CËnÞ Zht hþB© h¡ Ÿ? A§{V_ àíZ h¡
- Š`m gM_wM OdmZ b‹S>H$s H$s AmdmO H$mo gwZH$a AZgwZm {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? AWm©V² Š`m {H$gr
ì`{º$ H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, g§Ìmg, ApñVËdhrZVm naV§ÌVm, ~oJmZonZ H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_mO _|
göX`Vm Am¡a _yë`~moY H$m {dH$mg Zht hmoJm ? V~ g_mO é½U ~Z OmEJm Ÿ& dh OrZm Xwâ hmoJm Ÿ&
g§dmX :
Bg H$hmZr _| g§dmX nmÌm| H$s _Z:pñW{V`m± Ho$ AZwHy$b, n[adoe Ho$ AZwHy$b, ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a
`wJmZwê$n h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _| ì`§½` H$m à`moJ H$hmZr H$mo àmUdmZ ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr _| Á`mXm ^mJ
Jmo{dÝX Ho$ AmË_ -qMVZ Am¡a {dMma _§WZ go âm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r g§dmX H$m _hËd ^r gdm©{YH$ h¡ Ÿ&
bmbm ê$nmam_ H$m ~oQ>m am_ñdê$n O~ bú_r OrOr Ho$ {bE {H$Vm~ _m§JVm h¡ V~ H$hVm h¡ -
_w§erOr, bú_r OrOr Zo H$hm h¡ -""h_| Hw$N> Am¡a n‹T>Zo H$mo Xr{OE Ÿ& BgHo$ CÎma _| Jmo{dÝX H$mo
H$mo_bVm Ho$ gmW H$hZm n‹S>Vm h¡ -""AÀN>m , H$b X|Jo Ÿ&'' Jmo{dÝX H$mo "_w§er' eãX go {M‹T> h¡ na dh
_w±h ImoH$a BgH$m {damoY H$a Zht nmVm Ÿ& O~ bmbmOr ^r CgH$m gå_mZ ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE "_w§erOr'
eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ V~ Jmo{dÝX gmoMVm h¡ {H$ dhm± O_ OmZo Ho$ ~mX dh {dZ_«Vm go Bg eãX H$m
{damoY H$aoJm Ÿ&
Mm¡H$sXma Jmo{dÝX go H$hVm h¡ - naoemZ Š`m| hmo aho ~m~yOr ? .... AmO M§S>r MoV ahr h¡ Ÿ&
Bggo {H$gr {N>no ahñ` H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Jmo{dÝX Ho$ àíZ H$mo Q>mbZo Ho$ {bE Mm¡H$sXma O~ H$hVm h¡ -""Hw$N> Zht ~m~yOr, D$na H$moB©
MrO {H$gr ~ƒo Zo {Jam Xr hmoJr ŸŸ&'' Am¡a {\$a {_ór H$hVm h¡ -"" O_mXma gmh~, PyR> Š`m| ~mobVo
hmo ? gm\$-gm\$ Š`m| Zht ~Vm XoVo ? A~ BZgo Š`m {N>nm ahoJm ?'' Bggo Jmo{dÝX H$s CËgwH$Vm ~‹T>
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ bú_r Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$moB© Jham ahñ` {N>nm h¡ Ÿ&
203
Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh Ho$ Bg H$WZ go bmbm ê$nmam_ H$s H§$Oygr {H$g hX VH$ nh±þM JB© h¡,
CgH$m nVm MbVm h¡ - bo{H$Z `h amjg Vmo O_m H$aZo _| hr bJm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo O_m H$aZo H$s hr
Eogr hm`-hm` ahr h¡ {H$ Xm¡bV {H$g{bE O_m H$s OmVr h¡, Bg ~mV H$mo `h ~oMmam {~bHw$b ^yb
J`m h¡ Ÿ&
Mm¡H$sXma Ho$ Bg H$WZ -""~mn h¡ Vmo Cgo ^moJ Zht gH$Vm Am¡a N>mo‹S> Vmo gH$Vm hr Zht Ÿ&'' go
bú_r H$s Aghm`Vm H$m nVm MbVm Ÿ& ê$nmam_ Ho$ g§~§Y _| `h H$WZ _mZmo boIH$ H$m hr {ZU©` h¡
-BgH$mo Vmo ~moQ>r-~moQ>r Ja_ bmoho go XmJr OmE Am¡a {\$a ~m§YH$a Jmobr go C‹S>m {X`m OmE Ÿ&

"Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡' Zm_ go nmR>H$ H$m Ü`mZ EH$ nm¡am{UH$ n[adoe H$s Amoa Z Mbm OmE
Bg{bE boIH$ ñnï> H$a XoVo h¢ {H$ `h EH$ bú_r Zm_H$ b‹S>H$s Ho$ ~mao _| h¡, Omo H¡$X go Nw>Q>H$mam
MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
`h H$hmZr AmYw{ZH$ `wJrZ ñdmWm©Ýdofr _Zwî`m| go g§~§{YV h¡, {OgHo$ gm_Zo _mZdr` _yë`
{ZaW©H$ h¢ Ÿ& H¡$go EH$ AmX_r YZ OwQ>mZo Ho$ OwZyZ _| Xygam| Ho$ OrdZ H$s gmar Iwehmbr H$mo VhgZhg
H$a XoVm h¡, Cgr gm_m{OH$ {dH$Q> `WmW© H$mo Bg H$hmZr _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo g_mO _| KwZ
bJ JE _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s à{Vð>m H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ MoVZm Zd`wdH$ Jmo{dÝX Ho$ AmË_-{deofU Ho$
_mÜ`_ go Xem©`m h¡ Ÿ&
bmbm ê$nmam_ g_mO _| hmo ahr H$mbm~mOmar, YyVV© m, YmoImY‹S>r, A{dídmghrZVm, ñdmW©naVm,
{Z_©_Vm, XZ-bmobwnVm Am{X AdJwUm| Ho$ A{YH$mar h¢ Ÿ& {H$amE na _H$mZ boZo dmbm| H$mo H¡$go
{~Obr H$m IM© H$_ H$aZo H$mo _H$mZ _m{bH$ {hXm`V| XoVo h¢ Ohm± CgH$s EH$ PbH$ ^r Xr JB© h¡ Ÿ&
_m{bH$ H¡$go Xygam| go _wâV H$m_ boZm MmhVo h¢ CgH$s EH$ PbH$ Jmo{dÝX Ho$ à{V {_ór Ho$
H$WZ go ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ - hm± Wmo‹S>o {XZm| _| AnZo \$aO§X H$mo ^r Amngo n‹T>dmEJm Ÿ&
^mfm -e¡br :
Bg H$hmZr _| nmÌmZwHy$b ^mfm H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm nmÌm| H$s `mo½`Vm Am¡a g§ñH$ma Ho$
AZwHy$b h¡ Ÿ& n§ŠMa Omo‹S>Vo g_` {_ór gbr_ O¡gr ~mV H$hVm h¡, Cggo bmbm ê$nmam_ H$s H§$Oygr
Am¡a {_ór H$s P§PbmhQ> gm_Zo ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ - ""A~ _¢ ~m~yOr H$mo {H$ñgm ~VmD±$
`m BZ Q²>`y~m| go {ga \$moSy>± ? gmbo g‹S>H$a hbwAm Vmo hmo JE h¢ na ~XboJm Zht, _Z Vmo hmoVm h¡ g~H$mo
204
CR>mH$a Bg A§JrR>r _| aI Xy§, hmoJm gw~h Vmo XoIm OmEJm Ÿ&''
Mm¡H$sXma H$s Bg ^mfm _| AembrZVm bú` H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ - ""Š`m {OÝXJr h¡ ~oMmar H$s Ÿ&
~mn h¡ gmo ^moJ Zht H$a gH$Vm Am¡a N>mo‹S> Vmo gH$Vm hr Zht Ÿ& _oar Vmo C_« Zht ahr, daZm H$^r _Z
hmoVm h¡ bo OmD±$ ^JmH$a, hmoJm gmo XoIm OmEJm Ÿ&''
bo{H$Z Jmo{dÝX n‹T>m-{bIm `wdH$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo CgH$s ^mfm _| embrZVm hmoVr h¡ - bú_r Ho$
~mao _| AnZr AkmZVm H$mo ~VmVo hþE AmË_g_n©U Ho$ ^md go Mm¡H$sXma go H$hVm h¡ -"" Zht Vmo ^mB©,
_¢Zo ~Vm`m Vmo, _¢ BZHo$ ~mao _| Hw$N> ^r , H$VB©, Zht OmZVm Ÿ&''
Bg H$hmZr _| ì`§½` ^r H$hmZr H$mo Ord§V ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& am_ñdê$n O~ Jmo{dÝX H$mo "_w§erOr'
H$hH$a g§~mo{YV H$aVm h¡, V~ Jmo{dÝX _Z hr _Z ZmamO hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ _w§er Zm_ H$o$ gmW Omo
EH$ H$mZ na H$b_ bJmE, Jmob _¡br Q>monr, nwamZm H$moQ> nhZo, _w‹S>o-Vw‹S>o AmX_r H$s Vñdra gm_Zo
AmVr h¡, Cgo ~rg-~mBg gmb H$m `wdH$ Jmo{dÝX g§^mb Zht nmVm Ÿ&
H$hmZr _| Amb§H$m[aH$ à`moJm| H$s â_ma h¡, O¡go -Yrao-Yrao Cgo bJm, `h Ajam| H$s n§{º$
EH$ Eogr {I‹S>H$s H$s Ombr h¡, {OgHo$ nrN>o {~Iao ~mbm|dmbr EH$ {Zarh b‹S>H$s H$m Moham Pm§H$ ahm
h¡ Ÿ&
"bú_r Ho$ ~mao _| àíZm| H$m EH$ Pw§S> CgHo$ {X_mJ na Qy>Q> n‹S>m, O¡go {eH$mar Hw$Îmm| H$m ~m‹S>m
Imob {X`m J`m hmo Ÿ&'
"EH$ ~‹S>r bmoho H$s VamOy H$WH$br H$s _wÐm _| EH$ ~m±h D±$Mr {H$E bQ>H$s Wr Ÿ&'
"Am{Ve~mOr Ho$ AZma H$s Vah {X_mJ \$Q> n‹S>oJm Ÿ&' Mm¡H$sXma ^r Amdoe _| AmH$a ê$nmam_
Ho$ {bE H$h XoVm h¡ -" bmoJ O_m H$aVo h¢ {H$ ~¡R> H$a ^moJ§o Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h amjg Vmo O_m H$aZo _| hr
bJm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± àíZ h¡ {H$ {Og Ka _| ~oQ>r ~mn Ûmam H¡$X hmo, dhm± CgH$s VH$Xra H¡$go IwboJr ?
CÔoí` :
boIH$ Zo Bg H$hmZr _| `WmW© H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU H$aZo gm_m{OH$ MoVZm H$mo C^maZo H$m à`ËZ
{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g_mO _| bmbm ê$nmam_ Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ {d^r{fH$m H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE {_ór gbr_ Am¡a
Mm¡H$sXma {Xbmda qgh O¡go AmX_r Hw$N> H$a Zht gH|$Jo, Ho$db AnZm Ag§Vmof hr ì`º$ H$a|Jo Ÿ&
dmñVd n[adV©Z Jmo{dÝX O¡go Zm¡OdmZ hr H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ& g_mO H$mo ImoIbm ~mZ XoZo dmbo A§Y{dídmg
H$mo hQ>mZm n‹S>oJm Zht Vmo H$moB©-Z-H$moB© BgH$m {eH$ma hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
205
erf©H$ :
erf©H$ H$hmZr H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© BH$mB© h¡ `h M_ËH$ma CËnÞ H$aHo$ nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z H$mo H$hmZr
H$s Amoa AmH${f©V H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ h¡ -"Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡' `h erf©H$ n‹T>Vo hr nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _| H$m¡Vyhb
CËnÞ hmoJm {H$ {díd {Z`§Vm {dîUw H$s nËZr bú_r H$mo H¡$X H$aZo H$s e{º$ {H$gH$s hmo gH$Vr h¡ ?
_m`m grVm H$mo H¡$X ~ZmZo dmbo amdU H$m ñdU©b§H$m g{hV {dZme hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& A~ {\$a H¡$X H$aZo
dmbm H$m¡Z h¡ ?
Bg{bE H$hmZrH$ma nhbo go nmR>H$ H$m H$m¡Vyhb em§V H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ -Oam R>h[aE `h
H$hmZr {dîUw nËZr bú_r Ho$ ~mao _| Zht, bú_r Zm_H$s EH$ Eogr b‹S>H$s Ho$ ~mao _| h¡, Omo AnZr H¡$X
go Ny>Q>Zm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ&
bJVm h¡ {H$ `h AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s EH$ b‹S>H$s h¡ Omo AnZr Apñ_Vm Am¡a ñdm{YH$ma go d§{MV
h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo d§{MV H$aZo dmbo H$m {dZme hr dhr gMoVZ Am¡a _yë`ào_r `wdH$ H$a gHo$Jm Omo {dîUw H$s
Vah Ý`m` Am¡a Y_© H$s à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE AnZo hmW _| Aó YmaU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
AV: H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ àg§JmZwHy$b h¡ Ÿ&
----
206
ImoB© hþB© {XemE±
3.7.1 boIH$ n[aM` :

H$_boída H$m OÝ_ _¡Znwar _| 6 OZdar 1932 B©. H$mo hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZH$s àmW{_H$ {ejm
_¡Znwar _| Am¡a Cƒ {ejm à`mJ _| hþB© Wr Ÿ& à`mJ {díd{dÚmb` go CÝhm|Zo qhXr E_.E. Cnm{Y àmá
H$s Wr Ÿ& do AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm ñWmZ gwa{jV aIVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr
"H$m_aoS>' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m "Aßgam' _| 1951 _| EQ>m go àH$m{eV hþB© Wr Ÿ&
H$_boída Zo "ZB© H$hmZr' H$s na§nam _| geº$ boIZr MbmB© h¡ Ÿ& "ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' H$hmZr
g§J«h H$s ^y{_H$m _| CÝhm|Zo AnZo {dMma Bg àH$ma aIo h¢ - nwamZr H$hmZr _| ì`{º$ emar[aH$ ê$n _|
AmVm Wm Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ ê$n go H$WmH$ma Ÿ& ZB© H$hmZr _| `h {dMma Cgr eara _| Aì`pñWV ~w{Õ go
CnOVm h¡ {Ogo àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡ ... V~ {dMmam| H$mo hm‹S>-_m§g àXmZ {H$`m OmVm Wm, A~ hm‹S>-
_m§g Ho$ B§gmZ Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo ^r àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ôX Bg{bE h¡ {H$ V~ boIH$ AnZo H$mo
g_mO H$m {Z`m_H$, nW-àXe©H$ Am¡a ^{dî` Ðï>m _mZH$a MbVm Wm, A~ dh AnZo gh^moº$m, nW
H$m OrdZ gmWr Am¡a pñW{V`m| H$m {díbofU Am¡a àñVwV H$Îmm© _mZVm h¡ .... Bg{bE "ZB© H$hmZr'
{H$ñgmJmoB© H$m na§namdmXr ê$n Zht h¡ Ÿ&
ZB© H$hmZr _| {df`, ^mfm, e¡br Am¡a CÔoí` H$s Ñ{ï> go EH$-go-EH$ ZdrZ à`moJ hþE h¢ Ÿ&
"ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' Bg {deofVmAm| H$mo boH$a {bIr JB© EH$ H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ&
H¥${V`m± : H$hmZr g§J«h - amOm {Zad§{g`m, ImoB© hþB© {XemE±, _m§g H$m X[a`m, {OÝXm _wX}, _oar
{à` H$hm{Z`m±, H$ñ~o H$m AmX_r, ~`mZ Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg - EH$ g‹S>H$ gÎmmdZ J{b`m±, S>mH$ ~§Jbm, dhr ~mV, Imoò hþE _wgm{\$a, AmJm_r
AVrV, Vrgam AmX_r, H$mbr Am±Yr Ÿ&
ZmQ>H$ - MmébVm, AYyar AmdmO, H$_boída Ho$ ~mb ZmQ>H$ Ÿ&
207
3.7.2 H$Wmgma :
"ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' H$_boída H$s EH$ geº$ H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& {Og_| _hmZJar` ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
BgH$m _w»` nmÌ J«m_rU n[adoe _| nbm M§Xa h¡ {OgH$m ^mdwH$VmnyU© _Zmo^md h¡ Ÿ& dh AmË_r`Vm
MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ dh J§Jm Ho$ {H$Zmao ~gm AnZm eha N>mo‹S>H$a amOYmZr VWm _hmZJa {Xëbr Am OmVm
h¡ dhm± dh AnZo _| ì`{º$`m| H$s ^r‹S> _| dh n[aM` VbmeVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw Cgo An[aM` {_bVm h¡,
AHo$bmnZ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& gö`Vm H$s OJh Cgo {_bVm h¡ AdgmX, g§Ìmg, KwQ>Z, ^Q>H$md Ÿ& CgH$s
AmH$m§jmE± AYyar ah OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gnZo {~Ia OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h nam`m Am¡a AOZ~r hmoZo H$m ^md Cgo
PH$Pmoa XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa Omo bmoJ h¢, g~Ho$ g~ ñdmWu h¢ Ÿ& do Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$Vm
{Z^mVo h¢, bo{H$Z CZH$m _yb CÔoí` AnZm Cëby grYm H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& {Xëbr Ho$ bmoJ, g‹S>H|$, n‹S>mogr,
{deZ H$nya, Am°Q>mo S´>mBda gaXmaOr, {_Ì AmZÝX, nyd© ào`gr BÝÐm g~ MÝXa H$mo AOZ~r bJVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo nhbo AmË_r`Vm H$m {XImdm H$aVo h¢, nadVu g_` _| CZH$s Ag{b`V nH$‹S>r OmVr h¡ Am¡a
CZH$m nam`mnZ ApñVËd _| Am OmVm h§¡ Ÿ& `h g~ XoIH$a AmYw{ZH$ g_mO Ho$ nmÌ Ho$ ê$n _| Ho$db
N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡ Am¡a ^`^rV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa Ho$ H$Zm°Q> ßbog Ho$ [aJb ~gñQm>n na I‹S>o hmoH$a Ka bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ {bE ~g H$s àVrjm
H$aVo g_` AVrV H$s Hw$N> Pm±{H$`m± Cgo `mX Am OmVr h§¡ Ÿ& VrZ gmb nhbo dh {Og eha H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm Am`m Wm, dh AmË_r`Vm go âm Wm, na Bg _hmZJa _| Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ Amg-nmg
g¡H$‹S>m| bmoJ JwOaVo h¢ na Cgo H$moB© Zht nhMmZVm Ÿ& ha B§gmZ Cgo bmnadmh , Xygam| go H$Q>m hþAm Am¡a
{_Ï`m X§^ _| Sy>~m hþAm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$m n[adoe ^r Cgo AnZm `m AnZo Xoe H$m Zht bJVm Ÿ& `hm±
VH$ {H$ AnZo {H$amE H$m _H$mZ ^r Cgo AnZonZ H$m AZw^d H$aZo Zht XoVm Ÿ&
MÝXa H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ dh A~ Ka nh±w>MoJm Vmo ^r Cgo _oh_mZ-gm ì`dhma H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& Z
dh WH$mdQ> {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE {~ñVa na boQ> gH$Vm h¡ ŸZ AnZr nËZr H$mo ~m±hm| _| boH$a ß`ma H$a
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g^r na O¡gr _Zmhr h¡ Ÿ& {~ñVa na gm_mZ n‹S>m hmoJm Am¡a Ka _| {_goO Jwám H$s
AZmH$m§{jV CnpñW{V ahr hmoJr Ÿ& Cgo Z MmhVo hþE ^r AmË_r`Vm OVmZo Ho$ {bE {_goO Jwám go ~mV|
H$aZr hmoJr Ÿ& {_goJ Jwám Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX ~‹S>r {I‹S>H$s H$m naXm {IgH$mZm hmoJm Ÿ& IwamZm H$s
Va\$dmbr {I‹S>H$s ~§X H$aZr hmoJr Ÿ& ò g~ H$aVo g_` nËZr go ß`ma âr ~mV| H$hZo H$m _Z _waPm
OmEJm Am¡a CgHo$ _w±h go AMmZH$ Pw§PbmhQ> go âr ~mV {ZH$b OmEJr Ÿ& dh AOr~ gm ~oJmZmnZ
AZw^d H$aoJm Ÿ& `hr gmoM MÝXa Ho$ _Z _| EH$ àH$ma H$m g§Ìmg Am¡a N>Q>nQ>mhQ> n¡Xm H$a XoJr Ÿ&
208
n‹S>mo{g`m| Ho$ gmW H$moB© ñZohnyU© g§~§Y Z hmoZm ^r CgHo$ AHo$bonZ H$mo ~‹T>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& J¡aoO H$m
_m{bH$ gaXma hmo `m gm_Zo ahZo dmbo OZm©{bï> {~eZ H$nya hmo, g~ CgHo$ {bE AOZ~r h¢ Ÿ&
MÝXa S>màr {ZH$mbH$a AJbo {XZ Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s gyMr na ZOa S>mbVm h¡ Vmo Cgo `mX
AmVm h¡ {H$ Cgo A§J«oOr X¡{ZH$ Ho$ g§nmXH$ go {_bZm h¡, [aOd© ~¢H$ go MoH$ H¡$e H$amZm h¡, S>mH$Ka
OmH$a _ZrAmS>©a H$aZm h¡ Am¡a ao{S>`mo ñQ>oeZ OmH$a {H$grgo {_bZm h¡ Ÿ& BZ OJhm| na bmoJm| H$s ^r‹S>
hmoJr , na Cg_| go H$moB© CgHo$ n[a{MV Zht hm|Jo Ÿ& O~ H$mC§Q>a _| Cggo H$b_ _m§JH$a {bIZo dmbm
Cgo H$b_ bm¡Q>mEJm Vmo dh Yrao go W¢H$ `y H$hoJm, {Og_| H$moB© AmË_r`Vm Zht hmoJr Ÿ& MÝXa H$mo Bg
g_` Bbmhm~mX H$s KQ>ZmE± Am¡a do bmoJ `mX AmVo h¢, {OÝh| dh AÀN>r Vah OmZVm Wm Ÿ& `hm± Vmo ha
OJh An[aM` Am¡a AZmË_r`Vm H$m _mhm¡b H$MmoQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bm°Z _| Iob aho ~ƒm| H$s Am¡a
JmobJßno Im ahr _mVmAm| H$mo XoIH$a bJVm h¡ {H$ _mVmAm| H$s Am±Im| _| _mgy{_`V Aewa J[a_m go
âm hþAm ß`ma Zht h¡ daZ EH$ Iw_ma h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {Xëbr _| ahVo hþE VrZ gmb ~rV JE, na H$moB© AnZm
Zht hmo nm`m Ÿ&
MÝXa Zo Bg An[aM` Am¡a gyZonZ go _wº$ hmoZo Ho$ {bE ha ewH«$dma H$mo em_ Ho$ gmV ~Oo go Zm¡
~Oo VH$ AnZo go {_bZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© Wr Ÿ& AmO Cgo AMmZH$ `mX Am OmVm h¡ {H$ AmO ewH«$dma
h¡ Am¡a em_ Ho$ gmV ~Oo h¢ Ÿ& na CgH$m _Z AnZo go {_bZo go H$VamVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ~hmZo dh Cg
H$m`©H«$_ H$mo Q>mb XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& _Z AnZo go {_bZo H$mo K~amVm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa Ho$ nmg H$ht go Ky_Vm hþAm AmZÝX nh±þM OmVm h¡, Omo XmoñVr H$m ~hmZm H$aVm h¡, PyR>r
àe§gm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr _O~yar ~VmH$a Hw$N> n¡go CYma _m§JVm h¡, Omo H$^r bm¡Q>mE Zht OmE±Jo Ÿ&
MÝXa H$mo AmZÝX H$s ~mVm| _| AOr~-gm ~ZmdQ>rnZ {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
AmZÝX go Nw>Q>H$mam nmH$a MÝXa O~ Q>r-hmCg _| àdoe H$aVm h¡, dh dhm± ào_r-ào`gr H$s EH$
Eogr Omo‹S>r XoIVm h¡, Omo Z nhbo go n[a{MV aho hm|Jo Z CZH$m n[aM` AmJo ^r _O~yV hmoJm Ÿ& EH$
AOZ~r AmX_r Cggo n[a{MV hmoZo H$m ~hmZm H$aHo$ Hw$N> AQ>H$b§o bJmVm h¡ Am¡a A§V _| {Zame
hmoH$a Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa Q>r-hmCg go ~g ñQ>mn na AmVm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ H$mZm§o _| no‹S> go P‹S> JE nrbo nÎmm| H$s
Hw$MbZo go {ZH$br AmdmO n‹S>Vr h¡ Vmo Cgo AnZr nyd© ào`gr BÝÐm H$s `mX Am OmVr h¡, Omo Cg_|
Aeof g§^mdZm XoIH$a H$hm H$aVr Wr - ""MÝXa, Vw_ Š`m Zht H$a gH$Vo ?''
MÝXa Zo Cggo O~ H$hm Wm {H$ Vw_ _oar Im{Va AnZr {OÝXJr Š`m| Iam~ H$amoJr Vmo BÝÐm Zo
{dídmg âr gabVm go H$hm Wm -""_¢ Vwåhmao gmW ha hmbV _| gwIr ah±ÿJr Ÿ&'' bo{H$Z BÝÐm H$s Xygar
209
OJh emXr hmo JB© Am¡a Xmo _hrZo nhbo dh BÝÐm Am¡a CgHo$ n{V go {_bm Wm Ÿ& Bg g_` O~ BÝÐm Zo
Cgo {M‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$hm {H$ Cgo XyY go {M‹T> h¡ Am¡a Mm` _| Xygam Må_M MrZr S>mb XoZo go CgH$m
Jbm Iam~ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ MÝXa H$mo bJm Wm {H$ Bg AZOmZr Am¡a {~Z OmZ nhMmZ go âr ZJar
_| BÝÐm hr EH$ AHo$br h¡ Omo gmbm| ~mX ^r Cgo nhMmZVr h¡ Am¡a AmË_r` O¡gr ~mV H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE CgH$m _Z BÝÐm go {_bZo Ho$ {bE N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ&
V^r EH$ gaXma H$m Am°Q> mo Am OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh H$amob~mJ Ho$ JwéÛmam amoS> Ho$ {bE gdm[a`m|
H$mo ~wbmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh O~ MÝXa go AmBE ~m~yOr, H$hVm h¡, Vmo MÝXa H$mo ~‹S>r Iwer hmoVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ Cgo
H$_-go-H$_ EH$ Zo Vmo nhMmZ {b`m Ÿ& na Bg nhMmZ H$m {dídmg Xygao jU MH$ZmMya hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
O~ gaXma nhbr ~ma -"Xmo AmZo Am¡a Xr{OE gmh~' Am¡a Xygar ~ma Xmo AmZo N>¡ AmZo Vmo KQ> Zht b|
Xo ~mXemhm| !' H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa BÝÐm go {_bVm h¡ Vmo BÝÐm nhbo AnZo n{V H$s Xoa H$s ~mV ~VmH$a Cgo Mm` nrZo H$m
AZwamoY H$aVr h¡ Vmo MÝXa H$s gmar WH$mZ Xya hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m AHo$bmnZ H$m\y$a hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Xygao hr jU O~ BÝÐm nyN>Vr h¡ {H$ Mm` _| {H$VZr MrZr S>mb±y Am¡a MÝXa H$m Xmo Må_M H$hZo
na BÝÐm Xmo Må_M MrZr go Jbm Iam~ hmo OmZo H$s ~mV Z H$hH$a MwnMmn Xmo Må_M MrZr Mm` _|
S>mb XoVr h¡, V~ MÝXa H$m _Z Bg _oh_mZ~mOr go ^mar hmo OmVm h¡, eara H$s WH$mZ ~‹T> OmVr h¡,
_mWo na ngrZm Am OmVm h¡, dh O¡go-V¡go Mm` nrH$a ^mJ AmVm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa Ka nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& ImZm ImZo H$mo _Zm H$aVo hþE boQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm H$mo Eogr ZOa
go XoIVm h¡ O¡go Cg_| nwamZr nhMmZ Ty>±T> ahm hmo Ÿ& Cgo Ka H$m gmam gm_mZ AnZm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo
bJVm h¡ {H$ amV Ho$ A§Yoao _| ^r dh Q>Q>mobH$a H$moB© ^r MrO Ny>H$a nhMmZ gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡
{H$ dh AHo$bm Zht h¡ Ÿ& AOZ~r Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm Ho$ A§J-A§J H$mo Ny>Vm h¡ Ÿ& g~ Hw$N> Cgo
nhMmZm hþAm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m VZhm _Z {Z_©bm H$s n[a{MV J§Y Am¡a nhMmZo ñnem] _| Sy>~Vm OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Vmo Ho$db n[aM` H$s EH$ _m§J h¡ Ÿ& dh nwamZr àVr{V MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm H$mo ~m±hm| _|
boH$a ß`ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na Xygao hr jU {Z_©bm H$adQ> ~Xb XoVr h¡ Am¡a Jhar ZtX _| gmo OmVr h¡, V~
MÝXa AnZo H$mo {\$a ~ohX AHo$bm _hgyg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm Ho$ gmao eara H$mo Q>Q>mobH$a Cgo
nhMmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡, CgHo$ ~mbm| H$mo gy§KH$a CgH$s J§Y H$mo nhMmZZo H$s H$mo{em H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo S>a h¡ {H$ H$ht {Z_©bm OmJ Z OmE Am¡a Cgo AOZ~r _mZH$a Mm¢H$ Z OmE Ÿ& {Z_©bm H$s ZtX Zht
Qy>Q>Vr Vmo MÝXa H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ Š`m {Z_©bm CgHo$ ñne© H$mo Zht nhMmZVr Ÿ&
MÝXa {Z_©bm H$mo PH$Pmoa H$a nyN>Vm h¡ -""_wPo nhMmZVr hmo ? _wPo nhMmZVr hmo {Z_©bm ?''
210
3.7.3 M[aÌ-{MÌU :
MÝXa AHo$bonZ H$s nr‹S>m PobZodmbm - MÝXa Ho$ M[aÌ _| {ZåZ{b{IV {deofVmE±
nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& MÝXa {Xëbr _hmZJa _| ah ahm h¡ Omo ha H$X_ na AHo$bmnZ _hgyg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `hr
N>Q>nQ>mhQ> CgH$m _mZ{gH$ g§VwbZ {~Jm‹S> XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo AnZo eha H$m Mßnm-Mßnm _mby_ Wm Ÿ& J§Jm
{H$Zmao na ^r Cgo H$moB© AZOmZ AmX_r {_b OmVm Wm Vmo {\$a ^r ZOam| go nhMmZ H$s EH$ PbH$ V¡a
OmVr Wr Ÿ& Cgo Bbmhm~mX Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o H$n‹S>o _m{bH$ H$m B{Vhmg ^r _mby_ Wm `hm± g^r An[a{MV
h¢ Ÿ& ~¢H$ _| Bbmhm~mX H$m ŠbH©$ A_aZmW göX`Vm go H$m_ H$a XoVm Wm Ÿ& `hm± {H$go go göX`Vm H$s
Amem aIZm _yI©Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$mD§$Q>a _| {bIZo Ho$ {bE noZ _m§JH$a boZo dmbm AmX_r ^r
Yrao go W¢H$ `y H$hH$a ~mE± hmW go noZ bm¡Q>mVo g_` H$moB© AmË_r`Vm {XImB Zht XoVr Ÿ& `hm± MÝXa
~gm| H$m AmZm-OmZm, gdm[a`m| H$mo CVaZm M‹T>Zm Am¡a AnZo H$m_ _| ì`ñVVm go Mbo OmZm Am{X
`m§{ÌH$ H$m`© H$bmn XoIH$a D$~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$moB© {H$gr H$mo Zht nhMmZVm, {H$gr H$s nadmh Zht
H$aVm Ÿ& MÝXa H$mo OZ©{bñQ> {~eZ H$nya go H$moB© ì`{º$JV n[aM` Zht h¡ CZHo$ Ka na AmZodmbr
{_goO Jwám go ^r Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$ ~mVMrV H$m g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa H$mo amOYmZr H$s H$moB© ^r MrO AnZr Zht bJVr Ÿ& dh gmoMVm h¡ {H$ `hm± ~hþV-gr
g‹S>Ho$ h¢, na do H$ht Zht nh±þMmE±Jr, daZ ^yb^wb¡`m _| S>mb X|Jr Ÿ& `hm± g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao Ka h¢, na
\$mQ>H$ ImobH$a OmZo H$mo _Zmhr h¡ Ÿ& ~JrMo _| \y$b {Ibo hm|Jo na Vmo‹S>Zm _Zm h¡ Ÿ&
MÝXa AHo$bonZ go BVZm g§ÌñV h¡ {H$ dh AnZr `moOZm _wVm{~H$ ha ewH«$dma H$mo em_ H$mo
gmV ~Oo go Zm¡ ~Oo VH$ {_bZo go H$VamVm h¡ Ÿ& H$m©B©-Z-H$moB© ~hmZm ~mZH$a Xygao H$m_ _| bJ OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ WH$m-_m§Xm hmoH$a amV H$mo Ka na nh±þMZo na ^r Cgo AnZr nËZr go {Xb
ImobH$a ~mV H$aZo H$m Adga ^r Zht {_boJm, Š`m|{H$ dhm± AZMmho _oh_mZ H$s Vah {_goO Jwám
CnpñWV ahr hm|Jr Ÿ& Eogo g_` _| CgH$m ß`ma _waPm OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh Pw§Pbm CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& VWm
EH$mH$snZ _hgyg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
bmoJm| Ho$ ñdmWu _Zmo^md go D$~ : - MÝXa _hmZJar` n[adoe _| bmoJm| H$m ñdmWu
_Zmo^md XoH$H$a D$~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& XmoñV AmZÝX Z bm¡Q>mE OmZo dmbo CYma Ho$ {bE XmoñVr Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a
Xmo Mma Mmnbygr ~mV| H$hH$a dh AnZm ñdmW© hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ MŠH$a _| ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Am°Q>mo S´>mBda EH$
gdmar nmZo Ho$ {bE göX`Vm Ho$ gmW n[a{MV hmoZo H$m ^md {XImVm h¡, na Am°Q>mo go CVaVo g_`
A{YH$ {H$amE Ho$ {bE ~‹S>r éImB© go noe AmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mC§Q>a _| noZ _m§JH$a boZo dmbm ^r AnZo
211
ì`dhma _| H$moB© EhgmZ àH$Q> Zht H$aVm Ÿ& MÝXa H$mo ò g~ IQ>H$Vo h¢ Ÿ& _ZrAmS>©a Ho$ H$mC§Q>a _|
BVZr ~‹S>r ^r‹S> _| ^r O~ Cgo H$moB© Zht nhMmZVm Vmo dh {~bHw$b AHo$bm n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
ào`gr Ho$ ~Xbo hþE AmMaU go {djwãY :

MÝXa go BÝÐm ~hþV ß`ma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Cggo emXr H$aHo$ dh ha hmbV _| gwIr ahZo H$m {dídmg
{XbmVr h¡ Ÿ& na MÝXa ñnï> H$a XoVm h¡ {H$ _¢ ImZm~Xmoe H$s Vah {OÝXJr â ^Q>H$ gH$Vm h±ÿ Ÿ& _¢
Zht MmhVm {H$ AnZr {OÝXJr _oar Im{Va {~Jm‹S> bmo Ÿ&
dhr BÝÐm Xygar OJh emXr H$aHo$ {Xëbr _| ah ahr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ Am¡a CgHo$ n{V Ho$ gmW MÝXa
H$s _wbmH$mV hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo BÝÐm AnZr ~mVMrV _| ~‹S>r AmË_r`Vm {XImVr h¡ Ÿ& dh MÝXa H$mo
{M‹T>mZo Ho$ AÝXmO _| AJa Xmo Må_M MrZr S>mb Xr JB© Vmo MÝXa H$m Jbm Iam~ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo
MÝXa H$s ñ_¥{V VmOm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhr BÝÐm AnZo Ka na MÝXa H$mo Zm¡ ~Oo amV H$mo AmVo hþE XoIH$a
AnZr ~mVMrV _| Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$Vm H$m {Zdm©h H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& bm¡Q>Zo _| n{V H$s Xoa hmo OmZo go AnZr
qMVm àH$Q> H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& MÝXa go O~ dh nyN>Vr h¡ {H$ Mm` _| MrZr {H$VZr Xy§, V~ `h gwZH$a MÝXa
An[aM` Ho$ ^` go g§ÌñV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _mWo na ngrZm Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ^r H$moB© [aíVm
Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE dh Xmo Må_M H$h XoVm h¡ Vm{H$ nwamZr ñ_¥{V {\$a VmOr hmo OmE Ÿ& na O~ gM_wM BÝÐm
Xmo Må_M MrZr S>mbH$a Cgo Mm` ~‹T>m XoVr h¡ V~ MÝXa H$s BÀN>m hþB© {H$ Xrdma na {ga nQ>H$ X| Ÿ& dh
{H$gr Vah dhm± go ^mJ AmVm h¡ Ÿ& BÝÐm MÝXa go EH$ _oh_mZ H$s Vah ~mVMrV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| H$moB©
AmË_r`Vm Zht h¡, Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$Vm H$m {Zdm©h h¡, EH$ AZMmho _oh_mZ go amhV nmZo H$s àVrjm
h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$amZr H$m AmH$a Mm` aI OmZm ^r AZmË_r`Vm H$m gyMH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$Vm go _moh^§J :
MÝXa AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ a§J _| a§Jo hþE bmoJm| Ho$ ~ZmdQ>r hmd-^md H$mo XoI$H$a D$~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
bm°Z _| ~ƒm| H$s eŠb§o Am¡a eamaV| XoIH$a Cgo ~hþV nhMmZr-gr bJVr h¢, na Cgo JmobJßno ImVr
hþB© _på_`m± AOZ~r bJVr h¡, {OZH$s Am±Im| _| _mgy{_`V Am¡a J[a_m go âm ß`ma Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
MÝXa Q>r-hmCg _| AmZo dmbo EH$ Omo‹S>o H$mo XoIVm h¡ {Oggo bJVm h¡ {H$ CZH$m n[aM` ~hþV
nwamZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ nmg göX`Vm âr ~mVMrV H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© {df` Zht h¡, Bg{bE do Ho$db
g_` {~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& Q>r-hmCg _| MÝXa go H$moB© An[a{MV AmX_r n[a{MV hmoZo H$m ZmVm Omo‹S>Vm h¡, na
gmar AQ>H$bo O~ {ZamYma gm{~V hmoVr h¡, V~ dh CR> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
212
Q>r-hmCg H$s Xrdma na Q>§Jr K‹S>r h_oem dº$ go AmJo MbVr h¡ Vmo AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Xm¡‹S> Ho$
àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s PbH$ S>mÝg H$s V¡`mar Am¡a ~moëJm na O_ ahr ^r‹S>
go {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {OZ go MÝXa AnZo H$mo g_m`mo{OV Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ&
AnZr nËZr go ^r AOZ~rnZ H$m ~moY :

MÝXa Ka nh±þMVm h¡ Vmo nËZr {Z_©bm _wñH$amH$a Yrao go ~m±hm| na hmW aIH$a Cggo nyN>Vr h¡,
"~hþV WH$ JE ?' {Z_©bm ImZm bJVo hþE Cggo hmW-_w±h Ymo boZo H$mo H$hVr h¡ Vmo MÝXa Cgo ß`ma go
XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& _H$mZ {H$amò H$m hmoZo na ^r Cgo AnZm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ amV Ho$ A§Yoao _|
^r dh àËòH$ MrO H$mo Ny> gH$Vm h¡, nhMmZ gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm Ho$ A§J-A§J _| nwamZr nhMmZ
AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na {Z_©bm H$mo ß`ma H$aVo g_` nhMmZo ñnem] _| Sy>~Vm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na {Z_©bm O~
H$adQ> ~Xb H$a Jhar ZtX _| OmVr h¡, V~ MÝXa AnZo H$mo ~ohX AHo$bm _hgyg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
CgHo$ eara H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE Q>Q>mobVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s gm§gm| H$s hbH$s AmdmO H$mo gwZZo Am¡a
nhMmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& MÝXa H$mo bJVm h¡ Bg ñne©$> go {Z_©bm H$s ZtX H$ht Qy>Q> Z OmE Am¡a
dh AOZ~r H$s Vah Mm¢H$ Z OmE Ÿ& {Z_©bm O~ gmoVo-gmoVo EH$-EH$H$a gm±g boVr h¡, V~ MÝXa H$mo
bJVm h¡ {H$ em`X {Z_©bm CgHo$ ñne© H$mo nhMmZ Zht nmVr hmo, Cgo S>a-gm bJ ahm hmo `m H$moB©
^`§H$a gnZm XoI ahr hmo Ÿ& MÝXa AnZm _mZ{gH$ g§VwbZ Imo ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm H$mo PH$Pmoa H$a
CR>m XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {~Obr ObmH$a Cgo nH$‹S> boVm h¡ Am¡a S>ar hþB© AmdmO go nyN>Vm h¡ -"" _wPo nhMmZVr
hmo ? _wPo nhMmZVr hmo ?'' {Z_©bm Bg KQ>Zm go AmíM`© M{H$V hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a MÝXa Cg_| nwamZr
nhMmZ Ty>§T>Vm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma MÝXa AmYw{ZH$ nr‹T>r H$m EH$ M[aÌ h¡ Omo bmoJm| _| g§~§Y T>y>±T>Vm h¡ ŸAm¡a Cgo ha
H$X_ na An[aM` H$m Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo n[adoe go ÌñV h¡, _w{º$ Ho$ {bE N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡, na
{ZH$bZo H$m _mJ© Cgo {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& AnZr {Z`{V H$mo ^moJZo Ho$ {bE dh A{êá h¡, Cgo H$moB©
{Xem-{ZX}e H$a Zht nmVm Ÿ& _yë`hrZVm Ho$ n[adoe _| n[aM`hrZVm H$m {eH$ma hmoH$a dh AnZr
Apñ_Vm H$s b‹S>mB© b‹S>Vm h¡, na hma CgHo$ hmW bJVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$hmZr -H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go H$hmZr H$s g_rjm H$aVo g_` BgHo$ VËdm| na MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
ò VËd h¢ -1) H$WmdñVw, 2) M[aÌ-{MÌU, 3) g§dmX, 4) Xoe-H$mb VWm dmVmdaU, 5) ^mfm-
e¡br, 6) CÔoí`, 7) erf©H$ Ÿ&
213
H$WmdñVw :
H$_boída H$s H$hmZr "ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ H$s EH$ geº$ à{V{Z{Y H$hmZr
h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m _w»` M[aÌ MÝXa h¡, Omo AmYw{ZH$ `wJrZ n[adoe _| AmË_r`VmnyU© g§~§Y MmhZo na ^r ha
OJh Cgo Am¡nMm[aH$Vm, ñdmW©nyU© , ~ZmdQ>r g§~§Y Am¡a ~oJmZmnZ hr {_bVm h¡ {Oggo dh N>Q>nQ>mVm
h¡ Ÿ& MÝXa VrZ gmb nhbo J§Jm Ho$ {H$Zmao na ~gm hþAm AnZm eha N>mo‹S>H$a _hmZJa amOYmZr
{Xëbr _| AmH$a ~g J`m h¡ Ÿ& AnZo nwamZo eha _| Cgo Omo AmË_r` H$m n[adoe {_bVm Wm, AmO
~XbVo g_` _| AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ MnoQ> _| AmE _hmZJa {Xëbr _| Cgo Zht {_b nmVm Ÿ& dh AHo$bonZ
Am¡a AOZ~rnZ go N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡, Cgo H$ht ^r AmË_r`Vm n[aM` Apñ_Vm H$s ñdrH¥${V Zht {_b
nmVr Ÿ& Cgo Bbmhm~mX Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV -gr OmZH$m[a`m± Wt Ÿ& J§Jm Ho$ {H$Zmao {_bZo dmbo OmZo-nhMmZo
bJVo Wo Ÿ& {Xëbr Ho$ ~¢H$ H$mC§Q>a _| Bbmhm~mX dmbm A_aZmW O¡gm göX` ŠbH©$ ^r {_b OmVm
Wm, BÝÐm go ^r ß`ma hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&
na {Xëbr _| AmH$a Cgo AmZÝX O¡gm _Vb~r gmWr {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Q>r-hmCg _| AQ>H$b|
bJmH$a n[aM` Am¡a XmoñVr ~‹T>mZo Ho$ AOZ~r bmoJ ^r {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {~eZ H$nya O¡go n‹S>mogr h¢
{Oggo CgH$s EH$ ~ma ^r _wbmH$mV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& {_goO Jwám AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE CZHo$ _H$mZ _|
AmH$a CgH$m g_` Iam~ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Am°Q>mo S´>mBda AQ>mo _| {~R>mVo g_` n[a{MV hmoZo H$s AmË_r`Vm
{XImVm h¡, na CVaVo g_` {H$amE Ho$ {bE Xwd©MZ ^r H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Q>r-hmCg _| Eogo ào_r-ào`gr
{_bVo h¢, {OZH$m n[aM` Ho$db Cgr g_` VH$ gr{_V h¡ Ÿ& dh {Xëbr _| AnZr nyd© ào`gr BÝÐm go
{_bZo O~ CgHo$ Ka na nh±þMVm h¡ Vmo BÝÐm AnZo n{V H$s Xoa Ho$ {bE qMVm àH$Q> H$aVr h¡ ŸAm¡a EH$
_oh_mZ H$s Vah MÝXa go Ho$db Am¡nMm[aH$Vm {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE ~mVMrV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `h OmZVo hþE ^r
{H$ MÝXa H$s Mm` _| Xmo Må_M MrZr S>mb XoZo go CgH$m Jbm Iam~ hmo OmVm h¡, {\$a ^r Cggo
AZOmZ H$s Vah {H$VZr MrZr S>mby±, `h nyN>Vr h¡ Am¡a gM_wM Xmo Må_M MrZr S>mb XoVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go
{H$ nwamZr ñ_¥{V Imo JB© hmo Ÿ& V~ ~hþV {Zame hmoH$a MÝXa Ka bm¡Q>Vm h¡ na nËZr {Z_©bm H$s ß`ma âr
~mV go Iwe hmo OmVm h¡ Cgo AnZËd H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AHo$bonZ Ho$ ZmJnme go _w{º$ {_b OmZo H$m
{dídmg hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {H$amE H$m _H$mZ ^r AnZm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nËZr {Z_©bm Ho$ A§J-A§J H$mo
Ny>H$a Cgo ß`ma H$aVo g_` Cg_| AnZonZ H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡, Cgo Jhar nhMmZ H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& na {Z_©bm O~ H$adQ> ~XbH$a Jhar ZtX _| gmo OmVr h¡, V~ MÝXa H$mo {\$a AHo$bonZ H$m
Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {Z_©bm Ho$ eara H$mo Ny>H$a nhMmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Cgo S>a bJVm h¡ {H$
Š`m gM_wM {Z_©bm CgHo$ ñne© H$mo Zht nhMmZVr ? MÝXa O~ {Z_©bm H$mo PH$Pmoa XoVm h¡, V~
214
{Z_©bm Mm¢H$H$a CR> OmVr h¡ Am¡a Am±I| _bVo hþE àH¥${VñW hmoZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ {~Obr
ObmH$a MÝXa Cggo nyN>Vm h¡ - "_wPo nhMmZVr hmo, _wPo nhMmZVr hmo {Z_©bm ?'' MÝXa {Z_©bm _|
nwamZr nhMmZ Ty>±T>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
M[aÌ-{MÌU :
Bg H$hmZr _| _w»` M[aÌ MÝXa h¡, BÝÐm, {Z_©bm, OZm©{bñQ> {~eZ H$nya, Am±Q>mo H$m n§Om~r
S´>mBda, Q>r hmCg _| AmZodmbo ào_r-n«o`gr, AmZÝX g§~§Y Omo‹S>Zo H$s H$mo{em H$aZo dmbm AOZ~r Am{X
Jm¡U nmÌ h¢, Omo H$WmZH$ H$mo J{V XoVo h¢ Am¡a AnZr Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| H$mo ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
MÝXa J§Jm Ho$ {H$Zmao ~go AnZo eha H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a VrZ gmb nhbo _hmZJa VWm amOYmZr
{Xëbr _| Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& V~ go dh An[aM` Am¡a AHo$bonZ H$s `mVZm Pob ahm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ nyd©
n«o`gr BÝÐm ^r AnZo ì`dhma _| Am¡nMm[aH$Vm _mÌ {Zdm©h H$aVr h¡ V~ MÝXa KwQ>Z, nr‹S>m, g§Ìmg go
N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AJbo {XZ Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo `mX H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ ha OJh dh Xygam|
go An[a{MV hmoJm Ÿ& dh AHo$bonZ Ho$ S>a go BVZm K~amVm h¡ {H$ AnZo go {_bZo Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ H$mo
Q>mbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {_Ì AmZÝX hmo `m Am°Q>mo S´>mBda hmo g^r _| Cgo ñdmW© H$s J§Y {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo bm°Z
_| I‹S>o no‹S> ^r VZhm bJVo h¢ Ÿ& H$ZmQ>-ßbog H$s BVZr ~‹S>r ^r‹S> _| ^r dh AnZo H$mo AHo$bm _hgyg
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bm°Z _| ~ƒm| H$mo bm‹B© hþB© _på_`m± ^r Cgo __Vm_`r _mby_ Z hmoH$a Iw_ma go âr bJVr
h¢ Ÿ& A§V _| dh AnZr nËZr _| AnZr nwamZr nhMmZ Ty>±T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ß`ma H$aVo g_` Vmo MÝXa H$mo
AnZonZ H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡, na CgHo$ gmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX MÝXa AZOmZ ~Z OmZo Ho$ S>a go ^`^rV hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh nËZr {Z_©bm H$mo PH$Pmoa H$a CR>mH$a nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ dh nhMmZVr h¡ `m Zht Ÿ& _yë`~moYm|
H$s {JamdQ> AmB© AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ gmW dh AnZo H$mo T>mb Zht gH$m, A{nVw {dJV {XZm| H$s ghmZw^y{V,
AmË_r`Vm {bE V‹S>nVm h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _| N>Q>nQ>mVm h¡ Ÿ&
BÝÐm MÝXa H$s nyd© ào`gr h¡, Omo MÝXa H$mo OrdZ -gmWr ~ZmZo H$s bmbgm go CgHo$ gmW ha
hmbV _| ahZo H$m {ZU©` bo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& nadVu g_` _| CgH$s emXr Xygar OJh hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ
go {Xëbr _| CZH$s _wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡ Vmo Cggo {_bZo MÝXa CgHo$ Ka na nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Ho$db MÝXa
go _oh_mZ H$s Vah Am¡nMm[aH$ ~mV| H$aHo$ MÝXa Ho$ _Z H$mo R>og nh±þMmVr h¡ Ÿ& MÝXa H$m XmoñV AmZÝX
PyR>r Mmnbygr H$aHo$ Z bm¡Q>mZo dmbo CYma Ho$ {bE _m¡H$m Ty>±T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& n§Om~r Am°Q>mo S´>mBda gdmar go
göX`Vm nyU© ~mV nhbo Vmo H$aVm h¡ na A{YH$ {H$am`m E|R>Vo g_` H$‹S>mB© go ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
OZ©{bñQ> {~eZ H$nya Ho$ gmW n‹S>m¡{g`m| H$m H$moB© VmbwH$ Zht h¡ Ÿ& {_goO Jwám ^r EH$ ñdmWu n‹S>mo{gZ
215
h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmX :
H$hmZr _| g§dmX H$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& Bggo H$hmZr _| OmZ Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _|
nmÌm| Ho$ _w±h go g§dmX Ho$db MÝXa Am¡a BÝÐm, MÝXa Am¡a S´>mBda, MÝXa Am¡a AmZÝX Ho$ ~rM Wmo‹S>o
g_` Ho$ {bE h¡ Ÿ& ~mH$s g~ nyd© Xr{á Ho$ ê$n _| MÝXa H$s gmoM H$mo H$hmZrH$ma ~VmVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
nhbr ~mVMrV _| Ohm± BÝÐm _| göX`Vm, ào_ Ho$ nwbH$ Jhao {dídmg H$s PbH|$ {_bVr h¢, dhm±
Xygar _wbmH$mV _| Am¡nMm[aH$Vm , AZ_ZonZ Am¡a An[a{MV O¡go ^md Câ AmVo h¢ Ÿ& MÝXa Ho$ gmW
XmoñV AmZÝX Am¡a n§Om~r S´>mBda {Ogo T>§J go noe AmVo h¢, Cggo ñdmWu _Zmo^md H$m n[aM` {_bVm
h¡ Ÿ&

"ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' H$hmZr _| Xoe-H$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU H$m Ord§V {MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo
MÝXa Ho$ AÝV_©Z Ho$ AHo$bonZ Ho$ gmW ~mø OJV àH¥${V Ho$ AHo$bonZ H$m ^r {MÌU hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
bm°Z _| I‹S>o VZhm no‹S> Amg_mZ _| C‹S> ahr Mrb|, J§Xbo Amg_mZ Ho$ ZrMo AOr~ XrI ahr Om_m
_pñOX Ho$ Jw§~X Am¡a _rZma Am±I| bmb -nrbr H$aZo dmbr ~{V`m± {~Zm nhMmZ Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m| bmoJm| H$s
AmdmOmhr, dº$ go nhbo MbZo dmbr K‹S>r, Q>r hmCg H$s ImoIbr h±gr S>mÝg H$s V¡`mar, Mmobr H$m
{dkmnZ, ~moëJm na {dXo{e`m| H$s ^r‹S>, {H$gr ^r _H$mZ Ho$ \$mQ>H$ na Hw$Îmm| go gmdYmZ ahZo H$s
MoVmdZr , \y$bm| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo H$s _Zmhr, Pm{‹S>`m| H$s gyIr Q>h{Z`m| _| bQ>H$m AmBgH«$s_ H$m Imbr
H$mJO, eam~ H$s Imbr ~moVb ò gmar ~mV| AHo$bonZ Am¡a AOZ~rnZ H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$a ahr h¢ Ÿ&
`hr ~mV ha B§gmZ _| nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _Vb~ XmoñV AmZÝX H$m AMmZH$ H$ht go Q>nH$Zm,
{H$bo Ho$ I§S>ha Ho$ ~mao _| JmBS>m| H$m _ZJT>§V dU©Z, {_goO Jwám H$m MÝXa Ho$ H$_ao _| AZmH$m§{jV
ê$n go CnpñWV ahZm, BÝÐm H$s Zm¡H$amZr H$m Mm` bmZm, gOr-YOr _{hbm H$m Q>r-hmCg _| AmZm,
J¡aoO _m{bH$ gaXma H$m n§Ðh gmb nwamZo _¡Ho${ZH$ na ^r {dídmg Z H$aZm, H$mC§Q>a _| An[a{MV
bmoJm| Ho$ gmW I‹S>o ahZm - Am{X ^r ~oJmZonZ H$s Amoa Bemam H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&
MÝXa VrZ gmb nhbo AnZm eha N>mo‹S>H$a {Xëbr Am`m h¡ Cgo Bg n[ad{V©V g_` Am¡a
n[adoe _| g~ Hw$N> nam`m bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh g^r Ho$ {bE AOZ~r h¡ Ÿ& g~ `hm± AnZo H$m_ VWm ñdmW©
_| ì`ñV h¢, bmnadmh h¢ Ÿ& `hm± EH$ Eogm n[adoe h¡, Ohm± Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na {H$gr H$s ghm`Vm H$s
216
g§^mdZm ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& {Xb ImobH$a ~mV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr Ho$ nmg g_` Zht h¡ Ÿ& `hm± _mZdr`
_yë`m| _| {JamdQ> ZOa AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
^mfm-e¡br :
Bg H$hmZr H$s ^mfm ~hþV Znr-Vwbr Am¡a àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ `wJrZ n[adoe H$mo
COmJa H$aZo Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr eãXm| H$s â_ma ^r h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr pñW{V H$s ~oXXu H$mo ~VmZo Ho$ {bE ^r
d¡gr ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& O¡go ~g| Oy±-Oy± H$aVr AmVr h¢ - EH$ jU {R>R>H$Vr h¢ - EH$ Amoa
go gdm[a`m| H$mo CJbVr h¡ Am¡a Xygar Amoa go {ZJb H$a AmJo ~‹T> OmVr h¢ Ÿ& na BÝÐm Ho$ Bg H$WZ _|
ß`ma Q>nH$ n‹S>Vm h¡ - Eogr ~mV| Š`m| H$aVo hmo MÝXa _¢ Vwåhmao gmW ha hmbV _| gwIr ah±ÿJr Ÿ&
boIH$ {H$gr dU©Z _| Ab§H¥$V e¡br H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢, O¡go - CgH$s H§$Q>rbr ~am¡{Z`m| go
{dídmg âr _mgy{_`V N>bH$ ahr Wr Am¡a B§Ðm Ho$ H$mZ _| n‹S>o hþE Hw§$S>b nmZr _| V¡aVr _N>{b`m|
H$s Vah PbH$ OmVo Wo Ÿ&
n§Om~r Am°Q>mo S´>mBda H$s Am±Im| _| O~ nhMmZ H$s naN>mB© VH$ Zht hmoVr V~ dh ~‹S>r éjVm
go Mma AmZo ... Agr Vo N>¡ AmZo Vmo KQ> Zht b|Xo ~mXemhmo Ÿ!
AmZÝX ^r AnZo _Vb~ go {H$Vm~r VarHo$ go MÝXa go H$hVm h¡ - hbmo, `hm± H¡$go, Š`m|
b‹S>{H$`m| na Owë_ T>m aho hmo ?
CÔoí` :
ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo dmbm| _| H$_boída H$m Zm_ AJ«JÊ` h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _|
ZB© H$hmZr Ho$ VËd na§namJV g§~§Ym| Am¡a AmñWmAm| go _moh ^§J , OrdZ _| AHo$bonZ Am¡a AOZ~rnZ
H$m Ahgmg CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ g§X^© _| MÝXa H$m _hmZJar` ~moY `hm± `WmW© àVrV hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& `hm± {ZVmÝV AmË_J«ñV d¡`{º$H$ gË` H$mo H$WmZH$ H$m ê$n {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a MÝXa Ho$ ~XbVo
n[adoe _| hþE _mZ{gH$ {djon H$mo ^mdwH$Vm Am¡a H$éUm Ûmam A{^ì`º$ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _|
H$hmZrH$ma H$m CÔoí` h¡ - g_ñV gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE _yë`hrZVm, hVmem, g§Ìmg ,
N>Q>nQ>mhQ> H$mo àH$Q> H$aZm Ÿ& MÝXa H$mo _hmZJa _| Omo AZw^d hmoVm h¡ - g_gm_m{`H$ OrdZ H$s
{dg§J{V`m± dh h¡ AmË_r`Vm Ho$ {XImdo Ho$ ^rVa {N>nr hþB© namEnZ H$s Ag{b`V Ÿ& `hr ^moJm hþAm
`WmW© h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| g_mO Ho$ à{V A{dídmg CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym| Am¡a Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| na
nwZ{d©Mma H$aZo Ho$ {bE nmR>H$ Ho$ gm_Zo àíZ I‹S>o H$a {XE JE h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _| MÝXa H$s EH$ amñVm
217
nmZo H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ> _wI[aV h¡ Ÿ&
erf©H$ :
H$hmZr _| erf©H$ H$m ñWmZ ^r _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& `h Zm_ àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_mÝ` AW© go CR>H$a
{deof AW© H$m ÚmoVH$ ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
ImoB© hþB© {XemE±' EH$ àVrH$mË_H$ erf©H$ h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ g§X^© _| OrdZ ~hþV O{Q>b ~Z J`m
h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` Ho$ gm_Zo H$moB© {ZpíMV {Xem Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s _§{Ob H$hm± h¡, BgH$m nVm Cgo Zht h¡ Ÿ& {OZ
_mZdr` _yë`m| Ho$ âmogo dh OrZm MmhVm h¡ do g~ {Vamo{hV hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& A{ZpíMV {Xem _| AmJo ~‹T>Zm
_mZd H$s {Z`{V ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& `hr {dMma erf©H$ _| ñnï> hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
----
218

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DDCE Utkal University

Certified that Syllabus & Courses of

H$Wm gm{hË`, CnÝ`mg Am¡a H$hmZr

H$Wm gm{hË`, CnÝ`mg Am¡a H$hmZr

1.2 H$Wm gma

1.3 ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s pñW{V

1.4 Jm` H$m _hËd

1.5 emofU - Am{W©H$ (F$U g_ñ`m), gm_m{OH$, `m¡Z

1.6 amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ, ñdamO H$s MoVZm

1.7 M[aÌ -{MÌU

1.9 DeY³eeme àMve

1.3 ^maVr` {H$gmZm| H$s pñW{V :

1.4.. Jm` H$m _hÎd :

1.5.. Jm±d H$m gm_m{OH$ OrdZ/emofU :

2.2 nwañH$ma Am¡a aMZmE±

2.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| amOZ¡{VH$ n[aÑí`

2.5 amJ Xa~mar Ho$ ì`§½`

2.7 {ejm ì`dñWm

2.8 J~Z Am¡a KygImoar

2.9 Ý`m` ì`dñWm

2.10 J«m_rU {dH$mg H$s pñW{V`m±

2.11 gm_m{OH$ pñW{V

2.13 {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go M[aÌm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z

2.14 CÀN¥>§Ib Am¡a `m¡Z -bmbgm

2.15 M[aÌ -{MÌU

2.17 DeY³eeme àMve

lrbmb ewŠb - 31 {Xgå~a 1925-28. AŠQy>~a 2011

OÝ_ : bIZD$ {Obo Ho$ AVam¡br Jm±d _|

gr_mE± Qy>Q>Vr h¢ - 1973

AmX_r H$m Oha - 1972

{dlm_nwa H$m g§V - 1998

2.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| amOZ¡{VH$ n[aÑí` :

am_ZJa dmbo MwZmd _| :

2.5 amJ Xa~mar Ho$ ì`§½` :

2.8 J~Z Am¡a KygImomoar :

2.9 Ý`m` ì`dñWm :

2.13 {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go M[aÌm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z :

2.14 CÀN¥>§Ib Am¡a `m¡Z -bmbgm :

VH©${ZnwU : d¡ÚOr ~mV-~mV na g§ñH¥$V{ZîR> eãXmdbr, JrVm , nwamU, B{Vhmg, ào_,

qhXr H$hmZr g§J«h - g§. ^rî_ gmhZr

BH$mB© -3 qhXr H$hmZr g§J«h

3.1.1 boIH$ n[aM`

3.1.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.2 ~mXbm| Ho$ Koao

3.2.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.3.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.4 _bdo H$m _mbrH$

3.4.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.5.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.6 Ohm± bú_r H¡$X h¡

3.6.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm

3.7 Imo`r hþB© {XemE±

H$mogr H$m KQ>dma

\$m¡Or dXu na _moh :

AHo$bonZ H$mo PobZodmbm :

{ZU©` _| A{S>J ahZodmbm :

ào`gr Ho$ à{V embrZ ì`dhma H$aZo dmbm :

ì`dgm{`H$ ~w{Õ _| {ZnwU :

3.1.4 H$hmZr H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go g_rjm :